INCORPORATING AN ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESS AND …documents.rec.org/publications/EnvTechnology... · Incorporating an Environmental Business and Government Directory. ... non-advocacy,

THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTERfor Central and Eastern Europe

THE ENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGY MARKET IN CENTRAL

AND EASTERN EUROPEAN OVERVIEW OF ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA

INCORPORATING AN ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT DIRECTORY

ON THE COVER:en•dan•gered spe•cies (en dan ’jerd spe ’shez), 1. a species at risk of extinction in Central and Eastern Europe because of human activity, changes in climate, changes in predator-prey ratios. 2. Pinus peuce: an endemic tree species, commonly known as the Macedonian pine, found on Pelister Mountain which was the first national park in the former Yugoslavia. 3. Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia: a Macedonian NGO working to protect local endangered and endemic species with the financial support of the Regional Environmental Center.

e

Illus

tratio

n: E

rika

Var

sany

i

Edited byGERALD FANCOJ AND KELLY DUFFY

Szentendre, HungaryJUNE 1998

This report was published with the support of the Ministry of Environment of Finland and the Ministry of Environment of Norway

THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTERfor Central and Eastern Europe

The Environmental Technology Market in Central and Eastern EuropeAn Overview of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Incorporating an Environmental Business and Government Directory

About the REC

The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC) is a non-partisan, non-advocacy, not-for-profit organi-sation with a mission to assist in solving environmental problems in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The Center fulfils this mis-sion by encouraging cooperation among nongovernmental organizations, governments, businesses and other environmental stake-holders, by supporting the free exchange of information and by promoting public participation in environmental decisionmaking.

The REC was established in 1990 by the United States, the European Commission and Hungary. Today, the REC is legallybased on a Charter signed by the governments of twenty-six countries and the European Commission, and on an InternationalAgreement with the Government of Hungary. The REC has its headquarters in Szentendre, Hungary and Local Offices in each ofits 15 beneficiary CEE countries which are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,Latvia, Lithuania, FYR Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Yugoslavia.

Recent donors are the European Commission and the governments of the United States, Japan, Austria, Canada, CzechRepublic, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Switzerland and the UnitedKingdom, as well as other intergovernmental and private institutions.

ISBN: 963 8454 55 5

Published by:The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe

Ady Endre ut 9-11, 2000 Szentendre, HungaryTel: (36-26) 311-199, Fax: (36-26) 311-294, E-mail: [email protected], http://ww.rec.org

Printed in Hungary by ProTertia

This and all REC publications are printed on recycled paper or paper produced without the use of chlorine or chlorine-based chemicals

Preface 9

Map of the Region 10

Executive Summary 11

Background 13

Objectives 13

Scope and Methodology 13

Structure of the Report 13

About the Researchers 14

Chapter 1: Regional Overview 15

1.1 Introduction 15Environmental Expenditures 15Market for Environmental Technologies 15State Environmental Funds 15Legislation and Enforcement 16Environmental Administration 17

1.2 Environmental Priorities and Project Opportunities 17

1.3 Information Channels for Business Opportunities 19

1.4 Demand for Environmental Technologies 20Summary and Overview 20Air 21Water 21Wastewater 21Waste Management 22Energy 23

1.5 Major End-users of Environmental Technologies 23

1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Local and Foreign Suppliers 24Purchasing Preferences 24Strengths of Local and Foreign Environmental Technologies 25Barriers to Buying Local and Foreign Environmental Technologies 25

1.7 The Environmental Business Sector 25Profile of Environmental Businesses 25Information Needs 25Obstacles to Further Development 26

Chapter 2: Estonia 27

2.1 Summary of Findings 27

2.2 Methodology 28Sources of Information Used in the Survey 28

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L T E C H N O L O G Y M A R K E T I N C E N T R A L A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E 3


T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L T E C H N O L O G Y M A R K E T I N C E N T R A L A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E4

Profile of Respondents 28

2.3 Overview of the Market 30Total Country Spending on Environmental Protection 30Priority Areas for Environmental Protection 30Legislation and Enforcement 33Environmental Administration 34

2.4 Project Opportunities 35Major Environmental Problems 35Significant Environmental Projects in Progress 37Major Sources of Information on Business Opportunities 38Sources of Information on Available Environmental Technologies 38

2.5 Demand for Environmental Technologies 40Demand for Environmental Technologies - Overview 40Technologies in Demand by Sector 41Major Environmental Technology End-users 43


2.7 Major Suppliers in the Environmental Technology Market 44Local Suppliers on the Market 44Foreign Suppliers on the Market 45

2.8 The Local Environmental Business Sector 46Profile of Environmental Businesses 46Information Channels and Needs 47Obstacles to Further Development 47

2.9 List of Interviewed Experts/Companies 48

2.10 Other Useful Contacts 51

2.11 List of Publications 52

Environmental Business Directory 53

Environmental Government Directory 59

Chapter 3: Latvia 63


3.2 Methodology 64Sources of Information Used in the Survey 64Profile of Respondents 64Problems Encountered 65


3.4 Project Opportunities 71Major Environmental Problems 71



Significant Environmental Projects in Progress 73Major Sources of Information on Business Opportunities 75Sources of Information on Available Environmental Technologies 76










Chapter 4: Lithuania 105


4.2 Methodology 106Sources of Information Used in the Survey 106Profile of Respondents 107Problems Encountered 107


4.4 Project Opportunities 112Major Environmental Problems 112Significant Environmental Projects in Progress 119Major Sources of Information on Business Opportunities 120Sources of Information on Available Environmental Technologies 120


4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Local and Foreign Suppliers 126



Purchasing Preferences 126Strengths of Local and Foreign Environmental Technologies 126Barriers to Buying Local and Foreign Environmental Technologies 126








Appendix I: Questionnaire for Interviews with Industries and Municipalities 147

Appendix II: Questionnaire for Interviews with Environmental Technology and Service Providers 153

A B B R E V I A T I O N S


EstoniaAS Shareholder Company (aktsiaselts)

BAT Best Available Technologies

BATNEEC Best Available Technologies Not Entailing Excessive Costs

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

CEDs County Environmental Departments

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

EEK Estonian Kroon (currency)

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMS Environmental Management System

EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

ESA Statistical Office of Estonia

EU European Union

IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

ISO International Standards Organization

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GW/h Gigawatt per hour

HELCOM Helsinki Commission

LG Local Government

MoE Ministry of Environment

NEAP National Environmental Action Plan

NES National Environmental Strategy

NGO Nongovernmental organization

NOX Nitrogen Oxides

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

SG State Gazette (Riigi Teataja - official publication of legal acts)

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

USD U.S. Dollar

WB The World Bank

WEC World Environment Center

LatviaCO Carbon Monoxide

EC European Commission

EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

EPA Environmental Protection Agency (Danish)

EU European Union

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IFI International Financing Institution

ISO 14000 International Standards Organization 14000 Program

LEIF Latvian Environmental Investment Fund

LVL Latvian Lats (currency)

MoE Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development

NEAP National Environmental Action Plan

A B B R E V I A T I O N S


NEFCO Nordic Environment Finance Corporation

NEPP National Environmental Policy Plan

NGO Nongovernmental organization

NOX Nitrogen Oxides

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

U.N. United Nations

USD U.S. Dollar

VAT Value-Added Tax

LithuaniaR&D Research and Development

LEIF Lithuanian Environmental Investment Fund

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

MoEP Ministry of Environmental Protection

MAP Maximum Allowed Pollution

HPC Highest Permissible Concentrations

kV Kilovolt

MW Megawatt

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WEC World Environment Center

REC Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe

P R E F A C E


The environmental technology market is one of the mostpromising and fastest growing economic sectors in Centraland Eastern Europe (CEE). This trend is expected to continuein the near future as the CEE countries strive to join the Euro-pean Union.

To meet the increasingly strict environmental require-ments, select environmental technologies, strong environ-mental management skills, and a demonstrated ability to cost-effectively match local needs with the available resources andknow-how will be necessary. Local capacity will also have tobe strengthened significantly in order to successfully competein the environmental technology market. The Regional Envi-ronmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC) sup-ports the development of this market by matching technologyneeds with solutions and by building the capacity of environ-mental professionals in the region. This publication repre-sents one of the REC’s initiatives in this area.

Focusing on the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia andLithuania, this survey is the second in a series of REC reportsexamining the environmental technology market in the coun-tries of Central and Eastern Europe. The first report, surveyingthe Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia,was published in December 1997.

The reports present the general environmental market sit-uation and a review of environmental problems, priorities andproject opportunities. The major players within each environ-mental sector, the technologies in demand, and the nichemarkets for technology and service suppliers are also exam-ined. The survey reviews the major end-users of environmen-tal technologies within each environmental sector and the

advantages and disadvantages of local and foreign suppliers.In addition, the current report is supplemented with an envi-ronmental business and government directory of the Balticcountries. By understanding the environmental situation ineach of these countries, the relative demand for technologies,the key players, and the purchasing behavior of buyers, thereader will be better prepared to identify opportunities in thisgrowing market.

The country surveys were conducted using a standardizedmethodology which helped to ensure the comparability ofinformation. Gerald Fancoj compiled the survey questions, for-mat and concept, managed the project and edited the report,while the following in-country consultants conducted the in-country surveys: Stockholm Environment Institute (Estonia);Center for Environmental Science and Management Studies,University of Latvia (Latvia); and Institute for EnvironmentalEngineering, Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania).

Jerome Simpson copy edited the report, and Reuben Sternproof read the pages. The design and layout of the report wasdone by Reuben Stern and Sylvia Magyar. Special thanks goto Kelly Duffy of the International Institute for SustainableDevelopment for her invaluable input in analyzing the col-lected information and compiling the report.

Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the generous contribu-tions of the Ministry of Environment of Finland and the Ministryof Environment of Norway which made this project possible.

I would like to thank all the contributors to this report.

Pawel Kazmierczyk Project Manager, Business Services

Preface

M A P O F T H E R E G I O N


Black Sea

ALBANIA

B U L G A R I A

C R O AT I A

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

YUGOSLAVIA

C Z E C H R E P U B L I C

ESTONIA

L AT V I A

L I T H U A N I A

H U N G A R Y

R O M A N I A

FYR MACEDONIA

P O L A N D

S L O V A K I A

SLOVENIA

Adriatic Sea

Balt ic Sea

LjubljanaZagreb

Budapest

Skopje

Tirana

Sarajevo

Belgrade

Sofia

Bratislava

Bucharest

Prague

Warsaw

Vilnius

Riga

Tallinn

Countries covered in this survey

Countries covered in the previous volume

B E L A R U S

U K R A I N E

MOLDOVA

G E R M A N Y

A U S T R I A

I TA LY

R U S S I A

R U S S I A

GREECE

TURKEY

Project BackgroundIn 1997, the Regional Environmental Center for Central

and Eastern Europe (REC) published the first volume of theEnvironmental Technology Market in Central and EasternEurope, focusing on the Visegrad countries (namely, theCzech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia) and Slovenia.As a follow up to that report, the REC extended its geographiccoverage during the course of 1998 by performing a similarsurvey of environmental businesses and technology providersin the Baltic countries (namely Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).

As with the first survey, the objectives of this report wereto examine the environmental policies and priorities in eachcountry, to review the most pressing environmental problemsand to identify the demand for environmental technologiesand the major end-users. The secondary objectives were toexamine the purchasing preferences of domestic buyers and topresent the main competitors active in the local markets ofEstonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

The content of this report is largely based on formal per-sonal interviews with a cross-section of senior-level actorsfrom the environmental technology market, including repre-sentatives of industry, municipalities and environmental busi-nesses. Up to 100 professionals were interviewed in eachcountry. The research was carried out between October 1997and April 1998.

Overview of Environmental Problemsand Priorities

In each of the surveyed countries, significant environmen-tal damage has occurred. Heavy industry has been one of themain causes, and despite a decline in manufacturing activitiesand a corresponding reduction in environmental pollution inrecent years, the problem persists.

While poor quality drinking water and air pollution are themost frequently cited environmental problems, wastewaterand solid waste management, and pollution from transportremain significant challenges. Environmental pollution is par-ticularly heavy in industrialized areas.

In the Baltic countries, the major environmental prioritiesoutlined by the respective governments are water protectionand air pollution prevention. National environmental policiesfocus on air emissions, specifically from power generationfacilities and other large industrial sources, and tend to be themain targets of environmental regulations. The goals withinthe water protection sector are to increase the number of resi-dences served by sewage disposal facilities and potable watersystems, to protect groundwater resources, and to constructand manage adequate wastewater treatment facilities.

In the near future, air pollution control and water protec-tion will remain a high priority, although there will likely be ashift in focus toward regulating emissions from small andmedium-sized enterprises and the treatment of waste dis-charges. Air pollution from transport is expected to grow as thenumber of road vehicles continues to rise. Although the trans-port sector is not currently regulated, this is likely to change inthe future. Water management, specifically wastewater treat-

ment, will most likely remain a priority focus in the comingyears. The construction of modern wastewater treatment facili-ties is a priority in all three countries, while waste management,a significant problem, is expected to remain a growing concern.The majority of landfills in the Baltic countries do not have thecapacity to handle hazardous waste.

Environmental ExpendituresThe total environmental spending of Baltic state govern-

ments has decreased in comparison with expenditure figuresfrom the early 1990s. This does not, however, indicate adecrease in the importance of the environment as a nationalpriority. Instead, it illustrates the fact that governments in theregion are facing issues of varying importance and that theirlimited budgets must be carefully allocated in order to addressthese issues.

The distribution of expenditures within the environmentalsector corresponds with the national priorities of Estonia, Latviaand Lithuania. Environmental expenditures in Estonia haveremained greater than 1 percent of GDP for the past few years,while Latvia and Lithuania’s have fallen below this level. Theexpenditure for all three countries totaled USD 136 million in1996, with Estonia’s spending accounting for more than half ofthis figure. It is expected that the environmental expendituresfor the region will grow at a rate of between 4 and 8 percent inthe coming years, with a change anticipated in the sources offunding for environmental projects. Currently, most financingcomes from the state budget (including state environmentalprotection funds), municipal budgets and investors’ own funds.Over the next few years, however, a greater amount of fundingis expected to be made available from business contributionswhile state budgets are expected to decrease.

The bulk of environmental expenditures are channeledinto water-related projects, followed by air protection. Wastemanagement activities are the third largest priority area. Moststate financing tends to concentrate on the construction ofwastewater and sewage treatment facilities and public watersupply projects. The remainder is allocated to air protectionand waste management, although to a large extent, the costsincurred in the latter categories are met by industrial plantsand municipalities.

Demand for EnvironmentalTechnologies

The major end-users of environmental technologies, asindicated by the survey, are municipalities, the power genera-tion sector and major industries, such as textile, chemical,paper and food processing. Aside from the normal financialconstraints, the purchase of environmental technologies doesnot pose any significant problems. There is a fairly wide rangeof products available on the market at varying costs.

The demand for environmental technologies tends to bedriven by national priorities in each country. Overall, demandfor environmental technologies is moderate to relatively high.Most technology categories show moderate levels of demand

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y


Executive Summary

with a few areas identified as being high in demand.Technologies related to water, for example, were moderate inall three countries. Estonia indicated high demand for waste-water technologies, Latvia indicated high demand for wasteand energy technologies and Lithuania indicated high demandfor all categories except water. Technologies related to powergeneration, and municipal, industrial and hazardous wastemanagement were rated high in demand in all countries.

In the coming years, the focus of pollution reduction mea-sures will remain on the use of end-of-pipe technologies,although an increase in demand is expected for pollution pre-vention and waste minimization technologies.

Information ChannelsThere are no effective channels for the formal distribution

of information concerning environmental business opportuni-ties in the surveyed countries. Instead, survey respondentstend to rely on participation at trade fairs and exhibitions,reading environmental publications and local newspapers,and maintaining contacts with colleagues in similar sectors.Although Ministries of Environment are good sources for gen-eral information, they do not tend to provide information onproject opportunities.

Each country has recently enacted legislation regardingpublic procurement and tendering procedures. This requires theformal announcement of tenders for all planned acquisitionsinvolving the use of public money. However, at this point, mostof the surveyed experts were skeptical as to its usefulness inensuring the availability of information on project opportunities.

Competitive Strengths andWeaknesses of Local and ForeignTechnologies

Most experts consider best-technologies or best-practicecriteria when making purchasing decisions, but price alsoplays an important role. The country of origin of the product isless significant. Where local products are not readily availableon the market, slight preference is given to purchasing foreigntechnologies from a local representative compared with buy-ing directly from the producer abroad. Low price, ability tocustomize, and good value for money were mentioned as thegreatest strengths of local technologies. In contrast, foreigntechnologies were considered to be of high quality, user-friendly and both reliabile and durable. Other significant fac-tors affecting purchasing decisions include the availability ofgood after-sales service, credit and purchasing schemes.

The major barrier to purchasing a foreign technology is thehigh price, according to the majority of respondents. Other bar-riers include the lack of reliable product information and ascarcity of information concerning suppliers. However, thisconcern is not exclusive to foreign technology providers; a sim-ilar response was received regarding local providers as well.

Profile of Environmental BusinessesSince 1990, the market for environmental technologies and

services has grown steadily in all the surveyed countries, lead-ing to the dynamic development of local environmental busi-nesses. However, compared with other CEE countries (e.g. theCzech Republic, Hungary or Poland) the environmental busi-ness sector in the Baltic countries is small. This is not surprisinggiven the history of the countries, their small populations andlimited environmental budgets. It is estimated that between 150

and 200 small and medium-sized enterprises are currentlyactive in the environmental market, with that number continu-ously growing. The majority of companies are service oriented.Although a number of companies were established before1990, a significant number are young, with more than 70 per-cent established after 1990. Most of the environmental busi-nesses founded after 1990 are small and privately owned com-panies. More than half of the survey respondents employ 10 orfewer full-time employees. Overall, the number employed inthe environmental business sector is not significant.

ConclusionsThe environmental technology market in the surveyed

countries is small and competitive, however, business oppor-tunities exist for technology providers. In particular, wastemanagement, wastewater and energy-related technologies arethe most promising areas for the coming years. The majority ofpurchases are based on the best-technology criteria and rea-sonable prices. The country of origin is not seen as a criticalfactor. Suppliers can expect market success if their productsare of high quality and are reliable. Foreign cooperation canbe beneficial because foreign businesses generally have bettermarketing expertise, access to financial resources and moderntechnologies, while local companies have better knowledge oflocal market conditions and rules. Finally, during the next fewyears the environmental market will be strongly driven by theEU accession process.

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y

12 T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L T E C H N O L O G Y M A R K E T I N C E N T R A L A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E

IntroductionIn an effort to facilitate environmental investments and to

support the environmental business sector in Central andEastern Europe, the Regional Environmental Center for Centraland Eastern Europe (REC) conducted a detailed survey of theenvironmental technology and service market in Estonia,Latvia and Lithuania. The findings presented in this report arebased on field and desk-based research undertaken by theREC between October 1997 and April 1998.

This report serves as the second volume in the“Environmental Technology Market in CEE” series, the firstsurvey having been published in December 1997 and whichexamined the markets in Hungary, Poland, the CzechRepublic, Slovakia and Slovenia.

This project was generously funded by the Finnish Ministryof Environment and the Ministry of Environment, Norway.

ObjectivesThe main objectives of this research project were to exam-

ine the current state of the environment and the environmentalpolicies in each of the three Baltic countries, to review the mostpressing environmental problems, to identify the demand forenvironmental technologies in each of the countries from theperspective of the end-user and the environmental service andtechnology provider (e.g. major industries, municipalities andenvironmental businesses), to analyze purchasing preferences,and to identify the main competitors on the market.

For the purpose of this survey, the key terms were definedas follows:

■ Environmental industry: a pool of all organizations pro-viding products and services to measure, prevent, reduceor render harmless the pollution of the environment,including activities related to the introduction of cleanertechnologies.

■ Environmental technology: a piece of equipment or aprocess, and related service that are available to prevent,reduce, minimize, render harmless or remediate the envi-ronmental impacts of industrial or municipal activities.

■ Environmental technology R&D: Basic, applied or devel-oping research related to or targeted at environmentaltechnologies, including research activities related to clean-er technologies and renewable energy resources.

The secondary objectives of the report were to describethe status of the environmental business sector and to identi-fy the factors that affect their development in Estonia, Latvia,and Lithuania.

The objectives of the survey were met by analyzing the fol-lowing seven critical areas:

■ state of the environment (an overview of the environmen-tal situation and existing policy framework);

■ project opportunities (identifying specific environmentalproblems);

■ technologies in demand (over 120 specific environmentaltechnologies were examined);

■ major suppliers in the environmental market;

■ advantages and disadvantages of local and foreign tech-nologies;

■ status of the environmental business sector;

■ information needs and barriers to the development of theenvironmental business sector.

The report presents an analysis of the viewpoints of end-users, distributors and manufacturers of environmental tech-nologies in the following key categories: air, water, wastewater,waste, and energy. Two other categories were also examined,namely, soil, and noise, vibration and occupational health andsafety; however, both received limited attention since they donot offer significant market opportunities in the coming years.

Scope and MethodologyThe Regional Environmental Center developed the survey

concept and detailed project scope, including the standardquestionnaire used during interviews. In each of the countries,a local environmental expert was commissioned to conduct in-country research, based on the terms of reference and the for-mat provided by the Regional Environmental Center.

The Regional Environmental Center provided a standardquestionnaire for end-users of environmental technologies(industries and municipalities) and environmental businesses(included in the Appendix), which was translated into thelocal language and which served as the platform for inter-views. The local language questionnaire was reviewed by RECstaff before being used.

The content of the report is largely based on the formalinterviews conducted with a cross section of senior-levelactors in the environmental technology market including rep-resentatives from industry, municipalities and environmentalbusinesses. Additional interviews were held with selectedgovernment agencies and related institutions which providedinsight into the demand of environmental technologies.

Up to 100 professionals were interviewed in each country.In-country researchers selected a representative cross sectionof interviewees based on size, area of expertise, and geo-graphical location. In addition to the interviews, the report wassupplemented by information from personal contacts,researchers’ experience, informal telephone interviews, newsreports, trade journals and industry literature.

Researchers from each country submitted a written reportpresenting the findings of the survey. Each chapter was editedand complemented by the staff of the REC.

The project was conducted between October 1997 andApril 1998.

Structure of the ReportThis report provides, for each surveyed country, qualitative

information about the environmental technology market; indi-cates project opportunities and related market conditions; dis-cusses the major information channels for business opportuni-

B A C K G R O U N D


Background

ties; and examines the demand for environmental technolo-gies. The work also considers the major strengths of local andforeign environmental technologies, barriers to their widermarket penetration, and the major players active in the threemarkets. Finally, it describes the local environmental businesssector and its information needs and barriers to development.

A regional overview summarizes the three country specif-ic chapters, each of which is structured in the following way:

■ Summary of Findings.

■ Methodology — an outline of the survey methodology andapproach, including sources of information, and respon-dent profiles.

■ Overview of the Market — a general picture of the majorenvironmental problems, information on environmentalexpenditures for each country, estimates of the size of theenvironmental technology market, activities of state envi-ronmental funds (where applicable), and a discussion ofpriority areas under state environmental policy.

■ Project Opportunities — an overview of the major environ-mental problems listed by interviewed experts, a review ofthe major environmental projects currently in progress, adiscussion of the sources of information available for identi-fying business opportunities and the available environmen-tal technologies, an overview of environmental fairs andpublic procurement practices, and a list of useful contacts.

■ Demand for Environmental Technology — a discussion ofthe identified demand for environmental technologies infive categories: air, water, wastewater, waste, and energy,and an overview of the major end-users of environmentaltechnologies.

■ Advantages and Disadvantages of Local and ForeignSuppliers — a discussion of the purchasing preferences ofdomestic buyers, a review of the strengths and weakness-es of local and foreign environmental technologies.

■ Profile of Environmental Businesses — overview of thelocal environmental business sector and discussion ofinformation needs and barriers to development.

■ Lists of Contacts — full lists of interviewed experts, envi-ronmental businesses, bibliography, and other informationas appropriate.

Each country chapter is also supplemented with a directo-ry of environmental businesses and a directory of governmen-tal agencies concerned with the environment.

About the ResearchersESTONIA

The survey in Estonia was conducted by the StockholmEnvironment Institute - Tallinn (SEI), an international researchinstitute of environmental policy and management, estab-lished in 1992. SEI concentrates particularly on the areas ofenvironmental policy support, environmental management,sustainable development issues, and the use of economicinstruments in environmental protection. Kaja Peterson, andToomas Pallo managed the project on behalf of SEI.

LATVIAThe survey in Latvia was carried out by Dr. Raimonds

Ernstein and the staff of the Center for Environmental Scienceand Management Studies (CESAM) and by Silvija Sile from theUniversity of Latvia. CESAM has extensive experience in the

field of pollution prevention and waste management and hasconducted several training and research programs for industry,municipalities and environmental businesses.

LITHUANIAIn-country research in Lithuania was performed by Dr.

Jurgis Staniskis and the staff of the Institute for EnvironmentalEngineering, and in particular by Valeras Kildisas of theKaunas University of Technology. The Institute forEnvironmental Engineering was established in 1991 as anindependent interdisciplinary research institute and is host tothree international centers: the Pollution Prevention Center(PPC), the Environmental Studies Center and the BalticUniversity Program Center.

THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTERThe staff of the Regional Environmental Center prepared

the detailed project scope, managed local consultants, coordi-nated in-country research, and compiled and edited the finalreport. The project was managed by Gerald Fancoj on behalfof the REC’s Business Services.

B A C K G R O U N D


1.1 IntroductionEstonia, Latvia and Lithuania, like most other countries in

Central and Eastern Europe, share a legacy of past Soviet rule.All three countries face similar obstacles as they embark on thetransition from centrally planned to market-based economies;however, they have all successfully introduced new political,legislative and infrastructural reforms alongside democraticelections. Today their respective revenues tend to be generat-ed from agriculture, fishing, mining and manufacturing.

The harmonization of domestic structures and legislationwith those of the European Union is currently considered to bea high priority, with Estonia having already been invited to jointhe first wave of new members during the early part of the nextdecade. Both Latvia and Lithuania share similar goals, with morerealistic targets for accession in the next 10 years. All three coun-tries also intend to join the OECD in the coming years.

It is important to mention that although demand for envi-ronmental technologies and services in the Baltic countries isrelatively high, the market itself is quite small. All three coun-tries have a combined population of 7.7 million people, whichrepresents a rather limited market.

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURESEnvironmental expenditures in the Baltic States have

changed very little in the past few years. A surge in spendingin the early 1990s has since slowed, although environmentalexpenditures continue to rise in Estonia, while both Latvia’sand Lithuania’s spending has declined. This does not suggesta decrease in the importance attached to the environment,but rather illustrates the difficulties encountered in prioritiz-ing other more immediate issues such as inflation, unem-ployment and welfare reform. As a percentage of GDP, envi-ronmental expenditures have decreased. In Latvia andLithuania they have fallen below 1 percent, and althoughGDP continues to rise, the share allocated to the environmentcontinues to decline.

As can be seen in Table 1.1, environmental expenditures inthe Baltic States totaled over USD 130 million in 1996. Estoniaaccounts for over half of this figure, spending USD 77.7 mil-lion. This can be attributed to a number of factors, includingthe relatively strong economic situation, the financial supportoffered by Finland that allows the country to channel fundsinto environmental projects, and the high priority given toachieving EU accession and the accompanying environmentalreform that is necessary prior to this. It is expected that in thenext few years, the environmental technology market in theBaltic countries will grow at a rate of 4 to 8 percent annually.

Financing environmental projects, however, continues toremain one of the most pressing problems with regard to envi-ronmental protection, not only in the Baltic States but acrossCentral and Eastern Europe. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania gen-erally draw financial support from the following sources:

■ state, regional and municipal budgets;

■ extra-budgetary funds (i.e. state environmental protectionfunds and other earmarked funds);

■ environmental investments of commercial enterprises,both state and privately owned;

■ commercial credit, both domestic and foreign;

■ foreign environmental investments;

■ foreign assistance programs.

A shift in the financing of environmental projects has beenseen in recent years: The share of investments made by privateenterprise has risen while the share allocated from state,regional and municipal budgets has declined. This trend isexpected to continue in the coming years.

The majority of state financing in all three countries is allo-cated to the construction and maintenance of wastewater treat-ment facilities and public water supply projects. The remain-der is spent on waste management and air protection. Industryand municipalities usually cover the costs of projects related towaste and air.

MARKET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIESThe market for environmental technologies and services in

the Baltic States, while very young, is growing rapidly.However, it is difficult to estimate the size of the marketbecause accurate data is still not available. In all three coun-tries, spending on environmental technologies is not recordedby the national statistical offices, and no up-to-date studies ofthe market are available.

Based on a review of secondary sources, the market forenvironmental technologies in Estonia can be estimated atUSD 45-55 million per year with an annual growth rate ofapproximately 6 percent. More than half of the market is basedon domestic production, with the remainder based on imports.The Latvian pollution-control equipment market is estimatedat around USD 18-22 million with an annual growth rate of 4percent, while Lithuania’s market for environmental technolo-gies is estimated to be worth some USD 25-28 million with anannual growth rate of 4 percent. These figures should, howev-er, be considered with care.

STATE ENVIRONMENTAL FUNDSAll three surveyed countries have established national envi-

ronmental protection funds in order to provide financial assis-tance and support to various environmental protection activi-ties, including public infrastructure projects and local projects(such as the construction of wastewater treatment plants anddrinking water systems). It has to be noted that Latvia’s andLithuania’s state environmental funds are not operating accord-

C H A P T E R 1 : R E G I O N A L O V E R V I E W


Chapter 1: Regional Overview

Expenditures Share Country (USD mln) of GDP

Estonia 77.7 1.7%

Latvia 27.6 0.5%

Lithuania 31.1 0.4%

Total 136.4

TABLE 1.1: TOTAL ENVIRONMENTALEXPENDITURES IN 1996

ing to their envisaged capacity and have had only a limitedimpact in the support of environmental investments in theircountries. In an effort to overcome these limitations, bothcountries have established Environmental Investment Fundswhich provide loans for environmental spending.

Generally speaking, the revenues of state environmentalfunds are not derived from the national budget, and thereforeenvironmental protection is not competing with other socialprograms for limited state resources. The Estonian Fund forNature Protection and Rational Use for Natural Resources wasestablished in 1983 to collect revenues from fines and non-compliance fees for polluting natural water bodies. Under theMinistry of Environment, the Fund collects financial resourcesand provides support for environmental protection.

In Latvia, the Environmental Protection Fund was estab-lished in 1996 under the Ministry of Environmental Protectionand Regional Development to support environmental projects.The Fund manages the state special budget for environmentalprotection and receives 40 percent of its revenues from naturetaxes. The Latvian Environmental Investment Fund was estab-lished in November 1997 to pool certain earmarked domesticresources and foreign funds to support private and public envi-ronmental projects. A further source of funding is the MunicipalDevelopment Fund, created as a sub-project of theInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development tomobilize financial resources for local governments where statefunding was deemed insufficient.

The Lithuanian State Fund for Nature was created in 1993to collect revenues from fines for the violation of environmen-tal protection laws. In 1998, the Lithuanian EnvironmentalInvestment Fund is expected to become operational. It willprovide soft loans and limited grant financing to the public andprivate sector for environmental projects.

Only in Estonia do state funds currently account for a sig-nificant amount of the country’s spending on the environment.These resources are generally used to finance national andregional public infrastructure projects, municipal projects(such as the construction of new wastewater treatment plants)whose costs exceed their budget capability, and projects inother priority areas.

State environmental funds’ main activities are to providefinancial support for investments, usually through loans withpreferential conditions. Alternative forms of support includegrants, subsidies to bank credits, equity involvement and others.The form of funding available for any given project depends onthe project itself, the investor and the financing institution.

Table 1.2 presents the breakdown of expenditures fromstate environmental funds for 1996. As illustrated in Table 1.2,the majority of expenditures were allocated to water-relatedprojects. This emphasizes the current priorities of the BalticStates and the high investment costs. As previously mentioned,the funds spent on wastewater treatment, ensurance of waterquality, and water supply are generally spent by municipali-

ties. On the other hand, air pollution control projects (causedby stationary industrial sources) are usually covered byinvestors’ own funds.

State environmental funds generate their revenue mainlyfrom economic instruments for environmental protection,such as user fees, disposal charges and noncompliance fines.Estonia collects most of its fines from violations of water andair protection regulations. The levels of income from fines ineach sector continue to grow each year. In Latvia, naturalresource taxes generate the most revenue, followed by feescollected from penalties and licences. In Lithuania, 1.3 percentof the state environmental budget constitutes revenues fromtaxes, fines and fees. This source of income is expected togrow in the future.

LEGISLATION AND ENFORCEMENTEstonia, Latvia and Lithuania have enacted comprehensive

environmental legislation. Much of the legislation is undergo-ing changes related to improving existing guidelines, filling ingaps and harmonizing laws with European Union regulations.Regarding the latter task, over 200 pieces of EU legislationmust be adopted. According to 1997 estimates, the cost for the10 associated countries to comply with EU’s environmentalaquis will be in the range of USD 100 billion to 130 billion.

Since the early 1980s, Estonia’s environmental legislationhas included various acts concerning water, waste and air pol-lution. The National Environmental Strategy was adopted in1997, and the drafting of the National Environmental ActionPlan will be completed in 1998.

Latvia introduced its new framework law, theEnvironmental Protection Act, in 1991. This legislation was fol-lowed by the National Environmental Policy Plan, theEnvironmental Health Plan and the Environmental ActionPlan, which were adopted between 1994 and 1995.

In Lithuania, the Environmental Protection Act was adopt-ed in 1992, and together with the National EnvironmentalStrategy, which was adopted in 1996, constitutes the mainenvironmental framework.

All countries have ratified the 1992 Helsinki Convention onthe protection of the Baltic Sea.

Nevertheless, enforcement and implementation of theseregulations still need to be improved. Although certain levelsof enforcement exist in each country, it is by no means com-prehensive and consistent. Enforcement of legislation tends torevolve around monetary penalties but also includes environ-mental standards, restrictions and permitting systems. Thesepolicies are often implemented at the local level, without coor-dination at the national level. Therefore, requirements and lev-els of enforcement vary greatly within any given country.Another factor contributing to the problems associated withthe meeting of standards and regulations is the rate at whichsmall and medium-sized enterprises are growing, leading to



1996 Expenditures Year of Country (mln USD) establishment Expenditures by Sector**

Estonia 6.6 1983 Water-related projects (42%), Waste (14%), Air protection (4%)

Latvia* 3.7 1996 Water protection (64%), Waste (25%), Air protection (11%)

Lithuania 1.1 1993 Water-related projects (90%), Waste Management & Air Protection (10%)

* Data is for 1997

** Totals may not amount to 100 percent

Source: State environmental protection funds of the surveyed countries, 1998

TABLE 1.2: BREAKDOWN OF 1996 EXPENDITURES OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL FUNDS

difficulties in the tracking and collection of fines.The system for assessing environmental fees and fines is

complex, and the degree of responsibility among authoritiesvaries. In general:

■ Environmental fees are payable for the emission of regu-lated substances into the air and water and for waterextraction and waste disposal. Fees are due regardless ofthe level of compliance with relevant permits.

■ Environmental fines are applied when a polluter exceedsthe emission limits set in the relevant operating permit.

The effectiveness of monetary penalties to increase compli-ance is limited. The “polluter-pays” principle applies, but levelsof charges are not high enough to act as a serious deterrent.Furthermore, the collection rate is well below 100 percent.

Policy coordination, modification of legislation, increasedenforcement of regulations, education and institutionalstrengthening, besides major investments in water and air pro-tection are all likely to be part of future environmental actionsaimed at ensuring compliance.

ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIONDuring the transition period from centrally planned to mar-

ket-based economies, the environmental administrations of allthree countries have experienced significant changes, mostnotably in the decentralization of many environmental activi-ties from national to local and regional bodies. Generallyspeaking, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have established threelevels of environmental administration:

■ national level ministries (e.g. Ministry of Environment andother environment related ministries);

■ regional level (county, provincial) environmental depart-ments of regional authorities, inspection bodies, etc.;

■ municipal level departments created by local authorities.

Ministries of Environment generally manage and imple-ment national environmental policy, coordinate national envi-ronmental projects and maintain international cooperation.Environmental monitoring and enforcement is normally car-ried out by regional authorities and inspectorates as is the issu-ing of environmental permits, collection of charges and impo-sition of penalties. Physical planning and construction permits,and utility contracts are administered at the municipal level.Municipalities are increasingly responsible for waste manage-ment and wastewater treatment including operation of facili-ties and the calculation and collection of fees and fines.

Governments collect environmental information, such asrecords of compliance and discharge monitoring for process-ing, storage and distribution, but they often do not providetimely access to the public. National statistical offices are main-ly responsible for processing and disseminating environmen-tal information. Annual environmental reports are publishedby each Ministry of Environment.

Estonia has a well-developed body of legislation thatreflects most key areas of environmental protection. TheNational Environmental Strategy (NES), adopted in March1997, is the primary policy document on the environment. Ithas set out short-term and long-term goals for the state of theenvironment to be achieved by 2000 and 2010 respectively.The National Environmental Action Plan for Estonia is current-ly under development.

Latvia established a state agency known as “Vides projek-ti” (Environmental Projects) in July 1997 to provide servicessuch as project preparation and prioritization, feasibility stud-ies and bidding documents. The operation of this agency isfunded by the Latvian Environmental Protection Fund, the

Latvian Environmental Investment Fund and the MunicipalDevelopment Fund. Latvia has also adopted a NationalEnvironmental Action Plan.

Lithuania has 56 Municipal Nature Protection Funds thatcollect revenue from pollution charges. Seventy percent ofthese revenues are directed to the municipalities while theremaining 30 percent are channeled into the state budget. TheMinistry of Environmental Protection handles most of the envi-ronment-related issues and projects in Lithuania.

1.2 Environmental Priorities andProject Opportunities

In the Baltic region, serious environmental damage hasbeen sustained with heavy industry having been one of thekey causes. Although there has been a significant decline inmanufacturing activities and a simultaneous reduction in envi-ronmental pollution, the state of the environment requires sig-nificant improvement.

While air pollution and poor quality drinking water are themost frequently cited problems, the management of waste-water and solid waste, pollution from transport and the ener-gy sector and site remediation and clean-up of contaminatedland remain major challenges. Environmental pollution is par-ticularly severe in industrialized areas where large pollutingcompanies operate (e.g. textile manufacturing, food process-ing plants, mining companies and factories). Additional envi-ronmental damage, especially the contamination of soil, hasbeen caused by former military bases and camps.

Environmental policies in all three countries place highemphasis on modernizing the industrial sector to reduce pol-lution at its source. These policies generally stress preventivemeasures instead of the “end-of-pipe” approach. The intro-duction of environmentally friendly manufacturing techniquesthroughout all production processes is emphasized.

In all three countries, water protection remains the mainpriority, followed by air protection and waste management.Table 1.3 presents the breakdown of environmental expendi-tures by media. As it illustrates, the bulk of environmentalspending is on water protection, wastewater treatment and theimprovement of drinking water quality. Air quality receives thesecond largest amount of spending, closely followed by wastemanagement, including hazardous waste. The large share ofinvestment in these areas can be attributed to two main factors:

■ Protection of water resources and supply of quality drink-ing water is the major priority in Estonia, Latvia andLithuania. New water protection regulations have forcedmunicipalities to invest in water and wastewater treatmentand the sector has become the main recipient of municipalfunds invested in the environment. This trend is expectedto continue in the near future.



Environmental Share of Expenditures*Expenditures Air Water and

Country (USD mln) Protection Wastewater Waste

Estonia 77.7 25% 67% 8%

Latvia 27.6 8% 83% 6%

Lithuania 31.1 6% 88% 4%

* Totals may not amount to 100 percent

Source: 1997 Statistical Yearbooks of the surveyed countries

TABLE 1.3: BREAKDOWN OF ENVIRONMENTALEXPENDITURES BY MEDIA, 1996

■ Air pollution from large stationary sources is still consid-ered one of the most important causes of environmentaldamage and funds are continuously allocated for air pro-tection projects in the power generation sector.

Survey respondents frequently cited, however, the lack offunds for environmental projects, incomplete or changing leg-islation, inconsistent enforcement, and a lack of awareness ofenvironmental issues as factors that delay the necessary envi-ronmental investments.

In general, however, significant project opportunities areexpected in the future in wastewater treatment, air quality pro-tection, waste management and site remediation.

Air and EnergyPower and heat generation, and mobile transport are the

major sources of air pollution in the Baltic countries, especial-ly with respect to sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, solid parti-cles and carbon oxide emissions. All three countries are signa-tories to international agreements on the reduction of long-range transboundary air pollution and the emission of green-house gases and substances damaging the ozone layer.

Priority areas in the energy sector include the conversion offuel to gas, the conservation of energy, and the introduction ofalternative and renewable energies. The modernization of olderheat generation facilities is under way in each of the three coun-tries, and the installation of equipment for the reduction of dustand gaseous emissions (especially sulphur dioxides, nitrogenmonoxides, carbon oxides and dust particles) is also a priorityarea. In the longer term, energy saving measures will also be animportant opportunity area. Residential heating is anothersource of air pollution in cities, mainly caused by individual fire-places which are not fitted with any air pollution control equip-ment. Increasing attention will also be accorded to this area.

The transport sector increasingly contributes to significantair pollution in urban areas. Leaded fuel consumption is stillrelatively high, but goals for its significant reduction have beenestablished for the near future.

Finally, stationary sources such as industrial units (e.g. man-ufacturing companies, the cement industry, etc.) are also recog-nised as major sources of air pollution with attention increas-ingly accorded to reducing emissions of volatile organic sub-stances, hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other air pollutants.

Water and WastewaterThe most significant levels of investments in recent years

have been in the water and wastewater sector, with the mostimportant problems needing to be addressed being the lack ofcomprehensive and adequate treatment facilities, and a leak-ing and insufficient supply and collection network.Improvement of the quality of drinking water is a major prior-ity in all the Baltic States, along with curtailing the dischargesof untreated industrial and municipal wastewater that havecontaminated surface and groundwater in many areas. Morethan half of all generated sewage is discharged untreated. Anumber of cities do not have wastewater treatment facilities ortreat only a fraction of their sewage.

The main project opportunities in the water managementsector are related to the construction and modernization ofwater supply and wastewater treatment systems, sewerage andpumping houses. Contamination of groundwater resources, inparticular by oil-based substances, organic solvents and heavymetals, is also a serious problem.

Since Estonian discharges into watercourses reach theBaltic Sea, the country maintains a bilateral treaty with Finlandto remove 90 percent of organic and phosphorous substancesfrom wastewater. This treaty, intended for adoption in 1996,will come into force in 1998.

In Latvia, in order to ensure the implementation of waste-

water remedial measures, the Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection and Regional Development established the 800+Program for water management. Its objectives are to reducehealth risks, improve water quality and prevent the degrada-tion of water ecosystems.

In Lithuania, the eutrophication of lakes, particularly thatof the Curonian Lagoon, is of national concern. The majority ofdomestic wastewater is discharged into rivers after insufficientmechanical and/or biological treatment. In 1996 for example,some 40 percent of wastewater was treated to national stan-dards, 44 percent was insufficiently treated and 16 percent wasdischarged untreated.

Not all inhabitants of the surveyed countries have access toquality drinking water or treated water. In some remote areas,residents obtain their water from wells that are also likely to becontaminated. Shortages of quality drinking water often occurin urban centers, where consumption continues to rise.

The high levels of investment in the water and wastewatersector shown in recent years in the Baltic States are likely tocontinue in the near future.

Waste ManagementWaste management is frequently cited as a growing prob-

lem in the Baltic States. As household waste continues to grow,the need for effective collection, sorting, transportation anddisposal of waste is necessary. Illegal dumping of waste occursfrequently. The rates of recycling and utilization of processedwaste are low.

One of the most pressing priorities is to improve the han-dling of existing landfill sites, most of which are abandoned ormismanaged. In Lithuania for example, more than 800 landfillsexist, the majority of them located in poor geographic or geo-logical areas.

Hazardous waste poses a serious problem since its dis-posal has never been regulated and few facilities areequipped to ensure its proper treatment. Therefore, the haz-ardous waste that currently awaits disposal leaches into theground, contaminating the soil and groundwater. Hospitalwaste is incinerated in small facilities. All three countries,however, are now in the process of enacting laws on haz-ardous waste management.

Until today, projects related to waste management havefocused on landfill construction. This is expected to continue inthe future, but other projects that relate to waste minimizationand the recycling of waste are expected to grow in importance.The construction of modern hazardous waste treatment facili-ties is also expected in the near future. In Estonia, waste relat-ed projects have focused on the closure of abandoned landfillsand the construction and operation of new landfills. One of thegoals of the Estonian government is to increase levels of wasterecycling by 30-40 percent in the next four years. In Latvia, thegovernment intends to introduce its “Law on Solid WasteManagement” and a Hazardous Waste Management Strategy in1998. In Lithuania, the Law on Waste Management is currentlybeing reviewed in Parliament, and regulations for hazardouswaste management are also being prepared.

Other AreasA significant number of projects relating to site remedia-

tion are also under way in all three surveyed countries partic-ularly since each has identified the need to cleanup formerSoviet military sites. Soil monitoring and the revitalization ofheavy industrial areas is growing in importance.

Comprehensive environmental programs have been devel-oped for the most contaminated areas and for special nationaltreasures such as the Curonian Lagoon in Lithuania.

Noise and vibration affecting the general public does notseem to be a major area of interest. Some small-scale environ-mental surveys and health related studies have been conduct-



ed, but funding tends to be channeled into more pressingissues such as water supply management. Noise-related prob-lems are generally outlined at the local level and some mea-sures have been taken to reduce transport noise found close tohighways and airports.

Occupational health and safety (OHS) is also not consid-ered a priority. The introduction of regulations matching thoseof the EU will increase the importance of OHS as employerswill be held accountable for the health of their employees.

Finally, the growth in importance of environmental impactassessment (EIA) and environmental management systemssuch as EMAS and ISO 14000 are forcing more and more enter-prises to pay attention to environmental issues in the BalticStates. This field is expected to grow in the future as awarenessincreases.

Future DevelopmentsWater related issues, particularly water supply, quality and

wastewater treatment will remain a high priority for manyyears to come as assessment, construction, and managementof facilities will require major investments.

Air pollution will continue to be a priority, although a shiftin attention is expected from large industrial plants and theiremissions to small and medium-sized companies. Air pollutionfrom mobile sources, predominantly traffic, will continue togrow in importance and will be an area of major focus in termsof environmental impact assessments.

Currently, attention to end-of-pipe technologies will shifttoward the implementation of preventive measures and cleantechnologies. Increasing environmental fees and enforcementand growing costs of waste disposal are expected to increasecompliance among residents and enterprises. Price liberaliza-tion is also expected to significantly stimulate the demand forenergy-efficient measures.

The construction of modern landfills and the overhaul ofexisting sites is expected to remain a long-term priority in allthree countries. Hazardous waste collection and disposal willalso remain important as legislation is enacted in the near future.

1.3 Information Channels forBusiness Opportunities

An important factor in successfully entering the Balticmarket is access to information on project opportunities. Thiscan be difficult as there is no central body that collects anddisseminates information on upcoming projects. Therefore,establishing personal contacts, attending environmental fairsand exhibitions and reading environmental and professionalpublications is the most effective way of learning of futureproject opportunities.

Although government organizations and professionalassociations are regarded as important sources of information,the surveyed Ministries of Environment only make generaldata on the environment available, without specific informa-tion on project opportunities. The majority of businesses haveexpressed disappointment with the inefficiency and changingstructure of the Ministries. Besides governmental sources,other useful channels of information include technologyproviders’ product catalogs, assistance from various environ-mental agencies, and reports from local environmental admin-istrations and regional inspectorates.

Major PublicationsBased on the survey conducted, the main environmental

and business publications read by environmental profession-als are listed in Table 1.4.

Information About Available EnvironmentalTechnologies

In general, the actual purchase of environmental technolo-gies was not seen as a significant problem by survey respon-dents because of the wide range of products (domestic orimported) available on the market. A number of bottleneckswere identified with regard to obtaining very specific environ-mental technologies and information and access to the bestavailable technologies. However, in the opinion of the respon-dents, the environmental technology market in Estonia, Latviaand Lithuania is still growing.

Among those information channels exploited prior to thepurchase of environmental technologies and services, personaland professional relationships tend to be especially importantwhere business with a known supplier has already occurred.Another significant source cited was participation or atten-dance at fairs and exhibitions, obtaining brochures and cata-logues of products and directories of various businesses. Fairsand exhibitions were listed as the greatest source of informa-tion for Estonian and Lithuanian respondents. Latvian respon-dents tended to prefer acquiring advertisements and productcatalogues. Information provided in journals and newspaperswas cited as another important source for information.

A few respondents valued the demonstration of environ-mental technologies.

Major Trade FairsEnvironment-related fairs and exhibitions play a major role

as a source of information for potential buyers of environmen-tal technologies and services. Table 1.5 lists the most importantevents held regularly in each country. Although attendance atfairs and exhibitions reflects the small market in the Balticcountries, this is expected to increase as more shows takeplace in the region and consumers realize the benefits of par-ticipation. These trade fairs and exhibitions provide an excel-lent opportunity to showcase new technologies and learnmore about what is available on the market.

Public Procurement Regulations and TenderingAll surveyed countries have adopted public procurement

regulations that require the formal announcement of tendersfor major projects involving public money. Official tenderannouncements must include the project specification, selec-tion criteria and official deadlines. However, it is important tomention that deadlines are frequently set too soon after tenderannouncement, forcing bidders to abandon responses exceptwhen they have advance knowledge of the project. Table 1.6lists the known public procurement bulletins in the Baltics.



Estonia Keskkonnatehnika 50%(Environmental Technology)

Arielu 45%

Sonumileht 27%

Latvia Dienas Bizness (Daily Business) 64%

Bizness & Baltija (Business & Baltics) 30%

Diena (Day) 27%

Lithuania Lietuvos rytas (Morning of Lithuania) 60%

Respublika (Republic) 55%

Publications from the Ministry 30%of Environmental Protection

TABLE 1.4: MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ORBUSINESS PUBLICATIONS AND READERSHIP (%)

Access to Public Information and the Right to KnowIt is important for companies entering the market in the

Baltic Region to understand that they will encounter difficultiesin obtaining information for a number of reasons. As alreadymentioned, there is no central body collecting, sorting and dis-tributing information to the public related to the environment.Hence the concept of “public information” is still relatively newand requires major improvement. In general, the following keyfactors contribute to the poor flow of information:

■ scarcity of quality information — often environmentaldata from the past was not tracked or was not available tothe public;

■ poor channels for the distribution of information — eithernonexistent or inefficient;

■ less developed information resources and collection ser-vices;

■ organizational structures of state institutions are changingfrequently, making it difficult to remain apprised of changesin responsibilities and the necessary contact persons;

■ a history of the old-style chain of command system whereno formal information is released without formal approvalfrom a superior;

■ A “liberal approach” to deadlines and commitments.

1.4 Demand for EnvironmentalTechnologiesSUMMARY AND OVERVIEW

The demand for environmental technologies and servicesin Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is primarily based on the cur-rent priorities of national policy and regulations. Table 1.7 out-lines the general demand for environmental technologies inthe Baltic States.

Overall, the demand for technologies was moderate tohigh. Technologies related to wastewater are in high demandin Estonia and Lithuania, while moderate in Latvia. Demandfor waste and energy related technologies was found to behigh in Latvia and Lithuania; however, these were only ofmoderate to high importance in Estonia. The demand for airpollution reduction technologies was cited as high forLithuania but only moderate in Latvia and Estonia.

Considering the priority assigned by all three countries towater supply in environmental policy, it is surprising that onlymoderate demand was identified for water supply technolo-gies across the region. This can be explained by the fact thattechnologies in this sector are available more readily thanthose for other sectors and that many water related projects arealready under way.

Similarly, a high number of air quality related projectsaccount for the generally moderate levels of demand found forthe air sector in Estonia and Latvia. In other words, when inter-preting the data, one must be aware that some important envi-ronmental issues have already been dealt with or are current-ly being addressed.

Table 1.8 presents an overview of those technology sectorsexperiencing high demand areas. Environmental technologiesrelated to energy were given priority in all three countries, whileindustrial and municipal wastewater and hazardous waste man-agement related technologies were ranked second. It is expect-ed that within the next few years, focus will remain on end-of-pipe technologies with only the gradual introduction of pollu-



Country Name of Fair Approximate Date

Estonia Keskkond biannual, (Environment) November (1998)

Elukvaliteet biannual, April(Quality of life)

Latvia Ecobalt annual, May or June

Energetika annual, March

Industry Balt annual, November

Lithuania Baltecologia, annual, MayBaltecontrola, Baltengeia, Baltetechnika

Agrobalt annual, May

Infobalt annual, October

TABLE 1.5: MAJOR ENVIRONMENT-RELATEDTRADE EVENTS

Estonia Latvia Lithuania

Air moderate moderate high

Water moderate moderate moderate

Wastewater high moderate high

Waste moderate high high

Energy high high high

TABLE 1.7: SUMMARY OF DEMAND FORENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

Estonia ■ Municipal wastewater■ Industrial wastewater■ Energy

Latvia ■ Municipal waste■ Hazardous waste■ Energy

Lithuania ■ Air pollution control■ Municipal wastewater■ Industrial wastewater■ Hazardous waste■ Energy

TABLE 1.8: OVERVIEW OF HIGH DEMANDSECTORS

Procurement Country Law Adopted Official Tender Bulletin

Estonia Jan. 1, 1996 “Bulletin of State Suppliers”(amended (Riigihangete Teataja)Jan. 1, 1997)

Latvia Jan. 1, 1997 “Law on State and Municipal Tenders”

Lithuania Jan. 1, 1997 “State News” (Valstybes Zinios)“Lithuanian Morning”(Lietuvos Rytas)

TABLE 1.6: PUBLIC PROCUREMENT BULLETINS

tion prevention and waste minimization technologies.The following sections provide an overview of the demand

for specific environmental technologies in each sector.

AIRThe highest demand outlined by respondents was for

emission abatement and cleaner production technologies, fol-lowed by air pollution control and flue gas equipment. Fairlyhigh demand was also outlined by all three countries forinstrumentation and process control/software. Air samplingand laboratory analysis is primarily required by industry forassessing gaseous emissions; however, the government sectorand local authorities have also indicated a growing need fortechnologies for monitoring and analysis. Demand for othertechnologies varied by country.

Air pollution control technologies tend to include scrub-bers, filters and equipment to reduce emissions of particulates,sulphur dioxide, carbon oxides, etc. The market in the Balticcountries is mainly dominated by foreign companies.Technologies for cleaner production are becoming increasing-ly important due to the expected shift from end-of-pipe solu-tions to pollution prevention measures.

Table 1.9 presents the demand for air related technologiesand where future growth is expected.

WATERAll three surveyed countries indicated the protection of

water resources and the improvement of water quality in theirnational priorities, although each accorded only moderatedemand to water related technologies. The primary goals ofnational environmental policies are to increase the number ofpeople connected to the public water supply network and tomaintain or improve the existing quality of drinking water.

In all three countries, the highest demand was indicatedfor treatment processes, although Lithuania also indicated high

demand for the inspection and reconditioning of existing sup-ply networks. Estonia indicated water recycling and reuse asthe next highest technology in demand. Almost all of the coun-tries indicated monitoring/sampling/laboratory analysis andinstrumentation/process control/software as areas expected togrow in the near future.

A number of surveyed experts also mentioned the need fortechnologies regarding the actual operation of drinking watercollection stations and reservoirs and water treatment plants.

Table 1.10 displays the high demand water related tech-nologies and technologies where demand is expected to rise.

WASTEWATERIn all the surveyed countries, the protection of water

resources receives high priority within the respective nationalenvironmental policies. The primary objectives of those poli-cies are to increase the percentage of the population served bysewage disposal facilities, to increase the proportion of waste-water treated in biological processes and to increase the treat-ment of industrial wastewater. Although wastewater manage-ment is listed as a major priority by all the surveyed countries,the technologies they demand vary greatly in this sector. Ingeneral, Estonia and Lithuania indicated high demand andLatvia moderate demand for wastewater related technologies.

All the countries’ respondents indicated pollution preven-tion/waste minimization (of industrial wastewater) as the tech-nology most in demand, followed by physical, chemical andbiological treatment processes. Estonia also indicated highdemand for advanced treatment processes of industrial waste-water. In the future, the demand for advanced treatmentprocesses and the inspection and reconditioning of existingcollection networks are expected to grow in Estonia.

In Latvia, high demand was also indicated for samplingand laboratory analysis. Monitoring and spill control and con-tainment, as well as sludge treatment and disposal, are areaswhere demand is expected to rise in the future.



Country Technologies in Demand

Estonia Technologies in high demand: #1 emission abatement/cleaner productionTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 instrumentation and process control/software; #3 airsampling/laboratory analysis; #4 air pollution control/flue gas purification equipment

Latvia Technologies in high demand: #1 air pollution control/flue gas purification equipmentTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 instrumentation and process control; #3 air sam-pling/laboratory analysis

Lithuania Technologies in high demand: #1 emission abatement/cleaner production; #2 instrumentation and processcontrol/software; #3 air sampling/laboratory analysis; #4 air pollution control/flue gas purification

TABLE 1.9: ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND — AIR


Estonia Technologies in high demand: #1 treatment processesTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 water recycling and reuse; #3instrumentation/process control/software; #4 construction of supply networks

Latvia Technologies in demand: #1 treatment processesTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 monitoring; #3 sampling/laboratory analysis; #4inspection and reconditioning of existing supply networks

Lithuania Technologies in high demand: #1 treatment processes; #2 inspection and reconditioning of existing supplyand collection networksTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #3 instrumentation/process control/software; #4 moni-toring/sampling/laboratory analysis

TABLE 1.10: ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND — WATER

Overall the highest demand for wastewater technologieswas identified in Lithuania. In addition to the high demandareas mentioned above, instrumentation/process control/soft-ware and the inspection and reconditioning of existing collec-tion networks was mentioned as being in high demand by therespondents. Sludge treatment and disposal and monitoring/sampling/laboratory are areas where demand is expected toincrease in the future.

It should be noted that conventional treatment systems arelocally available, based on domestic technologies. However,advanced wastewater technologies, in particular tertiary treat-ment, specialized industrial wastewater treatment, etc., areoften imported and often ranked as being in high demand byindustrial users.

It is interesting that all three countries listed strong demandfor pollution prevention/waste minimization technologies whilethose technological measures currently used include end-of-pipe solutions. This indicates an interest in preventive measuresand a clear opportunity for cleaner production technologies.

Table 1.11 presents the demand for wastewater relatedtechnologies.

WASTE MANAGEMENTOverall, Latvia and Lithuania indicated high demand for

waste-related technologies while Estonia ranked demand asmoderate. In all countries, high levels of demand were indi-cated for hazardous waste management followed by industrial

and municipal waste. Waste collection/transportation andstorage was indicated by survey respondents in all three coun-tries as one of the most needed technologies. This illustratesthe fact that waste in general is not being managed efficientlyor effectively in the Baltic States. The next most frequentlycited technology in demand in all three surveyed countrieswas pollution prevention/waste minimization. This can beexplained by the rising costs for disposal faced by municipali-ties. Also the focus of governmental environmental policies isexpected to reinforce measures of pollution prevention andwaste minimization.

Overall, the demand for technologies related to wasteincineration is insignificant, but increasing demand was indi-cated for technologies used in landfill disposal, both formunicipal and hazardous waste. Most landfills in the surveyedcountries are reaching capacity, and new waste disposal siteshave to be built in the future.

Site remediation technologies, and decontamination andclean-up equipment were also in high demand, particularly inLithuania, although serious land contamination can be foundthroughout the Baltic countries. High clean-up costs and thelack of liability and responsibility are seen as barriers toinvestment in such technologies.

The technologies expected to experience a growth indemand according to respondents in all three countries arerecycling and resource recovery. Various other technologiessuch as site monitoring, site analysis and waste characteriza-tion are also expected to grow in demand.




Estonia Technologies in high demand: #1 pollution prevention/waste minimization (industrial wastewater); #2 spillcontrol and containment; #3 physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes; #4 advanced treatmentprocesses (industrial wastewater)Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #5 inspection and reconditioning of existing collectionnetworks; #6 instrumentation/process control/software

Latvia Technologies in high demand: #1 physical, chemical and biological treatment processes; #2 sampling andlaboratory analysis; #3 pollution prevention/waste minimizationTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 monitoring (municipal wastewater); #5 spill controland containment; #6 sludge treatment and disposal (municipal wastewater)

Lithuania Technologies in high demand: #1 pollution prevention/waste minimization; #2 instrumentation/processcontrol/software (industrial wastewater); #3 inspection and reconditioning of existing collection networks; #4physical, chemical, and biological treatment processesTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #5 facility operation; #6 sludge treatment and disposal;#7 monitoring/sampling/laboratory analysis

TABLE 1.11: ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND — WASTEWATER


Estonia Technologies in high demand: #1 waste collection/transportation and storage; #2 pollutionprevention/waste minimizationTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #3 sample analysis/waste characterization (industrialand hazardous waste); #4 recycling and resource recovery (industrial and hazardous waste)

Latvia Technologies in high demand: #1 waste collection/transportation and storage; #2 pollutionprevention/waste minimization; #3 landfill disposal (municipal waste)Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 composting/biomass conversion (municipal waste);#5 recycling/resource recovery (municipal and industrial waste)

Lithuania Technologies in high demand: #1 pollution prevention/waste minimization; #2 waste collection/transporta-tion and storage; #3 site remediation/cleanup of contaminated land (hazardous waste); #4 landfill disposal(industrial and hazardous waste)Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #5 recycling/resource recovery; #6 site monitoring (haz-ardous waste)

TABLE 1.12: ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND — WASTE MANAGEMENT

Radioactive waste management is not one of the highestpriorities in the waste sector, being ranked lower than haz-ardous and municipal waste management. Therefore thosetechnologies in this sector were not listed at all.

Table 1.12 presents those waste-related technologies mostin demand and technologies where demand is expected to rise.

ENERGYOf all sectors, demand was found to be highest for tech-

nologies in the energy sector. All surveyed countries indicatedhigh demand for energy related technologies, in part driven bynational environmental policies and in part by the inefficien-cies of the current systems in place.

By far, the most frequently cited technologies in demandwere new and efficient energy and heat genertion systems aswell as the retrofitting and rehabilitation of existing systems, inparticular for the power generation sector. However, demandis also expected to rise in other branches of industry. Heatrecovery and energy saving technologies were listed in highdemand, which also reflects the growing costs of energy.

The technologies expected to experience increaseddemand in the future are related to process management andcontrol (e.g. boiler tuning, fuel efficiency optimization) as wellas instrumentation. Interestingly enough, demand for alterna-tive sources of energy were not mentioned, even thoughnational environmental policies indicate the use of alternativeenergy sources as a goal for the future in all the surveyed coun-tries. This illustrates the more urgent need for the moderniza-tion of existing systems and for improving their efficiency.

Table 1.13 outlines those areas where energy related tech-nologies are in demand and where demand is expected to rise.

1.5 Major End-users of EnvironmentalTechnologies

This section aims to identify the major buyers of environ-mental technologies. However, there was a tendency amongthe surveyed product and service providers not to indicate theirmore lucrative sectors in order not to disclose market opportu-nities to potential competitors. Many respondents were there-fore hesitant to reveal the major customers in their sector.

According to the survey responses, the major end-userstend to be municipalities, the power generation sector, andindustry. The latter two categories are the major end-users ofair pollution prevention and energy related technologies,while in the water, wastewater and waste management sec-

tors, by far the major end-users of technologies were munici-palities. Surprisingly, the transport industry was not found tobe the largest end-user of noise, vibration and OHS technolo-gies, but rather it was found to be manufacturing plants andconstruction companies.

Worth noting also is the trend that municipalities are amongthe major end-users of environmental technologies. This islargely due to the decline in industry production in the Balticssince the late 1980s and a shift in responsibility for the manage-ment of water, wastewater and waste to individual municipali-ties. As collection and disposal costs continue to rise, munici-palities expect to be searching for more cost-effective solutions.

The rankings presented in Tables 1.14 - 1.17 give an indi-cation as to the major end-users of specific environmentaltechnologies in each of the surveyed countries.

AirThe major end-users of air quality related technologies is

the energy and power generation sector, followed by industri-al companies and transport. Most power plants are owned bythe state through a majority share, while local heating stationshave various forms of ownership. Many have become joint-stock companies while others are private or are owned bymunicipalities. The significance of the energy and power gen-eration sector as consumers is expected to increase in thefuture as more stringent regulations are enacted for pollutantemissions and air quality.

Other significant end-users include industrial companiessuch as cement factories, the mining industry, food processingand the textile industry. Notably, neither small stationary pol-lution sources such as small industrial companies or transportare considered major end-users of air pollution reduction tech-nologies mainly because they are not overly affected by cur-rent legislation.

Table 1.14 identifies the major end-users of air relatedtechnologies in the surveyed countries.




Estonia Technologies in high demand: #1 new/efficient energy and heat generation systems (energy and powergeneration); #2 retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems (energy and power generation); #3 process man-agement and control (energy and power generation)Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 heat recovery and energy savings (energy and powergeneration); #5 process management and control (other industrial sectors)

Latvia Technologies in high demand: #1 heat recovery and energy savings; #2 new/efficient energy and heat gen-eration systems (energy and power generation); #3 retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems (energy andpower generation); #4 process management and energy savings (energy and power generation)Technologies where demand is expected to rise: same ranking as above but for other industrial sectors

Lithuania Technologies in high demand: #1 new/efficient energy and heat generation systems; #2 retrofitting/rehabil-itation of existing systems; #3 heat recovery and energy savingsTechnologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 instrumentation; #5 process management and control

TABLE 1.13: ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND — ENERGY

Country Major End-users

Estonia Mining industry; transport; power plants

Latvia Energy sector; power plants; industrial companies; municipalities

Lithuania Power plants and heat generating stations; industrial companies; transport

TABLE 1.14: MAJOR END-USERS OFENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — AIR

Water and WastewaterMunicipalities or operators of municipal systems are the

largest end-users of technologies related to water and waste-water. By examining the current state of municipal facilities, itis safe to say that this trend will continue for many years tocome. Municipalities have the enormous task of overseeingthe construction and management of water and wastewatersystems in the Baltics, which involves immense financialinvestment. In Latvia for example, municipalities already pur-chase 45 percent of the water and wastewater technologies.Latvian municipalities are in great need of wastewater relatedtechnologies since 90 percent of their current discharge isinsufficiently treated.

Other significant end-users include power stations andvarious industries such as chemical, food processing, pharma-ceutical, and pulp and paper. The wastewater facilities inindustrial companies are generally in poor condition andrequire significant modernization. Higher discharge levels areexpected in the future as production begins to increase again.

Table 1.15 identifies the major end-users of water andwastewater related technologies in the surveyed countries.

Waste ManagementMunicipalities and municipal service providers (contract-

ed companies) are the largest end-users of waste-relatedtechnologies such as waste collection, landfilling or incinera-tion in the Baltic States. This is explained by the fact thatmunicipalities are wholly responsible for the entire wastemanagement process from collection to disposal. In the nextfew years, as new legislation is introduced regarding solidwaste, the demand for waste-related technologies can beexpected to increase.

Municipalities in Lithuania currently manage over 800landfills. The vast majority of these sites are in poor condition,many have been abandoned and all of them require significantmodernization. Industry in the Baltic countries is slowly beingforced to dispose of their waste effectively.

In Lithuania, much of the secondary raw material wasteis wood, nonferrous metals and glass. The current collectionand disposal system is not well-organized, and the waste istherefore not being disposed of effectively. Other importantend-users of the waste management technologies are the oil-shale and cement industries, followed by construction com-panies. Table 1.16 outlines the major waste technology end-users.

EnergyThe energy and power generation sector is the largest end-

user of related technologies in all three countries. It is becom-ing increasingly important for this sector to decrease emissionsand increase efficiency. Energy generation is rising annually in

Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and therefore industrial energycompanies are expected to remain the greatest end-users ofenergy-related technologies.

Other significant end-users are municipalities in their con-trol of domestic heating systems for their local area. Reforms indomestic heating are expected within the next few years asmunicipalities convert to gas as their primary heating source.

While energy saving technologies are becoming increas-ingly important, industrial branches are also becoming moreinterested in heat recovery and energy-saving technologies inthe future as their production increases and energy costs rise.

Table 1.17 lists the energy-related end-users in order ofimportance.

1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Local and Foreign SuppliersPURCHASING PREFERENCES

The country of origin (domestic vs. foreign) of a particu-lar environmental technology clearly is not a significantissue among buyers when making a purchasing decision.Most experts rely on the best technology or best-practice cri-teria when making such a decision. Where foreign technolo-gies are purchased, preference is given to buying from in-country offices instead of ordering through an overseasoffice.

Product quality and reliability, warranty conditions, avail-ability of after-sales service, lowest possible costs outlay inachieving the required standards, previous experience withsuppliers and good references are determining factors whenmaking purchasing choices. Additionally, preferential credit or




Estonia Municipalities; power stations; chemicalindustry; food processing industry; pulpand paper industry; agriculture

Latvia Municipalities/municipal services; varioustypes of manufacturing; pharmaceuticalindustry; textile industry

Lithuania Municipal waste water service companies;hospitals; chemical industry; food industry;Textile industry

TABLE 1.15: MAJOR END-USERS OFENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — WATER

AND WASTEWATER


Estonia Municipalities; oil-shale industry; cementmanufacturing industry; construction companies

Latvia Municipal waste management services;other industries (construction, textile,paper, food)

Lithuania Municipalities; municipal service operators;landfill operators; largest waste producers;

TABLE 1.16: MAJOR END-USERS OFENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — WASTE

MANAGEMENT


Estonia Power generation; manufacturing; heavy industry; pulp and paper industry

Latvia Energy sector; municipal power generation; other industrial sectors

Lithuania Power plants; heat generating stations; municipal services; other industrial companies

TABLE 1.17: MAJOR END-USERS OFENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES - ENERGY

financing schemes from the supplier significantly increases thechances of product sale.

STRENGTHS OF LOCAL AND FOREIGNTECHNOLOGIES

By far the highest proportion of respondents indicated lowprice as the biggest strength of local technologies compared toforeign products (70-80 percent). Other significant advantagesinclude the ability to customize and adapt technologies tolocal needs (60-70 percent), and that they are user-friendly andeasy to operate (30-50 percent).

The majority of respondents indicated high product qual-ity (60-70 percent) as the greatest advantage of foreign tech-nologies, followed by their user-friendliness and ease of oper-ation (60 percent), besides the reliability and durability ofproducts (50 percent). Interestingly, up to half the respon-dents also cited good value for the money as an advantage offoreign technologies.

An additional strength of foreign environmental technol-ogy providers is that they are capable of meeting the special-ized technical demands of consumers.

BARRIERS TO BUYING LOCAL AND FOREIGNTECHNOLOGIES

The lack of product information (50-60 percent) and sup-plier information (40-50 percent) were mentioned as signifi-cant obstacles to purchasing local products. Local productsalso tend to be considered adequate in the short term inmeeting minimal environmental requirements, but becomequickly outdated due to changing regulations.

While virtually all respondents indicated that foreign tech-nologies were “too expensive” (65-70 percent), this was oftenoffset by the quality of the product, the conditions of the war-ranty and the after-sales service. In some cases, foreign sup-pliers producing highly sophisticated technologies not avail-able on the domestic market have carved out a market nichefor themselves.

Import restrictions and high customs duties were men-tioned by up to 30 percent of the respondents as further barri-ers to purchasing foreign environmental technologies,although this problem is expected to decrease in the nearfuture, at least with regard to products from the EU.

Other significant barriers included the lack of reliableproduct information (40-50 percent) and the scarcity of infor-mation concerning suppliers (40 percent).

1.7 The Environmental BusinessSectorPROFILE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESSES

Since 1990, the market for environmental technologies andservices has grown steadily in all the surveyed countries, lead-ing to the dynamic development of local environmental busi-nesses. However, compared to other CEE countries (e.g. theCzech Republic, Hungary or Poland) the environmental busi-ness community in the Baltic countries is small. This is not sur-prising given the history of those countries, their small popu-lations and their limited environmental budgets. It is estimatedthat some 150-200 small and medium-sized enterprises arecurrently active in the Baltic environmental market, with thatnumber set to increase. The majority of companies are serviceoriented. Although a number of companies were establishedbefore 1990, the majority are quite young, with more than 70percent established after 1990. Most environmental businessesfounded after 1990 are privately owned companies and tend tobe small. More than half of the survey respondents employ 10or fewer full-time employees. Overall the number employed inthe environmental business sector is not significant.

INFORMATION NEEDSWhen asked to comment on their information needs either

in the environmental field or simply in general, the respondentswere particularly responsive. Many types of information relat-ing to the environment in the Baltic countries is simply notcompiled, not accessible to the public or not accurate.

The greatest need for information indicated by most of therespondents, as shown in Table 1.18, was in the area of newenvironmental technologies. This was followed by a need formore information on in-country environmental regulations.Since environmental legislation is continually being enacted andrevised to meet international agreements and EU regulations,companies and municipalities are finding it difficult to keepabreast and to comply. This is exacerbated by the fact that thelegislation is often not transparent enough to be understood.

Another significant information need is related to domestictenders for projects. Although each surveyed country officiallyannounces tenders according to a set of rules, the respondentsfelt that the opportunities to bid were often overlookedbecause of their inaccessibility or too short notice.

Information needs are expected to grow in the areas of envi-ronmental quality standards for industries, eco-efficient andcleaner production practices and sources of project financing.



Country Information Needs

Estonia Information in high demand: #1 new environmental technologies; #2 in-country environmental regula-tions; #3 domestic tenders of projectsInformation in demand: #4 sources of project financing; #5 environmental quality standards for industries;#6 eco-efficient and cleaner production practices

Latvia Information in high demand: #1 in-country environmental regulations; #2 sources of project financing; #3new environmental technologiesInformation in demand: #4 environmental quality standards for industries; #5 domestic tenders for projects;#6 eco-efficiency and cleaner production practices

Lithuania Information in high demand: #1 new environmental technologies; #2 in-country environmental regulation;#3 domestic tender for projects; #4 sources of project financingInformation in demand: #5 environmental quality standards for industries; #6 eco-efficient and cleaner pro-duction practices

TABLE 1.18: INFORMATION NEEDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESSES

Serving the public with adequate, accurate information isan area that needs to be developed across the Baltic region,however, this is expected to improve with time.

OBSTACLES TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENTEnvironmental businesses were asked to identify the main

obstacles to their further development. Limited access to cred-it and finance was rated by the respondents as the biggest hin-drance to the further development of their business activities.This reflects the current severity of the financial market where-in commercial loans are difficult to obtain.

All surveyed countries are associate members of the EU,and Estonia expects to join the EU as part of the next wave ofenlargement. Therefore, environmental legislation will eventu-ally comply with EU standards, which in many cases will meanstricter legislation and increased enforcement, thus significant-ly influencing the environmental market. For now, “weak”environmental legislation is not seen as a major barrier to thedevelopment of environmental businesses. Foreign competi-tion within the environmental market was also viewed only asa minor barrier to business development.

While environmental businesses have little power to elim-inate the obstacles that stand in the way of their development,the respective Baltic governments could reduce most of thebarriers by introducing instruments and incentives that favorenvironmental enterprises. However, the enforcement of envi-ronmental and tax regulations, and improved access tosources of finance are key factors in creating a market in whichenvironmental businesses can thrive.

Table 1.19 summarizes survey respondents’ opinions as tothe main obstacles to business development.



Country Main Barriers to Development

Estonia #1 access to credit and finance#2 general access to information

Latvia #1 access to credit and finance#2 tax regulations#3 general access to information

Lithuania #1 tax regulation#2 access to credit and finance

TABLE 1.19: OBSTACLES TO FURTHERDEVELOPMENT

2.1 Summary of FindingsDuring the period 1993-1996, environmental expenditures

increased from USD 19 million in 1993 to USD 77.7 million in1996. The share of environmental expenditures from enterpriseshas increased since 1993, while the share of expenditures madeby local governments has decreased during the same period. In1993, spending by enterprises contributed 70 percent, increasingto 86 percent in 1996. Local government expenditures decreasedfrom 30 percent in 1993 to 14 percent in 1996. Estonia has beenalso been very successful in attracting foreign assistance, withsome 35-40 percent of investments financed by internationalloans and grants. According to OECD statistics, Estonia is one ofthe largest recipients in Central and Eastern Europe of interna-tional environmental aid (grants and loans) (OECD, 1995).

Most environmental expenditures and investments havebeen in water and soil protection (67 percent in 1996). In 1996,the state budget allocated 65 percent of its total environmentalexpenditures to the construction of municipal wastewatertreatment facilities and sewer systems, while in 1997 it was 52percent. The Estonian Environmental Fund for NatureProtection and Rational Use of Natural Resources assignedUSD 2.81 million (43 percent of its annual budget) to the waterprotection program in 1996.

The 10 most serious environmental issues in Estonia werelisted and identified in the National Environmental Strategy(NES), adopted by the Parliament on March 12, 1997. Theseproblems include: pollution of ambient and urban air; pastpollution caused by industrial, agricultural and military activi-ties; decreases in water quantity and quality; irrational use,pollution and eutrophication of surface water bodies and dete-rioration of fish stocks; inappropriate waste and hazardouswaste management; threats to biological and landscape diver-sity; and poor consideration of environmental and publichealth issues within the built-up environment.

In recent years, the priority environmental issues havebeen water management, and the construction and renovationof municipal wastewater treatment plants, sewers and pump-ing houses. Air pollution reduction has also remained animportant issue and as a full party to the U.N. FrameworkConvention on Climate Change from 1994, Estonia is nowcommitted to reducing its CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by theyear 2010. It is an area that will most likely increase in impor-tance during the coming years.

Overall demand for environmental technologies in Estoniais moderate. The greatest demand was indicated for waste-water and energy technologies. Moderate demand was identi-fied for the air, water, and waste sectors.

Within the air sector, the highest demand was indicated foremission abatement/cleaner production technologies followedby instrumentation and process control/software. Demand isexpected to grow in the areas of air sampling/laboratory analy-sis and air pollution/flue gas purification equipment.

Demand for water related technologies is concentrated ontreatment processes and on water recycling and reuse.Demand is expected to grow for instrumentation/process con-trol/software and for the construction of supply networks.

Demand for wastewater technologies is high in Estonia.The greatest demand was identified for pollution preven-tion/waste minimization technologies, followed by spill control

and containment and physical, chemical and biological treat-ment processes. In the future, demand is expected to grow forinspection and the reconditioning of existing collection net-works as well as instrumentation/process control/software.

Demand in the waste sector is concentrated on waste col-lection/transportation and storage as well as pollution preven-tion/waste minimization. Demand is expected to grow for

C H A P T E R 2 : E S T O N I A


E S T O N I A

SAAREMAA

TallinnKohtla-Jarve

Gulf of Finland

L AT V I A

Gulf of

Riga

Lake Peipsi

Lake Pihkva

Narva

Parnu

TartuR U S S I A

HIIUMAA

0 50 100

kilometers

Chapter 2: Estonia


Population (mln) 1.5 2.5 3.7

Area (sq. km) 45,215 64,100 65,300

GDP (USD bln) 2.2 5.0 10.0

GDP growth (%) 11.7 2.6 6.4

Foreign Direct 0.9 0.6 0.9 Investment (USD bln)

Unemployment rate (%) 2.2 6.7 5.9

Average monthly 261.0 224.0 233.0wage (USD)

Inflation rate (%) 12.5 7.0 8.4

Exchange rate 14.3 0.6 4.0to one USD

Environmental expenditures 77.7 27.6 31.1in 1996 (USD mln)

Environmental expenditures 1.7 0.5 0.4in 1996 (% of GDP)

Source: Business Central Europe, February 1998; Statistical Yearbook ofeach surveyed country

TABLE 2.1: BASIC COUNTRY INFORMATION

sample analysis/waste characterization and recycling/resourcerecovery technologies.

Finally, relatively high demand was identified for new/effi-cient energy and heat generation systems and retrofitting/reha-bilitation of existing systems in the energy sector. Technologieswhere demand is expected to rise include heat recovery andenergy savings as well as process management and control.

The major end-users of environmental technologies andservices in Estonia are municipalities, followed by industryand enterprises. Municipalities are generally the major end-users as they are responsible for potable water, wastewater,waste management and heating systems. Industry is becominga more important end-user as companies are increasinglybeing forced to comply with emission regulations. Variousother enterprises in Estonia are not significant purchasers ofenvironmental technologies.

In the early 1990s, the Estonian environmental businesssector focused on sales and technical engineering. Thisapproach gradually broadened to incorporate consulting ser-vices from 1992-1993. The environmental services market inEstonia is developing rapidly and is driven by a number of fac-tors, such as environmental impact legislation (EIA), the plan-ning and construction market, economic incentives and theprivatization process. A typical privatization contract statesthat it is the buyer’s responsibility to assess the environmentaldamage that occurred before the purchase of the firm.

The primary sources of information available on environ-mental technologies, services and business opportunities aretrade fairs and exhibitions. While a few publications and news-papers include environmental issues, the best opportunities liein acquainting onself with products and company representa-tives at trade fairs.

The most important factors considered by local suppliersand end-users when purchasing domestic or foreign environ-mental technologies are product price and the quality of theproduct itself. The primary advantage of domestic technolo-gies is the lower price. The advantages of foreign technologiesare their high quality, good value for money, reliability anddurability as well as user-friendliness and ease of operation.

Surprisingly, the major barriers to purchasing local tech-nologies include the scarcity of information on the suppliers andthe lack of reliable information on the products themselves.Foreign technologies are disadvantaged in that they are expen-sive, are not suited to local conditions and technical culture, andbecause of the high import restrictions and customs duties.

Most foreign technology providers in the Estonian marketare Scandinavian, most commonly from Finland and Sweden.The domestic perception of foreign technologies is that theyare quite good, this reflected by the fact that a number of joint-ventures with Estonian companies have been established inrecent years.

The main information needs of consumers relate to newenvironmental technologies, while providers indicate the needfor better information on domestic tenders for projects. Ininterviews, technology providers indicated that the project ten-

dering processes needs to be more open and transparent thanit currently is. The inadequacy of information on in-countryenvironmental legislation is a further concern of bothproviders and consumers.

Both consumers and providers agree that access to creditand external financing is the main obstacle to the developmentof their business. While these limitations could be regarded asobvious, it is interesting to note the relatively small degree ofimportance accorded by survey respondents to environmentalregulations. The restrictions placed by these, as well as the reg-istration requirements or tax regulations, were also regardedas constraints to business development. The low marketdemand for products and services was considered a moreimportant issue by technology providers.

2.2 MethodologySOURCES OF INFORMATION USED IN THE SURVEY

The information contained within this country report isbased on 69 formal interviews with senior-level representa-tives of environmental businesses, government environmentdepartments, R&D institutions and professional associations.Interviews were based on a standard questionnaire adoptedfor the entire survey (see Appendixes). Additional informationsources included informal conversations, a desk-study of theavailable literature and various publications on the environ-ment in Estonia.

Sources of information are referenced throughout the textwith numbers (e.g. /17/) referring to the list of publicationsincluded in Section 2.11.

PROFILE OF RESPONDENTSFor this survey, four target groups were identified:

■ Group I — Suppliers (companies providing technologyand/or consulting services),

■ Group II — End-users (enterprises using environmentaltechnologies and services),

■ Group III — Government environment departments (stateand municipal) ,

■ Group IV — Professional and business associations, andNGOs.

Their responses are broken down in Table 2.2.The term “environmental technology” is defined as being

a piece of equipment or a process, and related services, thatare available to prevent, minimize, render harmless, or reme-diate the environmental impacts of industrial or municipalactivities. For the purpose of this work, only equipment andprocesses that result in the immediate improvement of theenvironment are concerned. The term “environmental ser-



Questionnaires Percent Questionnaires PercentGroup Target group Sent of Total Sent Returned Returned

I Suppliers 161 70% 39 24%

II End-users 41 18% 8 20%

III Government environmental departments 17 8% 4 24%

IV Professional and business associations 9 4% 6 66%

Total 228 100% 57 25%

TABLE 2.2: BREAKDOWN OF RESPONSES

vice” is defined as any consulting service that is available toprevent, reduce and minimize the environmental impacts ofindustrial or municipal activities.

The research methods were applied in the following way:

1. InterviewsThe interviews were carried out in person and by tele-

phone. The questions asked were based on a questionnaireprepared by the REC (see Appendixes).

2. QuestionnaireThe questionnaire was translated into Estonian and sup-

plemented by a few additional questions gauging the inten-tions of end-users to introduce cleaner production or pollutionreduction programs, environmental management systems orenergy efficiency programs during the next three years.

The main sources of information used for shortlistingexperts in the above four categories included:

■ Suppliers — Keskkonnatehnika journal, business phonebooks (including Ettevotete Telefonikataloog 1997,Arikataloog 1997, Infoatlas 2/97), a list of licensed expertsin environmental impact assessment obtained from theMinistry of Environment (MoE), and newspaper information.

■ End-users — Four key sectors were selected: energy, food,metals and the chemical industry. Business telephone

books were consulted (Ettevotete Telefonikataloog 1997,Arikataloog 1997, and Infoatlas 2/97).

■ Governments — Contact information was taken from theREC’s Government and Environment Directory and thePublic Authorities telephone book of 1997.

■ Professional and Business Associations — Telephonebooks were the most significant source (includingEttevotete Telefonikataloog 1997, Arikataloog 1997,Infoatlas 2/97).

Two hundred and twenty-eight (228) copies of the ques-tionnaire were distributed by mail. In addition to the question-naire, the mailing included a letter describing the objectives ofthe survey and guidelines for its completion. A postage-paidenvelope was also enclosed for questionnaire return. A total of57 questionnaires (25 percent) were returned.

3. LiteratureA wide variety of literature was reviewed in the preparation

of this report. The main sources of statistical data were publi-cations of the Estonian Statistical Office (ESA) and personalcontacts at the ESA departments. The economic data was veri-fied with information received from the Bank of Estonia, theirreports and bulletins. The annual publication Keskkond (TheEnvironment) of the Ministry of the Environment was also used



Budget line 1996 1997

A. Investments 7.33 5.91

1. Construction 6.68 4.69

– Municipal wastewater treatment plants and sewer systems 6.13 4.52

– Municipal water pipelines 0.12 0.12

– state hazardous waste management system 0.04 0.08

– other 0.39 -

2. Renovation 0.50 0.98

3. Investments into equipment 0.15 0.24

B. Expenditures 2.26 3.03

– assessment and remediation of past military pollution 0.70 0.62

– environmental monitoring 0.83 0.78

– implementation of the HELCOM program 0.11 0.12

– planning, surveying and pilot project costs 0.33 0.36

– Gulf of Finland – annual maintenance costs 0.02 0.03

– nature conservation costs 0.07 0.12

– meeting requirements of international agreements and conventions 0.04 0.05

– membership fees of international agreements and conventions 0.07 0.26

– reimbursement costs of nature conservation restrictions - 0.12

– maintenance of the Environmental Register - 0.08

– research on fisheries - 0.08

– geological surveys - 0.31

– budget transfers to other sectors incurring environmental expenditures 0.01 0.02

– other 0.08 0.06

Total 9.59 8.94

Sources: State Gazette I, 1995,98,2811; State Gazette I, 1997,2/3,51

TABLE 2.3: ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTMENTS AND EXPENDITURES FROM THE STATE BUDGET, 1996-1997 (MLN USD)

extensively. Articles from major newspapers provided informa-tion on current problems and reviews of environmental pro-tection, environmental business and the general economy.

2.3 Overview ofthe Environmental MarketTOTAL COUNTRY SPENDING ONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

As shown in Table 2.3, the total state budget for directenvironmental investments and expenditures has remainedvirtually unchanged for 1996-1997 (USD 9.59 million and USD8.94 million, respectively). Approximately 80 percent of annu-al environmental investments are channeled into the construc-tion of new municipal wastewater treatment plants and asso-ciated sewers. Between 7 and 17 percent of the state budgetfor investments goes toward the renovation of existing plantsand networks, while environmental monitoring costs also forma significant share of environmental expenditures (26-36 per-cent, or USD 780,000-830,000 annually).

Estonia’s GDP was USD 1.73 billion in 1993, increasing toUSD 4.32 billion by 1996 (Statistical Yearbook, 1997).Although official statistics do not calculate the share of envi-ronmental expenditures as a percentage of GDP, it can beestimated to range between 0.2 and 0.5 percent of the morerecent figure. Within this amount, the total expenditures ofenterprises and municipalities on the environment has showna remarkable increase, almost doubling between 1995 and1996 (see Table 2.4).

In 1993, total expenditure on the environment (by bothbusinesses and local governments) was USD 26.8 million.Expenditures increased in 1994 to USD 27.7 million, USD 40.9million in 1995, and to USD 77.7 million in 1996 (see Table 2.4).

In 1996, the total environmental expenditure was USD 77.7million which includes investments by enterprises (USD 67.1million and investments by municipalities of USD 10.6 million.Large enterprises (of more than 100 employees) made upalmost all 97.3 percent the corporate investments into corpo-rate environmental protection (ESA, 1997).

The trend that can be observed is that investments byenterprises are significantly increasing while investments fromlocal governments, despite increasing are declining as a per-centage of the total environmental expenditure.

Table 2.5 outlines the breakdown of environmental expen-ditures by sector in 1996. Over half of the total environmentalexpenditures made by enterprises and municipalities waschanneled into water and soil protection in 1996. Enterprisesalso spent a significant amount on the air sector (end-of-pipetechnologies and emission control) while municipalitiesspread the remainder of their expenditure evenly amongwaste, air and other sectors.

Table 2.6 outlines the major sources of project financingfor enterprises and municipalities during 1996. Municipalitiestend to rely on the local budget for the majority of environ-mental investments (contributing 28 percent of financing),while the state environmental fund also makes a significantcontribution to expenditures. Other sources make a significantthird category (28 percent). Within enterprises, bank creditsand internal funds constitute 74 percent of the financialresources relied upon for environmental expenditures.Interestingly, the environmental fund in 1996 contributed only1.5 percent to expenditures, while foreign capital only con-tributed 3 percent.

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONState Environmental Policy

The primary policy document on the environment is theEstonian National Environmental Strategy (NES), adopted bythe Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu) on March 12, 1997. Inaddition, the Act on Sustainable Development adoptedFebruary 22, 1995 lays down the country’s framework for thelong-term environmental, social and economic policies.

The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) wasbeing prepared and was expected to be completed during thefirst half of 1998. Ten working groups were drafting concreteactions and financial proposals for the ten major areas identi-fied for the National Environmental Strategy (NES).

The Estonian National Environmental Strategy (see Boxes1 and 2) illustrates the trends and priority goals of environ-mental management and protection, and it outlines the mainshort and long-term goals to be achieved by the year 2000 and2010 respectively.

The main causes of environmental degradation are associ-ated with the use of outdated technologies, the consumptionof large volumes of raw materials and the subsequent genera-tion of large quantities of waste. These problems are com-bined with low levels of public awareness and an under-devel-oped and environmentally unfriendly technical infrastructure,and they are exacerbated by the lack of financial resources andmanagement instruments.

The NES formulates 10 major environmental issues need-ing to be addressed, and considers the raising of environmen-tal awareness among one of the highest priorities followed bythe modernization of technologies, and the optimization ofraw materials and natural resources (see Box 2).

Under the Association Agreement made with the European



Expenditures made by enterprises and localYear governments (USD mln)

Total E LG

1993 26.8 19.0 7.8

1994 27.7 23.3 4.4

1995 40.9 34.2 6.7

1996 77.7 67.1 10.6

Source: ESA 1993-1996

TABLE 2.4: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURES BY ENTERPRISES (E) AND LOCAL

GOVERNMENTS (LG) IN 1993-1996

Enterprises Municipalities Total

Air 17.6 (26%) 0.7 (7%) 18 (23%)

Water and Soil 41.7 (62%) 6.9 (65%) 48.7 (63%)

Waste 5.4 (8%) 0.6 (6%) 5.9 (8%)

Other 2.4 (4%) 2.4 (22%) 4.8 (6%)

TOTAL 67.1 10.6 77.7

Note: Number in parentheses shows the percentage of enterprise ormunicipality or total expenditure allocated to the given sector.

Source: ESA, 1997

TABLE 2.5: BREAKDOWN OF ENVIRONMENTALEXPENDITURES BY SECTOR IN 1996 (MLN USD)

Union in 1995, and which came into full effect on Feb. 1, 1998,Estonia has made a commitment to approximate its legalframework with that of the EU. Estonia’s preparation for mem-bership is now progressing on the basis of the Free TradeAgreement in place since October 1, 1997, and the EuropeanParliament’s decision of December 16, 1997 to include Estoniain the first group of countries to start negotiations for full EUmembership by March 1998.

With respect to environmental protection and the EUapproximation process, each department within theMinistry of Environment has drafted a work plan, timelineand priority actions up to 2005.

With regard to international pressure concerning specificenvironmental problems this, is generally concentrated on airand water pollution in the Baltic Sea region. Two of thecountry’s oil-shale fired power plants located in theNortheast part of Estonia are responsible for approximately70 percent of the SO2, 40 percent of the NOX and 50 percentof the particle emissions dispersed annually. As a result,Estonia is considered one of the highest emitters of these pol-lutants in Europe. Estimates for total SO2 emissions in 1990vary from 208,000 tons from stationary sources to 276,000tons including mobile sources /23/. Estimates for total NOX

emissions in 1990 vary from 46,000 tons to 107,000 tons /23/.Another further cause of poor air quality in towns is therapidly developing transport sector. By the end of 1985, thenumber of private cars in use was 177,000, rising to nearly406,000 cars by the end of 1996 /20/.

For the above reasons, Estonian environmental policy fol-lows the requirements set by a number of environmentalagreements and conventions to which Estonia is party to. Forexample, Estonia has been a signatory of the UNFCCC since1994 and has assumed responsibility for reducing CO2 emis-sions to 1990 levels by by 2010.

Another issue of international concern is the radioactivewaste landfill at Sillamae, in northeastern Estonia. The landfillcontains 1,000 tons of radioactive substances buried at thebase of a lake located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. TheEstonian Government as well as international financial institu-tions are working to close the landfill in the most practical waywithout compromizing the environment or human health.

Discharges into watercourses, which eventually reach theBaltic Sea, is another important international environmentalproblem for Estonia. The bilateral treaty between Finlandand Estonia outlines the obligations for Estonia to remove 90percent of its organic substances and phosphorus fromwastewater, and to achieve 15 mg/l of BOD7 and 1.5 mg/l ofphosphorus in wastewater in settlements of over 5,000 peo-ple. Despite a target deadline of 1996 and increased invest-



Enterprises Municipalities Total

State budget 2.72 (7%) 1.07 (12%) 3.79 (8%)

Local budget 3.03 (8%) 2.63 (28%) 5.66 (12%)

Environmental fund 0.57 (1.5%) 1.78 (20%) 2.35 (5%)

Bank credit 14.9 (39%) 0.55 (6%) 15.45 (32%)

Foreign capital 1.31 (3%) 0.71 (8%) 2.02 (4%)

Internal funds 13.4 (35%) 0.007 (0.07%) 13.40 (28%)

Other sources 2.54 (7%) 2.57 (28%) 5.11 (10%)

Total financing 38.47 9.31 47.78

Source: ESA, 1997

TABLE 2.6: MAJOR SOURCES OF PROJECT FINANCING WITHIN ENTERPRISES AND MUNICIPALITIES IN 1996 (USD MILLION)

■ To encourage economic development in an envi-ronmentally sustainable way, whereby the objectiveis to meet the needs of the present generation with-out compromising the interests of future genera-tions. This objective can be achieved by regulatingenvironmental management and restricting certainactivities.

■ To anticipate and prevent environmental damage byaddressing the causes at the earliest possible stagein order to eliminate the consequences which canbe considerably more expensive to deal with andsometimes even irreversible.

■ To exercise caution in environmental decisionmak-ing, avoiding where possible those proposed activi-ties where environmental impacts are not entirelyunderstood.

■ To harmonize the environmental requirements oflegislation in order to avoid contradictions betweenthe various requirements.

■ To regard the environment as the common wealthand concern of the population. The interest of theenvironment should be considered of higher impor-tance than party politics, current economic prob-lems, commercial and propaganda interests. A socialconsensus among all groups of society should bereached.

■ To meet environmental requirements in the eco-nomic sector by applying the “polluter/user paysprinciple.”

■ To cooperate with other countries in solving globaland regional environmental problems and to pre-vent transboundary environmental impacts.

■ To involve all environmental stakeholders (the state,local municipalities, enterprises and inhabitants) inachieving the best possible results from the deci-sionmaking process in solving environmental prob-lems.

■ To promote traditional nature conservation andmanagement activities as well as to raise publicawareness of natural values.

BOX 1: THE MAIN GOALS OF THE ESTONIANNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY (NES)

ments in wastewater management, most settlements will onlymeet this standard by 1998 /11/.

Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, with nearly 500,000 inhabi-tants, only initiated biological treatment of wastewater in 1996.The second largest city, Tartu, with nearly 100,000 inhabitants,is only now completing construction of its wastewater treat-ment plant. The construction of municipal wastewater treat-ment plants has become a country-wide activity, to which thelocal budgets, State Environmental Fund and internationalfunds contribute. According to the MoE, construction and ren-ovation of sewer systems, treatment plants and drinking waterpipelines would need annual investments of some USD 17-18million until the year 2000 /10/.

Environmental pollution from agriculture has decreasedconsiderably during the past 10 years, mainly a result of thereduced use of mineral fertilisers and pesticides. For example,the application of mineral fertilisers totalled 250 tons perhectare in 1985, whereas in 1994 only 53 t/ha were applied/14/. The use of pesticides has shown similar tendencies: a fallfrom 1,033 t/ha in 1986 to 202 t/ha in 1993 /14/. This situationmight further change along with the levels of production andan increase in farmers’ incomes and subsidies to farmers.

With regard to international funds, Estonia has been particu-larly successful in attracting foreign assistance, with some 35-40percent of environmental investments financed by internationalgrants and loans (Agenda 2000; Mardiste, 1996), compared withan average of below 15 percent in Central and East Europeancountries (OECD, 1995; Mardiste, 1996). Between 1991 and1995, Estonia borrowed USD 82 million for environmental pro-tection purposes and received some USD 65 million in grants. Inthis respect, Estonia leads the list of international assistancerecipients per capita (USD 105.8) in CEE between 1991 and 1994(OECD, 1995). Guaranteed loans for environmental projectswere provided by the World Bank (USD 42 million in total) andby the EBRD (USD 40 million in total) (Mardiste, 1996).

Regional and Local Environmental ProblemsThe primary regional environmental problems, as described

earlier, are confined to municipal wastewater treatment andwaste management issues. According to the environmental offi-cials of four counties (Voru, Parnu, Jogeva and Laane), waste-water treatment is the most significant problem in Estonia.

The second most important problem is clearly related towaste management (particularly hazardous waste), the lack ofmodern environmentally sound landfills, and site operation,which fails to comply with environmental requirements andgood management practices. Opinions were mixed in definingthe third most acute environmental problem and ranged fromimproving the condition of past polluted areas, improving thedrinking water quality, and renovating wastewater treatmentfacilities and sewers and sewerage systems.

According to the MoE, the completion of 24 wastewatertreatment facilities by 1997 would decrease the overall waterpollution level by some 15 percent /21/. A total of USD 14.26million was thus spent on new facilities of which 4.65 millionUSD was funded by the state budget, 4.65 million USD by theEstonian Environmental Fund and 4.96 million USD allocatedby local budgets. The largest project completed in 1997 was theHaapsalu project, with a loan from the World Bank and assis-tance from the Finnish and Swedish Governments, totallingsome 2.33 million USD (a further USD 7.75 million will be spenton pipe and sewer systems and pumping facilities). Otherwater projects were finalized in Tapa (USD 1.63 million), Rapla(USD 1.24 million) and in a number of smaller settlements. It isimportant to note that apart from these expenditures in 1997,the city of Tallinn spent a further USD 23.35 million on themodernization of its drinking water and sewerage systems.

While expenditures on improving ambient air quality haveremained stable over a three-year period, a remarkable



1. Promotion of environmental awarenessTo preserve and stimulate the Estonian tradition of

environmental awareness, promote public participation inenvironmental decisionmaking, active environmental pro-tection and supervision, to support further developmentand to encourage future generations to adopt environ-mentally sound consumption habits.

2. Clean technologiesTo promote the use of natural resources, raw materials

and energy in a rational and sustainable way, and thereduction of pollution and generation of waste.

3. Reduction of the adverse environmental effectsof the energy sectorTo reduce the environmental impacts of the energy

sector, steer the direction of energy policies towards ener-gy efficient technology development programs, promotemore extensive use of renewable energy resources andreduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and to include allenvironment-related costs of energy consumption in theenergy price.

4. Improvement of air qualityTo reduce emissions of air pollutants, focusing primar-

ily on substances causing climate change and ozone deple-tion, and on pollution that originates from transport.

5. Reduction of waste generation and improvementof waste managementTo support the sustainable use of raw materials,

reduce waste generation, stimulate waste recycling, mini-mize the pollution caused by waste, reduce the areas con-taminated by waste, and improve waste management,paying special attention to hazardous waste.

6. Elimination of past pollutionTo eliminate past pollution and rejuvenate damaged

landscapes.

7. Better use and protection of ground waterresourcesTo maintain good quality groundwater resources as

well as their sustainable use and protection.

8. Protection of surface water bodiesand coastal seasTo maintain the ecological balance of surface water

bodies and coastal seas, the natural generation of fishstocks, and aquatic flora and fauna by the rational use ofwater bodies.

9. Maintenance of landscapes and biodiversityTo ensure the preservation of viable populations of

local plant and animal species, natural and semi-naturalcommunities and landscapes typical of Estonia.

10. Improvement of the quality of built environmentBringing the state of the built environment into con-

formity with the principles of health protection and sus-tainable development.

BOX 2: POLICY TARGETS IN THEENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR

increase in investment can be seen in water and soil protectionactivities. The major target area of these expenditures has beenwestern Estonia, largely owing to World Bank assistance, in theconstruction and renovation of wastewater treatment plants inthe Municipalities of Laane County (the Haapsalu-project).

There are also three funds, established as financial institu-tions to promote environmental biodiversity protection and tofund research on those areas in which they operate:

■ The Fund for Nature Protection and Rational Use of NaturalResources (Environmental Fund) — accumulates fees andfines for the pollution and charges for resource use;

■ Fisheries Fund — accumulates the fees generated by theissuing of fishing licenses;

■ Forest Fund — accumulates the stumping charges.

These Funds operate independently of the state budget.The Fund for Nature Protection and Rational Use of NaturalResources was established under the Ministry of Environmentto collect revenues from fines and noncompliance fees, and inturn provides project funding and support for environmentalprotection in Estonia. The Fund comprises two elements, anational fund and 17 regional funds. The funds’ main sourcesof income are charges for pollution damage, donations, inter-est on loans provided by the Environmental Fund, allocationsfrom national and local budgets and domestic financialresources obtained as grants. In 1996, the Fund’s revenue wasUSD 6.68 million and total expenditures were USD 6.66 mil-lion. Projects in the field of water protection received 42 per-cent of these funds while 14 percent went to waste treatment,and 4 percent to air and radiation pollution control projects.The remaining 40 percent went to various projects related toenvironmental education, nature conservation, mineralresource programs and planning, building and investment.

LEGISLATION AND ENFORCEMENTThe main laws that provide the framework for environ-

mental protection in Estonia are listed in Box 3. The frame-work law on environmental issues dates back to 1990. As pre-viously mentioned, the primary document for environmentalpolicy is the Estonian National Environmental Strategy. TheNational Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) is being prepared,with some 10 working groups drafting concrete actions andfinancial proposals in a similar number of areas. The Act onSustainable Development forms the framework for the sus-tainable use of resources by industry. It also states the need toconduct environmental impact assessments prior to projectdevelopment, to develop policy documents and strategies,and stresses the importance of environmental managementand environmental auditing at the corporate level.

As of January 1998, there was no Act on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA). However, a draft document wassubmitted to the Government early in the year. The Act wouldfollow the ideology of the EC Directive No. 337/85 and 11/97.The Act comprises two parts: EIA and (mandatory) environ-mental auditing. The latter would be imposed only on compa-



■ Estonian SSR Act on the “Protection of EstonianNature,” from Feb. 23, 1990 (amended 1994, and 1995);

■ Act on the Right to Use Natural Resources, Dec. 29,1993;

■ Act on Sustainable Development, Feb. 22, 1995(amended June 18, 1997);

■ Act on Water, May 30, 1994 (amended Jan. 24, 1996);

■ Act on the Earth’s Crust, Nov. 30, 1994 (amended Sept.19, 1995);

■ Act on Fishing, Sept. 29, 1995 (amended April 18,1996);

■ Act on Hunting, April 20, 1994 (amended Nov. 25,1996);

■ Act on Compensation for Pollution Damages, Dec. 15,1993;

■ Act on Plant Protection, April 8, 1994;

■ Act on Waste, May 14, 1992 (amended Nov. 1, 1994);

■ Act on Protected Natural Objects, June 1, 1994;

■ Act on Protection of Coasts and Shores, March 13, 1995;

■ Act on Forests, Oct. 20, 1993 (amended May 24, 1995);

■ Act on Radiation, April 23, 1997;

■ Act on Environmental Supervision, Nov. 12, 1997

Other related environmental legislation:

■ Act on the Environmental Fund (1994)

■ Act on Amelioration (1994)

■ Act on the Forest Fund (1995)

■ Act on Planning and Construction (1995)

■ Act on the Land Arrangement (1995)

■ Act on Packaging (1995)

■ Act on Public Health (1995)

■ Act on Packaging Excise (1996)

BOX 3: LEGISLATIVE ACTS, WHICH FORM THE BASIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

IN ESTONIA

AIR WATER AND SOIL OTHER AREAS TOTAL

Region 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996

North Estonia 0.53 0.08 0.02 0.95 1.37 1.05 – 0.09 0.49 1.48 1.54 1.57

West Estonia – – 0.12 0.62 0.76 3.12 0.12 0.04 0.46 0.79 0.81 3.69

Northeast Estonia 0.02 0.69 0.20 0.64 1.17 1.28 0.15 0.19 0.09 0.74 2.13 1.58

South Estonia 0.07 0.01 0.45 0.15 0.48 0.82 0.007 0.02 0.16 0.24 0.50 1.44

Central Estonia – – – 0.17 0.53 1.02 0.02 0.09 0.07 0.18 0.62 1.09

Total 0.62 0.78 0.79 2.53 4.31 7.29 0.297 0.43 1.27 3.43 5.60 9.37

Source: ESA,1997

TABLE 2.7: ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTMENTS BY REGIONS, 1994-1996 (MLN USD)

nies and sites with high environmental risks. The MoE is in theprocess of preparing other acts and regulations. The adoptionof an Air Protection Act and a new Waste Act are among themost immediate priorities.

Some regulations related to existing legal acts are alreadycompatible with those of the European Union; others have yet tobe modified. For this purpose a special commission lead by oneof the vice-chancellors of the MoE has been established. Thecommission coordinates the development of strategies withinthe MoE for the approximation of legislation with EU Directives.

Priority actions for the development of environmental leg-islation are already listed by the NES. By the end of 1995,approximately 70 percent of all legal acts necessary to regulatethe use of natural resources, environmental protection andspatial planning in Estonia had been adopted. In the forth-coming few years, primary emphasis will be placed on the effi-cient organization of the legislative process, the systematiza-tion of legal acts, and the implementation of necessary mea-sures for accession to the EU.

To achieve this goal, the NES states, it is necessary:

■ to regulate those areas not currently regulated;

■ to integrate relevant environmental concerns into econom-ic objectives and then into economic and social legislation;

■ to draw up and harmonize legal acts consistent with theEU’s White Book by 1997;

■ to carry out an analysis of legal acts in order to identifycontradictions, variances and imbalances, and to proposeamendments to current legislation;

■ to establish environmental liabilities;

■ to approximate Estonian legislative acts to those of the EU,and to integrate them into an Environmental Code by 2005.

There are two major environmental inspection authorities:the Environmental Inspectorate and the Marine Inspectorate.As referred to in the previous section, the CountyEnvironmental Departments have the right to inspect the activ-ity of the permit holder in order to establish compliance withthe permit. Structural changes at the MoE foresee that the twopresent inspectorates will take on the primary role of environ-mental and nature protection supervision, while the role of the

county environmental departments will be strengthened in thefield of control over enterprises, particularly in the fulfilmentof obligations set in licensed permits. The prosecution processrests with civil, administrative and criminal courts.

In carrying out their duties, state environmental protectioninspectors have the following rights:

■ to suspend construction or reconstruction of an economicor other facility, or to stop or limit activities if environmen-tal protection acts are violated, or if the activities do notcomply with environmental protection requirements;

■ to enter the territory or premises of all enterprises in orderto carry out control of environmental protection and tomonitor the use of natural resources, and to perform con-trol investigations and measurements;

■ in accordance with the established procedure, to investi-gate cases where violation of administrative acts occursand to impose administrative penalties.

ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIONThe administrative structure in Estonia consists of 15 coun-

ties (maakond). County governments are lead by governors,who are appointed by the central government. County gov-ernments along with other departments also incorporate envi-ronmental departments.

Counties comprise towns and municipalities. There are207 municipalities (vald) in Estonia. Town governments (47)together with municipal governments form the local govern-ments (or self-governments), whereas the county governmentsare essentially an extension of the state role at the regionallevel.

The institutional system of environmental protection isshown in Table 2.8 and can be described as follows:

■ Riigikogu, which serves as the highest legislative body.Within the Riigikogu exists a permanent Commission onthe Environment.

■ The government of the Republic of Estonia serves as thesupreme executive body.

■ The Ministry of Environment is the highest executive body,carrying out national environmental policy and communi-



Parliament ■ approves the main policy directions of environmental protection■ approves the National Environmental Strategy■ adopts legislative acts on environmental protection

Government ■ develops the main direction of environmental policy in various fields■ approves the national environmental action program■ issues draft environmental acts■ issues government regulations to implement environmental acts

Ministry of ■ implements national environmental policy and communicates with other states and Environment (MoE) international environmental organizations

■ issues ministerial regulations■ issues some environmental permits

County Environmental ■ issues most environmental permitsDepartments (CEDs)

Self-governments ■ Manages the use of natural resources within the limits established by the CED (towns and or MoEmunicipalities) ■ performs the role of decisionmaker in issuing construction permits which may require

prior EIA■ may establish standards stricter than those at the national level■ approves and issues some permits

TABLE 2.8: ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITIES AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES

cating with other states and international environmentalorganizations.

The administrative issues under the jurisdiction of theMinistry of Environment include:

■ environmental management;

■ landscape and biodiversity protection at the national level— activities related to land, construction and regionalplanning;

■ management and protection of natural resources and themaintenance of the relevant registers;

■ supervision of the use of natural resources, environmentalprotection and building activities as well as the use of envi-ronmentally hazardous substances.

■ guidance in the field of weather forecasting and geodesyas well as in the organization of research in the fields ofgeology, building, nature, and inland and marine waters.

As of September 1, 1997, the following boards and inspec-torates fell under the jurisdiction of the Ministry ofEnvironment: the Land Board, the Forest Board, the FisheriesBoard, the Environmental Inspectorate and the MarineInspectorate at the county level:

■ Environmental Departments (17, i.e. 15 County Environ-mental Departments and two town environmental depart-ments; those of Tallinn and Narva operate in the same wayas CEDs, under the jurisdiction of the county governor);

■ Land Boards;

■ Forestry Boards;

■ Building Departments;

■ Architectural and Planning Departments;

■ Marine Inspectorate Departments (6).

The responsibilities of County Environmental Departmentsinclude regulating:

■ environmental, landscape and biodiversity management;

■ the use and protection of mineral and water resources, andfish stocks.

According to the NES, until 2000, the environmentaladministration and supervision system will be regulated at thestate level. Thereafter, the establishment of five regional ser-vices instead of the county environmental departments will beconsidered. Furthermore, the MoE will be reorganized, with itsfuture tasks set to include the drafting of legislation, the coor-dination and implementation of environmental policy anddevelopment activities, international environmental coopera-tion, and communication with other ministries and the public.Various boards will be responsible for the implementation ofenvironmental policy.

With the development of Estonian economic and adminis-trative systems and structures, the role of municipalities willgradually increase. With further regulation and improvementto national environmental legislation, more attention will bepaid to specifying the distinct obligations, rights, and liabilitiesof municipalities. This in turn will require the establishment ofenvironmental units at the local government level (municipal-ities). Environmental management systems (EMS) at the cor-porate level will be introduced and the legal framework willbe provided.

The growth in environmental awareness and legislativerequirements for public involvement in the environmentaldecisionmaking increases the role of NGOs and individual cit-izens in environmental protection.

The NES also foresees the establishment of an ombuds-

man-like institution for the pre-court and formal resolution ofenvironmental disputes, as well as an environmental courtwithin the present administrative court system.

The following other ministries also share responsibilities inthe field of environmental protection:

■ Ministry of Social Affairs — together with the MoE estab-lishes environmental quality standards,

■ Ministry of Agriculture — responsibility for plant protec-tion and the introduction of biodynamic agricultural prac-tices,

■ Ministry of Economy — responsibility in some areas for themanagement of mineral resources.

2.4 Project OpportunitiesMAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

The National Environmental Strategy (see Box 2) lists themajor environmental problem areas needing to be addressed.Those environmental problems which are of major concernare listed in Table 2.9.

The national environmental objectives contained in theNational Environmental Strategy are divided into the followingshort and long-term objectives:

Air Short-Term Objectives (1997-2000):

■ to eliminate the sale of ozone depleting substances andimpose considerable restrictions on the consumption ofsuch substances;

■ to stabilize emissions of nitrogen compounds at 1987 lev-els and to aim for their further reduction;

■ to establish a strict control system for checking the com-pliance of exhaust gas emissions with the establishedemission standards;

■ to reduce the emissions of volatile organic compounds by50 percent compared to 1990 emission levels;

■ to reduce 1995 consumption levels of leaded petrol by 80percent.

The responsibilities foreseen by the MoE pertaining to theEU approximation process include the following:

■ adoption of ambient air pollution limits, specifically forSO2, NOX, CO2, ozone and other pollutants, and standardsfor ozone depleting substances;

■ adopt emission limits for the exhaust gases of light vehiclesand diesel motors;

■ adopt requirements for limiting volatile organic com-pounds emitted to ambient air from petrol-based vehiclesand at petrol terminals and stations;

■ reduce the lead content in petrol and sulphur content inliquid fumes, and adopt the requirements for fuel qualitycontrol;

■ adopt emission limits for new and old boilers;

■ adopt new specifications for fuels;

■ adopt requirements for ozone depleting substances control;

■ minimize the emission of volatile organic compounds tothe ambient air, according to the list of solvents;

■ establish a licensing system for the import of ozone layerdepleting substances.



Long-Term Objectives (2001-2010):

■ to meet the requirements of the EU’s quality standards for air;

■ to reduce the emissions of sulphur compounds by 80 per-cent based on 1980 emission levels;

■ to reduce the emission of solid substances by 25 percentbased on 1995 emission levels;

■ to terminate the use of leaded petrol;

■ to terminate the use of diesel fuel with a sulphur content inexcess of 0.05 percent;

■ to ensure that emissions of polluting substances do notexceed the European Union standards.

The Environmental Action Plan for Euro-Integration, 1998-2003 aims to:

■ establish BATNEEC in industrial enterprises by the year2007;

■ meet the requirements of the IPPC-Directive in big indus-trial enterprises by 2007;

■ establish programs to raise air quality in-line with EUDirectives 84/360/EEC, 96/61/EEC, 93/73/EEC,93/389/EEC, and 96/82/EEC;

■ adopt a monitoring and supervision system for ambient airquality, and for the volume of emitted pollutants, volatileorganic compounds, ozone and CO2 and to adopt moni-toring requirements for industrial enterprises;

■ bring the sampling of emitted pollutants and determiningof their volume in-line with EU requirements;

■ approximate information, reporting and public involve-ment to EU requirements;

■ adopt sampling and reporting with regard to ozone andCO2, and to establish a database on BATNEEC for industri-al enterprises;

■ develop an action plan for ambient air quality improve-ment, including developing a program of vehicle inspec-

tion, traffic management, encouraging use of public trans-port, and alternative fuels.

Water and WastewaterShort-Term Objectives (1997-2000):

The aim is to optimize the use and protection of ground-water by the year 2000. This will be achieved by:

■ reducing the number of leaking water supply systems by50 percent;

■ introducing sustainable groundwater consumption sys-tems in regions where there is a groundwater deficit;

■ minimizing losses of groundwater during extraction, distri-bution and consumption;

■ eliminating local past and existing pollution sources;

■ building municipal wastewater treatment facilities toensure high quality drinking water.

Long-Term Objectives (2001-2010):

■ to develop drinking water supply systems in small settle-ments (especially in those cases where contaminatedwater is abstracted);

■ to ensure the effective protection of the groundwater for-mation area on the Pandivere Upland;

■ to eliminate the main sources of groundwater pollution;

■ to localize areas with contaminated groundwater;

■ to reduce the use of quality groundwater in industry;

■ to increase the use of water-recycling systems;

■ to eliminate leaking water supply systems as far as techni-cally and economically feasible;

■ to reduce the use of water per production unit.



Category Problem Description and Expected Duration Geographic Location

Air Major air pollution from extensive oil-shale burning. Expected to continue Northeast Estonia,at current rate for next 20 years. Ida-Viru County

Dust emissions from Kunda Nordic Cement AS factory, including 1,500 tons Town of Kunda,of klinker dust emitted annually. Levels are expected to decrease by Laane Viru Countyas much as 200-300 tons per year.

Water Municipal wastewater treatment. Construction of new and renovation of old Most municipalitiestreatment plants is expected to continue for another 5-10 years

Soil Military damage and pollution. Clean-up work is expected to continue for Tapa, Laane-Viru County; another 5-10 years. Pakri ps., Harju County,

many other locations

Waste Municipal landfill, Tallinn; closure of old landfill site in Paaskula, and the Tallinn, Harju Countydesign of a new site in Joelahtme

Small-scale municipal waste landfills, expected to close down in the Most municipalitiesnext 5-10 years

Silmet AS, radioactive waste landfill, expected to remain a major Sillamae, Ida-Viru Countyenvironmental problem for the next 10-20 years

Site selection of a new radioactive waste landfill, next 2-3 years Not yet selected

Energy SO2 and CO2 emissions from power plants, expected to remain a Narva, Ida-Viru Countysignificant problem for the next 10-15 years

TABLE 2.9: MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Waste ManagementShort-Term objectives (1997-2000)

■ to stabilize waste generation in industry and in householdsat 1995 levels;

■ to appoint owners/operators for existing landfills and toclose down landfills that do not have an owner/operator;

■ to increase the amount of waste recycled to 30-40 percent;

■ to establish new landfills and to close down old disposalsites in accordance with the requirements of the EU;

■ to dispose of 40 percent of municipal waste in accordancewith environmental and health protection requirements;

■ to introduce a hazardous waste management system;

■ to develop a program for radioactive waste treatment and toensure the environmental safety of existing disposal sites;

■ to achieve compliance monitoring of all waste generators.

Long-Term Objectives (2001-2010)

■ to improve disposal methods and to utilize oil-shale pro-cessing waste;

■ to increase the share of waste recycled to 50 percent;

■ to stabilize municipal waste generation at an annual levelof 250-300 kg per person;

■ to optimize the number of municipal landfill sites (up to 150);

■ to treat, dispose and dump all wastes according to interna-tionally accepted environmental and health protectionrequirements;

■ to reduce the share of hazardous waste in the total wastevolume;

■ to construct a radioactive waste storage facility that meetsEuropean Union requirements;

■ to offer waste management services throughout Estonia.

As far as surface water bodies and coastal seas are con-cerned, the main task set out by the NES to the year 2000 is tobring the main municipal and industrial wastewater treatmentindicators (BOD, phosphorus, etc.) in line with the recom-mendations of the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) of theConvention on the Protection of the Baltic Sea Region MarineEnvironment.

The tasks to 2010 include the removal of nitrogen com-pounds from the wastewater of municipalities with over 5,000inhabitants in accordance with the HELCOM recommendationsin order to maintain the ecological balance of water bodies sen-sitive to nitrogen. The construction of wastewater treatmentfacilities in major cities and regional centers is the main priori-ty identified in the EU approximation program of the MoE.Active international cooperation is required for the improve-ment of the quality of surface waters and the Baltic Sea.

According to the NES, raising environmental awarenesswould be largely focused on promoting public participationin environmental decisionmaking and in encouraging thepublic to adopt environmentally sound and sustainable con-sumption habits.

With regard to the promotion of cleaner technology initia-tives to enterprises, criteria, standards and normatives forassessing technological processes and products from a sustain-ability viewpoint first need to be developed. Awareness raisingto environmental management systems (EMS) and general“good housekeeping,” as well as BAT and BATNEEC principlesshould, however, attract the attention of companies. Economicincentives would also play a significant role in the process.

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS IN PROGRESSState and Local Level

According to the allocation of resources by the EstonianEnvironmental Fund in 1996 (see Table 2.10), the majority offunds (some 42 percent of the total annual budget) were spenton the water protection program, which also comprisesmunicipal wastewater treatment facility construction.

In 1995, in terms of environmental projects the list over-whelmingly consisted of water management related activities/10/. The same trend also continued in 1996 /11/. The prelim-inary calculations made by the Ministry of Environment as tothe cost of approximating present water management practiceto EU Directives show that about USD 400-500 million isrequired /13/. If the drinking water requirements, for example,are not met, considerable problems regarding the export offood products from Estonia to the EU will arise.

Company Level The Cleaner Production Information and Advisory Center

(PT-Keskus) in Estonia was formally established in 1994 by theEstonian Ministry of Environment and the World EnvironmentCenter (WEC), although some projects had already started in1993. The primary objective of the Center is to disseminateinformation concerning simple and inexpensive opportunitiesfor the minimization and prevention of environmental pollu-tion by enterprises, mostly through good housekeeping. PT-Keskus provides training and consulting services primarily forEstonian industrial enterprises, but also to state authorities andother organizations.

In 1993-1995, seven companies were involved in a cleanerproduction program entitled; “More effective utilization ofresources and minimization of industrial waste in Estonia.”The program was initiated by PT-Keskus. The major share ofenvironmental investments went into modernizing the systemsand pattern of industrial water consumption with the ultimate



Expenditures by Sector: 1994 1995 1996

Water protection program 2.81

Waste management program 1.49 2.32 0.90

Air and radiation program 0.29

Supervision program 0.18 0.39 0.45

Monitoring and information 0.13 0.09program

Training and public 0.09 0.190.23

awareness program

Game management program 0.02 0.16 0.17

Nature conservation program 0.14 0.24 0.32

Mineral resources program – – 0.40

Planning, construction and – – 0.74 investments program

Nature use program – – 0.18

Administrative costs 0.03 0.06 0.07

Reserve fund 0.31 0.33 0.02

Total expenditure 2.39 3.78 6.58

Source: Keskkond 1994-1996

TABLE 2.10: BREAKDOWN OF ESTONIANENVIRONMENTAL FUND EXPENDITURES,

1994-1996 (MLN USD)

aim of minimizing use (see Tables 2.11 and 2.12).According to the MoE and certification companies, no

enterprises in Estonia have yet been certified under ISO 14001.However, some companies have said they are working towardcertificaton, for example AS Kunda Nordic Cement with a tar-get date of around 2000 /25/.

Over the past two years some 35 environmental expertshave successfully completed training courses on environmen-tal management and auditing, and have formally been recog-nised by the minister of the environment, since there is noother accreditation body yet in place. Given that there are noapproved formal procedures for environmental auditing, theaudits made so far are more comparable to site audits, ratherthan EMS audits. It is hoped the adoption of the Act onEnvironmental Auditing will provide the necessary precondi-tions and incentives for introducing EMS in companies.

MAJOR SOURCES OF INFORMATION ONBUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

With regard to public procurement and tender announce-ments, according to the Act on State Supplies, an open com-petition should be organized if the total budget of the projectexceeds EEK 100,000 (USD 7,800). Forthcoming amendmentsto the Act foresee that the lower limit of the project budget willbe increased to USD 40,000. Announcements are currentlypublished in the Bulletin of State Supplies. Table 2.13 lists thesignificant contact points for learning about environmentalproject opportunities.

According to survey respondents, the main sources ofinformation on environmental technologies and servicesappear to be exhibitions and trade fairs; however, strictlyspeaking, “environmental” fairs and exhibitions are rare.Environmental issues are exposed in many other fairs andexhibitions, for example, eco-gardening in gardening fairs, oreco-toursim in tourism fairs. Other examples include energy-saving technologies in electricity fairs and environmentallyfriendly finishing materials in building fairs (see Table 2.14).

The positive role of the journal Keskkonnatehnika in busi-ness information dissemination was also acknowledged (seealso section 2.8) while information on environmental tech-nologies can be obtained from business unions.

In addition to the fairs listed in Table 2.14, the EstonianGovernment has approved a select list of annual interna-tional fairs and exhibitions where Estonian companies mayparticipate and exhibit their products and services in intro-ducing Estonian technologies and services to the interna-tional market.

The governmental regulation lists 14 international fairs andexhibitions that are to be held during 1998 in which Estoniancompanies can participate. Five of these fairs relate to tourism,while four events provide opportunity for the Estonian foodindustry and agricultural enterprises to introduce themselves.The remaining events are related to heavy and light industry,and transport.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON AVAILABLEENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

Municipalities often use exhibition and trade fair cata-logues coupled with direct contacts to a company to learnabout available environmental technologies, while industrialenterprises collect their information from a number of differentsources, looking first to clarify price and quality.

An important driving force behind raising awareness toenvironmental technologies and other providers are the tech-nology manufacturers themselves. Since Estonia is a smallmarket, the majority of technologies are imported. The majortrading partners tend to be the European countries and in1996, 54 percent of the country’s imported goods originated inFinland, Sweden and Germany /1/. Given the higher environ-mental standards in those countries, Estonian companies rec-ognize the competition and benefit from the quality.Therefore, information on the characteristics of certain prod-ucts is available through comprehensive marketing channels,while other opportunities to market environmental technolo-



No. of Minimizing Minimizing Minimizing Minimizing Use of enterprises/ air water wastewater waste Energy raw

Industrial sector projects pollution use generation generation saving materials

Chemical industry 3 1 3 4 3 2 5

Food manufacturing industry 3 - 4 1 2 - -

Metal industry 1 - 1 - - - 1

Total 7 1 8 5 5 2 6

Source: WEC, PT-Keskus, 1995

TABLE 2.11: NUMBER OF CLEANER PRODUCTION PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN VARIOUSENVIRONMENTAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN ESTONIA, 1993-1995

No. of Minimizing Minimizing Minimizing Minimizing Use of enterprises/ air water wastewater waste Energy raw

Industrial sector projects pollution use generation generation saving materials

Pulp and paper industry 2 — 4 4 4 3 4

Food manufacturing industry 1 — 1 1 1 — —

Total 3 — 5 5 5 3 4

Source: PT-Keskus, personal interviews

TABLE 2.12: NUMBER OF CLEANER PRODUCTION PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN VARIOUSENVIRONMENTAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN ESTONIA, 1996-1998



Category Organization name and address Contact name and phone

Air Air Division, Department of the Environment Mr. Jaan Saar, HeadMinistry of Environment, Toompuiestee 24, EE0001 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 262-865

Radiation Center, Ministry of Environment Mr. Juhan Kalam, DirectorMustamae tee 33, E-E0006 Tallinn Tel: (372-2) 472-462

Estonian Central Environmental Research Laboratory Ltd. Dr. Enn Otsa, DirectorMarja 4d, EE0006 Tallinn Tel: (372-2) 471-474

Estonian Society of Heating and Ventilation Engineers Mr. Ants Vikerpuur, ManagingRavala pst.6, EE0001 Tallinn Director, Tel: (372-22) 596-266

Water Water Division, Department of the Environment Mr. Harry Liiv, HeadMinistry of Environment, Toompuiestee 24, EE0001 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 262-850

Estonian Union of Water Companies Mr. Enn Lenk, DirectorKadaka tee 5, EE0006 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 563-685

Estonian Geological Survey Center (EGSC) Dr. Vello Klein, Director Kadaka tee 80/82, EE0006, Tallinn (Underground Water)

Tel: (372-2) 537-331

Estonian Environment Information Center (EEIC) Karen Pachel, Coordinator ofMustamae tee 33, EE0006 Tallinn Surface Water Monitoring

Tel: (372-6) 565-373

Estonian Water Society, Jarvevana tee 5, EE0001 Tallinn Mr. Heino Molder, ChairmanTel: (372-6) 202-502

Waste Waste Division, Department of the Environment, Mr. Matti Viisimaa, HeadMinistry of Environment Tel: (372-6) 262-861

Hazardous Waste Management System Coordination Center Mr. Peeter Rungas, DirectorMustamae tee 33, EE0006 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 565-413

Estonian Solid Waste and Street Cleansing Association Mr. Mati Arro, ChairmanMustamae tee 44/46, EE0006 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 562-826

Energy Estonian Regional Energy Centers (REK) located in individual Mr Priit Enok, counties (e.g. Viljandi, Voru, Rakvere) — coordination office Project CoordinatorRahu 2a, EE3461 Vandra, Parnumaa Tel: (372-44) 95-859

Estonian Regional Energy Center (REK) — Rakvere Ms. Meeli Huus,Rakvere REK, Kreutzwaldi 5-13, EE2100 Rakvere Mr Aare Vabamagi,

Tel: (372-32) 23-463

Estonian Regional Energy Center (REK) — Voru Mr. Elmu Potter, Mr Roho KoksLiiva 12C, EE2710 Voru Tel: (372-78) 20-145

Estonian Regional Energy Center (REK) — Viljandi Mr. Kalle Joks, Mr Aadu Vares, Vabaduse plats 4-42, EE2900 Viljandi Tel: (372-43) 33-620

Estonian Society of Power Plants and Distant Heating Mr. Rein Hanni, ManagingVilmsi 53, EE0001 Tallinn Director, Tel: (372-6) 422-652

Estonian Society of Heating and Ventilation Engineers Mr. Ants Vikerpuur, ManagingRavala pst.6, EE0001 Tallinn Director, Tel: (372-22) 596-266

TAASEN - Renewable Energy Center, Toostuse 3, EE0004 Tallinn Mr. Tonu Lausmaa, DirectorTel: (372-6) 542-047

Noise and Department of Acoustics and Non-Ionizing Radiation, National Board Mr. Vernhold Kallasmaa, Head,Vibration for Health Protection, Ministry of Social Affairs Tel: (372-2) 476-050

Paldiski mnt. 81, EE0035 Tallinn

Environmental Environmental Management Division, Department of Nature Mr. Mihkel Vaarik, Head,Planning and Protection, Ministry of Environment, Ravala pst. 8, EE0001 Tallinn Tel: (372-2) 433-531Management PT-Keskus, Sutiste tee 21, EE0034 Tallinn Ms. Anne Randmer, Director

Tel: (372-2) 521-629

Nonspecific Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe Mr. Gerald Fancoj, Business Ady Endre u. 9-11, 2000 Szentendre, Hungary Services, Tel: (36-26) 311-199

TABLE 2.13: IMPORTANT CONTACT POINTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT OPPORTUNITIES

gies lie in advertising products in professional publications. Environmental companies have stressed the informative

value of the journal Keskkonnatehnika (EnvironmentalTechnology). This publication appears to be the only busi-ness-oriented publication on environmental technologiesavailable in Estonia. Keskkonnatehnika was established in1996 and has been well received by companies operating invarious environmental sectors. The journal offers readers avariety of topical issues, such as the introduction of new envi-ronmental and business legislation, new technologies, prod-ucts and services, and information on fairs and exhibitions. Animportant element of the magazine is the company advertise-ments, which introduce many environmental products andservices coupled with other commercial advertisements.

2.5 Demand for EnvironmentalTechnologiesDEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES— OVERVIEW

The demand for environmental technologies in Estonia wasfound to be between moderate and high. Technologies relatedto wastewater and energy were ranked as the most in demand,followed by water supply, waste management, and air.

Within the air sector the demand for air pollution control

technologies was ranked moderate. The highest demandamong air technologies was identified for emission abate-ment/cleaner production equipment. Growing demand isexpected for instrumentation and process control/software, airsampling/laboratory analysis and air pollution control/flue gaspurification equipment.

In the water sector, demand was generally moderate withthe highest demand being indicated for treatment processes.Demand is expected to grow, however, in the area of waterrecycling and reuse; instrumentation/process control/softwareand construction of supply networks.

Among the technologies available for wastewater treat-ment, the highest demand in the field of municipal wastewaterwas for spill control and containment, physical, chemical andbiological treatment processes and inspection and recondi-tioning of existing supply networks. Demand is also expectedto increase for municipal technologies in the area of pollutionprevention/waste minimization.

With regard to industrial wastewater technologies,demand is greatest for pollution prevention/waste minimiza-tion, physical, chemical and biological treatment processesand advanced treatment processes. Demand is expected toincrease in the areas of spill control and general consulting.

Within the waste sector, responses were divided betweenmunicipal, industrial, hazardous, and radioactive wastes,although it is possible to draw general conclusions about thegeneral needs for technologies in this sector. By far, the great-est demand was noted for waste collection/transportation and



Category Organization name and address Contact name and phone

Nonspecific Estonian Environmental Fund Mr. Peep Pobbul, Director(cont.) Ravala pst. 8, EE0001 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 262-807

Center for Ecological Engineering Mrs. Merit Mikk, Board Jannseni 6, EE2400 Tartu Member, Tel: (372-7) 422-746

Estonian Environmental Information Center (EEIC), Mr. Leo Saare, DirectorMinistry of Environment, Mustamae tee 33, EE0006 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 564-151

TABLE 2.13 (CONT.): IMPORTANT CONTACT POINTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT OPPORTUNITIES

Name of Fair City/Venue Approximate Date Focus

Eesti Aiandus Tallinn/ Varies (September Gardening tools, chemicals (including biodynamic (Estonian Gardening) Eesti Naitused 1997; May 1998) gardening aspects)

Tourest Tallinn/ Annually in Tourism (including eco-tourism)Eesti Naitused September

Eltex Tallinn/ Every second Electrical equipment, energy saving issuesEesti Naitused year in January

Keskkond Tallinn/ Every second Varies, “Environment and Waste Management”(Environment) Eesti Naitused year in November will be the title of the Nov. 4-6 fair in 1998

Elukvaliteet Tartu/ Every second Sustainable development in various fields: water (Quality of Life ) Tartu Naitused year in April supply and management, energy and waste.

Innovaatika Tartu/ Every second Innovative technologies and methods, also(Innovation) Tartu Naitused year in March includes environmental technologies

AGRO-Tartu Tartu/ Every year Agricultural exhibition, including modern Tartu Naitused in September environmental technologies

KEEMIA (International Tartu/ The first Exhibition of laboratory equipment, chemistry exhibition Tartu Naitused exhibition chemicals and kitsand conference) was held in 1996

TABLE 2.14: COMMERCIAL FAIRS WITH AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT HELD IN ESTONIA

storage, followed by pollution prevention/waste minimizationtechnologies. Demand is expected to rise for sample analy-sis/waste characterization and recycling/resource recovery.

Finally, the energy sector received high demand for tech-nologies relating to new/efficient energy and heating systemsand retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems, with increaseddemand expected for process management and control in thepower generation sector. Demand is also expected to rise forheat recovery and energy saving technologies in the future.

TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND BY SECTORTables 2.15-2.19 present a summary of the responses

received from the interviewed experts. In some cases, respon-dents answered the questions within their own field of activi-ty and refused to comment on those questions with which theywere not familiar. Some of the questions were answered by alarge number of respondents, but still resulted in low results(indicating moderate or low demand). However, given theoverall assignment of responses, the answer selected by manyrespondents may still be regarded as an area in demand.

The following scale was used for ranking demand: 5 - veryhigh demand, 4 - high demand, 3 - moderate demand, 2 - lowdemand, 1 - no demand, blank - no opinion.

Figures in cells show the average score while those inbrackets represent the number of responses.

AirAir quality has a significant impact on human health and

the state of the environment, and those technologies aimed atreducing gaseous emissions currently have a significant placein the market, particularly since Estonia is cited as one of thetop pollutors of air per capita in Europe. Transport is one ofthe greatest sources of air pollution, followed by power plantemissions. As a result, a number of the National EnvironmentalStrategy (NES) priorities relate to the reduction of air pollution,and this combined with the fact that Estonia is a party to theU.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change means itmust therefore decrease its emissions. This indicates thatdemand for air pollution reduction technologies will at leastremain the same or increase in coming years.

Air pollution reduction technologies come in the form ofscrubbers, filters, and large sophisticated systems aimed atreducing the emission of solid particles, sulfur dioxide, carbonmonoxide etc. The specific demand for environmental tech-nologies related to air in Estonia was moderate. Table 2.15 out-lines the demand as indicated by the survey respondents. Thehighest demand was indicated for emission abatement andcleaner production technologies; however, demand is expect-ed to rise in the areas of instrumentation and process con-trol/software, followed by air sampling and laboratory analy-sis and air pollution control/flue gas purification equipment.

Water supplyTable 2.16 displays the responses to the anticipated

demand for water related technologies. In comparison to othersectors, the number of answers for water supply are relativelyhigh. This indicates the general consensus that water relatedproblems are of high priority in Estonia.

Overall, the demand for water technologies was, howev-er, moderate. The highest demand was indicated for treat-ment processes. Technologies in increasing demand includewater recycling and reuse equipment, followed by instrumen-tation/process control/software and equipment for the con-struction of supply networks.

Although, the protection of groundwater and surface waterbodies is a high priority area under the National EnvironmentalStrategy, many respondents said the current supply of environ-mental technologies and services meets demand in this sector.

Therefore, market opportunities in other sectors such as wastemanagement and energy offer more potential.

WastewaterGenerally speaking, the demand for wastewater technolo-

gies in Estonia is high. The demand between municipal andindustrial wastewater technologies does not differ greatly, asTable 2.17 illustrates.

Municipalities indicated the greatest demand is for spillcontrol and containment equipment followed by physical,chemical and biological treatment processes. Increaseddemand for municipal wastewater technologies is expectedfor the inspection and reconditioning of existing collectionnetworks and pollution prevention/waste minimization.

As for industrial wastewater, the greatest demand was indi-cated for pollution prevention/waste minimization and physi-cal, chemical and biological treatment processes. Growth forindustrial wastewater technologies is expected in advancedtreatment processes and spill control and containment.Industrial companies are in a better position to treat their waste-water as the amount received is much less than that of munici-palities. In addition, they are often in a better financial situation



Air sampling/laboratory analysis 2.83 (18)

Continuous-basis monitoring 2.46 (17)

Air pollution control/flue gas purification 2.76 (13)equipment (e.g. filters, scrubbers)

Gas detection/warning devices 1.75 (12)

Emission abatement/cleaner production 3.25 (16)(e.g. low emission burners)

Instrumentation and process control/software 2.86 (15)

Technologies in high demand: #1 emission abatement/cleaner pro-duction

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 instrumentationand process control/software; #3 air sampling/laboratory analysis; #4 airpollution control/flue gas purification equipment

TABLE 2.15: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGIES — AIR

Monitoring 2.54 (20)

Sampling/laboratory analysis 2.63 (25)

Construction of supply networks 2.80 (21)

Inspection and reconditioning of existing 2.76 (17)supply networks

Treatment processes 3.24 (28)

Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes 2.47 (21)(e.g. UV/ozonation, activated carbon)

Water recycling and reuse 2.99 (23)

Instrumentation/process control/software 2.84 (26)

Facility operation 2.61 (22)

Technologies in high demand: #1 treatment processes

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 water recyclingand reuse; #3 instrumentation/process control/software; #4 constructionof supply networks

TABLE 2.16: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTTECHNOLOGIES — WATER

to direct the necessary resources to ensure proper discharge.Industries also face penalties and fines for improper discharge.

Municipalities, on the other hand, are forced to deal withinadequate wastewater treatment facilities, when they haveany at all. Therefore, they must first address the issues of col-lection and containment before they can begin to concentrateon the actual treatment of wastewater. In the future, it will bethe goal of most municipalities to reduce wastewater accumu-lation and prevent pollution.

Waste ManagementTable 2.18 outlines the levels of demand for waste man-

agement technologies broken into municipal, industrial, haz-ardous and radioactive waste sectors. Overall, the demand forwaste-related technologies was moderate. Except for radioac-

tive waste, the greatest demand was for waste collection/trans-portation and storage followed by pollution prevention andwaste minimization. This demand ranking illustrates the factthat waste management is still in a nascent phase in Estonia.

Areas of future demand include sample analysis/wastecharacterization and recycling/resource recovery. Of interest isthe fact that very little demand was indicated for landfill dis-posal technologies while Estonian environmental expertsmentioned that waste management was the second biggestproblem in Estonia owing to the lack of modern, environmen-tally sound landfills.

In the researcher’s opinion, the demand for waste-relatedtechnologies is spread fairly evenly across municipal, industri-al and hazardous waste, with excellent opportunities existingin each. Radioactive waste management was hardly regarded



Municipal wastewater Industrial wastewater

Monitoring 2.30 (13) 2.79 (15)

Sampling/laboratory analysis 2.61 (18) 2.68 (16)

Construction of collection networks 2.76 (15) 2.61 (18)

Inspection and reconditioning of existing collection networks 3.05 (18) 2.93 (17)

Physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes 3.03 (24) 3.71 (25)

Advanced treatment processes (e.g. nitrogen and phosphate removal, etc.) 2.44 (20) 3.23 (17)

Sludge treatment and disposal 2.15 (19) 2.99 (22)

Water recycling and reuse 1.79 (15) 2.77 (18)

Facility operation 1.86 (15) 2.39 (15)

Pollution prevention/waste minimization 2.87 (16) 3.77 (18)

Spill control and containment 3.50 (16) 3.17 (17)

Quality restoration and decontamination 2.33 (12) 2.53 (13)

Instrumentation/process control/software 2.67 (19) 3.14 (21)

Technologies in high demand: #1 pollution prevention/waste minimization (industrial wastewater); #2 spill control and containment; #3 physical, chem-ical, and biological treatment processes; #4 advanced treatment process (industrial wastewater)

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #5 inspection and reconditioning of existing collection networks; #6 instrumentation/process con-trol/software

TABLE 2.17: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — WASTEWATER

Municipal Industrial Hazardous RadioactiveWaste Waste Waste Waste

Waste collection/transportation and storage 3.17 (17) 3.52 (17) 3.12 (15) 1.66 (6)

Sample analysis/waste characterization 1.92 (13) 2.50 (12) 2.81 (11) 1.66 (6)

Site monitoring 1.92 (14) 2.28 (14) 2.16 (12) 1.87 (8)

Landfill disposal 1.72 (11) 2.41 (12) 2.08 (12) 1.50 (6)

Incineration 1.66 (12) 2.07 (13) 1.72 (11) —

Composting/biomass conversion 2.49 (16) 1.61 (13) 1.26 (11) —

Pollution prevention/waste minimization 3.00 (14) 3.14 (14) 3.08 (12) 1.66 (6)

Recycling/resource recovery 2.06 (14) 2.53 (13) 2.74 (12) —

Spillage control/decontamination 2.22 (12) 2.26 (11) 2.00 (10) 1.16 (6)

Site remediation/cleanup of contaminated land 2.22 (14) 2.30 (11) 2.50 (12) —

Technologies in high demand: #1 waste collection/transportation and storage; #2 pollution prevention/waste minimization

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #3 sample analysis/waste characterization (industrial and hazardous waste); #4 recycling andresource recovery

TABLE 2.18: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGIES — WASTE

as an issue by respondents as it only applies to a select fewcompanies. The greatest demand for radioactive waste tech-nologies is in site monitoring. Although the radioactive wastelandfill at Sillamae is described as an issue of international con-cern, the whole field of radioactive waste does not account fora major portion of the waste management sector.

As fees and fines for collection, transportation and dispos-al of waste continue to climb and enforcement of legislationtightens, enterprises and municipalities should become morereceptive to innovative technologies for waste minimizationand pollution prevention.

EnergyOverall, demand for energy-related environmental tech-

nologies was moderate to high in Estonia as illustrated in Table2.19. Demand in the power generation sector was high fornew/efficient energy and heat generation systems as well asfor the retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems. Increaseddemand is expected in the future for process management andcontrol and heat recovery and energy saving technologies. Asfor other industrial sectors, they pointed to demand forprocess management and control technologies followed bythe retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems. Technologieswhere demand is expected to grow in other industrial sectorsincluded heat recovery and energy saving technologies.Demand for other technologies was significantly lower.

Both end-users and technology providers indicated strongdemand in the energy sector, indicating that the current tech-nology supply is inefficient and therefore, with the rehabilitationof old energy systems, demand will rise. Alternative/renewableenergy systems are not in high demand, although demand isexpected to rise in the future as current systems become moreefficient and fees for energy use increase.

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGYEND-USERS

Table 2.20 presents the main environmental technologyend-users as identified by the survey respondents. By and large,the majority of end-users are municipalities. Industrial compa-nies form the second largest group of end-users of environmen-tal technologies. Presented below is an analysis of the majorend-users in each environmental sector in Estonia. It is impor-tant to note that the ranking of end-users may vary dependingon the value of investments or the number of projects consid-ered. Such research was outside of the scope of this project.

The major end-users of technologies for air pollution con-trol are the mining industry, followed by the transportation

industry. Mobile sources of pollution from transport continueto increase in Estonia. Of interest is the fact that heat produc-ers and power stations, said to be the greatest polluters, arenot even mentioned in the end-user list.

The major end-users in the category of water and wastewatersystems are municipalities. This situation should remainunchanged well into the next decade. Other important end-usersof water and wastewater technologies are power stations, chem-ical plants, the food industry and agriculture. Family residencesmay become significant end-users of “package” wastewatertreatment units in the future, especially in more remote areas.

Municipalities are the major end-users of waste-relatedtechnologies, especially those for waste separation, storageand incineration. The most frequent end-users of technologiesfor hazardous waste technologies are the oil-shale, cementand construction industries.

Power generation companies are the largest end-users ofenergy-related technologies in Estonia. Other significant end-users include manufacturing, heavy industry and the pulp andpaper industry. As in other sectors, as energy prices rise, ener-gy efficiency will become increasingly important.

Estonia’s EU approximation process and the increasedaccess to EU markets for Estonian producers are the major rea-sons behind the introduction of environmentally sound andeffective technologies that meet EU standards and regulations.Estonian products marketed in European markets should com-ply with very high quality standards, and thus the moderniza-tion of technologies is increasingly becoming an importantissue for producers. The environmental aspects of productionand marketing have become more transparent in recent years.All these issues indicate the continued expansion and devel-opment of the environmental business sector.

2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Local and Foreign SuppliersPURCHASING PREFERENCES

According to survey respondents, due to a pervasive lackof money, most environmental technology consumers selectthe least expensive technologies available that will meet theexisting legislative requirements when making purchasingdecisions. Both municipalities and businesses have to meet thestandards set by the enforcement bodies.

From this point of view, domestic manufacturers of envi-ronmental technologies enjoy a competitive advantagebecause they understand the local conditions, can offer cheap-



Energy and Power Generation Other Industrial Sectors

New/efficient energy and heat generation systems 3.47 (17) 2.09 (10)

Retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems 3.23 (17) 2.63 (11)

Process management and control 3.18 (16) 2.72 (11)(e.g. boiler tune-up, fuel efficiency optimization)

Heat recovery and energy savings (e.g. insulation) 3.12 (15) 2.53 (13)

Alternative/renewable energy systems (e.g. geothermal, biomass, solar) 1.81 (11) 1.00 (9)

Alternative (non-CFC) refrigerants 1.50 (6) 2.09 (11)

Instrumentation 2.49 (14) 2.07 (13)

Technologies in high demand: #1 new/efficient energy and heat generation systems (energy and power generation); #2 retrofitting/rehabilitation of exist-ing systems; #3 process management and control (energy and power generation)

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 heat recovery and energy savings; #5 process management and control (other industrial sectors)

TABLE 2.19: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGIES — ENERGY

er products, lower installation costs and local technical service.When a foreign technology is preferred by end-users, it is

usually because of its unique features which are unmatched bylocal products and because it is not available on the domesticmarket. Foreign technologies are viewed as being moreadvanced, of higher quality and more reliable than local products.

Local environmental companies tend to buy the exacttechnology they need to provide environmental services. Thecountry of origin of the product plays a very small role in thedecisionmaking process.

While price is a key decision factor, Estonian purchasers ofenvironmental technologies also look for quality. Many of thesetechnologies are expensive one-time investments, so compa-nies tend to be careful in choosing the best to suit their needs.Therefore, the price of foreign technologies is often offset by thequality, reliability and expected life span of the product.

STRENGTHS OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN SUPPLIERSSurvey respondents indicated the strengths of local tech-

nologies were concentrated around “low price” (40 percent),“good value for money” (31 percent), “reliability and durabili-ty of products” (30 percent), and “easy to customize and adaptto specific local needs” (25 percent).

Local suppliers enjoy the advantages of close proximity totheir customers, especially since it relates to pre-purchase mar-keting and after-sales service. Domestic environmental tech-nology providers have the ability to establish a reputation andpresence more readily than a foreign company. Local technol-ogy providers, as a result of their lower pricing, can also usedelivery and warranty conditions to their advantage.

When asked to comment on the strengths of foreign sup-pliers, some 41 percent of respondents indicated “high prod-uct quality.” The next most important advantages were “relia-bility and durability of products” (37 percent) and “good valuefor money” (37 percent). One-third of the respondents men-tioned that foreign technologies were “user-friendly and easyto operate,” while one-third also indicated the advantage of“available credit or financing.” “Good training opportunities”was barely mentioned as a strength of foreign technologies.

Note that the term foreign technologies was interpreted tomean “Western technologies.” Technologies from otherCentral and Eastern European countries are not considered tobe competitive with Western technologies but instead withlocal Estonian technologies. The products generally fall intothe same price range and quality standards; therefore,Estonian customers will tend to choose domestic products.

Foreign environmental technology providers enjoy anadvantage over domestic providers when manufacturing high-ly specialized products not available on the domestic market.Such specialized technologies often include equipment fornuclear waste handling, transport and storage. Additionally,multi-purpose technologies (such as waste salvage trucks,loaders and incinerators) which can be applied to many dif-ferent sectors and modifications may also give foreign tech-nology suppliers a competitive advantage.

BARRIERS TO BUYING LOCAL AND FOREIGNENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

Among those barriers listed by survey respondents to thepurchase of local technologies, surprisingly “too little informa-tion about suppliers” (31 percent), the “lack of reliable prod-uct information” (30 percent), and even more surprising, “tooexpensive” (25 percent) were the characteristics most oftencited. The fact that Estonians also find their own products tooexpensive illustrates the poor economic situation of the sur-veyed countries in the Baltic region.

With regard to purchasing foreign environmental technolo-gies by far the greatest barrier is the high price. This was men-tioned by 41 percent of survey respondents. Unfortunately, theprice is considered so high that foreign environmental technolo-gies are sometimes considered uncompetitive from the outset.Another barrier to buying foreign technologies mentioned by athird of the respondents is that products are “not suitable for thelocal conditions and technical culture.” “Difficult to ensureauthorized technical service and maintenance” was noted as abarrier by 27 percent of the surveyed experts, while finally, themost obvious obstacle, “import restrictions/high customs duties”was also indicated as a significant barrier to purchasing foreignenvironmental technologies. The problems related to importcustoms and duties are expected to decrease in the comingyears, especially for products manufactured in the EU.

2.7 Major Suppliers in theEnvironmental Technology MarketLOCAL SUPPLIERS ON THE MARKET

The major local suppliers on the market are listed inTable 2.21. It is typical of Estonian environmental compa-nies to provide a rather wide range of services without spe-cialization. This is not the case for foreign suppliers as isdemonstrated in Table 2.22. Estonian environmental tech-nology suppliers could be largely classified as product ven-dors rather than providers of “full services” (selling, consult-ing, maintenance). The relationship between the buyer andthe seller typically ends with the sale of the product.However, end-users (buyers) indicated during interviewsthat further assistance, especially with regard to servicemaintenance, is required.

It is fairly difficult to establish which companies areactive in the Estonian market. The Estonian environmentaltechnology market is still relatively small. In any givenyear, one or two major projects can make up most of theannual turnover of a company. This is especially true forair pollution or water purification equipment suppliers,where the largest projects have been the construction ofthe Tallinn water purification plant and fly ash removalequipment for power plants.

The more stable market share belongs to companies whichhave been selling their products over the past decade and sup-plying technology for recent projects. These are typically com-



Category End-user by sector

Air Mining industry, transport, state research institutes, state environmental inspectorates

Water and Wastewater Municipalities, power stations, chemical industry, food industry, agriculture

Waste Municipalities, oil-shale industry, cement manufacturing industry, construction industry

Energy Power generation, manufacturing, heavy industry, pulp and paper industry

TABLE 2.20: ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY END-USERS

panies that specialize in sewage treatment plants. Companiesthat came into the market earlier and established contacts withplanning and construction companies have achieved some-what greater success than recent newcomers.

Generally speaking, domestic environmental technologyproviders are small and medium-sized businesses that have onlybeen operational for the past 5-10 years. This is a result of the fair-ly recent restructuring of the country which included extensiveprivatization. Domestic producers do the majority of their busi-ness within their own country, while a select few export withinthe Baltics and to Central and Eastern Europe. Many local envi-ronmental technology companies are involved in joint-venturesand other business relationships with companies from abroad.

The future of the environmental business sector in Estoniais certain to show growth. Demand for technologies in all sec-tors of the environment is expected to remain the same orgrow in the coming years.

FOREIGN SUPPLIERS ON THE MARKETTable 2.22 lists the major foreign environmental technolo-

gy providers in the Estonian market. As the table demon-strates, there is little representation from any country besidesFinland and Sweden.

Their presence is mainly focused on the water sector, witha few companies active in the waste and energy sectors. In theair and energy sectors, foreign firms do not have a significantpresence in the market.

A large share of foreign technologies are sold on the mar-ket by retail trade companies which represent several foreignproducers. Retail traders work in various ways, for instancethey can establish a subsidiary of a foreign producer, or a localsales organization might be granted the right to represent acertain company. Retail trade companies are often quite spe-cialized, for example, in indoor air ventilation, heating andcooling, water supply and sewage systems. These companies



Competitive StrengthsSector Company, City Specialization and Weaknesses

Air HNK AS, Tallinn Air pollution monitoring equipment, flue gas, Sale and maintenance exhaust gas analysis of equipment

Waste Baltscade AS, Valga Pollution clean-up, soil remediation Experience and equipment available

Epler & Lorenz AS, Tartu Collection and utilization of hazardous waste, waste oils Extensive experience

KESTO AS Collection and utilization of hazardous waste Extensive experience

MASP AS, Tallinn Collection and utilization of hazardous waste Long-term experience

RECI Eesti AS, Tallinn Recycling of industrial hazardous waste, production New solidificationof waste fuel, soil remediation method for landfills

ECOPRO AS, Tallinn Soil remediation, hazardous waste management

MAVES AS, Tallinn Pollution clean-up, geological surveys

Water Hydroseal AS, Tartu Bio-cleaners, septic tanks, oil and grease traps

AS J.I.T., Viljandi Bioreactors for sewage treatment plants, pumping stations, submersible pumps and mixers, equipmentand organic polymers for sludge treatment

TABLE 2.21: MAJOR LOCAL SUPPLIERS ACTIVE ON THE ESTONIAN MARKET

Sector Company Name, City Country of Origin Specialization

Air ABB Eesti AS, Tallinn Multinational

Water Cardo Pump AS (Main Swedish Pumps, wastewater treatment systemstrade mark: ABS Pumps AS)

OU Alfa-Laval, Turi Swedish Pumps, valves, plate heat exchangers, substations

E. Sarlin Eesti AS, Tallinn Finnish Pumps

AS Kemivesi, Tallinn Finnish, Estonian Water treatment chemicals

Painehuuhtelu Oy PTV Finnish High-pressure washing of pipelines

Waste Ragn-Sells Eesti AS Swedish Waste collection, separation, utilization, dumping, landfill operation, recycling, high-pressure washing of pipelines

RECI Eesti AS Recycling of industrial hazardous waste, production of alternative fuels from waste, cleaning of tanks and pipes, soil remediation,

Energy ESTIVO AS, Tallinn Finnish Energy sector planning, power plants and boiler house (IVO International) efficiency, measurement and monitoring of air emissions

ABB Eesti AS, Tallinn International

TABLE 2.22: MAJOR FOREIGN SUPPLIERS ACTIVE ON THE ESTONIAN MARKET

have the necessary experience in meeting customers needsand in providing excellent service.

2.8 The Local EnvironmentalBusiness SectorPROFILE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESSES

Environmental technology providers are generally salesand technical-engineering companies offering limited consult-ing services. Environmental consulting is only in the earlystages of development at present and is predominantlyfocused in the fields of environmental impact and site assess-ment. The Estonian companies providing environmental tech-nologies are not highly specialized but offer a wide range oftechnologies and services. This is a result of the developingmarket, where the potential niches are not yet covered andspecialization would not provide substantial enough levels ofrevenue to survive. The low demand for environmental tech-nologies by end-users was emphasized by suppliers as well.

There is a tendency for a higher concentration of larger busi-nesses to emerge where a number of small retail trade compa-nies have been forced out of the market. They were eitherforced to merge with others or to close down their businessentirely. As a result, several larger companies have emergedwhose main activity is related to the construction or reconstruc-tion of systems such as heating or sewerage systems. These larg-er companies are able to sell their products more effectively.

Environmental consulting services entered the Estonian mar-ket during 1992-1993. A driving force behind the establishment ofconsulting units was the adoption of the Government RegulationNo. 314 on Environmental Impact Assessment (keskkonnaeksper-tiis) in November 1992. The regulation set the legal framework inplace for the EIA procedure and opened up a market for EIAexperts. An urgent need for qualified experts thus followed. TheMoE in particular took the leading role in organizing EIA trainingcourses for experts, environmental specialists at county environ-mental departments and local governments.

Provision of EIA has been a licensed business activity inEstonia since 1993. As of January 1, 1998, 174 licenses hadbeen issued for conducting EIA. The license is issued for threeyears initially and can be extended for another three-year peri-od after expiration. Of the 84 companies initially licensed in1993, 29 (35 percent) extended their license to January 1, 1998.Table 2.23 outlines the breakdown of EIA license-holding bod-ies in Estonia. It should also be noted that the licensed expertsholding an individual license may also work at a licensed orga-nization, which means there may be fewer than 75 entitiesworking in this field of environmental service.

The most well-established environmental planning andmanagement consulting companies are listed in Table 2.24They are all relatively new to Estonia and still relatively small.It should be noted that AS Quercus was established in 1992 butceased operation in 1997 and became a new legal entity,Hendrikson & Ko. OU Georemest is a consortium of threecompanies including AS Maves, AS Ecopro and AS Kobras.

The five-year experience in EIA procedure has generallyproven successful but also has revealed several constraints andmistakes. The leading role in the EIA process has been playedby state authorities (competent authorities), who organize theassessments, subcontract licensed experts and act as an inter-mediary between developer and experts. The developer’s onlyrole is essentially to cover the cost. The draft EIA Act, submit-ted to the government in early 1998, now puts the responsibil-ity of compiling environmental impact statements and encour-aging public participation on the developer. This responsibili-ty, once again, encourages the developer to seek a qualified

environmental consultant or consulting company. Environmental auditing is another rapidly developing field

of environmental business activity. A major training of environ-mental auditors was made by the PHARE Programme with theintroduction of environmental auditing in Estonia during 1995-1997. By December 1997, some 35 people in Estonia were cer-tified to perform practical audits in the framework of the projectand received approval in December 1997 by the Minister of theEnvironment as lead auditor or auditors. The project includedtraining programs by leading European companies includingCarl Bro International, GeoGolder Ltd., and Det Norske Veritas.During the training audits, EMAS and ISO 14000 principles wereintroduced to senior management levels within those Estonianenterprises audited. While environmental management systemsand the corresponding ISO 14001 standard is relativelyunknown, the ISO 9000 series, on the contrary, is fairly familiarto companies. The opening up of the European markets hasencouraged enterprises to work toward the quality standard. ByJanuary 1998, there were 12 enterprises certified under ISO9000. The Ministry of Economics forecasts that by the end of1998, the number of certified companies will have increased to30 (Paju, 1998). However, no Estonian companies are certifiedunder ISO 14001 yet. The company Kunda Nordic Cement is theonly enterprise so far to have publicly declared an intent to be



1996 Company Year Number of turnover Name established employees (USD)

AS PIC Eesti 1988 30 586,100

AS ENTEC 1990 12 173,500

AS Merin 1990 10 314,000

AS Maves 1991 24 495,800

AS Kobras 1991 20 247,900

OU E-Konsult 1991 8 532,200

AS ECOPRO 1992 10-20 330,500

AS Quercus/ OU 1992/ 8 206,600Hendrikson & Ko 1997

OU Projektikeskus 1993 4 115,700

PT-Keskus 1994 4 132,200

OU Georemest 1996 5 53,700

TABLE 2.24: ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTALCONSULTING COMPANIES (EIA,

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING ETC.)

Year of No. of valid license EIA expert

issuance Legal Physical licenses as(incl. renewals) bodies bodies of Jan. 1, 1998

1993 22 34 0

1994 19 32 0

1995 14 12

1996 15 11 75

1997 15 8

Source: MoE

TABLE 2.25: BREAKDOWN OF LICENSED EIAEXPERTS (JAN. 1, 1998)

certified under ISO 14001 by the year 2000 (Vainlo, 1997).

INFORMATION CHANNELS AND NEEDSThe need for information on business opportunities, pro-

jects, tenders and employment opportunities, as well as thedevelopment of systematic channels for its dissemination wasexpressed by both end-users and technology providers duringthe survey. The results show that the information sources arediverse and that the useful information itself is scatteredthroughout many publications.

The main information sources on environmental businessopportunities for end-users are trade fairs and exhibitions, aswell as direct contacts with suppliers. Fairs and exhibitions arethe contact point between users and suppliers. Hard copysources play a small role as an information channel for bothend-users and suppliers.

Among the few domestic environmental publications, thejournal Keskkonnatehnika (Environmental Technology) was themost read environmental publication by businesses.Keskkonnatehnika was established in 1996 by AS Kalendrikeand is published quarterly. It is primarily an environmental busi-ness journal but contains useful information that may be of inter-est to other groups. The journal comprises a vast array of topics,such as articles on environmental legislation, introduction ofenvironmental technologies and new terminology. The journalalso provides a good opportunity for businesses to introducethemselves, their products and services to the market. Until theend of 1997, the journal was distributed free of charge. From thebeginning of 1998, however, a subscription fee was introduced.

The major business publication is Arielu (Business Life),and the main newspaper subscribed to by the business sectoris Aripaev, a daily economic paper that claims readership ofsome 15,000 daily. The second important daily is Sonumileht(News Daily), since the paper is the official publication of theEstonian Business Register (Ariregister).

As indicated by survey respondents and shown in Table2.25, there is a great need for information on new environ-mental technologies as well as on domestic tenders for pro-jects. As businesses attempt to expand their market, informa-tion on up-coming projects is crucial. While end-users will

manage to invest in environmentally sound technologies, thetechnology providers require more information on upcomingprojects in order for them to meet the demand for technolo-gies. Therefore, the current poor supply of information ondomestic tendering was the key concern of most respondents.

The respondents also indicated there is no systematic way tolearn about changes in domestic environmental legislation. Thefrequent changes and amendments to the legislation are difficultto follow. Special handbooks in various fields of environmentalmanagement would be useful, and legislative documents withextensive commentaries would be especially welcome.

It is a good sign that contact information to governmentagencies seems to be available; this received the lowest rank(2.45). Somewhat surprising is the fact that information onwhere to find international partners was not regarded asimportant by the respondents. Information on potentialdomestic partners was more valued instead. The responsesshow, however, that there is still an interest in finding foreignpartners: 27 out of 39 technology providers (69 percent) andfive out of eight end-users (63 percent) responded positivelyto the question of finding partners. A low priority for attractingforeign investments was revealed by the respondents. Thisquestion was, however, answered positively by nine technol-ogy providers (23 percent) and two end-users (25 percent).

OBSTACLES TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENTThere was a significant difference in the number of

responses from both groups to the following questions on theobstacles they view to further business development (see Table2.26). While half of the end-users avoided the questions, 65-70percent of the surveyed technology providers answered them.

The respondents regarded access to credit and finance asthe main barrier to their development. This issue scored thehighest for both groups — end-users and technologyproviders. They also mentioned the current situation wherebyinformation on the environment is spread among so many dif-ferent institutions that it is difficult to obtain information or thatit is missing altogether. This may be associated with the diffi-culties of having general access to information, since this issuewas scored second highest.

While the limitations of access to credit and finance can beconsidered obvious, it is somewhat interesting to notice the rel-atively small role that environmental regulations play in limitingdevelopment. The limits placed by environmental regulationsand other legal and registration requirements, and tax regula-tions, were not regarded to be constraints to business develop-ment. The low market demand for products and services, wasconversely considered more significant by technology providers.



New environmental technologies 3.58 (39)

In-country environmental regulation 3.50 (39)

Domestic tenders for projects 3.39 (37)

Sources of project financing 3.08 (35)

Environmental quality for industries 3.07 (41)(e.g. ISO 14000, EMAS)

Eco-efficient and cleaner production practices 3.02 (35)

Information on where to find 2.94 (39)domestic partners

European Union environmental regulation 2.79 (39)

Certification requirements for environmental 2.66 (30)professionals

International tenders for projects 2.47 (34)

Contact information to government agencies 2.45 (35)

Information on where to find 2.42 (37)international partners

The following scale was used for ranking importance: 4 – very important,3 – important, 2 – somewhat important, 1 – not important.

TABLE 2.25: INFORMATION NEEDS

Access to credit and finance 2.62 (32)

General access to information 2.47 (35)

Market demand for products and services 2.45 (31)

Lack of lobbying groups 2.24 (29)(e.g. environmental associations, etc.)

Tax regulation 2.18 (27)

Foreign competition 2.03 (31)

Legal regulation and registration requirements 1.86 (30)

Environmental regulation 1.71 (32)

The following scale was used for ranking barriers: 4 – a major barrier, 3– barrier, 2 – limited barrier, 1 – not a barrier.


2.9 List of InterviewedExperts/Companies

The structure of information is as follows:

Contact person, positionDate of interviewCompany name in English (if necessary)Company name in EstonianAddressTelephone number, Fax number

PERSONAL INTERVIEWS1) Mr. Juri Metsaorg, Marketing ManagerNov. 10, 1997Tallinn Pharmaceutical CompanyTallinna FarmaatsiatehasTondi 33, EE0013 TallinnTel: (372-6) 120-202, Fax: (372-6) 120-207

2) Mr. Aleksander Allik, Environmental SpecialistNov. 12, 1997Tallinn AirportRE Tallinna LennujaamLennujaama 2, EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 388-701, Fax: (372-6) 388-333

3) Ms. Lea Kulla, Financial DirectorNov. 25, 1997Estonian Environmental FundEesti KeskkonnafondRavala pst. 8, EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 466-583

4) Mr. Olavi Tammemae, Head of Nature ConservationDepartmentNov. 28, 1997Estonian Ministry of the EnvironmentRavala pst.8, EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-2) 443-210, Fax: (372-6) 466-041

5) Ms. Kaia Oras, Head of Division Nov. 27, 1997Estonian Board of Statistics Suur-Ameerika 15EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 259-234, Fax: (372-2) 453-923

6) Mrs. Anne Randmer, DirectorJan. 22, 1998PT-KeskusSutiste tee 21EE0034 TallinnTel: (372-2) 521-629, Fax: (372-2) 521-625

7) Mr. Juhan Ruut, ExpertJan. 22, 1998PT-KeskusSutiste tee 21EE0034 TallinnTel: (372-2) 521-629, Fax: (372-2) 521-625

8) Mr. Mihkel Vaarik, Head of Environmental Management DivisionJan. 29, 1998Ministry of the EnvironmentRavala pst. 8, EE00021 TallinnTel: (372-2) 433-531, Fax: (372-6) 466-0419) Ms. Ly Jalakas, Chief SpecialistJan. 29, 1998Environment Management DivisionMinistry of the EnvironmentRavala pst. 8, EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-2) 433-531, Fax: (372-6) 466-041

10) Mr. Kaarel Orviku, Project ManagerFeb. 17, 1998AS MerinRavala pst. 8,EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-2) 425-312, Fax: (372-6) 466-625

11) Mr. Mart Kuur, Project ManagerFeb. 17, 1998OU Hendrikson&KoTulbi 2A, EE2400 TartuTel: (372-50) 72813, Fax: (372-7) 425-058

12) Mr. Madis Metsur, Chair of BoardFeb. 17, 1998AS MavesMarja 4DEE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 565-428, Fax: (372-6) 565-429

QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONDENTSThe following companies submitted written questionnaires:

GROUP I - SUPPLIERS

1) Mr. Rein Munter, Technical ManagerAS LoitehEd. Vilde 68-43EE0034 TallinnTel: (372-2) 522-627

2) Mr. Laansalu, Estate ManagerABB Eesti ASParnu mnt. 148EE0013 TallinnTel: (372-6) 711-800, Fax: (372-6) 711-811

3) Mr. Peeter Koiva, ManagerKOLMEKS ASKadaka tee 74BEE0026 TallinnTel: (372-6) 70-207, Fax: (372-6) 70-208

4) Mr. Toomas Kiil, Sales ManagerKemivesi ASFiltri tee 9aEE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 312-799, Fax: (372-6) 312-796



5) Mr. Tonis Meriste, Deputy DirectorECOPRO ASRavala pst. 8EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 314-223, Fax: (372-6) 314-121

6) Mr. Urmas Uri, Group LeaderKobras ASLai 32EE2400 TartuTel: (372-7) 441-383, Fax: (372-7) 441-383

7) Mr. Juri Teder, Chief SpecialistPIC Eesti ASToompuiestee 17aEE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 311-383, Fax: (372-2) 453-587

8) Mr. Teet Saks, Managing DirectorFertiil ASSuur-Sojamae 31EE0014 TallinnTel: (372-2) 215-392, Fax: (372-2) 211-259

9) Mr. Peeter Vaha, DirectorECOWATER ASSuur-Sojamae 50aEE0014 TallinnTel: (372-2) 213-116, Fax: (372-6) 380-351

10) Mr. Mait Poldemaa, Managing Director FIXTEC ASTartu mnt. 73EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 410-356, Fax: (372-6) 410-429

11) Mr. Margus Kort, Deputy DirectorOU Eesti Keskkonnauuringute KeskusMarja 4DEE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 567-299, Fax: (372-6) 564-129

12) Mr. Aadu Vosu, Head of DepartmentRagn-Sells Eesti ASSuur-Sojamae 50EE0014 TallinnTel: (372-6) 380-380, Fax: (372-6) 380-263

13) Mr. Madis Maddison, Chairman of the BoardProjektikeskus OULaki 15EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 563-602, Fax: (372-6) 563-598

14) Ms. Anne Randmer, DirectorCleaner Production Information and Advisory CenterPuhta Tootmise Teabe- ja NouandekeskusSutiste tee 21EE00034 Tallinn Tel: (372-2) 521-629, Fax: (372-2) 521-625

15) Mr. Lembit Linnupold, Chairman of the BoardE-Konsult OULaki 12EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 563-203, Fax: (372-6) 563-199

16) Mr. Janis Lorenz, Managing DirectorEpler & Lorentz ASRavila 75EE2400 TartuTel: (372-7) 421-398, Fax: (372-7) 421-398

17) Mr. Andres Piirsalu, ManagerENTEC ASRavala pst. 8,EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 466-570, Fax: (372-6) 466-522

18) Mr. Rein Kirsimae, Sales RepresentativeGEA PT BalticMannimae tee 28EE2900 ViljandiTel: (372-43) 38-800, Fax: (372-43) 37-000

19) Mr. Mart Heinla, Managing DirectorOU EspellonVirve 1, EE0013 TallinnTel: (372-6) 554-714, Fax: (372-6) 554-714

20) Ms. Sirje Lindau, Assistant to the ManagingDirectorSchottli Keskkonnatehnika ASMustamae tee 50EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 706-874, Fax: (372-6) 706-875

21) Mr. Heino Hansen, Managing DirectorH. Hanseni Projekt ASKarusmarja 4EE0012 TallinnTel: (372-6) 559-154, Fax: (372-6) 559-006

22) Ms. Maire Sakson, Scientific SecretaryEesti Geoloogiakeskus OUKadaka tee 80/82EE0026 TallinnTel: (372-6) 579-661, Fax: (372-6) 579-664

23) Mr. Reigo Lehtla, Managing DirectorGeoremest OUMarja 4dEE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 567-312, Fax: (372-6) 567-312

24) Mr. Kristjan Riet, Chief HydrogeologistREI-Geotehnika OURavala pst. 8EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-2) 425-815, Fax: (372-2) 425-663

25) Mr. Priit Langeproon, Managing DirectorLangeproon ASKao 52/1EE0013 TallinnTel: (372-6) 552-502, Fax: (372-6) 551-469

26) Mr. Mart Tamm, Production ManagerSAB ASBetooni 4EE2400 TartuTel: (372-7) 424-346, Fax: (372-7) 425-100



27) Mr. Juri Ummer, DirectorVesiterm ASAkadeemia tee 27EE0026 TallinnTel: (372-6) 397-949, Fax: (372-6) 397-946

28) Mr. Lembitu Merdik, Production ManagerParnu Vesi ASVingi 13EE3600 ParnuTel: (372-44) 40308, Fax: (372-44) 42861

29) Mr. Margus Sirel, Sales and Maintenance ManagerPPM-Susteemide ASVaike-Ameerika 15EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 460-301, Fax: (372-6) 460-302

30) Mr. Kaljo Veskimets, DirectorGeoestonia ASMustamae tee 33EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 565-375, Fax: (372-6) 504-121

31) Mr. Tiit Rahkema, DirectorAMAKS ASKatusepapi 13EE0014 TallinnTel: (372-48) 68-242, Fax: (372-48) 55-626

32) Mr. Villu Poldmae, Chairman of the BoardCLIK ASTiigi poik 6, Assaku, Rae valdEE3031 HarjumaaTel: (372-6) 105-400, Fax: (372-6) 105-411

33) Mr. Arno Ilves, ManagerTukat OUKohtu 10EE3300 KuressaareSaaremaaTel: (372-45) 53-437, Fax: (372-45) 53-437

34) Mr. Urmas Teeorg, Managing DirectorKrissan ASMustamae tee 44/46EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 562-818, Fax: (372-6) 562-828

35) Mr. Tonis Kaasik, Chairman of the BoardOkosil ASKesk 2EE2010 SillamaeIda-VirumaaTel: (372-39) 24-048, Fax: (372-6) 461-525

36) Ms. Karin Punning, Managing DirectorENGLO OUAkadeemia tee 21gEE0026 TallinnTel: (372-2) 532-044, Fax: (372-6) 397-901

37) Mr. Aarne Pruks, ResearcherTartu University, Technology CenterTU TehnoloogiakeskusJakobi 2EE2400 TartuTel: (372-7) 465-180, Fax: (372-7) 465-160

38) Mr. Urmas Simmul, Managing DirectorBang & Bonsomer Eesti ASParnu mnt. 139fEE0013 TallinnTel: (372-6) 556-046, Fax: (372-6) 556-048

39) Mr. Jaak Uus, Technology ManagerScantrans ASNolva 13EE0004 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 541-100, Fax; (372-6) 541-101

GROUP II - END-USERS1) Mr. Igor Kirko, Environmental SpecialistViisnurk ASToostuse 31EE3600 ParnuTel: (372-44) 78-323, Fax: (372-44) 78-320

2) Mr. Riho Sober, Production ManagerSaku Olletehase ASSaku BrewerySakuEE3400 HarjumaaTel: (372-6) 508-400, Fax: (372-6) 508-401

3) Mr. Udo Puust, Director-GeneralTallinna Kulmhoone ASTallinn FreezerPeterburi tee 42EE0014 TallinnTel: (372-2) 210-001, Fax: (372-2) 212-161

4) Mr. A. Vissor, Vice-Chairman of the BoardRakvere Linnasetehase ASRakvere Malthouse ASNapi, Someru valdEE2100 RakvereTel: (372-32) 23-470, Fax: (372-32) 23-467

5) Ms. Meelike Otstavel, Manager of ChemicalLaboratoryNorma ASLaki tn. 14EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 500-444, Fax: (372-6) 563-134

6) Silmet Group ASKesk 2EE2010 SillamaeIda-VirumaaTel: (372-39) 24-048, Fax: (372-6) 461-525

7) Mr. Lembitu Merdik, Production ManagerParnu Vesi ASVingi 13EE3600 ParnuTel: (372-44) 40-308, Fax: (372-44) 42-861

8) Ms Marika Tammre, Chief TechnologistRakvere Piim AS/Rakvere DairyTiigi 3EE2100 RakvereTel: (372-32) 41-515, Fax: (372-32) 43-689



GROUP III - PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESSASSOCIATIONS1) Mr. Teet Kuusmaa, Managing DirectorEesti Toruliit/Estonian Pipe AssociationLaki 12, 417EE0006 Tallinn

2) Mr. Heino Molder, ChairmanEesti Veeuhing/Estonian Water SocietyJarvevana tee 5EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 202-500

3) Mr. Enn Lenk, DirectorEesti Vee-ettevotete Liit/Estonian Association of Water CompaniesKadaka tee 5EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 563-685

4) Mr. Ants Vikerpuur, Managing DirectorEstonian Society of Heating and Ventilation EngineersEesti Kutte- ja Ventilatsiooniinseneride UhendusRavala pst. 6EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 45-906

5) Mr. Rein Hanni, Managing DirectorEstonian Society of Power Plants and District HeatingEesti Joujaamade ja Kaugkutte UhingJ. Vilmsi 53EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 422-652

6) Mr. Aadu Vosu, Vice-ChairmanEstonian Solid Waste and Street Cleaning AssociationEesti Jaatmekaitlejate LiitMustamae tee 44/46EE0006 TallinnTel: (372-6) 562-814

GROUP IV - COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENTS1) Ms. Ena Poltimae, Head of EnvironmentalDepartmentVoru County GovernmentKarja 17aEE2710 VoruTel: (372-78) 23-841, Fax: (372-78) 23-605

2) Mr. Ivo Ojamae, Environmental SpecialistEnvironmental DepartmentJogeva County GovernmentSuur 3EE2350 JogevaTel: (372-77) 60-176, Fax: (372-77) 60-195

3) Mr. Toomas Padjus, Head of EnvironmentalDepartmentParnu County GovernmentP. Kerese 4EE3600 ParnuTel: (372-44) 31-447, Fax: (372-44) 79-736

4) Mr. Lembitu Tarang, Head of EnvironmentalDepartmentLaane County GovernmentKiltsi tee 12EE3170 HaapsaluTel: (372-47) 44-255, Fax: (372-47) 44-958

2.10 Other Useful Contacts

Ministry of AgricultureLai 39/41EE0001 Tallinn Tel: (372-6) 256-101, Fax: (372-6) 256-200

Ministry of Economics(HEUREKA Bureau)Harju tn. 11EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 256-304, Fax: (372-6) 313-660

Ministry of FinanceSuur-Ameerika 1EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 317-810, Fax: (372-6) 317-810

Chamber of Commerce and IndustryKaubandus-ToostuskodaToom-Kooli 17EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 460-244, Fax: (372-6) 460-245

Estonian Patent BoardToompuiestee 7EE0100 TallinnTel: (372-6) 311-732, Fax: (372-2) 451-342

Estonian Board of Consumer RightsHarju 11EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-2) 440-327, Fax: (372-2) 429-702

National Standards Board of EstoniaAru 10EE0003 TallinnTel: (372-2) 493-572, Fax: (372-6) 541-330

Estonian National Board of Technical InspectionTehnilise Jarelevalve InspektsioonRahukohtu 2EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-2) 442-955, Fax: (372-6) 314-064

Estonian Enterprises RegisterEesti EttevotteregisterEndla 15EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-2) 450-767, Fax: (372-6) 460-165

Estonian Investment AgencyEesti Valisinvesteeringute AgentuurRavala pst. 6-602BEE0001 TallinnTel: (372-6) 410-166, Fax: (372-6) 410-312

Association of Estonian CitiesEesti Linnade LiitVana-Viru 12EE0001 TallinnTel: (372-35) 22-552, Fax: (372-6) 314-424

Union of Societies of Local GovernmentsEesti Omavalitsusliitude UhendusVabaduse plats 4EE2900 ViljandiTel: (372-43) 43-060, Fax: (372-43) 33-880



2.11 List of Publications

1) Eesti Pank 1997. Bulletin of the Estonian Bank, Vol. 2(29), 1997.

2) Eesti Pank 1998. Bulletin of the Estonian Bank, Vol. 1(36), 1998.

3) Environment in Figures 1994-1996. Statistical Office ofEstonia, Tallinn, 1995-1997.

4) Environmental Action Plan for Euro-Integration, 1998-2003. Ministry of Environment, October, 1997.

5) Environmental Protection Expenditures 1993-1996.Statistical Office of Estonia, Tallinn, 1994-1997.

6) Estonia in Figures 1994. Statistical Office of Estonia,Tallinn, p.21.

7) Estonian National Environmental Strategy, 1997.Estonian Ministry of Environment, Tallinn.

8) Evaluation of Estonian Environmental Legislation Statusin Terms of EU Approximation Process. Topic areas:waste, air and water. Ministry of the Environment,Autumn 1997.

9) Final Report. Short-Term Assistance to Estonia in theProcess of Approximation with EU Waste Legislation.COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners AS, August1997.

10) Keskkond 1993 (Estonian Environment 1993). EstonianMinistry of the Environment, Tallinn, 1994.




14) Keskkonnatehnika, No.1-4, 1996; No. 1-4, 1997.

15) Maaleht, Dec. 18, 1997. Veenouete jargimine maksaksEestile 6-7 miljardit.

16) Michelson, A., Peterson, K. Eesti pollumajandusekeskkonnapoliitika (Environmental policy of Estonianagriculture). SEI-Tallinn, Tallinn, 1996, p. 9.

17) National Environmental Action Plan (draft, September 15,1997).

18) OECD Project Preparation Committee. Case Study ofEnvironmental Expenditure and Investment in SixSelected CEE Countries. Final Report. Lyngby. OECD,1995.

19) Paju, T. Tallinna. “Piimatoostus taotleb kvaliteediserti-fikaati” (Tallinn Dairy works for quality certificate). EestiPaevaleht, Jan. 27, 1998.

20) Peterson, K. 1996 Environmental permits and compensa-tion for environmental damages, The World Bank,Estonian Ministry of the Environment, SEI-Tallinn.

21) Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 1996. Statistical Office ofEstonia, Tallinn, p. 27-32, 168.

22) Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 1997. Statistical Office ofEstonia, Tallinn, p. 23-27, 214.

23) Sonumileht, Jan. 11, 1998. “Keskonna ja meie tervisekaisteks kulus mullu sadu miljoneid.”

24) Tammemae, O. 1997. “Environmental management andthe Baltic States.” In: Proceedings of the Second ECO-

BALTIC conference, October 9-11, 1997, Gdansk, Poland,p. 7-15.

25) Tahtinen, M., Nurste, H. 1992. Energy Use and EmissionScenarios to the Year 2000 for Estonia. Espoo, Finland,Technical Research Center of Finland.

26) UN ECE Environmental Performance Reviews - Estonia.United Nations, Geneva, 1996, 101 pp.

27) Vainlo, A. Keskkonnakaitse tohustamine on olnud ASKunda Nordic Tsement eksisteerimise eelduseks.(Development of environmental protection has been theprecondition for the existence of AS Kunda NordicCement. Thesis to seminar on EnvironmentalManagement). Nov. 28, 1998, Tallinn.

28) World Environment Center, PT-Keskus 1995. “Ressrssideefektiivsema kasutamise majanduslikud tulud ja keskkon-nakaitselised efektid Eestis, Latis ja Leedus.” WEC, EMI,1995.



ABB Eesti ASParnu Mnt. 148EE0013 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 671-1800, Fax: (372) 671-1811Email: n/aContact person: Mr. LaansaluLanguages spoken: Russian, FinnishYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 12,400,0001996 Revenue from environmental activities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over 50Employees: 160Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 3, 5, 8, 51, 53Description of services and technologies:Fly ash filters for power plants; repairing electro motors (engines);supply of energy and ventilation equipment for companies.References to work completed:Project undertaken for Eesti Energia (Estonian Energy).

AS Amaks Pargi 2-5, Alu EE3501 Raplamaa, EstoniaTel: (372) 486-8242, Fax: (372) 485-5626Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Tiit RahkemaLanguages spoken: English, Finnish, RussianYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 2,600,0001996 Revenue from environmental activities (in %): 60Income from foreign sources (in %): over 50Employees: 70Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerPriority Areas: 11, 21, 45, 47, 48, 53Description of services and technologies: Construction of districtheating systems, boiler houses, water pipelines, wastewatertreatment facilities, and gas pipelines.



Air1 Air sampling/laboratory analysis2 Continuous-basis monitoring3 Air pollution control/flue gas purification

equipment (e.g. filters, scrubbers)4 Gas detection/warning devices5 Emission abatement/cleaner production

(e.g. low emission burners)6 Instrumentation and process control/soft-

ware7 Research and development of environ-

mental technologies8 General consulting services

Water9 Monitoring10 Sampling/laboratory analysis11 Construction of supply networks12 Inspection and reconditioning of existing

supply networks13 Treatment processes14 Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes

(e.g. UV/ozonation, activated carbon)15 Water recycling and reuse16 Instrumentation/process control/software17 Research and development of environ-


Wastewater19 Monitoring20 Sampling/laboratory analysis21 Construction of collection networks22 Inspection and reconditioning of existing

collection networks23 Physical, chemical, and biological treat-

ment processes24 Advanced treatment processes (e.g. nitro-

gen and phosphate removal, etc.)25 Sludge treatment and disposal

26 Water recycling and reuse27 Facility operation28 Pollution prevention/waste minimization29 Spill control and containment30 Quality restoration and decontamination31 Instrumentation/process control/software32 Research and development of environ-


Waste34 Waste collection/transportation and storage35 Sample analysis/waste characterization36 Site monitoring37 Landfill disposal38 Incineration39 Composting/biomass conversion40 Pollution prevention/waste minimization41 Recycling/resource recovery42 Spillage control/decontamination43 Research and development of environ-


Energy45 New/efficient energy and heat generation

systems 46 Retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing sys-

tems47 Process management and control (e.g.

boiler tune-up, fuel efficiency optimiza-tion)

48 Heat recovery and energy savings (e.g.insulation)

49 Alternative/renewable energy systems (e.g.geothermal, biomass, solar)

50 Alternative (non-CFC) refrigerants51 Instrumentation52 Research and development of environ-

mental technologies 53 General consulting services

Soil and Land54 Underground storage tank removal55 Site remediation and clean-up of contami-

nated land56 Geological and technological tests and

surveys57 Drilling and hydrological surveys58 Agriculture (fertilizer, pest control, etc.)59 Research and development of environ-


Industrial Safety and NoiseControl61 Instrumentation/measuring and control

devices62 Gas detection/warning devices63 Protection equipment64 Abatement (insulation, absorbing)65 Facility operation66 Electromagnetic field exposure67 Research and development of environ-


Environmental Planning andManagement69 Environmental audits70 Environmental management systems (ISO

14000, EMAS)71 Regional planning (e.g. urban, land use,

landscape and transportation planning)72 Water resource management (e.g. ground

and surface water)73 Environmental impact assessment74 Policy decision support75 Training and education

LIST OF CODES REPRESENTING ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESS SPECIALIZATION

Environmental Business Directory

AS ClikTigi Poik 6, AssakuRae Vald EE3031 Harjumaa, EstoniaTel: (372) 610-5400, Fax: (372) 610-5411Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Villu PoldmaeLanguages spoken: Finnish, Russian,German, EstonianYear of establishment: 19901996 Revenue (in USD): 4,500,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 80Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 6, 48, 51Description of services and technologies:Supplier of ventilation technologies;insulation materials.

AS Ecopro Ravala pst. 8EE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 631-4223, Fax: (372) 631-4121Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Tonis MeristeLanguages spoken: Russian, Finnish,EnglishYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 330,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (in %): over50 Employees: 20Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerPriority Areas: 35-37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 55,56, 58Description of services and technologies:Sanitation of former military sites;hazardous waste management;remediation of old herbicides, old personalsafety equipment.References to work completed: Projectundertaken for the state, localgovernments, and industry.

AS Entec Ravala pst.8,EE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 646-6570, Fax: (372) 646-6522Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Andres PiirsaluLanguages spoken: English, Finnish,RussianYear of establishment: 19901996 Revenue (in USD): 174,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): 25-50Employees: 12Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerPriority Areas: 18, 71, 72, 74Description of services and technologies:

Spatial planning; design of wastewatertreatment plants for municipalities.References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for local governments.

AS Epler & LorenzRavila 75EE2400 Tartu, EstoniaTel: (372) 742-1398, Fax: (372) 742-1398Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Janis LorenzLanguages spoken: GermanYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 150,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 8Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 34, 37Description of services and technologies:Sale of absorbents; treatment of industrialwaste.References to work completed: Companyclients have included AS Tartu Terminal,AS Tartu Olletehas (Brewery), AS PolvaPiim, AS Voru Juust, Tartu Linnavalitsus(Tartu Town Government), ValgaLinnavalitsus (Valga Town Government).

AS FertilSuur-Sojamae 31EE0014, Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 621-5392, Fax: (372) 621-1259Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Teet SaksLanguages spoken: Russian, Finnish,EnglishYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 380,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 14Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 21, 22, 31, 33

AS FixtecTartu Mnt. 73EE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 641-0356, Fax: (372) 641-0429Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Mait PoldemaaLanguages spoken: Finnish, English,RussianYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 410,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (in %): 10-25Employees: 4Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technology provider Specialization: 16, 18, 27, 31, 33

Description of services and technologies:Wastewater and potable water treatmentequipment; consultation in watermanagement.References to work completed: Clientshave included: local governments, oilterminals, petrol stations.

AS GeoestoniaPirni 10/2EE0006 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 656-5375, Fax: (372) 656-4121Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Kaljo VeskimetsLanguages spoken: German, Russian,Finnish, EnglishYear of establishment: 19891996 Revenue (in USD): 400,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 20Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service provider

AS H. Hanseni ProjektKarusmarja 4EE0012 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 655-9154, Fax: (372) 655-9006Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Heino HansenLanguages spoken: Finnish, RussianYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 495,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): noneEmployees: 12Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 45-48, 53Description of services and technologies:Construction of gas-fired boilers;renovation of boiler houses; operation andmanagement systems. References to work completed: Clientshave included: Baltic Shipyard Tallinn,IRU Power Plant; Tallinn Heat Company.

AS KemivesiFiltri Tee 9AEE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 631-2799, Fax: (372) 631-2796Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Toomas KiilLanguages spoken: English, Russian,FinnishYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 1,300,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): lessthan 10Employees: 10Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology and service providerSpecialization: 19-33



Description of services and technologies:Production and sale of water treatmentcoagulants.References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for Tallinn Water TreatmentPlant and Narva Water Treatment Plant;over 30 water treatment facilities inEstonia.

AS KobrasLai 32EE2400 Tartu, EstoniaTel: (372) 744-1383, Fax: (372) 744-1383Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Urmas UriLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 240,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 50 Income from foreign sources (in %): n/aEmployees: 20Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology and service providerSpecialization: 18, 31, 33, 44, 55, 60, 69,70, 73

AS KolmeksKadaka Tee 74BEE0026 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 672-0207, Fax: (372) 672-0208Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Peeter KoivaLanguages spoken: Russian, English,FinnishYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): n/aEmployees: 2Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 11, 12, 16, 21, 27Description of services and technologies:Construction of water pumping plants; saleof pumps.References to work completed: Clientshave included Tallinna VKME, TallinnaPiimatoostuse AS (Tallinn Dairy Company).

AS KrissanMustamae Tee 44/46EE0006 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 656-2818, Fax: (372) 656-2828Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Urmas TeeorgLanguages spoken: English, Finnish,RussianYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): 790,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 20Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 34Description of services and technologies:

Transport and collection of municipalwaste.References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for local governments.

AS LangeproonKao 52/1EE0013 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 655-2502, Fax: (372) 655-1469Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Priit LangeproonLanguages spoken: Finnish, Russian,German, EstonianYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): noneEmployees: 50Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology and serviceprovidersSpecialization: 11, 12, 16, 18, 21-23Description of services and technologies:Design and construction of water andsewage tanks.

AS LoitehVilde Tee 68-43EE0034 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 252-2627, Fax: n/a Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Rein MunterLanguages spoken: Russian, English,FinnishYear of establishment: 19951996 Revenue (in USD): 8,5001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 80Income from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 2-6Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 13, 15-18, 23, 24, 26, 28,31Description of services and technologies:Consultation and research for drinkingwater; boiler water; industrial wastewatertreatment.References to work completed: Companyclients have included AS Parnu Viisnurk,AS Parnu Reiu Veepuhastusjaam, IRUPower Plant, Kogalomi Water TreatmentPlant in Russia.

AS Okosil Kesk 2EE2010 Sillamae, Ida-Virumaa, EstoniaTel: (372) 39-240048, Fax: (372) 646-1525Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Tonis KaasikLanguages spoken: English,Russian,FinnishYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): n/a

Employees: 51Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerPriority Areas: 34, 36-38, 41, 44Description of services and technologies:Radioactive waste management; landfilldisposal and covering.References to work completed: Sillamaeradioactive landfill project under way.

AS Parnu VesiVingi 13EE3600 Parnu, EstoniaTel: (372) 444-0308, Fax: (372) 444-2861Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Lembitu MerdikLanguages spoken: English, RussianYear of establishment: 19721996 Revenue (in USD): 2,300,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over 50Employees: 182Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology and service provider Specialization: 13, 16, 18, 31, 33Description of services and technologies:Purification technologies for potable andwastewater; equipment for sewagetreatment.References to work completed:Local governments.

AS SabBetooni 4EE2400 Tartu, EstoniaTel: (372) 742-4346, Fax: (372) 742-5100Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Mart TammLanguages spoken: Estonian, RussianYear of establishment: 19791996 Revenue (in USD): 1,220,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 145Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 34, 37Description of services and technologies:Collection, transport and disposal ofmunicipal and industrial waste; streetcleaning; landfill management.References to work completed: TartuTown Government.

AS Scantrans Nolva 13EE0004 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 654-1100, Fax: (372) 654-1101 Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Jaak UusLanguages spoken: English, Russian Year of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 7,900,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/a



Income from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 65Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: n/aPriority Areas: 38Description of services and technologies:Incineration of tank sediments; absorbentscontaining oil products.

Bang & Bonsomer Eesti ASParnu Mnt. 139FEE0013 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 655-6048, Fax: (372) 655-6048Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Urmas SimmulLanguages spoken: EnglishYear of establishment: 1992 1996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): n/aEmployees: 8Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 50Description of services and technologies:Sale of environmentally friendlyrefrigerants.

EMI Arenguprogrammide/ PuhtaTootmise KeskusEMI Development Program/CleanerProduction CenterSutiste Tee 21EE0034 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 641-1882, Fax: (372) 252-1625Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Anne RandmerLanguages spoken: English, Russian,FinnishYear of establishment: 1994 1996 Revenue (in USD): 132,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (in %): over50 Employees: 4Ownership: stateInterested in foreign investors: n/aActivities: service providerSpecialization: 69, 70, 73, 75Description of services and technologies:Training on environmental managementand cleaner production programs withinenterprises for environmental experts andlocal governments.References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for the Ministry of Environmentand the Finnish Ministry of Environment.

GEA PT Baltic-EstonianRepresentative Office AS Mannimae tee 28EE2900 Viljandi, EstoniaTel: (372) 433-8800, Fax: (372) 433-7000Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Rein KirsimaeLanguages spoken: German, RussianYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): n/a

1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 11Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technology provider

OU EcowaterSuur-Sojamae 50AEE0014 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 221-3116, Fax: (372) 638-0351Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Peeter VahaLanguages spoken: Russian, English,FinnishYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): 57,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (in %): lessthan 10 Employees: 4Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 21-24, 27Description of services and technologies:Construction of wastewater treatmentplants.References to work completed: Localgovernment clients have included ViruRand: Estonian Oil Shale Company.

OU Eesti GeoloogiakeskusKadaka Tee 80/82EE0026 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 657-9661, Fax: (372) 657-9664Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Maire SaksonLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19571996 Revenue (in USD): 1,000,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 40Income from foreign sources (in %): 10-25Employees: 133Ownership: stateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 9, 18, 56, 59, 60Description of services and technologies:Geological, geochemical and geophysicalresearch; maintenance of groundwater,mineral resources and coastal cadastres;seismological monitoring. References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for the Ministry of Environmentand the Estonian Fund for Nature.

OU Eesti KeskkonnauuringuteKeskusMarja 4dEE0006 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 656-7299, Fax: (372) 656-4129Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Margus KortLanguages spoken: English, RussianYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 413,000

1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): noneEmployees: 59Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1-3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19,20, 31, 33, 35, 56, 59, 60, 69, 70, 73, 74 Description of services and technologies:Air and water monitoring; sampling,laboratory analysis; instrumentation andprocess control; environmentalmanagement.References to work completed:Clients have included state and localgovernments.

OU E-KonsultLaki 12EE0006 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 656-3203 , Fax: (372) 656-3199 Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Lembit LinnupoldLanguages spoken: English, Russian,Finnish, German, SwedishYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 530,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 60Income from foreign sources (in %): 26-50Employees: 8Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerPriority Areas: 44, 56, 69-71, 73, 74Description of services and technologies:Environmental assessments of petrolstations and terminals; environmentalimpact assessments of ports; hazardouswaste management plans; environmentalauditing.References to work completed: EIA of theMuuga Port.

OU EngloAkadeemia Tee 21GEE0026 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 253-2044, Fax: (372) 639-7901Email: n/aContact person: Ms. Karin PunningLanguages spoken: English, Finnish,RussianYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 63,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 5Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 6, 16, 31, 61Description of services and technologies:Sale of instrumentation and detectionequipment.References to work completed: Clientshave included Okoloogiainstituut (Instituteof Ecology); Eesti Energia;Kaitseministeerium; Ehitusfirmad; Ministryof Defense; construction companies.



OU EspellonVirve 1EE0013 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 655-4714, Fax: (372) 655-4714Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Mart HeinlaLanguages spoken: Russian, FinnishYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): 58,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): noneEmployees: 3Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 45, 46, 47Description of services and technologies:Maintenance and renovation of districtheating plants (boiler houses); introductionof local fuels.References to work completed: Companyclients have included: AS Roobe, ASWooserv.

OU GeoremestMarja 4DEE0006 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 656-7312, Fax: (372) 656-7312Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Reigo LehtlaLanguages spoken: English, Russian,Swedish, GermanYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): 54,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): 26-50Employees: 5Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providersSpecialization: 35, 36, 44, 69, 70, 73-75Description of services and technologies:Hazardous waste management;hydrogeological surveys; pollutionmapping; training of environmentalauditors.References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for the Ministry ofEnvironment; Ministry of Defense; countyenvironmental departments; localmunicipalities; EU LIFE project on theintroduction of environmental auditing inEstonia.

OU ProjektikeskusLaki 15EE0006 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 656-3602, Fax: (372) 656-3598Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Madis MaddisonLanguages spoken: Russian, Finnish,English, LithuanianYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 110,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 50Income from foreign sources (in %): 10-25Employees: 4Ownership: private

Interested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 11, 12, 22, 31Description of services and technologies:Renovation of pumping houses andwastewater treatment facilities.References to work completed: Projectundertaken for AS Tallinna Vesi.

OU Rei GeotehnikaRavala Pst. 8EE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 242-5815, Fax: (372) 242-5663Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Kristjan RietLanguages spoken: Russian, Finnish,GermanYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): n/aEmployees: 31Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 33, 36, 42, 44, 55, 56Description of services and technologies:Pollution and other environmentalresearch.References to work completed: Clientshave included: AS Ecopro, AS Eesti Statoil,AS Entec, AS Pro Kapital Jt.

OU TukatKohtu 10EE3300 Kuressaare, EstoniaTel: (372) 455-3437, Fax: (372) 455-3437Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Arno IlvesLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): 13,2001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): noneEmployees: 4Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 27, 31, 33Description of services and technologies:Wastewater treatment plants, design andprefeasibility studies.

PIC Eesti ASToompuiestee 17AEE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 631-1383, Fax: (372) 245-3587Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Juri TederLanguages spoken: Russian, English,FinnishYear of establishment: 19881996 Revenue (in USD): 580,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): 10-25Employees: 30Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: no

Activities: service providerSpecialization: 11, 12, 16, 18, 21, 44, 56Description of services and technologies:Construction and technological design,research, survey and consultation; sludgetreatment; waste disposal site planning;environmental impact assessment.References to work completed:Company clients have included KogalomiCity in Russia, Tallinn Water TreatmentPlant, Fazer Eesti AS (food company),Loksa Shipyard AS, Tallinn TownConstruction ME.

PPM-Susteemide ASVaike-Ameerika 15EE0001 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 646-0301, Fax: (372) 646-0302Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Margus SirelLanguages spoken: Finnish, RussianYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): noneEmployees: 3Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 1, 6, 8Description of services and technologies:O2, CO, SO2 and dust analysis.References to work completed: Companyclients have included AS Kunda NordicCement and RAS Eesti Energia.

Ragn-Sells Eesti ASSuur-Sojamae 50EE0014 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 638-0380, Fax: (372) 638-0263Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Aadu VosuLanguages spoken: English, RussianYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): 1,800,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 85Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 22, 34-44Description of services and technologies:Municipal and industrial wastemanagement; cleaning of sewers andstorm pipes; cleaning sewage pipes;stormwater collection network; planningwaste treatment for local governments;collection and transport of industrial andmunicipal waste; site remediation andclean-up of land; waste disposal plans forcounties. References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for local governments.

Schottli Keskkonnatehnika AS Mustamae Tee 50EE0006 Tallinn, Estonia



Tel: (372) 670-6874, Fax: (372) 670-6875Email: n/aContact person: Mrs. Sirje LindauLanguages spoken: German, English,RussianYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): 10-26Employees: 5Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology providerPriority Areas: 9-18, 19-33Description of services and technologies:Sale of drinking water treatmentequipment; treatment facilities oftechnological water, industrial wastewater.References to work completed: Projectsundertaken for local governments andindustry.

Technology Center of TartuUniversityJakobi 2EE2400 Tartu, EstoniaTel: (372) 746-5180, Fax: (372) 746-5160Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Aarne PruksLanguages spoken: Russian, English,FinnishYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): n/aEmployees: 7Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: n/aActivities: service providerSpecialization: 17, 18, 32, 33Description of services and technologies:Applied scientific research on wastewatertreatment and related services.

Vesiterm ASAkadeemia Tee 27EE0026 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 639-7949, Fax: (372) 639-7946Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Juri UmmerLanguages spoken: Finnish, Russian,English, GermanYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): 1,700,0001996 Revenue from environmentalactivities (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (in %): over50Employees: 19Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 16, 18, 31Description of services and technologies:Supply of water consumption meters,valves, pumps; plastic and cast iron pipesand boilers. References to work completed:Clients have included local govermentsand construction companies.



Administrative BodiesResponsible forEnvironmental Protection

MINISTRIES■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTToompuiestee 24EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaFax: (372-2) 262-801

MinisterVillu Reiljan

Statistics1997 Budget23.55 million Estonian kroons (ECU 1.48million) Share of State Budget: 2.2%Number of Employees: 101

HistoryDate Current Structure EstablishedJan. 16, 1990Establishing LawDecree of the Supreme Soviet of theEstonian SSRMinistry’s Previous NameMinistry of Forest Management andNature Conservation (1966)Estonian State Committee for NatureProtection and Forest Management (1988)Ministry of Environment (1990)

Responsibilities• management of environmental legisla-

tion and standards• setting of environmental priorities and

strategy• organizing environmental monitoring,

statistical data and applied research• coordinating international cooperation

and activities• financing environmental programs and

projects on the state level

Key ContactsVillu Reiljan, MinisterTel: (372-6) 262-802

Iigar Braun, Special AdvisorTel: (372-6) 262-819

Rein Ratas, Secretary GeneralTel: (372-6) 262-805

Urmo Kala, Deputy Secretary GeneralTel: (372-6) 444-009

Eeva Kraav, Deputy Secretary GeneralTel: (372-6) 262-807

Peeter Soovali, Deputy Secretary GeneralTel: (372-6) 262-808

Aleksander Leemet, CounsellorTel: (372-6) 262-903

General DepartmentKalju Kukk, HeadTel: (372-6) 262-815

Helgi Kook, Head, Financial BureauTel: (372-6) 262-816

Rita Annus, Head, Legal BureauTel: (372-6) 262-822

Vahur Eenmaa, Head, InformationTechnology BureauTel: (372-6) 262-830

Einar Kivimae, Head, AdministrationBureauTel: (372-6) 262-806

Environmental Policy DepartmentAllan Gromov, HeadResponsible for EU Integration AffairsTel: (372-6) 262-840International Relations DivisionTel: (372-6) 262-841Development DivisionTel: (372-6) 262-843Sustainable Development DivisionTel: (372-6) 262-842Planning DivisionTel: (372-6) 449-276

Nature Protection DepartmentOlavi Tammemae, HeadRavala pst. 8.EE 0007 TalinnTel: (372-2) 443-210Environment Management DivisionMihkel Vaarik, HeadTel: (372-2) 433-531

Nature Conservation DivisionTiit Randla, HeadTel: (372-6) 262-876

Mineral Resources DivisionGuido Paalme, HeadTel: (372-6) 262-880

Building DepartmentAadu Kana, HeadRavala pst, 8.EE 0001 TalinnTel: (372-2) 442-664Fax: (372-2) 443-185Normative DivisionGeorgi Samuel, HeadTel: (372-2) 445-713

Building Inspection DivisionAare Saapas, HeadTel: (372-2) 433-142

Information and Analysis DivisionJaan Viks, HeadTel: (372-2) 425-915

Fisheries DepartmentLauri Vaarja, HeadKopli 76aEE 0004 TallinnTel: (372-2) 492-113Fax: (372-2) 308-040

Fishery Resources DivisionEnno Kobakene, HeadTel: (372-2) 492-432Development and Cooperation DivisionTel: (372-2) 492-249Fisheries Economics DivisionAare Tuvi, HeadTel: (372-2) 492-432

Note: All persons may be reached at theMinistry’s main addresses unless otherwiselisted.

■ SUB-NATIONAL STRUCTURES

16 County Environmental Departments15 County Environmental Departmentsand Tallinn Environmental Department(See separate listing below)

Responsibilities• issuing permits and licenses concerning

pollution and the use of naturalresources

• imposing and collecting emissioncharges

• organizing international cooperation onlocal level

• managing environmental impact assess-ments within their area of jurisdiction

Narva Environmental Division(formerly county department)Peetri 3-9EE 2000 Narva Tiiu SizovaTel: (372-35) 33-196Fax: (372-35) 24-7772

National Forestry BoardToompuiestee 24EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaAndres Talijarv, Chief DirectorTel: (372-6) 262-902Fax: (372-6) 262-901

National Land BoardMustamae tee 33Box 1635EE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaKalev Kangur, DirectorTel: (372-2) 582-249



Environmental Government Directory

Fax: (372-6) 394-119

Board of FisheriesLai 39/41EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaLauri Vaarja, Chief DirectorTel: (372-2) 609-682Fax: (372-2) 441-958

Natural History MuseumLai tn. 29EE 0001 Tallinn, EstoniaPeeter Ernits, DirectorTel/Fax: (372-2) 411-378

Environmental FundRavala pst. 6.EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaPeep Pobbul, HeadTel: (372-6) 466-584Fax: (372-6) 453-310, 466-563

Fisheries FundKopli 76EE 0004 Tallinn, EstoniaRobert Aps, DirectorTel: (372-2) 492-141Fax: (372-6) 308-040

Forest FundTooupuiestee 24EE 0100 TallinnSulev Sviloponis, DirectorTel: (372-6) 262-931Fax: (372-6) 262-901

ADMINISTRATIVE BODIESRESPONSIBLE FOR ENVIRON-MENTAL MONITORING■ ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION CENTER (EEIC) Ministry of EnvironmentMustamae tee 33EE 0006 Tallinn, Estonia

Statistics1997 BudgetEstonian State Monitoring Programs: 16.6 million Estonian kroons (ECU 1.05million)Number of Employees: 26

LanguagesEstonian, English, Finnish, Russian,German and French

Key Publication(s)Local languageEstonian Environment 1991, 1992, 1993,1994, 1995, 1996Air Pollution in Estonia 1985 - 1990Water Pollution and Quality in Estonia(1993)Estonian Mineral Resources (1994)Environmental Monitoring (1994)Environmental Strategy (1997)EnglishEstonian Environment 1991, 1992, 1993,1994, 1995, 1996Air Pollution in Estonia 1985 - 1990Water Pollution and Quality in Estonia(1993)Estonian Mineral Resources (1994)Estonian Environmental Protection (1997)

Estonian Forest Policy (1997)

HistoryDate Current Structure Established:The EEIC was established in 1989

Establishing ActDecree No. 93 of the Ministry ofEnvironment (25 October 1993)

Contact Leo Saare, DirectorTel: (372-6) 564-151Fax: (372-6) 564-071E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

Estonian Map CenterMustamae tee 33EE 0006, TalinnAvo Sulger, DirectorTel: (372-2) 528-406Fax: (372-2) 639-2108

MONITORINGRESPONSIBILITIES, BY SECTOR■ AERO-BIOLOGICAL

Institute of Zoology and Botany (IZB)Vanemuise 21EE 2400 Tartu, EstoniaDr. Andres Koppel, DirectorTel: (372-27) 431-331Fax: (372-27) 433-472

■ AIR

Estonian Central Environmental ResearchLaboratory Ltd. (ECERL) (See listing below for addresses of CountyEnvironmental Research Laboratories)Marja 4dEE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Enn OtsaTel: (372-2) 471-474Fax: (372-6) 394-129

■ BIO-INDICATION (HEAVY METALS INMOSSES)

Tallinn Botanical Garden (TBG)Kloostrimetsa tee 52EE 0019 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Siiri LiivTel: (372-2) 238-669Fax: (372-2) 236-468

■ FORESTS

Estonian Forest Research Institute (EFRI)Roomu tee 2EE 2400 Tartu, EstoniaDr. Kalle Karoles, DirectorTel: (372-7) 436-375Fax: (372-7) 436-381

Forest Survey CenterIva 12EE 0026 Talinn, EstoniaUlo Viilup, DirectorTel: (372-2) 539-876

■ INTEGRATED MONITORING

Estonian Central Environmental ResearchLaboratory, Vilsandi station(See listing below)

Saarejarve Integrated Monitoring Station(SIMS)Uus 5-49EE 2400 Tartu, Estonia

Dr. Enn Otsa, DirectorTel: (372-7) 421-053Fax: (372-7) 421-053

Dr. Thomas Frey, Ministerial CounselorTel: (372-27) 421-053Fax: (372-27) 453-310

■ METEOROLOGICAL

Estonian Meteorological and HydrologicalInstitute (EMHI)Ravala, pst.8EE 0001 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Peeter Karing, DirectorTel: (372-6) 461-565Fax: (372-2) 454-277

■ SOIL

Estonian Geological Survey Center(EGSC)Kadaka tee 80/82EE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Vello Klein, DirectorTel: (372-2) 537-331Fax: (372-6) 579-654

■ SPECIES AND COMMUNITYCOMPOSITION

Estonian Nature Conservation andResearch Center (ENCRC)Roomu tee 2EE 2400 Tartu, EstoniaMart KulvikTel: (372-27) 436-375Fax: (372-27) 436-375

■ WASTE

Estonian Central Environmental ResearchLaboratory Ltd. (ECERL)(See listing below for CountyEnvironmental Research Laboratories.)Marja 4dEE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Enn Otsa, DirectorTel: (372-2) 471-474Fax: (372-6) 394-129

Ministry of Environment Toompuiestee 24EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaMati ViisimaaTel: (372-6) 262-861Fax: (372-6) 262-801



■ WATER – LAKES, BIOLOGICALInstitute of Zoology and Botany,Vortsjarve Limnological Station (IZVBL)Vanemuise 21EE 2400 Tartu, EstoniaDr. Ingmar Ott, DirectorTel: (372-7) 431-331Fax: (372-7) 433-472

■ WATER – MARINE ENVIRONMENTMarine Research Institute (EMI)Lai-32EE 0001 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Ahto Jarvik, DirectorTel: (372-6) 313-005Fax: (372-6) 313-004

■ WATER – RIVERS, BIOLOGICALInstitute of Zoology and Botany (IZB)Vanemuise 21EE 2400 Tartu, EstoniaDr. Andres Koppel, DirectorTel: (372-7) 431-331Fax: (372-7) 433-472

■ WATER – RIVERS, PHYSIO-CHEMICALEstonian Environment Information Center(EEIC)Mustamae tee 33EE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaKaren Pachel, Coordinator of SurfaceWater MonitoringTel: (372-6) 565-373Fax: (372-6) 39-071Dr. Ott Roots, Monitoring CounselorTel: (372-6) 565-373Fax: (372-6) 39-071E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

■ WATER – UNDERGROUND WATEREstonian Geological Survey Center(EGSC)Kadaka tee 80/82EE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Vello Klein, DirectorTel: (372-2) 537-331Fax: (372-6) 579-654

Administrative BodiesResponsible for PublicAccess to EnvironmentalInformation■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTToompuiestee Str. 24EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaAgnes Aaslaid, Press OfficerTel: (372-6) 262-809Fax: (372-6) 262-800

■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT –INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BUREAUToompuiestee Str. 24EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaVahur Eenmaa, Head

Tel: (372-6) 262-830Fax: (372-6) 262-800E-mail: [email protected]

■ CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE

Statistical Office of EstoniaEndla 15EE 0100 Tallinn, EstoniaMaie Somer, Economist, Natural StatisticsSectionTel: (372-2) 451-408

■ UNEP INFOTERRA NATIONAL FOCALPOINTSEstonian Environment Information Center(EEIC)Mustamae tee 33EE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaLeo Saare, DirectorTel: (372-6) 564-151Fax: (372-6) 564-071E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

Regular Materials AvailableLocal language• Estonian Environment 1991, 1992,

1993, 1994, 1995, 1996• Air Pollution in Estonia 1985-1990• Water Pollution and Quality in Estonia

1993• Estonian Mineral Resources 1994• Environmental Monitoring 1994, 1995• Estonian Environmental Protection

System, 1997

English• Estonian Environment 1991, 1992,

1993, 1994, 1995, 1996• Air Pollution in Estonia, 1985-1990• Water Pollution and Quality in Estonia

1993• Estonian Mineral Resources, 1994, 1995• Estonian Environmental Protection

System, 1997

■ UNEP GRID PROJECT – GLOBALRESOURCE INFORMATION DATABASEEstonian Environment Information Center(EEIC)Mustamae tee 33EE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaDr. Andrus MeinerTel: (372-6) 562-151Fax: (372-6) 562-151E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

■ NATIONAL FOCAL POINT FOR UN/ECE WORKING GROUPToompuiestee 24EE 0100 Tallinn, Estonia

Leo Saare, Coordination Center for EffectsTask Force on MappingTel: (372-6) 564-151Fax: (372-6) 564-071

Jaan Saar, Coordinator, ICP MaterialsTel: (372-6) 262-865Fax: (372-6) 262-860

Ott Roots, Coordinator, ICP IntegratedMonitoringTel: (372-6) 565-373Fax: (372-6) 394-071

Kalle Karoles, Coordinator, ICP ForestTel: (372-7) 436-375Fax: (372-7) 436-381

■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT –LIBRARYToompuiestee 24EE 0100 Tallinn, Estonia

Kristi KindelTel: (372-6) 262-833

Regular Materials AvailableLocal language• Estonian Environment, 1991, 1992,

1993, 1994, 1995, 1996• Air Pollution in Estonia, 1985 - 1990• Water Pollution and Quality in Estonia,

1993• Estonian Mineral Resources, 1994• Environmental Monitoring 1994, 1995• Environmental Strategy 1997

English• Estonian Environment, 1991, 1992,

1993, 1994, 1995, 1996• Air Pollution in Estonia, 1985 - 1990• Water Pollution and Quality in Estonia,

1993• Estonian Mineral Resources, 1994, 1995• Estonian Environmental Protection

System, 1997

Administrative BodiesResponsible forEnforcement and Control ofEnvironmental Regulations■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTToompuiestee 24EE 0100 Tallinn, Estonia

17 Regional Environmental Departments15 County Environmental Departmentsand 2 Municipal EnvironmentalDepartments. (See listing below for con-tacts and addresses.)

Responsibilities• issuing permits and licenses concerning

pollution and the use of naturalresources

• imposing and collecting emissioncharges

• organizing international cooperation onlocal level

• managing Environmental ImpactAssessments within their jurisdiction



■ MARINE INSPECTORATE

Kopli 76EE 0007 Tallinn, EstoniaAado Luksepp, DirectorTel: (372-2) 490-770Fax: (372-5) 255-985

Responsibilities• inspecting and arbitrating the decisions

of county environmental protectiondepartments concerning the enforce-ment of environmental laws, regulationsand standards for marine-related envi-ronmental issues.

■ ESTONIAN RADIATION PROTECTIONCENTER

Kopli 76EE 0004 Talinn, EstoniaJuhan Kalem, DirectorTel: (372-2) 472-464Fax: (372-6) 313-834

■ NATURE PROTECTION INSPECTORATE

Marja 4dEE 0006 Tallinn, EstoniaHeiki Nurmsalu, DirectorTel/Fax: (372-2) 531-005

StatisticsNumber of Employees: 11

HistoryDate of EstablishmentJan. 1, 1996

Establishing ActLaw on Environmental Protection

Responsibilities• surveillance over all activities related to

environment protection.

Regional EnvironmentalResearch Laboratories■ ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORYOF SOUTH ESTONIA

Akadeemia 4EE 2400 Tartu, EstoniaUlo Sults, HeadTel: (372-7) 420-048Fax: (372-7) 430-215

■ ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCHLABORATORY OF VIRU COUNTY

Pargi 15EE 2045 Johvi, EstoniaValdur Tihane, HeadTel/Fax: (372-33) 26-290

■ ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCHLABORATORYOF PARNU

Kerese 4EE 3600 Parnu, EstoniaRaimo Arula, HeadTel: (372-44) 31-448

County EnvironmentalDepartments■ HARJU COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Viljandi Mnt. 16EE 0012 Tallinn, Estonia Jaan Pikka, HeadTel: (372-2) 771-237Fax: (372-2) 771-457

■ HIIU COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Korgessaare Road 18EE 3200 Kardla, Estonia Maie Jeeser, HeadTel: (372-46) 91-663

■ EAST VIRU COUNTYENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT

Pargi 15EE 2045 Johvi, Estonia Aadu Endoja, HeadTel: (372-33) 22-485Fax: (372-33) 70-272

■ JOGEVA COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Suur 3EE 2350 Jogeva, Estonia Jalmar Mandel, HeadTel: (372-77) 60-176Fax: (372-77) 21-630

■ JARVA COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Wiedemanni 13EE 2810 Turi, Estonia Kalev Aun, HeadTel: (372-38) 57-115Fax: (372-38) 57-118

■ LAANE COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Kiltsi Tee 12EE 3170 Haapsalu, Estonia Lembitu Tarang, HeadTel: (372-47) 44-255, 44-355Fax: (372-47) 44-958

■ WEST VIRU COUNTYENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT

Kreutzwaldi 5a EE 2100 Rakvere, Estonia Jaak Jurgenson, HeadTel: (372-32) 43-096Fax: (372-32) 23464

■ POLVA COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Apteegi 14EE 2611 Rãpina, Estonia Henn Neemre, HeadTel: (372-79) 62-000Fax: (372-79) 95-481

■ PARNU COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

P. Kerese 4EE 3600 Parnu, Estonia Toomas Padjus, HeadTel: (372-44) 31-448Fax: (372-44) 31-447

■ RAPLA COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Tallinn Road 14EE 3500 Rapla, Estonia Hetti Kask, HeadTel: (372-48) 55-807Fax: (372-48) 55-672

■ SAARE COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Lossipargi 1Box 224EE 3300 Kuressaare, Estonia Elvi Viira, HeadTel: (372-45) 39-751Fax: (372-45) 39-854

■ TALLINN ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Harju 13EE 0001 Tallinn, Estonia Aap Mumme, HeadTel: (372-6) 313-204Fax: (372-6) 313-204

■ TARTU COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Akadeemia 4EE 2400 Tartu, Estonia Uno Parm, HeadTel: (372-7) 430-017, 430-974Fax: (372-7) 430-017

■ VALGA COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Kesk 12EE 2500 Valga, Estonia Johannes JarvTel: (372-76) 61-021Fax: (372-76)61-022

■ VILJANDI COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Vabaduse Square 2EE 2900 Viljandi, Estonia Veiko Kunberg, HeadTel: (372-43) 33-154Fax: (372-43) 33-461

■ VORU COUNTY ENVIRONMENTALDEPARTMENT

Karja 17aEE 2710 Voru, Estonia Ena Poltimae, HeadTel: (372-78) 23-841Fax: (372-78) 23-605



3.1 Summary of FindingsIn 1996, environmental expenditures in Latvia amounted

to USD 27.6 million, or 0.5 percent of the country’s GDP. Thepriority areas of current environmental policy include watermanagement projects, which account for 83 percent of envi-ronmental expenditures, followed by air pollution control pro-jects, which account for 9 percent, and finally waste manage-ment projects, accounting for 5 percent of total environmentalspending. The major sources of project financing in 1996 werethe state budget (24 percent), private investments (37 percent)and foreign grants (39 percent).

Water supply, wastewater treatment and waste manage-ment are the main environmental priorities in Latvia. In orderto ensure the necessary measures are implemented to dealwith these issues, the Ministry of Environmental Protectionand Regional Development (hereafter MoE) has developedtwo key strategic programs. The “800+ Program” concentrateson water management while the “500- Program” focuses onlandfill waste management. Both programs will have a signifi-cant impact on the demand for environmental technologies inthese sectors over the next few years.

Water management projects are the largest in size andimportance. The 800+ Program is complex, aiming to reducehealth risks, improve water quality and prevent further degra-dation of water ecosystems. The inventory and case studyanalysis of Latvian towns conducted to identify the currentproblems and propose necessary response measures was per-formed as the first step in the program. Projects on the con-struction of wastewater treatment plants in four towns andprojects in 10 other towns are currently being implemented.

Projects regarding solid waste management will be initiat-ed alongside an improvement in the legal and institutionalframework concerning municipal solid waste, the closure andremediation of existing dumps, the establishment of saferegional landfills and the introduction of a new waste man-agement system. The proposed new system will incorporaterecycling measures, an improved collection system and alter-native disposal options. It is expected to be implementedbefore the end of the year 2000.

According to the National Environment Policy Plan(NEPP), air pollution control is described as one of the top pri-orities, especially with regard to the emissions created bymobile sources (transport). The fulfillment of internationalagreements, particularly in the area of transboundary pollutioncontrol and climate change, is a high priority for Latvian StateEnvironment Policy. Air pollution from stationary sources is alarge problem though not as serious as the emissions frommobile sources. The largest concentrations of air pollution areobviously in the major cities.

Personal and professional contacts, information fromregional environmental boards and state environmental agen-cies and inspectorates, participation in environmental fairs,and business and environmental publications are primarysources of information for project opportunities and on theavailability of environmental technologies in Latvia. There areno effective formal information channels in place.

In general, the demand for environmental technologieswas found to be between moderate and high. Technologiesfor waste management and the energy sector were ranked

among the most needed, followed by water and wastewatertreatment, and air.

Within the air sector, demand for pollution control tech-nologies is moderate. The highest demand among these tech-nologies is for air pollution control/flue gas purification equip-ment (e.g. filters, scrubbers). Growing demand is expected forinstrumentation and process control equipment, and air sam-pling/laboratory analysis technologies.

In the water supply sector, overall demand was moderate.High demand was identified for treatment processes.Technologies where demand is expected to rise include mon-

C H A P T E R 3 : L A T V I A


L A T V I ARiga

Daugavpils

Gulf of

Riga

E S T O N I A

L I T H U A N I A

B E L A R U S

R U S S I A

JelgavaLiepaja

Balt ic Sea

0 50 100

kilometers

Chapter 3: Latvia



Area (sq. km) 45,215 64,100 65,300

GDP (USD bln) 2.2 5.0 10.0

GDP growth (%) 11.7 2.6 6.4










itoring/sampling/laboratory analysis, and equipment forinspection and reconditioning of existing supply networks.

The demand for wastewater technologies is also moderate.High demand for wastewater technologies is shown for phys-ical, chemical and biological treatment processes;sampling/laboratory analysis, and pollution prevention/wasteminimization technologies. Technologies in increasingdemand include monitoring (of municipal wastewater), spillcontrol and containment, and sludge treatment and disposal(in particular for municipal wastewater).

Among the technologies available for waste management,high demand was identified for waste collection, transporta-tion and storage equipment, and technologies for pollutionprevention/waste minimization, and landfill disposal (ofmunicipal waste). Increasing demand is expected for com-posting/biomass conversion (of municipal waste) and recy-cling/resource recovery technologies.

Overall, the demand for energy related environmentaltechnologies is high, particularly for the power generationsub-sector, while moderate for the industry sub-sector. Highdemand was identified for heat recovery and energy savingtechnologies; new/efficient energy and heat generation sys-tems; retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems; andprocess management and control technologies. These tech-nologies were all found to be in high demand for the powergeneration sector, while in other industrial sectors demand isexpected to increase in the same technology areas.

It is important to mention that the uptake of environmen-tal technologies within should be somewhat higher; however,the incomplete privatization of companies, shortcomings inenvironmental legislation leading to low environmental penal-ties, insufficient environmental competence and a less thanfavorable economic situation within enterprises has broughtabout a significant delay.

Municipalities tend to be the main end-users of environ-mental technologies in almost all sectors. The energy sectorand the chemical industry are other major end-users.

In general, local environmental technologies meet the cur-rent Latvian regulations, although not all of these are able tomeet the stricter EU requirements. Many local environmentaltechnologies (including equipment and devices) require fur-ther development.

Some local environmental businesses have experiencedsuccess in the local market as well as in the foreign market.Approximately one quarter of those local companies inter-viewed stated their income share from foreign business to bemore than 10 percent.

Generally speaking, environmental technology buyersgave preference to local products and producers. The reasonfor this is the lower price and the opportunity to maintain closecontact with product providers, partly thanks to an alreadywell-established network of business relationships.

Higher prices, import restrictions and difficulties in obtain-ing after-sales service are among the issues recognized as dis-advantages of foreign suppliers.

Most of the local environmental technologies available inLatvia are in the field of water management. The supply oftechnologies relating to waste and energy can be consideredmoderate. The weakest share of domestic environmental tech-nologies is in the air sector, where only pollution control anddetection equipment is produced. The main reason for theslow development of the air sector is the shortcomings in thepenalty system, whereby companies are not pressured to com-ply with regulations.

The water technology market is considerably more devel-oped. Several local companies operate in water supply, theconstruction of water and wastewater treatment facilities, con-sultancy, geological evaluation, measurement of water qualityand pollution, and remediation services.

Local companies established in the waste sector tend tospecialize in municipal waste management, waste recycling,consulting, waste management planning, and the productionof waste containers. Within the past two years, the demand forenvironmental technologies and services in the area of wastemanagement has significantly increased.

Companies working in the energy sector are concentratedin the area of energy generation optimization, construction ofboiler houses, conversion to local fuels, consulting and innov-ative energy technology.

Only a small number of foreign environmental technologysuppliers are active in Latvia. Among those known to respon-dents are ABB, Carl Bro and Sweco.

The majority of local environmental businesses are pri-vately owned (73 percent), while 7 percent are of mixed own-ership, and 11 percent are state owned. Approximately 45 per-cent of the surveyed companies are small (up to 10 staff mem-bers), 50 percent are medium-sized (with 10-60 staff mem-bers), and 5 percent have more than 60 staff members. Mostenvironmental businesses interviewed were established after1990. Approximately half of them have only been operationalfor 2-3 years, 25 percent for 4-5 years, and the remaining 25percent for more than 6 years.

Virtually all of the surveyed environmental technologyproviders indicated their need for information, especially onthe following topics: domestic environmental regulations,sources of project financing, new environmental technologies,environmental quality standards for industries, and domestictenders for projects.

3.2 MethodologySOURCES OF INFORMATION USED IN THESURVEY

The survey is based on formal interviews conducted with95 people: environmental technology and service providers,representatives of major polluting industries and municipali-ties, selected government institutions, and professional associ-ations and universities. Additional sources included informa-tion gathered from existing projects, such as the LatvianEnvironment Programs “800+ Water and WastewaterManagement,” “Hazardous Waste Management” and “NationalMunicipal Solid Waste Management Strategy for Latvia,” andthe Danish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Projects“Capacity Building for Cleaner Technology in Latvia,”“Environmental Improvements of Industry in Latvia” and“Waste Minimization from Industry in Latvia.” News reports,trade journals, professional literature, informal telephoneinterviews, personal contacts and the researcher’s experiencein the field further served as information resources.

Sources of information are referenced throughout the textwith numbers (e.g. /17/) referring to the list of publicationsincluded in Section 3.11.

PROFILE OF RESPONDENTSThe experts interviewed for this survey were chosen so as

to ensure:

■ coverage of all environmental fields of activities (air, ener-gy, water, waste, etc.);

■ balance between environmental technology manufactur-ers, suppliers and service providers;

■ representative cross-section of the most polluting and suc-cessfully operating industries (the criteria for industryselection was the following: number of plants related to



industrial sectors, production volume from 1994 to 1996,productivity, environmental impact potential, regional rel-evance, implementation of cleaner technologies and wasteminimization projects);

■ representative cross-section of local governments (i.e.municipalities);

■ representative sample in terms of geographic distribution(greater number of respondents from Riga and other largecities, but also several from rural areas);

■ the major environmental technology centers and universities;

■ a range of different perspectives on the subject of the envi-ronment (interviews with businesses, municipalities, MoErepresentatives, the Environmental Protection Fund, StateProjects Agency “Vides projekti” (“EnvironmentalProjects”) and several regional environmental bodies);

■ nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and professionalassociations.

A complete list of interviewees and a list of other significantinformation sources are included in Section 3.9 of this report.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTEREDInterviews were based on a questionnaire (see Appendixes)

distributed after an introductory telephone call and prior to theinterview. Since the questionnaire is long and detailed, sometime was required before the interview to prepare the specificinformation requested or a follow-up call was required.

One of the main problems encountered were the differentinterpretations of the term “environmental technologies.” Tomake the interviews more fruitful, an explanation was prepared,supplementing the questionnaire as follows:

“Environmental technologies are processes and/or equip-ment, which can be used for any of the following issues:

■ pollution prevention at the source (e.g. reduction of rawmaterials, energy or water consumption, as well as wastereduction per product unit, substitution of toxic materi-als, etc.);

■ treatment of emissions and water (wastewater, drinkingwater), waste treatment, recycling and disposal;

■ remediation of polluted territories, reduction of pollutionrisks (e.g. soil treatment, waste dump clean-up, eco-effi-cient technologies, containment, etc.);

■ pollution control (e.g. environmental pollution and quali-ty parameters control, and equipment).

A second problem was the need for official state support forthe survey before respondents would agree to participate.Therefore, a support letter from the MoE and signed by the vice-secretary of state was prepared. A second letter was prepared bythe Center for Environmental Science and Management Studiesof the University of Latvia, who undertook the survey, explain-ing the projects aims, expected results and interview procedure.Both the letters and the questionnaire were mailed to selectedcompanies after their participation was agreed.

A further problem arose with companies who failed to seethe benefit of the survey. Many were discouraged by the sizeof the questionnaire and by the use of terms such as EMAS andISO 14000. The resulting success of the survey was in part dueto the support offered by the MoE, the sound reputation of theCenter for Environmental Science and Management Studies atthe University of Latvia, and initial contact made between theinterviewers and respondents.

Interviews were easier to conduct with environmentaltechnology and service providers because the interview andtheir participation in the survey was seen as an opportunity to

advertise products, with the opportunity to be included in thebusiness directory, besides showing good competence in theirprofessional area. Some environmental technology and serviceproviders were less eager to complete certain areas of thequestionnaire if it referred to their own private business inter-ests (e.g. turnover in USD per year).

Finally, since the Environmental Protection Fund was onlyfounded in 1996, not all of the required data was available.Furthermore, current publications listing key statistics forLatvia did not always contain all the required information and,when available, varied between different publications by up to30 percent.

3.3 Overview of the MarketThe Republic of Latvia is a democratic parliamentary state.

It has a population of 2.5 million (with 69 percent living inurban areas). The total area is 64,600 km2. Environmental poli-cies exist to some extent in Latvia, but they are continuallyrevised. The Government of Latvia accepted the NationalEnvironmental Policy Plan for Latvia in 1995. This sets out theenvironmental policy targets for the coming decades, deter-mines the basic policy principles, and lists the environmentalpolicy instruments to be further developed. The Governmentof Latvia implemented the National Environmental ActionProgram (NEAP) in 1996.

Air pollution is a priority problem even though emissionsfrom industries, power plants, etc. have declined during recentyears due to low industrial production. Emissions, however,are likely to increase with the redevelopment of industry.

Eutrophication has increased significantly over the pastdecade due to insufficiently treated wastewater, wastewater dis-charges and diffuse pollution from farming and the uncon-trolled use of mineral fertilizers. There is also a lack of properwatercourse management. Eutrophication and low qualitydrinking water remain priority problems. Further problems arisefrom leaching factory deposits and Soviet military installations.

Policy coordination, refinement of legislation andimproved enforcement, education and institutional strength-ening, the development of clean technologies, and prioritycapital investments in water quality and waste managementare the likely target areas of future environmental actions.

TOTAL COUNTRY SPENDING ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Environmental expenditures in Latvia totalled USD 27.6million in 1996 or 0.5 percent of GDP. This figured hasdeclined over recent years. Table 3.2 outlines expendituresduring the past three years. The decline is perhaps distorted bythe fact that accurate data on expenditures is difficult to obtainas it is collected from many different institutions and notalways compiled. An approximate distribution of 1996 expen-



Environmental Share of GDPYear expenditures (mln USD)

1994 59.1 1.6%

1995 35.7 0.8%

1996 27.6 0.5%

Note: Figures are based on 1995 average prices

Source: Ministry for Environmental Protection and Regional Development

TABLE 3.2: TOTAL COUNTRY EXPENDITURES FORENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1994-96

ditures is as follows: 83 percent for water and wastewater, 8percent for air, 5 percent for waste (specifically land protectionfrom pollution by industrial and municipal waste) and 4 per-cent for other various sectors (see Table 3.3). The large shareof water and wastewater treatment in environmental expendi-tures, significant in recent years, is mainly due to the fact thatmunicipalities have been forced to invest in water and waste-water treatment. The sector has therefore become the mainrecipient of municipal funds invested in the environment. Thetrend is expected to continue in the near future.

Table 3.4 shows state budget investments made during1996 in the field of environmental protection. As the tableillustrates, 95 percent of the state budget was devoted towater-related projects particularly wastewater treatmentplants. This table is a good example of the priorities assignedby national policies to water-related issues. Table 3.5 showsthe current budget of the MoE for environmental protection.Over 40 percent of this budget is currently channeled into theEnvironmental Protection Fund Program. A significant portionis directed toward the development of the EnvironmentalPolicy Instruments Program, the information service of theEnvironmental Protection Program and the SkrundaRadiolocation Station Program. As the table indicates, a sur-prising amount of money is being spent on environmentalprotection programs, funds and information services, an areawhich is sometimes accorded less priority by other countriesof the region.

Among those sources of funding identified for environ-mental projects in 1996, the state budget constituted 23 per-cent, private resources represented 38 percent, and foreigngrants some 39 percent.

Table 3.6 outlines the sources of funding and the projectsthese funds were assigned to during 1997. Funding from credits,grants and private resources were generally directed towardswater-related projects in the Riga area. Of the funding received

from grants, 41 percent was directed to water projects in theLiepaja region. State budget funding was well evenly spreadamong water projects in various parts of the country, while fund-ing from private resources was indicated among all projects.

In addition, the National Program for the Protection of theBaltic Sea Environment has generated a number of investmentprograms:

■ Water Supply and Sewerage in Small and Medium SizedLatvian Towns (800+ Program);

■ National Solid Waste Management System for Latvia (500-Program);

■ Hazardous Waste Management System for Latvia;

■ Integrated Coastal Zone Management Planning.

The existing environmental investment programs andprojects currently cost almost USD 200 million. The financ-ing of these programs was realized by the extensive mobi-lization of resources and co-financing from different sourcesincluding /112/:

■ the state budget;

■ bilateral and other donors (EU PHARE);

■ international financing institutions (IFIs);

■ local financing institutions (such as the EnvironmentalProtection Fund);

■ the private sector.

Where co-financing scheme has taken place, the typicalbreakdown is as follows:

■ State support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30%

■ Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30%

■ Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30%

■ Local government support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10%

The State Project Agency “Vides projekti” (EnvironmentalProjects) was established to assume responsibility for themany projects managed by the MoE. Retaining the experiencesand staff skills of MoE representatives, “Vides projekti” wasestablished in July 1997.

“Vides projekti” is a nonprofit, 100 percent MoE-ownedenterprise, established with an initial Statute Fund of approxi-mately USD 3.33 million. The Statute Fund can be increased bygrants from various state budgets, donations and EU assistanceprograms, with the funds being used only for the realization ofthe aims and goals described in the enterprise’s statutes. Infuture it is envisaged that the enterprise will be privatized withthe MoE retaining a significant portion of the shares. It will be



Sector 1996 (mln USD) Share

Air 2.4 8%

Water 22.8 83%

Waste 1.4 5%

Other 1.0 4%

Total 27.6 100

Source: /100/ Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia

TABLE 3.3: TOTAL COUNTRY SPENDING ON THEENVIRONMENT (MLN USD)

Area of Investment Total

Protection and rational use of water resources including: 4,868,200 ■ wastewater treatment plants■ reflexive water supply systems ■ ballast and confluence water catchment and treatment plants■ oil products and other hazardous or solid waste neutralization plants

Other: 236,600 ■ land protection from industrial and municipal waste■ land recultivation■ reserves, national parks

TOTAL 5,104,800


TABLE 3.4: STATE BUDGET INVESTMENTS IN 1996 (USD)

managed by a director, responsible to the Board of Directors.The objectives are to provide services for all types of projectsin the environmental sector across Latvia and abroad, servingboth the public and private sector.

Over the next three years, “Vides projekti” will be guidedby the MoE and will provide services such as project prioriti-zation, project preparation in accordance with the criteria setby the MoE, preparation of feasibility studies, terms of refer-ence, bidding documents, overseeing the management of bid-ding processes for state and municipal-owned enterprises,management of project implementation, sub-contracting for all

required goods and services, and dissemination of informationconcerning the entire project cycle. After three years of opera-tion, services will continue while the marketing strategy andorientation of the enterprise will be upgraded to an expandingrange of clients, which it is hoped will include clients both inLatvia and abroad in both the public and private sectors.

The key sectors of operation include:

■ development and improvement of public infrastructure,such as water and wastewater services, solid waste, haz-ardous waste;



Investment Amount

Development and implementation of the Environmental Policy Instruments Program 3,554,300

Information Services of the Environmental Protection Program 2,436,300

Hydrometeorology Services Program 1,642,500

Tourism Development Program 170,200

The rational use of the earth’s resources 823,000

Cultural historical territories — Libiesu krasts (the Coast of Lives) 46,600

Riga Zoo 716,600

Fees to international organizations (the Montreal Protocol, Helsinki Convention, 186,500

Basel Convention, the World Meteorology Convention, etc.)

Radioactive and Hazardous Waste Management Program 968,800

Skrunda Radiolocation Station Program 2,283,300

Environmental Protection Fund Program 9,166,700

TOTAL 21,994,800

Source: Ministry for Environmental Protection and Regional Development

Exchange rate (0.6 LVL= 1 USD)

TABLE 3.5: MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1997 USD

Utilization of funding for the implementation of selected projects related to environmental protection under the PublicInvestment Program

Project State budget Credit Grants Private resources

Water supply and sewerage project for Liepaja 0.67 0.38 5.77 1.7

Water supply and sewerage project for Daugavpils 0.73 3.87 1.45 1.93

Development project for water resources management in Cesis 0.25 — 0.57 0.61

Improvement of water resources management in Madona 0.26 — 0.82 0.54

Project related to water-bodies and the environment of Riga 0.72 14.76 4.57 7.17

Establishment of a system for the storage of hazardous waste — 2.8 0.33 —

The HPS Cascade on the Daugava River — 10.6 — 1.03

Restructuring of heat supply systems in Jelgava — 3.83 0.45 1.8

TOTAL 2.63 36.24 13.96 14.78

Note: Data on the actual realization of investments for 1997 are not yet available. Exchange rate (0.6 LVL=1 USD)


TABLE 3.6: FINANCING FOR STATE INVESTMENT PROJECTS PLANNED IN 1997 (MLN USD)

■ development of public sector expertise (institutionalstrengthening, capacity building);

■ spatial planning;

■ planning and management of stand-alone projects, groupprojects or rolling programs;

■ drafting of strategies (long and short-term plans).

The goal of “Environmental projects” is to provide servicesfor all kinds of projects in the environmental sector and at allphases, such as:

■ identification of project priorities;

■ preparation of feasibility studies, terms of reference, andbidding documents;

■ project preparation in accordance with the criteria set bythe MoE;

■ management of the tender/bidding process for the stateand municipally owned enterprises;

■ management of project implementation;

■ subcontracting for all required goods and services;

■ dissemination of project experiences to other interestedstate or municipal bodies;

■ ongoing assessment, quality control and analysis of pro-jects according to the terms of reference;

■ collaboration with project management units and variouslocal and international financial and state institutions andorganizations involved in programs of environmental pro-tection and regional development;

■ preparation of project budgets and fund disbursement;

■ maintenance of a project database and the retention ofproject-related literature and documents;

■ coordination of the entire project cycle.

Financial turnover of “Vides projekti”Project turnover in the second half of 1997 was LVL

160,000 (USD 267,000). During 1998 it is estimated that LVL 8.0million (USD 13.3 million) worth of studies and projects willbe undertaken in the water services and waste managementsector in Latvia. It is hoped that work will be performed inother sectors such as energy, nature protection, and education.It is estimated that “Vides projekti” turnover for 1998 could beas much as LVL 4 million (USD 6.7 million).

The main national financial resources for the realization ofprojects under “Vides projekti” are the Latvian EnvironmentalProtection Fund, the Latvian Environmental Investment Fundand the Municipal Development Fund.

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

The National Environmental Protection Plan (NEPP) /112/for Latvia was approved by the government in 1995. The planidentifies a set of priorities for investments in the environmen-tal sector, namely: water supply and wastewater treatment,waste management (including hazardous waste treatment),nature protection, air protection (energy and transport), andsustainable development projects. Another indication of thepriority areas for environmental protection can be obtainedthrough the revenues and expenses structure of theEnvironmental Protection Fund, which while not significant,will grow in the future as an important source of state financ-ing for environmental protection.

Environmental Protection Fund The Environmental Protection Fund was created in

September 1996 to support environmental projects. It functionsunder the supervision of the MoE and its primary goals are:

■ to accumulate financial resources for supporting environ-mental protection activities and projects;

■ to provide the rational and objective use of financialresources and the supervision of projects;

■ to accumulate financial resources that can be used in placeof credits used for the realization of environmental protec-tion projects;

■ to accumulate the payments from nature taxes charged forthe consumption of goods and products making an impacton the environment.

Thus the Environmental Protection Fund is the manager ofthe state’s “special budget” for environmental protection. TheFund receives 40 percent of the revenues raised from thenature resources tax, while the rest is given to municipalities.The organizational structure of the Environmental ProtectionFund consists of the board and an executive body. The Fundfinancially supports those projects meeting the guidelines setand passed by the Fund’s board. The project application pro-cedure begins with the submission of the proposal to theEnvironmental Protection Fund. The main target sectors arewater and air protection, waste management, nature protec-tion and biodiversity and environmental education. Projectsare awarded on a competitive basis.

During the Fund’s first four months, some USD 481,680was provided for a total of 52 projects, mainly in the sphere ofnature protection and biodiversity conservation (36.5 per-cent), strengthening of the material and technical basis ofenvironmental protection institutions (25 percent) and theelimination of the effects caused by extreme situations, acci-dents, etc. (10.6 percent).

Table 3.7 shows the breakdown of expenditures of theFund during 1997. The total annual income of the Fund in1997 was approximately USD 12 million. According to theLatvian State Environmental Protection Fund, these revenueswere derived from:

■ Natural resources tax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USD 11,796,500

■ Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,700

■ Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,300

■ Other sources of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,000

Latvian Environmental Investment Fund The Latvian Environmental Investment Fund (LEIF) was

established to pool domestic earmarked resources, and for-eign bilateral and multilateral funding. The target of theseinvestments are public and private environmental projects,



Media 1997 Expenditure Share

Water 2,344,500 64%

Air and Energy 387,900 10%

Waste Management 935,900 26%

TOTAL 3,668,300

Source: Latvian State Environmental Protection Fund, 1998

TABLE 3.7: EXPENDITURES OF THE STATEENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FUND

IN 1997 (USD)

that are in accordance with the guidelines of the NationalEnvironmental Protection Policy (NEPP) and the NationalEnvironmental Action Program (NEAP). LEIF is a nonprofit,limited liability entity with a two-tier management structure.The organizational and administrative framework is intendedto guarantee the most efficient framework for autonomy,accountability, and transparency. LEIF was formed by theMoE based on a decree by the Cabinet of Ministers of theRepublic of Latvia on February 11, 1997.

LEIF has assumed and expanded upon the responsibilitiesof the MoE, the changes clearly separating the policy settingand implementing roles of the ministry. The major objectivesof LEIF are to:

■ initiate a proactive approach in fulfilling the recommenda-tions of the various international environmental agree-ments signed by Latvia;

■ institute soft lending on an evolving basis;

■ develop domestic capacity for project cycle management;

■ establish full cost recovery policies and build institutionalcapacity in implementing entities.

Currently LEIF is:

■ establishing credit appraisal, approval, and monitoringprocedures;

■ developing procurement and disbursement training andsupport for clients;

■ determining and specifying unified financial and technicalspecification among various domestic and foreign invest-ment project participants.

LEIF has initiated the “Environmental Roundtable” and anewsletter which provides a regular forum for the exchange anddissemination of information that facilitates cooperation amongvarious environmental project implementors and donors.

The initial activity will concentrate on projects identifiedfor the EU PHARE-financed 800+ study of safe drinking andwastewater treatment requirements across Latvia. Feasibilitystudies are being prepared by Finnish, Danish, and Swedishconsultants for medium-sized municipalities. In addition, workis under way to select private sector projects in the cleanertechnology and energy sectors. It is anticipated that the LatvianEnvironmental Investment Fund could begin committingfunds during the first quarter of 1998.

Municipal Development FundThe Municipal Development Fund was established as

one of the three subprojects of the joint “Development ofCommunal Service” project between the Republic of Latviaand the World Bank. The major goal of the Fund is to mobi-lize and offer financial resources to localgovernments/municipalities for investments in local govern-ment infrastructure projects. Thus the MunicipalDevelopment Fund is an additional source of revenue formunicipalities to finance their projects according to the Lawon Municipalities. The tasks of the Fund also include identi-fying project opportunities and building municipal capacitythrough assistance in project design, assessment, and imple-mentation. Investment programs are realized through pro-gram rationalization and the use of rational criteria for thegeographical and sectoral distribution of resources. The Fundis especially suited to provide assistance to small local gov-ernments/municipalities that do not have sufficient adminis-trative skills or access to financial resources.

Financial support from the Municipal Development Fundcan only be received for projects in the sphere of municipalservices that meet municipal and national priorities. The Fundsupports projects in the following spheres: energetics, trans-

port, environment, education, health care, public service andsocial care.

In the sphere of environmental protection, projects relatedto water supply and wastewater treatment, solid waste recy-cling and disposal, reconstruction and building of dams andgeneral amelioration issues also are financed.

LEGISLATION AND ENFORCEMENTThe framework Law on Environmental Protection (1991) is

the basic law that calls for environmental protection and whichincludes basic provisions and program guidelines on the rightsof the population to a certain quality of human environment,information on the state of the environment, measures for theresolution of a number of environmental problems, environ-mental protection control, liability for environmental viola-tions, international cooperation in environmental protection,the distribution of responsibilities in environmental protectionand other issues.

The Republic of Latvia’s Laws on Environmental ImpactAssessment and on State Environmental Inspection are cur-rently being drafted. Further framework environmental legisla-tion includes the Laws on Hazardous Waste, Protected Areasand various regulations concerning environmental manage-ment. Many new regulations regarding hazardous waste man-agement, wastewater management and chemicals were passedin 1996.

However, it must be mentioned that the majority of envi-ronmental standards and norms are still based on formerSoviet regulations, and their adjustment will require some timeand considerable financial input.

The Government of Latvia accepted the NationalEnvironmental Policy Plan in 1995. The document sets thegoals of environmental policy for the coming decades, deter-mines the basic policy principles and lists those environmentalpolicy instruments to be further developed. During the draftingof the Policy Plan environmental problems were analyzed andappropriate measures for their resolution were suggested.

The body of environmental laws and regulations and gov-ernment instructions has also increased as a result of the EUaccession process.

The introduction of the polluter-pays principle into legis-lation means environmental considerations must be factoredinto all economic activities. The Law on the Natural ResourceTax of 1995 calls for the implementation of the following eco-nomic instruments:

■ introduction of the term “environment unfriendly product’’for products such as coal, fuel, CFCs, etc.;

■ increased taxation rates for environmental pollution;

■ issuing of emission licenses, crediting of taxes, and taxeson carbon dioxide collected as VAT on fuel.

Regulations on the State Inspectorate regulate the rights,duties and levels of competency required by the state environ-mental protection inspectors, as does the Law on State EcologicalExpertise, which governs the procedures for the performance ofexpert ecological assessment for projects under development.These laws were approved in 1990 and within the first version ofthe Law on Natural Resources Taxes, amended in 1995.

AirThe most important legislative acts in the field of air

quality protection include the Air Protection Law of 1981and the Regulations on the Protection of the Ozone Layer of1997. The law is complemented by many standards on airquality as well as instructions and other subordinated legis-lation. It applies to both stationary and mobile sources of air



pollution. However, it has to be noted that the law seems tobe accorded rather poor attention since it was not intendedfor today’s market economy. While limits for air pollution inthe form of permits can be applied, these are not accompa-nied by a deeper analysis on how to minimize pollution inthe most cost-efficient manner. Thus, several new statutesare expected to be adopted in the future, includingRegulations on Air Quality Standards, Regulations on theProcedure of the Control of Air Quality, Instructions onEmission Programs in Latvia, and Regulations on NormativeEmissions from Stationary Pollution Sources.

WaterThe following legislative acts are of importance in the

water management sphere:

■ The Water Code, the oldest legislative act on water man-agement (1972) and still in force today. The code regulatesthe principles of state management, water consumption andliability for the violation of water protection regulations.

■ Law on Environmental Protection (1991), which declaresthe main principles of natural resource protection andmanagement and water protection.

■ Law on the Natural Resources Tax (1996) states taxes forthe use of natural resources (including water), pollutionand discharge, as well as penalties for the violation ofresources use will be charged.

■ Law on Specially Protected Nature Areas (1993), whichregulates economic activities in different protected areas,and includes water protection.

■ Law on the Earth’s Sub-Surface Resources, which declaresthe rules of groundwater use and consumption and regu-lates economic activities.

The latest legislative act on water management in Latviaestablished in full accordance with EU legislation is the Law onWater Consumption Permits. The Law lists those activitiesrequiring water consumption permits, the rights and liabilitiesof water users, as well as the procedure for issuing permits.

The mechanism for ensuring the compatibility of policiesand legislation with that of the EU is similar to that of other sec-tors: the European Integration Bureau coordinates severalworking groups, one of which is responsible for environmen-tal issues. All draft documents submitted to the Cabinet ofMinisters for consideration are examined by the EuropeanIntegration Bureau. While this mechanism works extremelywell for new legislation, it is up to the various ministries to takethe initiative and amend their older legislation.

WasteThe Law on Hazardous Waste, in addition to listing the

general rules and the types of hazardous waste, also states thecompetencies of different institutional bodies, the documentsrequired for activities involving hazardous waste, the obliga-tions of private and legal persons, control over those activitiesdealing with hazardous waste, and responsibilities for theinfringement of laws and international agreements.

Some supplementary regulations have been prepared;including the Regulation on Preparing Documents forActivities with Hazardous Waste, passed by the Cabinet ofMinisters in 1996. The Regulations request precise documenta-tion regarding waste generation sources, main transport routesand general disposal facilities. Further Regulations on theClassification of Hazardous Waste and the Degree of“Hazardousness” were approved in 1997.

The Nature Resource Tax Law states the fee to be chargedfor the disposal of a fixed amount (1m3) of waste. Appendix 3of the Law states the amount to be paid for three different

kinds of waste. The Law on Municipalities compels organiza-tion of communal services for the population, including col-lection and transportation of municipal waste.

The following legal acts are currently under development:the Law on Solid Waste Management expected to be passed in1998, new landfill regulations also expected in 1998 andTechnical Guidelines for the Construction of New Landfills,expected in 1999.

The Law on Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety wasadopted by the Parliament in 1994 and became effective Jan.1, 1995. A section devoted to radioactive waste and unusablesources of radiation is also incorporated (under Article 25,Radioactive Waste). The Law makes any entrepreneur respon-sible for ensuring the radioactive waste and unusable non-iso-topic radiation sources they produce are collected, stored,treated, placed in terminal storage and, if necessary, disposedof properly, thereby eliminating the risks to human health andthe environment. The import of radioactive waste into Latvia isstrictly prohibited.

The MoE is working on the development of RadioactiveWaste Management Regulations in accordance with EUrequirements, and these will be submitted to the Cabinet ofMinisters for approval in July 1998. The new waste classifica-tion will not be incorporated into the current radioactive wasteregulations for low level, short-lived waste and high-levelwaste. Recycling and reuse criteria for very low radioactivewaste from activities related to decommissioning have yet tobe worked out. This is essential for reducing expenses relatedto dismantling and regulating the scrap metal business.

ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIONLatvia has a well-developed infrastructure of environmen-

tal administration. The MoE was established in 1993 based onits predecessor, the Environmental Protection Committee. Thishelped raise the profile of environmental issues in line withdevelopment issues and within the national economy, andsecured the coordination of the necessary instruments for theimplementation of environmental policy with other sectors(e.g. territorial planning).

The primary tasks outlined for the MoE are as follows:

■ coordination of environmental protection, establishmentand realization of public environmental protection policy;

■ elaboration and realization of state policy for the sustain-able use of environmental resources;

■ encouragement of sustainable development according toparticular territorial resources and inhabitants’ needs, elab-oration of state concepts for spatial planning, the urbanenvironment, habitats and tourism;

■ initiation of local and international projects;

■ planning of scientific research and the establishment ofstate policy for environmental education, as well as toinform the mass media and the public on the state of theenvironmental and related ministerial activities.

The Ministry has elaborated a system of environmentaladministration which includes a central body, its subordinateorganizations, and a network of regional administrativedepartments. These include:

■ State Department of Environmental Expertise (for theexpert assessment of development projects);

■ Environmental Protection State Inspectorate (ensuringstate control of environmental protection and naturalresource usage);

■ Eight Regional Environmental Protection Departments



(regional authorities of the MoE);

■ Local Self-Government Departments;

■ Environmental Data Center and Environmental Monitoringand Consultation Center;

■ Marine Environment Department and GeologicalDepartment;

■ Tourism Council;

■ State Authorities of protected territories — including theSlitere Nature Reserve, Regional Nature ProtectionComplex Ziemelvidzeme, Teici Nature Reserve and alsothe Cultural Heritage Area “Livod Rand” (the only remain-ing site of an ancient cultural minority).

Forthcoming developments include the decentralization ofenvironmental protection, the establishment of a unified envi-ronmental data system, and increasing cooperation among allstakeholders, including the involvement of NGOs.


The need to prioritize various complex environmentalproblems is recognized within the National EnvironmentalPolicy Plan (NEPP) so the Government can concentrate all itsattention, effort and funds in these areas. The 10 most signifi-cant problems were identified and listed in the NEPP accordingto the degree of threat they posed to human health and ecosys-tems, and with respect to Latvia’s international obligations. Theproblems selected, however, represent a mixture of causes andconsequences and are controlled within different levels ofresponsibility /112/. The top 10 problems are as follows:

Transboundary Pollution — According to reports made bythe Cooperative Program for the Monitoring and Evaluation ofLong Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe by theMeteorological Synthesis Center (EMEP MSC-EAST) in 1991, thelevels of transboundary emissions of sulphur and nitrogenoxides entering Latvia was double that domestically produced,while in 1992, transbounary emissions exceeded the domesticpollution by four times. Latvia joined the Convention on LongRange Transboundary Air Pollution in 1994 and has ratified theU.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Transboundary Water Pollution — Latvia’s largest rivershave their origins in neighboring countries, thus some 53 per-cent of the discharge from Latvian rivers to the Baltic Sea orig-inates beyond the country’s borders. This carries the accom-panying pollution produced in neighboring countries andposes a direct threat to the health of Latvia’s residents.

Significant amounts of wastewater from the Mazeikai oilrefinery, other industrial enterprises, small towns, and runofffrom intensive agriculture in Lithuania leach into watercoursesof the Venta and Lielupe catchment areas. It should also benoted that coastal pollution from Lithuania (Klaipeda, Palanga)enters Latvia’s territorial waters due to the prevailing currentsand winds and has a significantly negative effect on thebiotopes of the Kurzeme coastal waters. In this regard, thedecision of the Lithuanian government to construct an oil ter-minal at Butinge should be mentioned. Implementation of thisproject will significantly increase the risk of ecosystem damageand destruction and could lead to a decrease in tourism.

Eutrophication of Watercourses and Degradation ofWater Ecosystems — Serious harm to Latvia’s natural aquaticecosystems and habitats has occurred not only in their aquaticzones but also in their littoral and riparian zones through

hydro-construction, amelioration and other previous activities.Measures for the rehabilitation of natural watercourses and forincreasing the self-purification abilities of aquatic ecosystems,for instance restoring the natural courses of straightened riversor the rehabilitation of overgrown lakes, have been planned.

Risks Created by Economic Activities — The identificationof hazards and the control of hazardous objects are tasks under-taken by various institutions. Instruments for the implementa-tion of the concept “controllable risk” have been developedincluding various laws, registrations, permit systems, monitor-ing, risk assessments and safety reports.

Environmental Impact of Waste — Waste can be a complexproblem, and with the quantity of hazardous waste expected torise, preventive measures are required. Among these, wasteminimization, waste storage, its final disposal, waste recycling,biological treatment, establishment of separate waste collectionsystems, incineration, organized waste dumping, and theclean-up of old landfills are suggested. By 1998, the re-estab-lishment of the packaging re-use system should result in the re-use of up to 75 percent of used packaging.

Environmental Impact of Transport — Among the mea-sures and instruments necessary to curb environmentalimpact are the development of transport infrastructure, regu-lation and optimization of types and flows of transport, emis-sion of hazardous substances and reduction of noise, and theimplementation of a system for the final disposal of sub-stances (such as lubricants, coolants, etc.) and spare partsused in the course of vehicle operation.

Environmental Impact of Agriculture — The environmen-tal effects of agriculture have decreased in line with the clo-sure of large scale enterprises. A reduction in the levels ofnitrogen, phosphorus and other biogenous substances fromfertilizers by up to 50 percent is planned by 2010.

Loss of Biodiversity — Latvia has successfully maintained arich level of biodiversity, although further measures need to betaken to protect this, including the protection of species in situand ex situ, the protection and restoration of migratory habits,and improvements to the network of protected areas.

Landscape Degradation — The effects of many years ofdegradation by human settlements, conflict, and industrializa-tion have adversely affected the Latvian landscape. Measures toclean up and restore the land to its previous state are required.However, national consciousness to environmental issues mustbe raised as a prerequisite for sustainable development.

Nonsustainable Use of Natural Resources — Measures toensure the sustainable use of natural resources are neededincluding the establishment of a resource management system;optimization of production mechanisms and elaboration of sec-toral programs that include economizing on resources, substitut-ing exhaustible with alternative energy sources, and the promo-tion and introduction of environmentally friendly consumption.

Poor Quality Drinking Water — Latvia possesses ade-quate water resources to provide its entire population withdrinking water. Both surface water (53 percent) and ground-water (47 percent) are used for water supply and differentmeasures are planned in the future to increase and improvethe groundwater supply.

The three main environmental problems identified bycompanies in order of significance were hazardous waste (dis-posal and treatment), wastewater (treatment) and air pollutioncaused by boiler houses. Other forthcoming issues of impor-tance included the substitution of oil consumption in heatingsystems for gas and the implementation of cogenerationprocesses, industrial and household waste collection and treat-ment, industrial waste treatment, dehydration of wastewater





Category Problem Description and Expected Duration Location

Water Treatment of drinking water to EU standards, 10 years Preili, Jurmala

Riga water and environment project, 5 years Riga

Reconstruction and building of wastewater treatment works, 5 years Daugavpils, Jurmala

Drinking water supply using groundwater resources, 3 years Daugavpils, Olaine

Investigation of Liepaja Lake, 5 years Liepaja

Water supply at Parogre, 2 years Ogre

Construction of Parogre sewerage system, 5 years Ogre

Reconstruction of wastewater works in small towns, 5 years Bartava, Saldus,Kekava

High content of iron in drinking water, 10 years Saldus

Groundwater pollution, 10 years Daugavpils

Rain water runoff, 5 years Daugavpils

Degradation of lake ecosystems, 5-10 years Daugavpils

Coastal zone development, 10 years Ventspils

Elaboration of electroplating wastewater treatment systems, 1-3 years National

Elaboration and reconstruction of industrial wastewater treatment systems, 3 years National

Water recycling in industry, 3 years Riga

Reduction of water consumption and wastewater discharge in industry, 3 years Broceni

Sludge removal during wastewater treatment, 3 years Ogre

Air Air pollution in cities, 10 years Riga

Transboundary air pollution from industrial enterprises of Lithuania, 5-10 years National

Air pollution from Broceni cement factory, 5 years National

Need for complex program on air protection, air monitoring, 3 years Daugavpils, Liepaja

Need for elaboration of air pollution standards, 5 years National

Need for elaboration of air pollution control systems and software, 3 years National

Treatment of industrial flue gases, 1-3 years Riga

Waste Urgent need for hazardous waste disposal, 10 years National

Solid waste management for municipalities (collection, transportation, recycling, Nationalcomposting, landfill management, waste minimization and reduction), 5 years

Hazardous waste treatment and landfill management, 10 years National

Remediation of ex-Soviet military sites, 3 years Liepaja

Utilization of used tires, 5 years Daugavpils

Hazardous waste incineration, 10 years Daugavpils

Transparency of waste regulations, 5 years National

Illegal dumping in forests and ditches, 10 years National

Closure and remediation of existing dump sites, 10 years National

Energy Diffuse pollution from small boiler houses, 5 years Preili

Optimization of the heating system network, burning processes, 5 years National

Modernization of thermo-electric power stations, 10 years National

Elaboration of an effective energy program, 3 years National

Elaboration of effective heating systems in industry, 3 years Dobele

Reconstruction of boilers, 10 years Jelgava

Sources: Water: 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 Waste: 6, 7, 9, 12, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 50

Air: 9, 12, 15, 20, 22, 24, 44 Energy: 5, 12, 13, 20, 27, 35, 37, 41, 42

TABLE 3.9 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN LATVIA

sludge, elimination of emissions and the reduction and purifi-cation of wastewater.

Table 3.9 presents the major environmental problems iden-tified by survey respondents for the coming years. Most respon-dents indicated that these problems are of national significanceand that it is not possible to solve these locally, particularly withregard to solid household waste and hazardous waste manage-ment, since this requires a large financial investment.

AirWithin the air pollution control sector projects are under

way in the construction of equipment for the treatment of fluegases and in the protection of air from polluting substances.These projects are not currently considered priority projects.Statistics /100/ do not indicate those projects completed in thefield of flue gas purification equipment during 1995-96. At themoment, Latvia has two large-scale thermal power stationscontributing approximately one sixth of Latvia’s current powersupply. Feasibility studies and projects regarding power sta-tion modernization have been performed, but project realiza-tion evidently depends on the privatization of the power sec-tor, namely the joint-stock company Latvenergo.

Table 3.10 shows where the necessary environmentalimprovements are required for the improvement of air quality.It is clear that most investments should be concentrated on thedistrict heating sector. Relatively large amounts of CO emis-sion demonstrate the low efficiency of the fuel burningprocess while the relatively large amount of SO2 emissions arerelated to the burning of low quality fuels.

Water Respondents mentioned the inefficiency and poor state of

wastewater treatment facilities, nutrient discharge from waste-water, diffuse pollution load from agriculture, the poor qualityof drinking water, the poor state of water supply systems, ref-erence to as many as 1,000 local sites with groundwater pollu-tion, and the uncontrolled consumption of groundwaterresources leading to the depression of groundwater funnels asthe most pressing environmental problems in the water sector.

Project opportunities in the water management sector aremainly related to the construction of new and modernizationof existing water supply and wastewater treatment systemsthroughout the country. The upgrading of current systems maybe hampered by the limited capacity of existing plants andfinancial problems. Nevertheless, construction and moderniza-tion of treatment plants will continue over the next few years.

Contamination of groundwater resources from oil-basedsubstances, organic solvents, and heavy metals is a potentialthreat that should be reduced (particularly with former militarybases). Significant project opportunities regarding site remedi-ation and the clean-up of contaminated land are also expectedto arise over the coming years.

WasteMany of the problems concerning waste management are

mentioned in Table 3.9. Their causes stem from the lack ofwaste management legislation and poor administration. Inaddition, the sector lacks any significant state support (e.ggrants, tax relief, economic incentives) aimed at increasingwaste minimization practices and environmentally friendlymeans of waste disposal.

Waste management practices are expected to improvewith the new Law on Solid Waste Management, due in 1998.The implementation of the elaborated Solid WasteManagement Strategy (2005) and the implementation of theHazardous Waste Management Strategy in 1998 are alsoexpected to improve levels of waste management. The newlegislation will address the most critical issues in waste man-agement, including waste minimization, disposal of packaging

waste, distribution of waste disposal fees, and other issues.

EnergyProject opportunities have been identified according to the

survey in the following areas:

■ Fuel conversion to local sources — Use of wood, peat inMunicipal district owned heating plants. Both local andforeign (mainly Scandinavian) companies currently oper-ate in this market using different levels of automationequipment. Credits are available from Scandinavian fundsources for further use of this equipment.

■ Fuel conversion to natural gas — Use of gas heating inindividual households and in some industrial areas.

■ Rehabilitation of the district heating network — The lowefficiency and great heat loss are characteristic in virtuallyall district heating networks owned by municipalities.Their rehabilitation is restricted due to the lack of financialresources, although some projects are already ongoing.

■ Introduction of accounting and metering — Already anongoing process in Latvian cities and towns, metering hotwater and heat.

■ Small hydropower plant development — This is an activeprocess in rural areas of Latvia and is supported by thestate. In 1996, 15 small hydro plants were renovated andare currently in operation. According to various estimates,the number of potential locations for small hydropowerplants could be as high as 600.

■ Alternative energies — There are only a limited number ofactivities in this field in spite of a feasibility study conduct-ed on geothermal energy in 1994-95.

■ Biogas for energy — In the context of biogas productionfrom solid municipal waste and during the processing ofwastewater treatment at dairies, the first projects with Latviandairies are currently being implemented, while a feasibilitystudy has also been conducted for Riga city landfill.

■ Energy saving measures and projects — These are gradu-ally being implemented within the business sector, as wellas individual family households and municipal-ownedbuildings. Energy saving in apartment blocks, however,tends to be ineffective because of the poor insulation anddue to the unfinished process of privatization. As fees forenergy consumption rise in the coming years, energy sav-ing issues are expected to become more important.

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTSIN PROGRESS

Most of the projects in progress are implemented at thenational level, with support from foreign financial sources.



Solid Particles SO2 NOX CO

Latvenergo, state owed 4 30 30 1joint-stock company

District heating systems, 45 67 48 89owned by municipalities

Industry 51 3 22 10(Technological processes)

TABLE 3.10: RELATIVE SHARE OF AIR POLLUTIONPRODUCED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF

STATIONARY SOURCES, 1996 (%)

Environmental projects with enterprises are also reliant on for-eign investment. The privatization of all industrial enterprisesis expected to be completed during 1998, and therefore enter-prises are focusing their attention on production development,partner searching, and economic stabilization.

Among the different water supply and wastewater treat-ment projects, the following should be mentioned:

■ Water Supply and Sewerage in Small and Medium-SizedLatvian Towns (800+ Program) /104/;

■ Riga Water and Environment Project;

■ Wastewater Treatment Plant and Systems in Liepaja;

■ Reconstruction of Daugavpils Wastewater System.

The first two listed projects are the largest in scale andimportance. The first is a complex program which aims toreduce health risk, improve water quality, and prevent thedegradation of water ecosystems. The development of environ-mental management, and services in water supply and waste-water treatment will be carried out in the near future. An inven-tory and case study analysis of Latvian towns to identify the cur-rent problems and necessary response measures was performedas the first step in the program. Projects on the construction ofwastewater treatment facilities in four towns (Ligatne, Strenci,Cesis and Ugale) were performed in 1997. Projects in 10 othertowns are currently being implemented with a further 26 at thepreparatory stage. The projects within the 800+ Program frame-work are supported by different financial sources, including thestate budget, municipal budgets, and foreign investments.Environmental consultants from Latvia, Sweden, Denmark andFinland have been involved in 13 Latvian towns.

The “Riga Water and Environment Project” aims to devel-op drinking water supplies and sewerage systems in Riga. Thereconstruction and improvement of drinking water treatment,water supply and the sewage network are the main objectivesof the project. Foreign investments, direct investments madeby local authorities and state budget subsidies are likely tototal more than USD 60 million.

National 500- Program for Waste ManagementThe Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional

Development (MEPRD) has initiated the 500- Program. Thisconcentrates on the development of a household waste man-agement system in Latvia. The aim of the program is to reducepollution and its impact on the environment when collectingand disposing of household waste. To reach this goal, the localhousehold management system must cover all householdwaste producers in the corresponding territory and developone sanitary landfill per 125,000-200,000 inhabitants /98/.

The Valmiera region, which includes Valmiera, Limazi,Valka and Cesis, was chosen to serve as a demonstration pro-ject. It will cover approximately one-sixth of the territory ofLatvia and serve some 200,000 inhabitants. The region wasselected because the average income of its population ishigher than the national average. The project is expected totake place in several stages. In 1998, old dump sites will beclosed, with the follow-up aimed at selecting a site andassessing the environmental impact of a new, safe landfill.During 1998, all necessary information will be gathered onthe situation in the region in order to develop the householdwaste management plan for the territory served and to estab-lish the cost of the required equipment. By the end of theyear 2000, construction of the new landfill is expected to becompleted. The project will be 30 percent financed by thestate budget, 40 percent by NEFCO (the Nordic EnvironmentFinance Corporation) and Environmental Investments Fund(credit without state guarantees), a maximum of 20 percentfrom bilateral grants, at least 10 percent from the municipal

budget, and a handful of private investment initiatives.Foreign contributions will be made by the European Union,NEFCO and the Danish Government.

The Hazardous Waste Management System The Hazardous Waste Management System in Latvia was

established in 1995. The main tasks of the project have beento set up and maintain the ecologically safe collection, stor-age and recycling of hazardous waste. Some 60,000-70,000tons of hazardous waste are produced annually in Latvia, andto date there has been no registered site for the long-termstorage, recycling or disposal of hazardous waste. As a result,waste has accumulated and in some cases been transportedto household waste dumps. In 1995, the project waslaunched and Gardene was selected as the first storage site.Within this territory, pollution left behind by the Russianarmy was also discovered.

According to a Cabinet of Ministers resolution, a specialjoint-stock hazardous waste management company calledBAO was established. This company is carrying out the practi-cal implementation of the hazardous waste management strat-egy. Presently, BAO manages the Gardene site and collectsnonliquid pesticides in accordance with agreements conclud-ed with the MoE. BAO is also responsible for research ondeveloping recycling technologies and for the management ofthe hazardous waste. BAO organizes the design, construction,operation and repair of the hazardous waste managementfacilities. The company also organizes training courses andseminars on hazardous waste management.

During 1995-1996, the main activities with regard to thedevelopment of the hazardous waste management strategywere established. In 1996, the first phase of the Gardene siteplant construction was completed, with an accompanyingassessment of the pollution made and the development of themonitoring system. In 1997, the collection and disposal ofnon-liquid agricultural chemicals at the Gardene site began,while in 1998, plans to create incineration capacity and othermeans of disposal are to be determined.

Development of Cleaner Technologies Project “The Development of Cleaner Technologies in Latvia” is a

project supported by the Danish Environmental ProtectionAgency, and is managed by the joint stock company Carl BroInternational. The project consortium consists of Carl Bro GroupManagement, an Implementation Unit, the Center forEnvironmental Science and Management Studies, theEnvironmental Consulting and Monitoring Center, and Danishand Latvian consultant networks in cooperation with numerousenterprises and other organizations. The aim of the project is toreduce the consumption of natural resources and the negativeimpact of pollution on the environment within several key indus-trial branches, including mechanical engineering, brewing, andfish processing; to establish a network of professional consul-tants concerned with cleaner production technologies and toprovide the knowledge and necessary materials on the perspec-tives and benefits of cleaner technologies for environmentalmanagement and higher education institutions in Latvia /97/.

Project preparation took place from January to June 1997,and the development of environmental surveys was due tobe finished in January 1998. The demonstration projects areto be completed in 1998. Project evaluation is plannedbetween 1998-2000. By the end of 1998, the following tasksshould be completed: the development and testing of theresource materials and training programs for educationalpurposes; the development of professional skills within thecleaner technologies network in order to provide a highquality environmental consulting service for industrialbranches in Latvia; the development of a strategy for thedevelopment of cleaner technologies; the adoption of a



methodology for environmental surveys in Latvia, and theimplementation of the cleaner technologies demonstrationproject in three industrial enterprises.

Other projects targeted toward industry include:

■ High pressure cleaning units to save both water and ener-gy in a milk processing company (1997-1998);

■ Clean air compressor with reduced levels of emissions andlow oil content for a milk processing company (1997-1998);

■ Air curtains and air ventilators for prevention of heat lossin bakeries (1997-1998).

EnergyAt present only two significant projects can be mentioned:

■ The Hydro Power Station Cascade on the River Daugava;

■ Restructuring of district heating supply systems in Jelgava.

MAJOR SOURCES OF INFORMATIONON BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

Table 3.11 lists the most useful sources of information onenvironmental business opportunities in Latvia. Personal con-tacts were by far the most frequently cited source of informa-tion, followed by specific environment-related catalogues andadvertisements. Half of the environmental businesses sur-veyed indicated they value information from daily newspa-pers, while other valued sources included information fromRegional Environmental Boards, conferences and seminars,and the various ministries.

With regard to trade shows and fairs, only one specialistenvironment exhibition (Ecobalt) exists. Table 3.12 outlinesall the major fairs and exhibitions related to the environmentin Latvia. It is possible to obtain information on environmen-tal technologies at other exhibitions in the region from fairs inTallinn and Tartu. Some Latvian tourism companies offerbusiness trips to European environmental fairs in Germany,Italy and France. The number of Latvian participants in thesefairs and exhibitions is low, but hopefully it will grow in thefuture. Some seminars and demonstrations are held annuallyin Latvia that concentrate on new environmental technolo-gies, organized by well-known foreign environmental com-panies. Information on these seminars, however, could bemore widely distributed in the future to reach a greater num-ber of potential participants.

Interestingly, professional associations were mentioned byonly one-fifth of the respondents as a major source of infor-mation on business opportunities. Nevertheless, the Society ofHeat, Gas and Water Engineering, and the Latvian WasteManagement Association organizes training sessions and dis-tributes information on new technologies. It is expected thatthe role of professional associations in the field of informationdissemination and training will increase.

Newspapers and magazines are a rather popular source ofinformation on the environmental market. The most popularnewspapers read by survey respondents are listed in Table3.13. The most popular source for information is the newspa-per Dienas Bizness (Daily Business), mentioned by 64 percentof respondents. Dienas Bizness is a daily business newspapercovering the most important events in trade, business, and thedevelopment of companies. Many articles are devoted to com-panies with an environmental orientation. Another popularsource is Bizness & Baltija (Business & Baltics) which alsointroduces trade and business events and problems. Theabove mentioned newspapers, as well as the central dailynewspaper Diena (Day), publish a wide range of advertise-ments that relate to the environmental market. Some respon-



Source of Information Respondents (46)

Personal contacts 80%

Catalogs and advertisements 62%

Daily newspapers 55%

Regional Environmental Protection Boards 45%

Conferences/seminars 42%

Trade shows and fairs 30%

Ministries (Environment, Finance, Economics) 26%

Consultations (e.g. Universities, Latvian 23%Environmental Data Center, Environmental Consulting and Monitoring Center, LatvianPollution Prevention Center, National Environmental Health Center)

Professional associations 21%

TABLE 3.11: MAJOR SOURCE OF INFORMATIONON ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

Name of Fair Approximate Date Focus

Ecobalt Annually in May or June Ecology and environment

Energetika Annually in March Energy supply systems, energy resources

Kimija Annually in May Household and industrial chemistry

Metexpobalt Annually in March Machine building and metal finishing

Maja I,Ii (Haus) Annually in April or October Architecture, building and construction materials

Baltic IT & T Annually in April Information technology and telecommunication

Medicina Annually in May Medicine and health care

Baltexpo Annually in May Production and services within the Baltic States

Baltijas Tranzita Cels Annually in June International transport, communication and logistics

Riga Food Annually in September Food, drinks, packaging, equipment for shops and restaurants

Intertextil Balticum Annually in September Textile and leather industry

Note: All the listed environmental fairs are held in the city of Riga

TABLE 3.12: ENVIRONMENTAL FAIRS IN LATVIA

dents also read the newspaper Latvijas Vestnesis (The News ofLatvia), which offers details on changes in legislation, includ-ing environmental laws and regulations.

Public Procurement Law and the Tender ProcessThe law on public procurement was adopted in Latvia on

Jan. 1, 1997. As it relates to major business opportunities forLatvian or foreign companies, the law implies that state andmunicipal projects should achieve the rational use ofresources, promote the involvement of a wide range of sup-pliers and service providers, provide free competition amongsuppliers and service providers, and achieve transparencyand publicity during the procedures of state and municipaltender. Tenders are published in the “Law on State andMunicipal Tenders” bulletin.

Useful Contact PointsTable 3.14 provides a list of useful contact points for envi-

ronmental project opportunities. Information on new pro-grams and the implementation of environmental projectsshould be available from the MoE. Besides the Ministry, usefulinformation should be available from other ministries such asindustrial and energy issues from the Ministry of Economicsand on social health issues from the Ministry of Welfare.Information on the available financial sources could beobtained from the Latvian Environmental Protection Fund, theLatvian Environmental Investment Fund or the MunicipalDevelopment Fund. Information on environmental projects inprogress and their course of implementation is available fromthe 800+ Program, 500- Program and “Vides projekti”(Environmental Projects) contact points. “Vides projekti” iscapable of providing services for all types of projects in theenvironmental sector at all phases of development.Information on broader issues is also available from the differ-ent centers and associations listed.


The sources giving information on available environmen-tal technologies overlap to some degree with those sourcesoffering information on business opportunities. One of themost reliable sources of information on available environmen-tal technologies are professional associations. Associationssuch as the Latvian Waste Management Association, theAssociation of Packaging, and the Society of Heat, Gas andWater Engineering and industry associations such as the WoodProcessing Association, the Machine Building Association andthe Fish Processing Association organize training seminars ontechnologies and distribute information on new technologies.It is expected that the role of professional associations in thefield of information and training will grow in the near future.

Another information source for industries is training cours-



Readership Among Publication Respondents

Dienas Bizness (Daily Business) 64%

Bizness & Baltija (Business & Baltics) 29%

Diena (Day) 27%

Latvijas Vestnesis (The News of Latvia) 11%

Lauku avize 11%

TABLE 3.13: MAIN BUSINESS ANDENVIRONMENTAL RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Ministry of Environmental Protectionand Regional DevelopmentPeldu iela 25, Riga, LV-1494, LatviaTel: (371-7) 026-400, Fax: (371-7) 820-442

Public Health Department, Ministry of WelfareSkolas iela 28, LV-1331, Riga; Tel: (371-7) 021-677

Projects Department, Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection and Regional Development of LatviaPeldu iela 25, Riga, LV-1494, LatviaTel: (371-7) 026-401, Fax: (371-78) 20-442

Ministry of AgricultureRepublikas lauk. 2, LV-1010, Riga; Tel: (371-7) 325-107

Environmental Protection Department,Ministry of Environmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment of LatviaPeldu iela 25, Riga, LV-1494, LatviaTel: (371-7) 026-501, Fax: (371-7) 820-442

Privatization AgencyK.Valdemara iela 33, LV-1010, Riga; Tel: (371-7) 332-082

Ministry of FinanceSmilsu iela 1, LV-1050, Riga; Tel: (371-7) 211-762

Development Agency of LatviaPerses iela 2, LV- 1442, Riga; Tel: (371-2) 83-425

Ministry of EconomyBrivibas bulv. 55, LV-1519, Riga; Tel: (371-7) 013-101

Program 800+Pils iela 17, Riga, LV-1050, Latvia; Tel: (371-7) 227-331

Latvian Environmental Protection FundPils iela 17, LV-1050, RigaTel: (371-7) 222-427, Fax: (371-7) 221-729

Program 500-Peldu iela 25, LV-1050, RigaTel : (371-7) 025-407, Fax: (371-7) 820-442

Latvian Environmental Investment FundPils iela 17, LV-1050, RigaTel: (371-7) 225-644, Fax: (371-7) 225-641

Vides projekti (Environmental Projects)Pils iela 17, LV-1050, RigaTel: (371-7) 227-331, Fax: (371-7) 229-553

Credit Fund of MunicipalitiesBrivibas iela 55, LV-1010, RigaTel: (371-7) 013-232, Fax: (371-7) 013-231

Latvian Waste Management AssociationAizkraukles iela 21, RigaTel: (371-2) 558-896

Latvian Society of Heat, Gas and Water TechnologyEngineersa/k N 526, LV-1010, RigaTel: (371-7) 615-191, Fax: (371-7) 615-191

Latvian Pollution Prevention CenterGertrudes 33/35, LV-1011, Riga; Tel: (371-2) 293-683

University of Latvia Center for EnvironmentalScience and Management StudiesRaina bulv. 19, LV-1586, RigaTel: (371-7) 229-356, Fax: (371-7) 228-286

TABLE 3.14: USEFUL CONTACT POINTS FORENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT OPPORTUNITIES

es and projects on cleaner production technologies. The pro-ject “Waste Minimization for Industrial Enterprises in Latvia”(organized by the World Environmental Center) operated dur-ing 1993-1996. A new project called “Capacity Building forCleaner Technologies in Latvia” is being offered from 1997-1999 (organized by Carl Bro International).

The Latvian Pollution Prevention Center, various universi-ties, the Environmental Data Center, and other environmentalinstitutions are also considered useful information sourcesregarding new environmental technologies. However, theseinstitutions are of greater importance to industry. The LatvianPollution Prevention Center offers various support to indus-tries including technical assistance to enterprises, training inwaste minimization techniques, collection and disseminationof technical information, and provision of training materials.

The conference “Business and Environment” was orga-nized by the Latvian Pollution Prevention Center in collabora-tion with the University of Latvia, Center for EnvironmentalScience and Management Studies in 1996.

3.5 Demand for EnvironmentalTechnologiesDEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES— OVERVIEW

The demand for environmental technologies in Latvia isranked between moderate and high. Higher demand is noted inthe waste management and energy sectors, followed by moder-ate demand for water, wastewater and air related technologies.

Within the air sector, the demand for air pollution controltechnologies was ranked moderate to low. The highestdemand among air technologies was for air pollution con-trol/flue gas purification equipment (e.g. filters, scrubbers).Growing demand can be expected for instrumentation andprocess control/software as well as air sampling/laboratoryanalysis equipment.

In general, the demand for water and wastewater tech-nologies is moderate but might be expected to be higher.Demand in the water supply sector concentrates on treatmentprocesses, monitoring/sampling/laboratory analysis andinspection, and reconditioning of existing supply networks.Demand is expected to rise for facility operation technologies.The demand for wastewater technologies focuses on physical,chemical and biological treatment processes, sampling/labora-tory analysis and pollution prevention/waste minimization.Growth is expected for monitoring technologies, spill controland containment as well as sludge treatment and disposal formunicipal wastewater.

The demand for waste management technologies is mod-erate to high for municipal, hazardous and industrial waste-related technologies and low for radioactive waste relatedtechnologies. The greatest demand is for waste collection,transportation and storage equipment, followed by pollutionprevention/waste minimization and landfill disposal technolo-gies. Demand is expected to grow for composting/biomassconversion equipment and recycling/resource recovery tech-nologies. Demand for radioactive waste technologies,although very low, points to pollution prevention/waste mini-mization and spill control/decontamination equipment.

Overall, the demand for energy-related environmentaltechnologies is ranked between high in the power generationsubsector and moderate in the industry subsector. The energysector requires environmental technologies predominantly forheat recovery and energy savings, new/efficient energy andheat generation systems and retrofitting and rehabilitation ofexisting systems as well as process management and control.

Growth is expected in the same above areas for other indus-tries as with the power generation sector.

TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND BY SECTORThe following tables present a summary of survey

responses. Additional information, based on sources otherthan interviews, is provided following the discussion andanalysis of each table.

In some cases it was difficult to elicit information becausethe technology grid in the questionnaire was too detailed andbecause some parties were hesitant to express an opinion onthe demand for environmental technologies outside their ownfield of activities or expertise.

The following scale was used for ranking demand: 5 – veryhigh demand, 4 – high demand, 3 – moderate demand, 2 – lowdemand, 1 – no demand, blank – no opinion.

Figures in cells show an average result, while those inbrackets represent the number of responses.

AirDemand for air pollution related technologies is ranked

low to moderate. Moderate demand is identified for air pollu-tion control/flue gas purification equipment, and is expectedto rise for instrumentation and process control/software, andair sampling/laboratory analysis equipment.

In the researchers’ opinion, additional comments for Table3.15 are necessary. The moderate demand for flue gas treat-ment equipment is in slight disagreement with the relativelylow share of investments in the air pollution control sector(since the air sector represents only 4 percent of all capitalinvestments in environmental protection during 1995-1996/100/). The moderate demand may therefore be related to thepoor efficiency of treatment equipment (a number of which arealready outdated and depreciated). However, the low levels ofinvestments may be related to an unwillingness to upgradeequipment, or when making a decision the necessary invest-ments are directed to other sectors considered to be moreimportant (for example, waste, wastewater treatment, energy).

WaterIn general, the demand for water related technologies is

moderate, but perhaps should also be higher. Table 3.16 showsthe demand for water related environmental technologies. Therelatively high demand in water supply is for treatmentprocesses. Growth is expected for technologies related toinspection and reconditioning of existing supply systems andmonitoring and sampling/laboratory analysis. This ranking can









Technologies in high demand: #1 air pollution control/flue gas purifi-cation equipment (e.g. filters, scrubbers)

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 instrumentationand process control/software; #3 air sampling/laboratory analysis


be explained by the fact that drinking water quality is one ofthe most urgent environmental problems in Latvia. Service pro-vision in water monitoring and sampling/analysis is quitedeveloped in Latvia now. The advanced treatment technologies(e.g. recycling) and construction activities are much lower indemand, probably owing to their higher investment costs.

With regard to technologies in the field of surface andgroundwater, moderate growth is expected for qualityrestoration and decontamination technologies. The demand isdriven by the threat to water resources from wastewater dis-charges and soil contamination (e.g. hazardous compoundsand oil contamination).

WastewaterThe demand for wastewater management technologies is

moderate in Latvia. As shown in Table 3.17, the greatestdemand in the field of municipal wastewater technologies isfor physical, chemical and biological treatment processes,sampling/laboratory analysis and pollution prevention/wasteminimization. Demand growth is anticipated in monitoring,spill control and containment as well as sludge treatment anddisposal equipment. Demand for industrial wastewater tech-nologies is the highest for pollution prevention/waste mini-mization, sampling/laboratory analysis and physical, chemicaland biological treatment processes. Growth is expected forinstrumentation/process control/software equipment.

It is important to emphasize that the priority demandsamong technology users and providers differ. As a rule, thedemand for wastewater treatment technologies, advancedtreatment processes and sludge treatment equipment statedby technology providers is higher than those stated by tech-nology users. The supply of these technologies in the envi-ronmental market is relatively high. At the same time, mosttechnology users have limited financial resources and there-fore are not ready for undertaking the necessary environ-mental protection measures, sometimes having insufficientcapacity and environmental competence. Demand for spillcontrol, quality restoration and instrumentation is higheramong technology users.

Waste ManagementThe demand for waste management technologies is gener-

ally high in Latvia and is spread fairly evenly among municipal,hazardous and industrial waste. The greatest demand exists forwaste collection/transportation and storage equipment, fol-lowed by pollution prevention/waste minimization and land-fill technologies. Growth is expected in the waste manage-ment sector for composting/biomass conversion and recy-cling/resource recovery (see Table 3.18).

Solid waste management is a large problem for municipal-ities and Regional Environmental Boards. Municipalities areresponsible for solid waste management in their administrativeterritories. Waste collection and transportation companies usu-ally consist of municipal, private and limited companies. Thesecompanies operate in one or more municipalities depending








Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes 2.24 (34)(UV/ozonation, activated carbon)




Technologies in high demand: #1 treatment processes

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 monitoring/sampling/laboratory analysis; #3 inspection and reconditioning of exist-ing supply networks

TABLE 3.16: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGIES — WATER SUPPLY

Municipal Wastewater Industrial Wastewater

Monitoring 2.88 (30) 2.54 (41)




Physical, chemical and biological treatment processes 3.13 (31) 2.98 (470

Advanced treatment processes (e.g. nitrogen and phosphate removal, etc.) 2.28 (25) 2.19 (37)








Technologies in high demand: #1 physical, chemical and biological treatment processes; #2 sampling/laboratory analysis; #3 pollution prevention/wasteminimization

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 monitoring (municipal wastewater); #5 spill control and containment; #6 sludge treatment and dis-posal (municipal wastewater)


on local conditions. The tariffs for the services provided are, inmost cases, set by these companies and approved by themunicipalities. Nevertheless, the following problems exist:

■ no general legislation for solid waste management;

■ a lack of local regulations;

■ not all waste producers pay for waste collection/management;

■ the distribution of responsibilities, duties and rights amongmunicipalities and waste management organizations is stillunclear;

■ the largest portion of waste management is undertaken byprivate companies whose financial resources are insuffi-cient and whose technical equipment does not alwaysmeet the required level;

■ most cities and municipalities do not have the means toimprove their waste management system yet they still areresponsible for waste collection in their regions. As aresult, violations occur.

Presently, most municipalities in Latvia exploit their ownseparate dump sites. There are approximately 558 knowndump sites operating in Latvia. The land occupied by themajority of dump sites (77 percent) is less than 2 hectares,while a similar number of dump sites (75 percent) receiveless than 1000 m3 waste per year. In most cases there are oneor two major dump sites in each district. It can be conclud-ed that almost 90 percent of all waste brought to dump sitesin Latvia is disposed of at only 48 sites. The nature of thewaste brought to dump sites in Latvia is in most casesunknown. Since the dumping of waste is uncontrolled, haz-ardous waste is often dumped at those sites where munici-pal solid waste is dumped.

Municipalities are interested in implementing pollutionprevention/waste minimization measures through new andupdated technologies. The disposal of radioactive waste is notconsidered a vital problem.

Regarding industrial and hazardous waste, the highestdemand from industrial companies is for wastecollection/transportation and storage. Latvia produces approx-imately 60,000-70,000 tons of hazardous waste annually. The

most dangerous types of hazardous waste are contaminatedsoil, oil filters, waste from metal works, filter cleaning materi-als, paint sludge, wastewater sludge polluted by toxic sub-stances, different types of engine oils, organic solvents con-taining halogens and sulphur, waste containing heavy metals,waste from meat and fish processing, and lamps containingmercury. Hazardous wastes can no longer be disposed of atmunicipal landfills. It must be collected and stored at thoselandfills designed especially for hazardous industrial waste.Companies have to report annually to the RegionalEnvironmental Inspectorate the amount and composition ofwastes generated, disposed or collected.

According to legislation, the Latvian Government isresponsible for hazardous waste incineration. Presently, Latviaproduces approximately 9,000-10,000 tons of hazardous wastefor incineration each year. Latvia is seeking alternative ways toincinerate hazardous waste by using mobile incinerators orconstructing a small hazardous waste incineration plant meet-ing those emission requirements for flue gas cleaning systemsaccording to the relevant EC directive.

Considering the lack of experience and knowledge, and dueto the economic recession, the solution to the problem cannot befunded by Latvian resources alone. The following needs exist:

■ appropriate legislation;

■ an inventory of the waste flow;

■ a hazardous waste management strategy;

■ different demonstration projects in the waste manage-ment field.

EnergyOverall, the demand for energy related environmental

technologies is high. Demand is ranked high in the powergeneration sector and medium for other industrial sectors.

The relatively low ranking given by industry can beexplained by the current restructuring processes in the indus-trial sector, the decreases in production, and the limitedresources of enterprises to purchase environmental technolo-gies. At the same time, a number of successfully functioning,privatized enterprises are investing fairly large amounts ofmoney in the reconstruction of their energy systems. In theindustrial sector, the highest demand is given to heat recovery



Municipal Industrial Hazardous Radioactive Waste Waste Waste Waste



Site monitoring 2.58 (26) 2.15 (26) 2.30 (20) 1.57 (7)


Incineration 2.50 (26) 2.45 (29) 2.64 (25) —





Site remediation/clean-up of contaminated land 2.88 (16) 2.59 (22) 2.50 (16) —

Technologies in high demand: #1 waste collection/transportation and storage; #2 pollution prevention/waste minimization; #3 landfill disposal (munici-pal waste)

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 composting/biomass conversion (municipal waste); #5 recycling/resource recovery (municipal andindustrial waste)

TABLE 3.18: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — WASTE MANAGEMENT

and energy savings. It is expected that as energy prices rise inthe future, there will be an increase in demand for energy effi-cient/saving technologies among industrial users.

High demand among municipalities is identified for heatrecovery and energy saving technologies, new/efficient ener-gy and heat operation systems, and retrofitting/rehabilitationof the existing systems. The high demand in these areas isfueled by poor efficiency and large energy losses in the exist-ing heat supply systems, creating pricing problems for con-sumers. Municipalities have made some investments in energyrelated technologies and will continue to do so even thoughtheir financial resources are restricted. Moderate demand wasindicated among municipalities for alternative/renewableenergy systems. This is caused by the fuel conversion in heat-ing plants to local wood resources and the potential develop-ment of small hydropower stations on a number of smallLatvian rivers. Alternative/renewable energy system technolo-gies are not ranked as important by the industry sector at themoment. Alternative refrigerants are currently ranked low inboth sectors; however, demand for them may increase due tothe new Regulations on Ozone Layer Protection, effectivesince the end of 1997.

Of particular interest is the demand for technologies in theLatvian power sector. A number of feasibility studies and esti-mates have been carried out, and the rehabilitation of twoexisting thermal power plants and the construction of newplants are recognized as priorities in the development of thestate energy sector. However, the purchase and use of the newtechnologies will depend on the restructuring and privatiza-tion of the sector.

In the researchers’ opinion, the overall impression given inTable 3.19 well reflects the current situation.


Overall, the primary buyers and environmental technologyend-users are the municipalities. The legal basis for this is theLaw on Municipalities, which places, among other things, themanagement of most environmental sectors in the jurisdictionof municipalities. The law determines the following duties ofmunicipalities with regard to environmental technologies:water supply and sewerage; heat supply; waste collection,transport, disposal and treatment; wastewater collection,drainage and treatment; organization of public services andfacilities; and care for sanitation.

The next largest end-users are industrial companies. As arule, they are represented mainly by the food industry, an

industrial branch that is one of the most successful today inLatvia. Most enterprises are privately owned or are involved injoint-ventures.

Table 3.20 presents the primary end-users of environmen-tal technologies according to the survey.

AirThe major end-users of environmental technologies for air

pollution control are industrial companies (40 percent). The pri-mary industries active in this sector are chemistry, pharmaceuti-cal, building material manufacturers, metallurgical operatorsand railway transport. The majority of end-users in these sectorsare companies that have already been privatized and restruc-tured. A number of industrial enterprises in Latvia are still beingprivatized and therefore future opportunities are good. Due tothe decreased production of Latvian companies during the tran-sition period, consumption and air emissions have been low.Thus, it is reasonable to expect that air emissions will rise oncedevelopment restarts (estimated at 30 percent) and with it a cor-responding rise in the demand for air-related technologies.

The largest source of air pollution is traffic. At the moment,the traffic sector is not considered a significant end-user sincethe implementation of legislative norms on air pollution in thetraffic sector are not well-developed. Analysis of air pollutionfrom mobile sources identifies a current need for the develop-ment and implementation of air monitoring systems in cities.



Energy and Power Other Industrial Generation Sectors



Process management and control (e.g. boiler tune-up, fuel efficiency optimization) 3.45 (30) 2.79 (28)




Instrumentation 3.00 (22) 2.33 (21)

Technologies in high demand: #1 heat recovery and energy savings; #2 new/efficient energy and heat generation systems (energy and power generation);#3 retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems (energy and power generation); #4 process management and control (energy and power generation)

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: same ranking as those technologies in high demand but for other industrial sectors

TABLE 3.19: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — ENERGY

Category Major End-users

Air Industrial companiesMunicipalitiesDomestic family housing and heat producers

Water and Industrial companiesWastewater Municipalities

Waste Municipalities Industrial companies

Energy MunicipalitiesIndustrial companiesHeat producers

TABLE 3.20: MAJOR ENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGY END-USERS BY SECTOR

Water Industrial companies and municipalities each account for

40 percent of the use of water technologies. Environmentalprotection institutions and the private sector make up theremainder. Fresh water supply in Latvian cities is relativelyhigh in comparison with other European cities (339 liters perresident per day in Riga). Total losses in the water supply sys-tem are estimated at 25-30 percent of water abstraction.

Latvia has sufficient water resources, though in the Liepajaand Riga regions, certain problems relating to groundwaterresources include abstraction that significantly exceeds natur-al regeneration of reserves, and a groundwater depression thathas formed in the prequartarian deposits. The major problemsare the low quality of potable water due to the technical defi-ciencies of centralized water supply systems and the sanitarystate of wells in rural areas. Between 60 and 70 percent of thepopulation of Latvia lives in large towns or cities. Of the pop-ulation living in small towns, some 40-50 percent are connect-ed to the centralized water supply system.

WastewaterThe primary end-users of wastewater technologies are

municipalities (48 percent) and industrial companies (36 per-cent). Environmental protection institutions and the privatesector make up the remaining users.

The municipal sector is the largest entity dischargingwastewater, including 10 percent relatively clean discharge, 78percent treated but still polluted water, and 12 percent untreat-ed wastewater. Large town sewerage systems maintain house-hold (communal) and small industrial wastewater.

The second largest wastewater producer is industry, dis-charging up to 49 percent relatively clean water, 50 percentpolluted wastewater after treatment, and 1 percent untreatedwastewater. The wastewater treatment facilities of most indus-trial enterprises are in poor condition and require significantmodification. Among the different industrial polluters, thelargest group of wastewater dischargers are chemical, food,pharmaceutical and building material companies. A decrease intotal nitrogen and phosphorus discharges was observed before1995, but the level began to increase in 1996. It is reasonable toexpect higher discharge levels and a corresponding increase indemand for wastewater treatment technologies in the future.

WasteMunicipalities are by far the greatest end-users (70 per-

cent) of waste related technologies which include disposal,waste collection, transport and landfill maintenance equip-ment. This is explained by the fact that the municipalities areresponsible for the organization of communal services forinhabitants. The major end-users of technologies for haz-ardous waste disposal including reuse and oil waste treatmentequipment are transportation companies and petrol stations.

In the future, there is potential for the chemical industry,machinery and equipment manufacturers and furniture produc-ers to become substantial incinerators and landfill users of haz-ardous waste, but there are currently no facilities for this.

Site remediation technologies are of interest to the stateand municipalities, especially for the clean up of former Sovietmilitary bases.

EnergyThere are three major end-users of energy technologies:

municipalities (40 percent), industrial companies (28 percent),and energy producers. The total energy losses in the transfor-mation and transmission sector are estimated at 15 percent oftotal energy resource consumption in Latvia. The food andbeverage, timber, metallurgy, chemical, and nonmetallurgy(cement, glass) industries are among those most interested inenergy technologies. Due to the increase of energy prices, the

private sector is increasingly interested in energy saving mea-sures and the renovation of existing heat supply systems.

The ownership of district heating systems varies betweenmunicipalities and privately-owned stations. Within these sys-tems, losses of up to 30 percent have been discovered.

Renovation of district heating systems and conversion tolocal fuels are the major priorities today. The end-user poten-tial of the Latvian power production sector may be identifiedmore accurately after the restructuring and privatizationprocess has been completed.

3.6 Advantages and Disadvantagesof Local and Foreign SuppliersPURCHASING PREFERENCES

It is important to mention that the number of industrialenterprises purchasing environmental technologies and ser-vices is low and should perhaps be higher. The reasons for thismay include the incomplete privatization process of compa-nies, shortcomings in environmental legislation which lead tothe inefficient penalty system, the relatively poor economic sit-uation within some Latvian enterprises, and insufficient envi-ronmental competence.

The environmental technology market in Latvia is far fromsaturated. Survey respondents mentioned only a few of themost developed environmental technology providers in Latviain their responses. Therefore, the opportunities for well-devel-oped environmental technology service providers are great.

As a rule, Latvian end-users select local environmental tech-nology suppliers, predominantly because of the lower price. Ingeneral, the use of environmental technologies meets therequirements of Latvian environmental standards. However,not all companies are in compliance with EU standards, whichtend to be stricter than the national standards and thereforemore difficult to attain. As EU accession is Latvia’s ultimate goal,certain local environmental technologies (including equipmentand devices) must be further developed to meet EU require-ments. Some local environmental businesses have experiencedsuccess in both the domestic and foreign markets.

STRENGTHS OF LOCAL AND FOREIGNENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

The primary strength of the local environmental technologyprovider is the lower price offered to consumers (56 percent). Asecond strength not included on the original questionnaire butfrequently cited in responses is the local presence. Besides phys-ical proximity, a network exists within the environmental com-munity where the buyer can obtain valuable information fromother colleagues in the field before making a purchase. End-users sometimes prefer to buy from a local supplier because ofthe ease in obtaining service and after-sale repairs. High qualitywas less a characteristic of local products (7 percent), as was theuser-friendliness and ease of operation (9 percent).Approximately one quarter of the local companies stated theirincome share from foreign customers was more than 10 percent.

The main preferences for foreign technologies were theirhigh quality, mentioned by 71 percent of respondents, andtheir user-friendliness and ease of operation (mentioned by 64percent of respondents). High quality was certainly a charac-teristic of Western technologies as opposed to Russian orEastern European technologies. Interestingly, however, theindustrial sector and municipalities claim not to purchase tech-nologies from the Eastern European countries. Other reasonsfor choosing foreign technologies include the reliability anddurability of products (49 percent), the possibility to customize



and adapt them (31 percent) and good after-sale service (29percent). Worth noting is the fact that not a single respondentpointed to low price as an advantage of foreign suppliers.


The major disadvantages of local environmental technolo-gies and their barriers to the market are the lack of reliableproduct information (58 percent) and the scarcity of informa-tion concerning suppliers (53 percent). A third disadvantagementioned by one quarter of the respondents was the price,

deemed “too expensive.” This can be explained by the rela-tively poor financial situation of Latvian technology buyers.

The primary disadvantages of foreign environmental tech-nology suppliers, mentioned by 70 percent of the surveyrespondents was they are “too expensive.” Other obstaclesincluded too little information about the suppliers (51 per-cent), lack of reliable product information (49 percent), anddifficulty in ensuring authorized technical after-sale serviceand maintenance (30 percent). Some foreign technology usersexpressed no opinion with regard to the high price of foreigntechnologies but instead commented that they meet therequired standards and quality they desired.



Sector Company Name Specialization

Air Vide Ltd. Measurement of air quality and emissions

Gauja Air pollution control

Ekosoft Measurement of emissions

Water Hidrostandarts Water supply and wastewater treatment, planning and consulting

Reshetilovs & Co. Construction of wastewater treatment works

Akva Brambis Water supply and treatment

Laterna Construction of water networks

Fanex Measurement of water quality and pollution

Raziba Measurement of water quality and pollution

Env. Consultancy Office Evaluation, treatment of ground water pollution

Baltec Associates Ltd. Environmental consulting and remediation services

Geo Consultants Geological evaluation, water supply

Ekosaule Environmental technologies, remediation

Waste Hoetika Waste management

Tari Ltd. Waste management in Liepaja

Komunalprojekts Planning of waste management

Getlini - 2 Waste disposal and management

Lampu Demerkurizacijas Centrs Recycling of mercury lamps

LASA Waste management projects, training

BAO Stock Co. Hazardous waste management implementation

Formica Stock Co. Recycling of plastic waste

Agrotehnika Ltd. Collection of old accumulators from vehicles

Dambis Production of containers

Ego Ltd. Production of containers for household waste

Buvgruzu parstrade Building waste recycling

Virsma Waste management development plan

Energy Rupnicprojekts Optimization of energy generation

Filter Ltd. Optimization of energy generation

Baltika Garant Construction of boiler houses

Ekodoma Innovative energy technology

Orions Construction of boiler houses, optimization of energy generation

Lafivents Ventilation and air conditioning systems: heat recovery, energy saving

Noise & OHS Ekosoft Acoustic analysis

Gauja Noise control, work environment

National Env. Health Center Testing, assessment and prevention of health risks

TABLE 3.21: MAJOR LOCAL SUPPLIERS ACTIVE ON THE LATVIAN MARKET

The issues concerning insufficient information about suppli-ers and lack of reliable product information were pointed out bysome 50 percent of respondents as disadvantages of both localand foreign technology providers. Therefore, the competenceperhaps of technology users might be improved as well as toimprove access to information and the level of consulting ser-vices. These are some of the major tasks that lie ahead for theimprovement of the environmental technology market in Latvia.


The largest share of environmental technologies offered bylocal suppliers relate to water (see Table 3.21). The supply oftechnologies with regard to waste and energy is consideredmoderate. The smallest supply of local environmental tech-nologies relate to air pollution control and detection.

The environmental technology market in the air sector isnot yet developed. One of the main reasons for this are theshortcomings of the penalty system, under which companiesare not compelled to meet national standards. A small numberof local technology providers have the capacity and expertiseto monitor air pollution emissions, but the sector still experi-ences low demand.

Greater development exists within the water sector, whereLatvian suppliers are concentrated in the areas of water sup-ply, construction of water and wastewater treatment facilities,consulting, geological evaluation, measurement of water qual-ity, and remediation services. The most prominent local com-panies active in water management are Reshetilovs & Co.,Akva Brambis and Hidrostandarts. Reshetilovs & Co. has been

successful in the construction of wastewater treatment facili-ties, while Akva Brambis and Hidrostandarts are involved invarious water management projects. Quite a large number oflocal companies specialize in the measurement of water qual-ity and pollution, but few provide remediation technologies.

Local companies working in the waste sector specialize inurban waste management (Hoetika), waste recycling (BuvgruzuParstrade and Lampu Demerkurizacijas Centrs), consulting andplanning in waste management (Virsma and Komunalprojekts)and the production of waste containers (Dambis). Within thepast two years, the demand for environmental technologies andservices in the area of waste management has increased consid-erably. One of the main reasons for this is a better understand-ing of the need for waste management planning and the imple-mentation of waste management systems.

Companies working in the energy sector are concentratedin the optimization of energy generation (Rupnicprojekts, andFilter Ltd.), construction of boiler houses (Orions), consultingunits, and innovative energy technologies (Ekodoma).

Environmental databases of different technology users areavailable at the Latvian Environmental Data Center. Amongthose available are databases on water protection including theAnnual State Statistical Report “2-Water”; on emissions to water;and on permissions for water consumption. In the field of airprotection, one can access the Annual State Statistical Report“2-Air,” which includes emissions to air from stationary sources.

FOREIGN SUPPLIERS IN THE MARKETUntil recently, there were very few foreign environmental

technology companies operating in Latvia. Table 3.22 lists thesignificant foreign environmental technology and serviceproviders active in Latvia. Respondents first indicated the morewell-known European companies in Latvia such as ABB, CarlBro and Sweco. Preference for foreign companies is dominant



Sector Company Name Country Specialization

Air ABB Latvia Ltd. Sweden Air pollution control

Regard-Drager Ltd. Germany Measurement of air quality and emissions

Intego Germany Detection of gas leakage

Water Carl Bro International Denmark Planning and management of water and wastewater

Sweco Sweden Water management

Alfa-Laval Sweden Wastewater treatment

ITT Flygt Sweden Wastewater treatment

Tebodin Netherlands Cleaner technologies

Danfoss Denmark Water pumps

Waste Carl Bro International Denmark Strategy development, waste management development plan

Chemcontrol A/S Denmark Hazardous waste management

Sweco Sweden Landfill projects

Nelsen Germany Waste management

Energy ABB Latvia Ltd. Sweden Reconstruction of boilers, environmentally sound energy generation

Wesemann Germany Boiler houses

Carl Bro International Denmark Optimization of district heating systems

Kuiper Netherlands Boiler houses

Partec Paroc Ltd. Sweden Thermal insulation, fire protection

Danfoss Denmark Thermostats, heating control

TABLE 3.22: MAJOR FOREIGN SUPPLERS ACTIVE ON THE LATVIAN MARKET

in the larger environmental programs, such as the “WaterSupply and Sewerage in Small and Medium Sized LatvianTowns” and in the “National Program for Waste Management.”This preference is due to the fact that some foreign companieshave established subsidiaries in Latvia and can therefore pro-vide high quality, long-term service to projects.

Foreign companies originate from a small spectrum of coun-tries, predominantly Sweden, Denmark and Germany. Althoughit is difficult to establish which companies are active in Latvia andwhere they are from, U.S. companies also appear to be active.

The most developed market for foreign technologyproviders also appears to be the water sector. The most impor-tant companies active here are Carl Bro International andSweco (for water management and consulting), and Alfa-Laval, ITT Flygt and Danfoss (for supply of equipment).

Carl Bro International plays an important role in the wastesector by supporting the “Solid Municipal Waste ManagementStrategy for Latvia” and “Solid Waste Demonstration Project inRiga.” It also organizes seminars. Nelsen is a German wastemanagement company specializing in waste collection anddisposal. It is also active in Riga.

There is a well-developed consortium of foreign compa-nies active in the energy sector, specifically in heat supply suchas ABB Latvia Ltd., EDON Latvia and Filter Ltd., among others.

It is interesting to note that there are only a few environ-mental technology or service companies from Lithuania orEstonia operating in the Latvian market.

3.8 The Local EnvironmentalBusiness SectorPROFILE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESSES

Environmental businesses and institutions selected forthe survey represent those most advanced in Latvia and covermost sectors of the environment. These companies offerenvironmental services that include consulting, training,information and data processing, as well as various environ-mental technologies.

The companies selected deal with the elaboration andimplementation of different environmental technologies orprovide the corresponding equipment for environmental qual-ity and pollution control and analysis, pollution preventionand reduction, treatment of water and waste, recycling anddisposal and remediation of polluted territories.

Seventy-three percent of the environmental businesses sur-veyed are privately owned, 7 percent are of mixed ownershipand 11 percent are state-owned. Those state institutions playingan important role in the environmental service sector includethe Latvian Environment Data Center and the NationalEnvironmental Health Center. Privately owned environmentalbusinesses are generally small or medium-sized and have gen-erally been privatized in the past few years. The majority of pri-vate companies are based on former state bodies (includingresearch or education institutions) and enterprises. Forty per-cent of the selected environmental businesses were establishedfrom the human resources and technical background of formerresearch or education institutions, for example Virsma Ltd.,Baltic Scientific Instruments Ltd., and the Latvian Society ofHeat and Gas and Water Technology Engineers.

Approximately 30 percent of the selected environmentalbusinesses are new companies, some of which have grownfrom former environmental businesses, for example, theEnvironmental Consultancy Office and Reshetilov & Co.Around 45 percent of the selected companies are consideredsmall (with up to 10 members of staff), 50 percent are medium-sized companies (with 10-60 staff members), and 5 percent

have more than 60 staff members. The environmental businesses surveyed tended to be

established within the past 2-8 years. Approximately 50 percentof the companies are only 2-3 years old, 25 percent are 4-5years old and the last 25 percent are more than 6 years old.More than 80 percent of the selected companies have an annu-al turnover of more than USD 170,000, 25 percent of these com-panies have an annual turnover of more than USD 850,000.

Generally speaking, a majority of companies are interestedin cooperating with foreign partners and foreign investors.Only the state institutions interviewed failed to indicate aninterest in foreign investments, perhaps because their incomeresources tend to be more reliable.

INFORMATION CHANNELS AND NEEDSOne of the most important and valuable sources of infor-

mation for environmental technologies is specialized environ-mental publications and journals. Nevertheless, only half of therespondents indicated these publications as their regular sourceof information. Publications and journals vary according to thecorresponding company’s interest and area of specialization.

The most popular journals are the applied technologyjournals such as Water Science and Technology and WasteManagement and Research. The other popular sources ofinformation are journals published on a regular basis by well-known environmental companies, for example MERCK andDrager (The Drager Newsletter).

The third group of less frequently used publications areenvironmental journals such as AMBIO. Some companies usepublications published by the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency or other environmental institutions for general envi-ronmental information. Periodicals issued by associations, forexample the International Association of EnvironmentalEngineering newsletter, also tend to be used. Some environ-mental technology providers publish their own newsletters.The Latvian Society of Heat, Gas and Water TechnologyEngineers, for example, publishes a monthly issue calledSociety Newsletter. Some companies have their own home



Type of Information Rating

In-country environmental regulations 3.8 (44)



Environmental quality standards for industries 3.4 (36)


EU environmental regulations 3.3 (40)

Information on where to find 3.2 (43)domestic partners


Information on where to find 3.1 (38)international partners

Eco-efficiency and cleaner production 3.1 (37)practices


Certification requirements for 3.0 (35)environmental professionals


TABLE 3.23: INFORMATION NEEDS

pages on the Internet, for example Reshetilov & Co.Approximately half of the surveyed companies are mem-

bers of national or international professional associations. Themost popular national associations are the Chamber ofCommerce and Industry, The Society of Heat, Gas and WaterEngineering, The Latvian Waste Management Association andThe Building Engineering Association.

Virtually all of the surveyed companies indicated a need formore thorough information. As shown in Table 3.23, the infor-mation most in demand includes in-country environmental reg-ulations, sources of project financing, new environmental tech-nologies, environmental quality standards for industries, EUenvironmental legislation and domestic tenders for projects.

Information on potential international business partner-ships is in relatively low demand. The issues that are less or arenot legally binding to companies have also been ranked low,for example certification requirements for professionals andeco-efficiency. The least popular information is that which isprovided by the governmental agencies.

OBSTACLES TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENTThe identification of certain obstacles to further develop-

ment also leads to an analysis of a company’s activities in abroader context. In general, the response to the issues listed inTable 3.24 was quite low, perhaps due to the fact that the exist-ing barriers are not considered to be of great importance.

Financial issues including access to credit and tax regula-tions are the major barriers outlined by survey respondents.Legal regulation and registration requirements were consid-ered a minor obstacle. This contradicts earlier statementsregarding the unsatisfactory and binding nature of existingregulations. Besides those barriers in the questionnaire, sometechnology suppliers mentioned the poor tendering systemand the need to improve it.

3.9 List of InterviewedExperts/CompaniesThe structure of the information below is as follows:

Contact Person, PositionDate of interviewCompany name in English (where appropriate)Company name in LatvianAddressTelephone Number

GROUP I: Industries and Municipalities

1. Ms. Karpusina Lubova, EngineerOct. 31, 1997Acot Technologies Ltd.Sampetera 2Riga, LV 1046Tel: (371-7) 614-694

2. Ms. Shure Inara, Head of Production and TechnicalDevelopmentDec. 12, 1997Aldaris Stock Co.A/S AldarisTvaika 44Riga, LV 1005Tel: (371-7) 023-201

3. Ms. Drozdovska Liga, ChairmanDec. 15, 1997Association of Biological Agricultural OrganizationsBioloiiskas lauksaimniecibas organizaciju asociacijaRigas 2Salaspils, LV 2121Tel: (371-2) 947-858

4. Ms. Lavrinovica Romualda, Deputy of TechnicalManager for Environmental ProtectionJan. 22, 1998Broceni Stock Co.A/S BroccniLiepnieku 15Broceni, LV 3851Tel: (371-38) 65-541

5. Mr. Balins Janis, Head of the BoardNov. 3, 1997Cesu Meat Processing FactoryCcsu gaias kombinatsMiera 19Cesis, LV 4101Tel: (371-41) 22-127

6. Ms. Sediha Natalia, Head of AVANNov. 10, 1997Daugavpils Drive Chain Factory Stock Co.A/S Daudavpils pievadkezu rupnicaVisku 17Daugavpils, LV 5410Tel: (371-54) 46-666



Barriers Rating



Environmental regulation 2.7 (42)

Market demand for products 2.7 (41)


Lack of lobbying groups 2.4 (37)


Legal regulation and registration requirements 2.0 (42)



7. Ms. Zubareva Alla, Head of Nature Protection SectorDec. 10, 1997Dauteks Stock Co.A/S DauteksVisku 21Daugavpils, LV 5410Tel: (371-54) 49-305

8. Mr. Ziedins Atis, Technical ManagerOct. 28, 1997European Plastic Industries Ltd.Rupnicu 4Olaine, LV 2114Tel: (371-7) 901-311

9. Mr. Jaudzems Andis, Senior Inspector ofEnvironmental ProtectionOct. 30, 1997Grindex Stock Co.A/S GrindeksKrustpils 53Riga, LV 1057Tel: (371-7) 104-210

10. Mr. Upenieks Juris, Chief ManagerOct. 31, 1997SIA KokardeMarupes 19Riga, LV 1007Tel: (371-7) 611-562

11. Ms. Mozhajeva Vivita, AdministratorDec. 9, 1997SIA LaineSkolas 11Riga, LV 1010Tel: (371-7) 289-823

12. Mr. Lukashenoks Valerijs, ChairmanNov. 12, 1997Larelini Stock Co.A/S LareliniLapskalna 18Jelgava, LV 3000Tel: (371-30) 29-425

13. Ms. Kalnina Mara, Head of EnvironmentalProtection and Chemical Control ServicesNov. 19, 1997LATVENERGO (State stock Co. undergoing privatization)A/S LATVENERGOPulkveza Brieza 12Riga, LV 1230Tel: (371-7) 328-290

14. Mr. Brize Raimonds, Head Engineer-Power SectorNov. 10, 1997Latvia GasLatvijas GazeA.Briana 6Riga, LV 1139Tel: (371-2) 369-135

15. Ms. Malinovska Tatjana, EcologistOct. 3, 1997SIA Latvijas finieris Bauskas 59Riga, LV 1004Tel: (371-7) 067-225

16. Mr. Duduris Sigits, ConsultantOct. 27, 1997SIA Latvijas StatoilDoma laukums 4Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 222-760

17. Mr. Kalkis Ivars, Executive DirectorOct. 30, 1997Ogre Stock Co.A/S OgreRigas 98Ogre, LV 5001Tel: (371-50) 22-628

18. Mr. Grislis Janis, Head of Environmental ProtectionDepartmentOct. 29, 1997Olainfarm Stock Co.A/S OlainfarmRupnicu 5Olaine, LV 2114 Tel: (371-2) 964-275

19. Ms. Valdone Lolita, EconomistOct. 28, 1997Preilu (cheese factory)A/S Preiiu siersDaugavpils 75Preili, LV 5301Tel: (371-53) 21-136

20. Mr. Hodotovics Fjodors, Head of Technical ServiceDec. 15, 1997A/S Rigas alusBruninieku 2Riga, LV 1010Tel: (371-2) 272-083

21. Ms. Kitova R., Head of LaboratoryNov. 12, 1997Riga Disel Stock Co.A/S Rigas DizelisGanibu dambis 40Riga, LV 1005Tel: (371-2) 26-005

22. Ms. Gorba Svetlana, Head of Ecological LaboratoryOct. 29, 1997Rigas laku un krasu rupnica Daugavgrivas 63/65Riga, LV 1007Tel: (371-2) 459-989

23. Mr. Kanepe Juris, Deputy to the Technical ManagerOct. 27, 1997Rigas vagonu rupnica Brivibas 201Riga, LV 1039Tel: (371-2) 365-370



24. Mr. Krakops Juris, Head of Scientific and Technical CenterOct. 30, 1997Rinar Stock Co.A/S RinarBikernieku 18Riga, LV 1039Tel: (371-7) 014-616

25. Ms. Svike Dace, AdministratorNov. 12, 1997Rital Stock Co.A/S RitalDobeles road 2Jelgava, LV 3007Tel: (371-30) 22-475

26. Mr. Villa Arnis, Technical ManagerDec. 8, 1997Salacgriva-95 Stock Co.A/S Salacgriva-95Rigas 2Salacgriva, LV 4033Tel: (371-40) 41-141

27. Mr. Amars Dzintars, Technical ManagerOct. 28, 1997Spodriba Stock Co.A/S “Iimiska rupnica ‘Spodriba’”Dzirnavu 1Dobele, LV 3701Tel: (371-37) 22-593

28. Ms. Kipure Mudite, Senior ExpertDec. 11, 1997State Inspectorate of Industrial SafetyValsts Darba drooibas inspekcijaValdemara 38Riga, LV 1010Tel: (371-7) 021-735

29. Mr. Kurma Nikolajs, DirectorOct. 24, 1997TENAX Ltd.SIA TENAXSpodribas 1Dobele, LV 3701Tel: (371-37) 22-390

30. Mr. Zandbergs Aldis, Technical ManagerJan. 23, 1998Tukuma (meat processing factory) Stock Co.A/S Tukuma gaias parstrades sabiedribaRaudas 30Tukums, LV 3100Tel: (371-31) 22-353

31. Ms. Roginska Brigita, Head of ProductionDepartmentDec. 9, 1997UNDA Ltd.SIA UNDAJuras 60Engure, LV 3113Tel: (371-31) 61-432

32. Ms. Chascinova J., Inspector of Nature ProtectionFeb. 9, 1998Ventbunkers Stock Co.A/S “Ventbunkers”Dzintaru 90Ventspils, LV 3602Tel: (371-36) 66-705

33. Ms. Grigoriane Olga, Engineer-EcologistOct. 30, 1997Zunda Stock Co.A/S ZUNDAUdens 11/13Riga, LV 1007Tel: (371-2) 579-505

34. Ms. Strele Gunta, Chairperson of the CentreBARTAVA Municipalities Union“Bartava” paovaldibu apvieniba“Kaleti” Liepaja District, LV 3401Tel: (371-34) 62-647

35. Mr. Draba Rishards, Council ManagerDaugavpils City Council Daugavpils pilsctas DomeKr.Valdemara 1Daugavpils, LV 5400Tel: (371-54) 22-334

36. Mr. Arnts Raitis, Head of Environmental ProtectionBoardEnvironmental Protection Board, Riga City CouncilRigas pilsctas Domes Vides aizsardzibas parvaldeBasteja bulvaris 1Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 325-620

37. Ms. Knutina Rita, Head of EnvironmentalProtection DepartmentJurmala City CouncilJurmalas pilsctas DomeJomas 1/5Jurmala, LV 2015Tel: (371-7) 64-593

38. Mr. Ozolins Maris, Environmental ProtectionInspectorKekava District BoardIekavas rajona paovaldiba majaKekava, LV 2123Tel: (371-29) 37-294

39. Mr. Ansins Gunars, Head of Department for PublicRelationsLiepaja City CouncilLiepajas pilsctas DomeRozu 6Liepaja, LV 3401Tel: (371-34) 23-992

40. Mr. Bartkevics Edvins, HeadOgre City CouncilOgres pilsctas DomeBrivibas 48Ogre, LV 5001Tel: (371-50) 24-271



41. Ms. Klavina Ilze, Urban and Regional PlannerJan. 26, 1998Olaine Town CouncilOlaines pilsctas DomeZemgales 24Olaine, LV 2114Tel: (371-9) 62-003

42. Mr. Sturis Valerijs, Head of Department ofDevelopment PlanningPreili District BoardPreiiu rajona paovaldibaRaina 19Preili, LV 5301Tel: (371-53) 22-238

43. Ms. Zarina Laura, Specialist of Spatial Planning andEcologySaldus District BoardSaldus rajona paovaldibaAvotu 12Saldus, LV 3800Tel: (371-38) 22-238

44. Ms. Hahele Inta Dec. 11, 1997Daugavpils Regional Environmental BoardDaugavpils Reiionala Vides parvaldeRaina 28Daugavpils, LV 5400Tel: (371-2) 36-06

45. Ms. Liepniece Dace, InspectorLiepaja Regional Environmental BoardLiepajas Reiionala Vides parvaldeJauna ostmala 2Liepaja, LV 3400Tel: (371-34) 21-773

46. Mr. Zhubulis Vilis, Head of Departmentfor Project CoordinationOct. 23, 1998Rezekne Regional Environmental BoardRczeknes Reiionala Vides parvaldeZemnieku 5Rezekne, LV 4601Tel: (371-46) 23-667

47. Mr. Sekacis Ilmars, DirectorJan. 28, 1998Ventspils Regional Environmental BoardVentspils Reiionala Vides parvaldeDarza 2Ventspils, LV 3601Tel: (371-36) 26-903

GROUP II: Environmental Businesses

48. Mr. Lacis VisvaldisFeb. 2, 1998SIA ABB Latvija Krustpils 15Riga, LV 1073Tel: (371-7) 249-087

49. Mr. Gadzjus RaitisNov. 26, 1997Amerilat Stock Co.A/S Amerilat Sharlotes 1aRiga, LV 1001Tel: (371-2) 378-330

50. Ms. Blumberga DagnijaDec. 16, 1997SIA B.V.EKODOMAZentenes 12-49Riga, LV 1069Tel: (371-7) 210-597

51. Mr. Melbardis ViktorsDec. 16, 1997SIA Baltec AssociatesBasteja blv. 4-2Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 325-855

52. Mr. Danengirshs SergejsNov. 14, 1997SIA Baltic Scientific InstrumentsGanibu dambis 26Riga, LV 1005Tel: (371-2) 383-947

53. Mr. Dzerkals AugustsOct. 21, 1997A/S BAOPils 17Riga, LV 1494Tel: (371-7) 211-321

54. Ms. Lielpetere AnitaDec. 15, 1997SIA BioefektsBikernieku 121Riga, LV 1079Tel: (371-2) 599-618

55. Mr. Vanags JurisOct. 30, 1997Biotechnical Center Stock Co.A/S Biotehniskais centrsAizkraukles 21Riga, LV 1006Tel: (371-2) 558-779

56. Mr. Lacis MiervaldisFeb. 11, 1998A/S Bruel & Kjaer Sound & Vibration MeasurementKurzemes prosp. 3Riga, LV 1067Tel: (371-2) 417-212

57. Mr. Jasaitis AlbinsOct. 31, 1997Building Waste Recycling Ltd.SIA Buvgruu parstradeGranita 14Riga, LV 1057Tel: (371-7) 113-094



58. Mr. Jepsen Soholm BentJan. 29, 1998Carl Bro LatvijaPeldu 26/28-301Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 223-166

59. Ms. Magone NeldaDec. 10, 1997Lampu demerkurizacijas centrsKapsedes 10Liepaja, LV 3402Tel: (371-34) 72-133

60. Mr. Leitis EriksJan. 28, 1998Coalition Clean Baltic - LatviaAkademijas laukums 1-447Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 213-566

61. Mr. Stripnieks JurisJan. 15, 1998DAMBIS Stock Co.A/S DAMBISGanibu dambis 24aRiga, LV 1005Tel: (371-2) 381-257

62. Ms. Valtere SarmaOct. 23, 1997EKOSAULE Ltd.A/S EKOSAULESlokas 58Riga, LV 1007Tel: (371-7) 089-497

63. Mr. Anspoks JanisDec. 17, 1997SIA EKOSOFTElijas 17Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 226-195

64. Mr. Gailitis AinarsJan. 29, 1998Environmental Consulting and Monitoring CenterVides konsultaciju un monitoringa centrsRupniecibas 25Riga, LV 1045Tel: (371-7) 323-665

65. Mr. Duduris SigitsOct. 29, 1997Environmental Consulting Office Ltd.SIA Vides konsultaciju birojsEzermalas 24/26Riga, LV 1014 Tel: (371-7) 557-668

66. Ms. Kirstuka IlzeNov. 12, 1997Environmetal Data Center of LatviaLatvijas Vides Datu centrsStraumes 2Jurmala, LV 2015Tel: (371-7) 62-282

67. Mr. Shatzs ViktorsNov. 23, 1997Faneks IUAntonijas 10Riga, LV 1010Tel: (371-7) 334-747

68. Mr. Lozarevs SergejsDec. 12, 1997FORMIKA Stock Co.A/S FORMIKARiga, LV 1016Tel: (371-2) 431-312

69. Mr. Prols JanisJan. 29, 1998Geo Consultant Ltd.SIA Geo konsultantsUlmana gatve 3Riga, LV 1004Tel: (371-7) 627-504

70. Mr. Neilands RomansNov. 25, 1997Hidro standartsAzenes 16Riga, LV 1048Tel: (371-7) 612-045

71. Mr. Popovs PavelsJan. 30, 1998A/S KOMUNALPROJEKTSBrivibas 148aRiga, LV 1012Tel: (371-2) 354-317

72. Mr. Jurshevskis JurisOct. 31, 1997SIA LAFIVENTSMukusalas 73aRiga, LV 1004Tel: (371-7) 627-787

73. Ms. Bendere RutaOct. 27, 1997LASA (Latvian Waste Management Association)LASA (Latvijas Atkritumu saimniecibas asociacija)Aizkraukles 21Riga, LV 1006Tel: (371-2) 558-896

74. Mr. Kuzmins JanisNov. 30, 1997Lasma (zinatniski tehniska firma)Aizkraukles 21-111Riga, LV 1006Tel: (371-2) 558-774

75. Mr. Karklins AndisLatvia Biogas AssociationLatvijas Biogazes apvienibaDzintaru 60Riga, LV 1016Tel: (371-2) 431-594



76. Ms. Ladutjko NatalijaOct. 27, 1997Latvian Pollution Prevention CenterLatvijas Piesaroojuma profilakses centrsGertrudes 33/35Riga, LV 1011Tel: (371-2) 293-683

77. Ms. Belovs AnatolijsJan. 8, 1998SIA M.B.I.Gogola 23Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 225-043

78. Ms. Aksika MarutaDec. 19, 1997Ministry of Welfare of the Republic of Latvia, National Environmental Health CenterNacionalais Vides veselibas centrsKlijanu 7Riga, LV 1012Tel: (371-7) 339-157

79. Ms. Rutina GitaOct. 18, 1997Ministry of Welfare, Public Health DepartmentLabklajibas ministrijas Sabiedribas veselibas centrsSkolas 28Riga, LV 1331Tel: (371-7) 021-677

80. Ms. Spole MairaFeb. 5, 1998Nehlsen-Riga-Waste Management Ltd.SIA Nehlsen-Riga-Atkritumu saimniecibaSpilves 10aRiga, LV 1055Tel: (371-2) 461-592

81. Mr. Zarins KarlisFeb. 3, 1998SIA ORIONSAntenas 1Riga, LV 1004Tel: (371-7) 629-312

82. Mr. Karklins AndisSIA PliedersAkademijas 19-812Jelgava, LV 3000Tel: (371-30) 23-073

83. Mr. Kornatovskis JurijsNov. 14, 1997SIA REGARDKr.Valdemara 113-2Riga, LV 1013Tel: (371-2) 379-033

84. Mr. Livshics AleksandrsOct. 22, 1997SIA REKOSGanibu dambis 31Riga, LV 1005Tel: (371-2) 382-249

85. Mr. Volodins SergejsNov. 7, 1997Reoetilovs un CoRucenu cels 48aJelgava, LV 3002Tel: (371-2) 10-17

86. Ms. Valtere SarmaFeb. 3, 1998Riga Technical UniversityRigas Tehniska universitateKalku 1Riga, LV 1058 Tel: (371-7) 089-272

87. Mr. Lashkovskis J.Oct. 28, 1997SIA SISTEMATIKARanka dambis 9-319Riga, LV 1048Tel: (371-7) 619-115

88. Mr. Kreslins AndrisNov. 5, 1997Society of Latvian Heat, Gas and Water EngineeringLatvijas siltuma, gazes un udens tehnoloiijas ingenierusavienibaa/k 526 RigaLV 1010Tel: (371-7) 615-191

89. Ms. Goba VinetaFeb. 2, 1998TEBODIN: Consultants & EngineersTornu 4-202&203Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 223-144

90. Mr. Kurma NikolajsOct. 24, 1997SIA TENAXSpodribas 1Dobele, LV 3701Tel: (371-37) 22-390

91. Ms. Klocko TatjanaDec. 18, 1997SIA TestAptiekas 4Riga, LV 1005Tel: (371-2) 396-529

92. Mr. Ernsteins RaimondsFeb. 2, 1998University of Latvia Center for Environmental Science and Management StudiesLatvijas Universitates Vides zinatnes un parvaldes studiju centrsRaina blv. 19Riga, LV 1586Tel: (371-7) 224-398

93. Mr. Cirulis JurisJan. 9, 1998SIA VIDEAvotu 29Riga, LV 1009Tel: (371-7) 280-482



94. Mr. Kalnachs JanisOct. 27, 1997SIA VirsmaAizkraukles 21Riga, LV 1006Tel: (371-2) 558-898

3.10 Other Useful ContactsAdditional contacts are listed in Table 3.14, “Useful ContactPoints for Environmental Project Opportunities.”

Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development25, Peldu str.Riga, LV 1494Tel: (371-7) 026-400

Ministry of Finance1, Smilsu str.Riga, LV 1050Tel: (371-7) 226-672

Ministry of Economy55, Brivibas boulv.Riga, LV 1519Tel: (371-7) 013-101

Ministry of Agriculture2, Republic squareRiga, LV 1010Tel: (371-7) 325-107

Privatizacion Agency33, K. Valdemara str.Riga, LV 1010Tel: (371-7) 332-082

University of Agriculture2, Liela str.Jelgava, LV 3001Tel: (371-30) 22-584

Institute of Physical Energetics21, AizkrauklesRiga, LV 1006 Tel: (371-7) 552-011

Lielriga Regional Environmental Protection Board25, Rupniecibas str.Riga, LV 1045 Tel: (371-7) 323-702

State EIA Board25, Rupniecibas str.Riga, LV 1045Tel: (371-7) 321-049

Union of Latvian Municipalities1, Maza Pils str.Riga, LV 1050

3.11 List of PublicationsOnly the most important publications used in this report arelisted below. The following information is provided:

Author: Title of publication or article (short description of thepublication/article, where necessary), serial title (where neces-sary), place of publication, date of publication

95. Baltic Environmental Forum: Baltic State of theEnvironment Report based on Environmental IndicatorsTechnical Report, Riga, October 1997.

96. Benders J., Vircavs M., Seglins V.: “Screening and Qualitycontrol in the EIA in Latvia” In: Environmental ImpactAssessment in the Baltic Countries and Poland. NordEnvironment 1996:12. pp. 48-80.

97. Carl Bro Capacity Building for Cleaner Technology inLatvia, Industrial Screening, October 1997.

98. Carl Bro International a/s: “National Municipal SolidWaste Management Strategy for Latvia,” 1997.

99. Carl Bro, a/s Environment: Report, Solid WasteDemonstration Project in Riga, Latvia, 1995.

100. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia: Indicators ofEnvironmental Protection in Latvia 1996, StatisticalBulletin, Riga, 1997.

101. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia: Investment in Latvia,Quarterly Bulletin, No. 2 / 1997, Riga, October 1997.

102. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia: Latvia and theCountries of Central and Eastern Europe, Riga, 1998.

103. Environmental Consulting and Monitoring Center: Stateof the Latvian Environment, Riga, 1996.

104. HAECON-HALCROW: EU Commission, Water Supplyand Sewerage in Latvian Small and Medium-Size Towns,Report on Investments Strategy, Riga, 1996.

105. Komunalprojekts, Ltd.: Riga District Waste ManagementDevelopment Plan, Riga , 1996.

106. Latvian Chamber of Commerce and Industry “LatvianExport & Business Directory - 1996/97,” Riga, 1997.

107. Latvian Development Agency: Journal “Business withLatvia,” No.1-12, 1997.

108. Latvian Development Agency: Business Latvia - withStrategic Hub Latvia of the Baltics, 1997.

109. Ministry of Economy Republic of Latvia: EconomicDevelopment of Latvia, Report, Riga, December 1997.

110. Ministry of Environmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment, Project Department: EnvironmentalInvestments in Latvia (leaflet), December 1997.

111. Ministry of Environmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment: Environmental Protection Action Program,Riga, 1997.

112. Ministry of Environmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment: National Environmental Policy Plan forLatvia, Riga, 1995.

113. PHARE Project: Implementation of the Latvian HazardousWaste Strategy, Management, Inception Report, Riga,November 1997.

114. Questionaire Latvia, Information requested for the prepa-ration of the opinion on the application for membership ofthe European Union, Chapter 12. Environment, Riga, July1996.



115. Regional Environmental Center: “The EnvironmentalTechnology Market in CEE: An Overview of the CzechRepublic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia,”Budapest, December 1997.

116. Riga City Council: Solid Waste Demonstration Projects inRiga, Latvia, Carl Bro Environment A/S, 1996.

117. Riga City Council: Feasibility Study and PreliminaryDesign of Remediation and Continued Operation ofGetlini Disposal Site, Latvia, SWECO, 1996.

118. Riga City Council: Waste Management Plan for Riga City1994-2005, Latvia, Carl Bro Environment A/S, 1994.

119. Seglins V., Vanaga N.: Research project “EnvironmentalImprovements in Latvian Industrial Enterprises,” Report,Riga, 1994.

120. Statistical Yearbook of Latvia, 1997, Riga, 1997.

121. World Environmental Center: Economic andEnvironmental Benefits of Industrial Waste Minimizationin Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Riga, 1996, p141.



ABB Latvia Ltd.Krustpils 15LV 1073 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 249-087Fax: (371-7) 249-823Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Visvaldis LacisYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: n/aOwnership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 3, 5, 45-48, 51, 53Description of services and technologies:Air pollution control (regulation of scrub-bers, ash devices); optimization of burningprocesses; reduction of emissions duringburning processes; reconstruction of heat

generating facilities; construction of new,environmentally sound heat generationfacilities.References to work completed: CHP-1,CHP-2; heat generating facilities as fol-lows: Riga Heat, Ventspils Heat, LiepajaHeat, Valmiera Heat, Daugavpils Heat;Heat boiler houses for Latvian towns andrural villages.

Amerilat Stock Co.Sharlotes 1aLV 1001 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 378-330Fax: (371-7) 828-309Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Raitis GadzjusYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 3,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/a

Income from foreign sources: < 10%Employees: 33Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 4, 9, 10, 19, 20Description of services and technologies:Water analysis; air analysis; universal lab-oratory technology (distribution of medicaltechnologies and processing).References to work completed: Regionalenvironmental boards, PIAP agencies,environmental health centres; PHARE ten-der for teaching environmental science inschools.

Baltec Associates Ltd.Basteja blv. 4-2LV 1050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 325-855Fax: (371-7) 828-231









































Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Viktors MelbardisYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 440,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 90Income from foreign sources: 26-50%Employees: 12Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 9, 10-20, 23, 26-37, 39-44, 55-57, 59-62, 64, 67-75Description of services and technologies:Environmental audits and impact assess-ments; base-line environmental site char-acterization; hydrogeological assessmentand monitoring of contaminated sites;environmental liability cost estimates; riskbased corrective action modelling; emer-gency spill response; remedial pilot testingand design; in-situ and ex-situ site remedi-ation; environmental health and safetytraining; port and harbour sediment inves-tigations and feasibility studies; landfill siteassessment and monitoring; surface andgroundwater resource evaluation anddevelopment;water supply and sewerageleakage detection; institutional strengthen-ing and capacity building; ground andstormwater monitoring; data quality man-agement and validation. References to work completed: Petrol sec-tor (Shell, Neste, Statoil, Amoco, LUKoil);Private industry; Utilities Governmentagencies; Municipalities Riga DistrictGovernment (project - remedial investiga-tion/feasibility study of ground water cont-amination at the Incukalns sulfuric acid -tar (hazardous) waste disposal pits);Bilateral and multilateral funding agencies;World Bank project - hydrogeologicalinvestigation of Riga’s Municipal SolidWaste disposal site, Getlini, EuropeanBank for Reconstruction andDevelopment; Latvian Railroads. (microbi-ological remediation of diesel-contaminat-ed soils along the Riga-Ventspils railwayline. Soil quality assessment of gasolinespill site at Slampe station, soil andground water contamination assessment ofVentspils locomotive depot); EU PHAREProgramme (environmental impact studyof Liepaja Harbour. Leakage detection andcontrols in water supply and wastewatersystems in Estonia and Latvia); Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment (Elaborating new standardson fuel quality and petrol stations, harmo-nizing Latvian laws and regulations withthose of the EU); others.

Baltic Scientific Instruments Ltd.Ganibu dambis 26LV 1005 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 383-947Fax: (371-7) 354-677Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Sergejs DanengirshsYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/a

Income from foreign sources: > 50%Employees: 40Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 1-4, 6, 10, 16, 28, 31, 34,35, 40, 42, 56-58, 68Description of services and technologies:Control of radioactivity; detection of heavymetals in the environment; gas control. References to work completed:Wastewater control in St. Petersburgnuclear power station; elaboration andproduction of X-ray fluorescence analyz-ers; mapping of nucleotide content indeposits bound for the Techa River(Cheljabinsk, Russia) coast.

BAO Stock Co.Pils 17LV 1494 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 211321Fax: (371-7) 215272Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Augusts DzerkalsYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 24Ownership: mixed ownershipInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 34, 37, 38Description of services and technologies:Collection of hazardous waste (unwantedand obsolete pesticides), transportationand storage - at present; hazardous wasteincineration, neutralization and burial. References to work completed:Hazardous waste management inGardene; Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection and Regional Development ofLatvia.

Bioefekts Ltd.Bikernieku 121LV 1079 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 599-618Fax: n/aEmail: n/aContact person: Ms. Anita LielpetereYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 9,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 2Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 20, 23-25, 28, 30, 32, 33,36, 39-44, 55, 58-60, 71-75Description of services and technologies:Biological preparations for agriculture(pollution prevention of chemical pests);microbiological control in environment.References to work completed: Farmers.

Biotechnical Center Stock Co.

Aizkraukles 21LV 1006 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 558-779Fax: (371-7) 541-218Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Juris VanagsYear of establishment: 19951996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: 10-25%Employees: 5Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 9, 10, 13, 15-120, 23-33,58-60Description of services and technologies:Ecological monitoring and process control. References to work completed: A/SRankas piens Ltd Plieders.

Bruel & Kjaer Sound & VibrationMeasurement Stock Co.Kurzemes prosp. 3LV 1067 Riga, LatviaTel: (371) 2417212Fax: (371) 7603353Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Miervaldis LacisYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): Income from foreign sources:noneEmployees: 1 (representative fromDenmark company in Latvia)Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technologySpecialization: 53, 61, 67, 68Description of services and technologies:Energy generation (equipment, measuringdevices); control of industrial safety andnoise (devices for noise and vibrationmeasuring). References to work completed: NationalEnvironmental Health Center; RegionalEnvironmental Health Centers P.StazdinaUniversity of Riga (training occupationalhealth); municipalities (laboratories of san-itary and hygiene); enterprises.

Building Waste Recycling Ltd.Granita 14LV 1057 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 113-094Fax: n/aEmail: n/aContact person: Mr. Albins JasaitisYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): 400,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 40Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 34, 41, 44Description of services and technologies:



Building refuse collection, transportation,sorting and recycling.References to work completed: Buildingcompanies; private persons.

B.V. EKODOMA Ltd.Zentenes 12-49LV 1069 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 210-597Fax: (371-7) 241-9853Email: n/aContact person: Ms. Dagnija BlumbergaYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: > 50%Employees: 9Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 3, 5-8, 23, 25, 28, 32, 33,45-53, 69, 71, 73-75Description of services and technologies:Energy management, feasibility studies,energy audits; technical expertise; opti-mization of existing energy technology,measurements, data analysis; research intoinnovative energy technologies; conceptsof energy efficiency improvement withinenergy generation systems; financial eval-uation of proposals, business plans; envi-ronmental adaptation of energy technolo-gies: monitoring of emissions, measure-ments, calculations, and proposing solu-tions for wastewater treatment and air pol-lution prevention; tender documentation,bid competition, technical evaluation;energy conservation and energy efficiencymeasures, implementation; follow-upactivities, training, service, workshops.References to work completed: Ministryof the Economy (methodology for calcula-tion of heat energy price); RegionalEnvironmental Protection Committees inRiga and Madona; Rigas Gaze (gas mar-keting program); Riga Dairy Plant,Limbazu Dairy Plant, Ventspils Bakery,Preili Cheese Plant, Saulkalne BuildingMaterials Plant, Sloka Pulp and PaperPlant (energy efficiency improvementdemonstration projects); municipalities ofBalvi, Broceni, Baldone, Madona,Ventspils, Valmiera, Jurmala, Aiviekste,Limbazi, Liepa, Adazi, Dobele, Kekava(energy efficiency projects, concepts, busi-ness plans); others.

Carl Bro LatviaPeldu 26/28-301LV 1050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 223-166Fax: (371-7) 229-852Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Bent Jepsen SoholmYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: > 50%Employees: 6Ownership: private

Interested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 7-9, 12, 13, 17-19, 21-24,30, 32-46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 58-60, 68, 69,71-75Description of services and technologies:Planning of water supply and wastewatermanagement; capacity building for cleanertechnologies; planning for waste manage-ment; action planning for oil spill collec-tion (coastal zone and sea management);planning of port waste collection; landplanning and development; planning andreconstruction of boiler houses and heat-ing mains; planning for the energy sector.References to work completed: Nationalmunicipal solid waste management strate-gy for Latvia (500-); capacity building inthe field of cleaner production technolo-gies; approximation of legislation and reg-ulations in the water sector; identificationof energy projects in Latvia.

Coalition Clean Baltic - LatviaAkademijas laukums 1-447LV 1050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 213-566Fax: (3710-7) 213-566Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Eriks LeitisYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 15,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: > 50%Employees: 2Ownership: public organizationInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 2, 7-10, 13, 15-20, 23, 25,26, 28, 29, 32-35, 38-41, 43-53, 55, 58-60, 67, 68, 73-75Description of services and technologies:Alternative technologies for wastewatertreatment; energy savings; alternative ener-gy resources. References to work completed: Smallrural municipalities.

DAMBIS Stock Co.Ganibu dambis 24aLV 1005 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 381-257Fax: (371-7) 830-535Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Juris StripnieksYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: over 50%Employees: 800Ownership: mixed ownershipInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 34Description of services and technologies:Production of containers for householdwaste.References to work completed: Riga CityBoard; municipalities of Latvia; HoetikaLtd; others enterprises and organizations;

private owners; projects in Moscow andLithuania.

EKOSAULE Ltd.Slokas 58LV 1007 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 089-497Fax: n/a Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Sarma ValtereYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 10Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 23,28, 32, 33, 35, 43, 44, 55, 60, 61, 63,65-68Description of services and technologies:Site remediation: physical and chemicaltechnologies for ground decontaminationfrom organic substances - soil washingand solvent extraction; Surface waterdecontamination - steam stripping.References to work completed:Municipalities; factories; ports; study ofenvironmental pollution and demonstra-tion of ground and groundwater decontam-ination; study of the activities of themunicipalities of Kilesaari, Finland.

EKOSOFT Ltd.Elijas 17LV 1050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 226-195Fax: (371-7) 248-401Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Janis AnspoksYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 80,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 10Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1-4, 6, 8, 10, 62-64, 68,73, 75Description of services and technologies:Assessment of pollution from enterprisesunder normal conditions and emergencysituations. References to work completed: Boilerhouses; district heating plants; terminalsfor oil and chemical products: evaluationsof total emissions for: Ventamonjaks,Ventspils nafta (Ventspils oil), Naftas parks,Vudisona terminal, Mantess, Statoil, Shell.

Environmental Consulting Ltd.Ezermalas 24/26LV 1014 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 557-668Fax: (371-7) 557-668Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Sigits Duduris



Year of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): 200,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: 26-50%Employees: 7Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1-44, 52-75Description of services and technologies:Environmental consulting - evaluation oftreatment for air, soil monitoring, treat-ment technologies, treatment for air,groundwater treatment technologies, arte-sian well quality; technical research,hydrogeological research, groundwaterresearch, arrangement of artesian wells;environmental audits, EIA, amendment oflegislation, noise control, statisticalresearch concerning transport flows.References to work completed: LatviaStatoil, Neste Oil Latvia, Latvian TrafficService; Ventspils Nafta (Ventspils Oil),other small fuel companies including:Regal, Katrinkalns, Virsi-A, City M, Tine,Latvijas Nafta; CHP 1 - fuel burning; fuelpollution treatment.

Environmental Consulting andMonitoring CenterRupniecibas 25LV 1045 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 323-665Fax: (371-7) 830-503Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Ainars GailitisYear of establishment: 19951996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: < 10%Employees: 14Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 2, 8, 9, 18, 19, 32, 33, 58,60, 71-75Description of services and technologies:Collaboration in foreign projects; collabo-ration in legislation working groups; elab-oration of regional development plans.References to work completed:Improvement of water supply and treat-ment systems in small rural cities (800+);elaboration of monitoring regulations forthe Ministry Cabinet; elaboration of annualstate of the environment reports; handlingof HELCOM requests; territoral planning(Kudiga District).

FaneksAntonijas 10LV 1010 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 334-747Fax: (371-7) 830-48Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Viktors ShatzsYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 4,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-

ties (in %): 20Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 6Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20,31, 33, 50, 53, 57, 60, 68Description of services and technologies:Vending of laboratory equipment andfacilities; consulting of projects, training;instrumentation service and chromatogra-phy analyses of gases and liquids.References to work completed: Industry;communal utilities.

FORMIKA Stock Co.LV 1016 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 431-312Fax: (371-2) 431-295Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Sergejs LozarevsYear of establishment: 19871996 Revenue (in USD): 160,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 14Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 34, 41Description of services and technologies:Collection and sorting, washing andgranulation of plastics and used plasticspackaging.References to work completed: Riga cityenterprises; Riga city landfill; Riga citycommercial institutions; collection andrecycling of utilized plastic packagingfrom oil production in Riga city; collectionand recycling of single use dishes andaccessories; collection and recycling ofused plastic packaging (polyethenes).

Geo Consultant Ltd.Ulmana gatve 3LV 1004 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 627-504Fax: (371-7) 627-518Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Janis ProlsYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 250,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: 26-50%Employees: 13Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18-20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35-44, 54-60,64, 67-75Description of services and technologies:Geologic research; environmental qualityassessment; contaminated site research;water supply - central and decentral(research, design, connection); research andmanagement of sanitary zone of water pro-tection; waste research and management. References to work completed: Research

of “Baltezers,” “Baltezers-1”; Riga citycompany “Rigas Udens” (Riga Water);National municipal solid waste manage-ment strategy for Latvia, cooperation withCarl Bro; Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection and Regional Development ofLatvia; Environmental impact assessmentof hazardous waste, cooperation with CarlBro; Ministry of Environmental Protectionand Regional Development of LatviaPHARE program; Daugavpils city manage-ment plan; Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection and Regional Development ofLatvia; Research into the Getlini landfilland site research; World Bank.

Hidro StandartsAzenes 16LV 1048 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 612-045Fax: (371-7) 612-045Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Romans NeilandsYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 1,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 22Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 11, 12-18, 20-33Description of services and technologies:Drinking water: removal of iron, softening,stabilization; wastewater: BSP, suspendedsubstances, nitrogen, phosphate removal;technology projects, supervision of con-struction, facility control, servicing.References to work completed: Ventspils,Ugale; Liepaja environmental project;Daugavpils environmental project; Rigaenvironmental project.

Komunalprojekts Stock Co.Brivibas 148aLV 1012 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 354-317Fax: (371-2) 376-920Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Pavels PopovsYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): 1,069,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 190Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1, 4, 6, 7, 9-11, 19-33, 71,73Description of services and technologies:Development of projects. References to work completed: Landfill inTalsi - planning, development, site selec-tion, disposal and economic evaluation ofRiga district landfills; preservation andclean-up of contamined ground inVentspils; municipalities in Latvia.



LasmaAizkraukles 21-111LV 1006 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 558-774Fax: (371-7) 541-218Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Janis KuzminsYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 80,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 8Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 6, 16, 27, 31, 47, 51Description of services and technologies:Control unit devices; pump control units;protection of electroengines; air moistureand temperature devices; water surfaceregulators; elaboration and implementa-tion of non-standard devices and projects.References to work completed: Water net-work enterprises in Jurmala, Valmiera, RigaWater, Ventspils, Sigulda -”Saltavots”); foodindustries (bread); municipalities; printinghouses; Elektrotikli; wood processing com-panies; paper industries; boiler houses;greenhouses.

Lafivents Ltd.Mukusalas 73aLV 1004 Riga, LatviaTel: (371) 7627787Fax: (371) 7629800Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Juris JurshevskisYear of establishment: 9/16/961996 Revenue (in USD): 600,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: less than10%Employees: 30Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technologySpecialization: 48, 50, 51, 61Description of services and technologies:Ventilation and air conditioning systemsfor energy utilization and conservation. References to work completed:Restaurants in Skonto, Lido, Hotel deRome; food producing factories includingLaima Ltd, Latvijas Balzams Ltd; petrol sta-tions such as SHELL, VIADA; banks andoffices: Bank of Latvia, Branch ofAizkraukle Bank, Palace in Riga; RigaInternational Airport; cascade of Daugavahydro power plants.

Lampu Demerkurizacijas Centrs Ltd.Kapsedes 10LV 3402 Liepaja, LatviaTel: (371-34) 72133Fax: n/aEmail: n/aContact person: Ms. Nelda MagoneYear of establishment: 1991

1996 Revenue (in USD): 38,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: 26-50%Employees: 6Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 34, 40Description of services and technologies:Mercury removal from fluorescent lamps;collection of mercury and delivery to mer-cury producing companies in foreigncountries.References to work completed: Suppliersof lamps: Edurds Vilde Ltd; PVAS Dauteks;Latvenergo; Toksika, Lithuania; privateenterprises: Breikulis, Rinkeviciaus(Lithunia).

LASA (Latvian WasteManagement Association)Aizkraukles 21LV 1006 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 558-896Fax: (371-7) 941-218Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Ruta BendereYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 250,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: 26-50%Employees: 13Ownership: public organizationInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 34, 37-41, 44Description of services and technologies:Geological research; environmental quali-ty assessment; contaminated site research;water supply-central and decentral(research, design, connection); researchand management of sanitary zones forwater protection; research and manage-ment of waste.References to work completed: Researchof “Baltezers,” “Baltezers-1”; Riga citycompany “Rigas Udens” (Riga Water);National municipal solid waste manage-ment strategy for Latvia, cooperation withCarl Bro; Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection and Regional Development ofLatvia; environmental impact assessmentof hazardous waste, cooperation with CarlBro; Ministry of Environmental Protectionand Regional Development of LatviaPHARE Programme; Daugavpils city man-agement plan; Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection and Regional.

Latvia Biogas AssociationDzintaru 60LV 1016 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 431-594Fax: (371-2) 243-1295Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Andis KarklinsYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-

ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: n/aOwnership: public organizationInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 7, 8, 17, 18, 32, 33, 43,44, 52, 53, 59, 60Description of services and technologies:Consultations for air pollution minimiza-tion using biofilters, wastewater treatmentusing biogas technologies, solid waste forbiogas production, biogas as an alternativeenergy source.References to work completed:Enterprises; municipalities.

Latvian Environmetal Data CenterStraumes 2LV 2015 Jurmala, LatviaTel: (371-7) 622-82Fax: (371-7) 644-39Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Ilze KirstukaYear of establishment: 19891996 Revenue (in USD): 623,5001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: n/aEmployees: 60Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1, 2, 8, 10, 19, 20, 34-37,42, 58, 60, 71, 75Description of services and technologies:Summary and processing of environmentalquality statistics, cadastre and monitoringdata; software elaboration; elaboration ofGIS application forms; elaboration andmaintenance of computer networks; con-trol of environmental quality data (airemissions, water and soil); elaboration andmaintenance of control quality system;adaptation of control methodologies.References to work completed: Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment and its institutions; munici-palities and enterprises; Project - 800+,500-; elaboration of digital map for over-grown land in Latvia; evaluation of BalticSea pollution load; monitoring of smallrivers in Latvia.

Latvian Pollution PreventionCenterGertrudes 33/35LV 1011 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 293-683Fax: (371-2) 293-683Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Natalija LadutjkoYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): 30,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: > 50%Employees: 2Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service provider



Specialization: 5, 26, 33, 40, 41, 44, 48,53, 75Description of services and technologies:Promotion of waste minimization; promo-tion of cleaner production.References to work completed: 11 com-panies, 18 projects.

M.B.I. Ltd.Gogola 23LV 1050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 225-043Fax: (371-7) 221-982Email: n/aContact person: Ms. Anatolijs BelovsYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 40,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 80Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 30Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 26, 30, 33, 34, 44, 55, 60Description of services and technologies:Clean-up of reservoirs, pipelines andequipment from oil leaks; clean-up of carvalet sites; containment of oil leaks.References to work completed: Petroleumstations: Statoil, Neste Oil, Shell,Zemgales Nafta, INKOMI-R, PremiumPetroleum; stock company Rebir; RigaState trade harbor.

Ministry of Welfare of theRepublic of Latvia, NationalEnvironmental Health CenterKlijanu 7LV 1012 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 339-157Fax: (371-7) 339-006Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Maruta AksikaYear of establishment: 19461996 Revenue (in USD): 363,6631996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 40Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 300Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1, 7-10, 12-15, 17, 18, 20,21, 23-26, 32-34, 37-39, 43, 44, 49, 50,52, 53, 60, 64, 66-68, 70-75Description of services and technologies:Testing of environmental (heath) risk fac-tors; hygenic evaluation of products,processes, services in their project andrealization studies; identification, assess-ment and prevention of environmentalhealth risk factors; vaccinations; consultingin the above areas.References to work completed: Privatefirms, state agencies, municipalities andprivate persons; projects have been per-formed in the following fields: testing andhygenic assessment of food, drinkingwater, building materials, indoor environ-ments, chemical products for household,

processes and installations; identificationof critical points in working places.

Ministry of Welfare, PublicHealth DepartmentSkolas 28LV 1331 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 021-677Fax: (371-2) 271-055Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Gita RutinaYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 9Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 8, 18, 44, 73, 74Description of services and technologies:Participation in elaborating scientificresearch projects (for example, elaborationof standards for air quality); elaboratingenvironmental health legislation. References to work completed: Ministryof Environmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment (strategy for householdwaste, wastewater sludge use, chemicals);agenda for environmental health 1997;MoE projects: “Sanitary regulations forbathing waters,” “Quality requirements fordrinking water,” “Limits for use and tradeof hazardous chemical products,” “Shelterbelts for graveyards,” “Shelter belts forwater abstraction places.”

Nehlsen-Riga-AtkritumuSaimnieciba Ltd.Spilves 10aLV 1055 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 461-592Fax: (371-9) 353-834Email: n/aContact person: Ms. Maira SpoleYear of establishment: 19951996 Revenue (in USD): 800,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 90Income from foreign sources: less than10%Employees: 50Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 34, 40, 41, 44Description of services and technologies:Solid waste collection and transportation;landfill management in the Balvi District;sorting waste (glass/paper); solid wastecollection service; collection and trans-portation of bulky waste, constructionwaste and special industrial waste.References to work completed: RigaKurzemes district “Kurzemes Nami”; RigaKurzemes district cooperative society ofliving houses; Olaine city; Balvi city anddistrict; private owners; private companies.

ORIONS Ltd.Antenas 1LV 1004 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 629-312Fax: (371-7) 629-216Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Karlis ZarinsYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 900,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 30Income from foreign sources: 10%-25%Employees: 106Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 3, 8, 34, 44-47, 52, 53, 68Description of services and technologies:Scrubbers and filters for flue gas treatment;heat boiler house facilities for woodrefuse; production of household wastebins.References to work completed: Heat pro-ducers: municipalities, companies, privateowners; IF - Energy systems (Denmark).

Plieders Ltd.Akademijas 19-812LV 3000 Jelgava, LatviaTel: (371-30) 23073Fax: (371-30) 23073Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Andis KarklinsYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 800,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 20Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 36Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 10, 11, 13, 15-18, 20, 21,23-33, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 69, 73-75Description of services and technologies:Anaerobic-aerobic technologies (usingbiogas) for wastewater treatment; applica-tion of bacterical immobilization materialsfor intensification of treatment processes(including consultations); heat boilersfuelled by local solid fuel (firewood).References to work completed: Dairy:Rankas piens Ltd., Malpils piensaimnieks;Riga city wastewater treatment plant“Daugavgriva”; work in the municipalitiesof Jelgava, Olaine, Kalnciems etc; and invocational schools in Eleja, Kazdanga.

REGARD Ltd.Kr.Valdemara 113-2LV 1013 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 379-033Fax: (371-2) 379-033Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Jurijs KornatovskisYear of establishment: 19891996 Revenue (in USD): 102,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 90Income from foreign sources: < 10%Employees: 5



Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1-6, 8, 9-13, 18, 20, 47,54, 55, 61-63, 65, 68Description of services and technologies:Technologies for air pollution (chemicalsubstances, emission) control; technolo-gies for water pollution (chemical sub-stances, emission, imisision) control; con-trol of critical sites in work places (linkedto air); noise and vibration control.References to work completed: Fire-securityservice; railroads of Latvia; Latvian ShippingAgency; Ventspils Nafta (Ventspils Oil)(Ventspils Oil); nature protection institutions;enterprises.

REKOS Ltd.Ganibu dambis 31LV 1005 Riga, LatviaTel: (371) 2382249Fax: (371) 2382249Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Aleksandrs LivshicsYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 600,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 90Income from foreign sources: 10-25%Employees: 25Ownership: mixed ownershipInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technologySpecialization: 50Description of services and technologies:Alternative (non-CFC) refrigeration equip-ment producors; refrigerator trailer pro-ducers; refrigerator projection, construc-tion and instrumentation; consulting andtraining services. References to work completed: Refrigeratortrailer producers; milk coolant producers;show-case trades; Riga Central marketinstrumentation; Solitude market instrumen-tation; wholesale trade warehouse BauskasStr.3; Shift instrumentation (non CFCrefrigents); USA concern “TERMO KING”;cooperative project with France: refrigeratorproducers and assemblers.

Resetilovs & Co.Rucenu cels 48aLV 3002 Jelgava, LatviaTel: (371) 21017Fax: (371) 25678Email: r&[email protected] person: Mr. Sergejs VolodinsYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 3,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: over 50%Employees: 60Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 19, 29, 22-28, 31-33Description of services and technologies:Producing of biological treatment facilitiesfor treatment of municipal, industrial andoil product containing wastewater; recon-struction of wastewater treatment facilities;

training of staff; distribution of biologicalproduction.References to work completed:Reconstruction of wastewater treatmentfacilities in the following places; Iecava;tuberculosis hospital “Jugla”; tuberculosishospital “Celmioi”; Tukuma Milk; privatehotels “Hotelis Mara”; petrol stations Shell,Texaco, LUKoil; Vitenevo, Krievija;Gazprom; health resorts “Beloje ozero”(Moscow).

Riga Technical UniversityKalku 1LV 1058 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 089-272Fax: (371-7) 820-094Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Sarma ValtereYear of establishment: n/a1996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: < 10%Employees: n/aOwnership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 3-5, 7, 8, 10-14, 17, 18,24, 32, 33, 41, 43, 44-49, 52, 53, 55, 60,61, 68Description of services and technologies:Flue gas nitrogen oxide reduction; facilityefficiency (fuel economy, hazardousemission reduction); improvement ofwastewater treatment technologies;research and analyses of soil and ground-water chemical pollution.References to work completed:Consultation with specialists from facto-ries, boiler houses, wastewater treatmentfacilities and municipalities; training inenvironmental technologies (water supplyand sewage, energy, environmental tech-nologies and facilities) on the level of BSc,MSc and Engineers.

SISTEMATIKA LtdRanka dambis 9-319LV 1048 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 619-115Fax: (371-7) 615-195Email: n/aContact person: Mr. J. LashkovskisYear of establishment: 19961996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 15Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 10, 13, 15, 20, 23, 25, 26,29, 34, 35, 38, 40, 63, 64Description of services and technologies:Wash, clean-up (sandblasting) of tanks,reservoirs, workshop and territories fromoil products, fats, oil and other chemicalsubstances; anti-corrosion processes; uti-lization of waste.References to work completed: Latvian

Shipping Agency; Riga ship building;Railroads of Latvia; Daugavpils CarriageDepot; LTG Ltd; Tilts Baltija Ltd; LatvijasBalzams; chemical clean-up.

Society of Latvian Heat, Gas andWater Engineeringa/k 526LV 1010 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 615-191Fax: (371-7) 615-191Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Andris KreslinsYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: 26-50%Employees: 200Ownership: public organizationInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1-4, 7-18, 20-33, 38, 43,45-54, 56, 59-62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 73-75Description of services and technologies:Expert reports, projects; national standardsdocumentation; professional courses andlicensing for engineers.References to work completed: Heat,water supplies and wastewater communalutility; municipalities; construction organi-zations; Design offices.

Tebodin: Consultants & EngineersTornu 4-202&203LV 1050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 223-144Fax: (371-7) 223-830Email: [email protected] person: Ms. Vineta GobaYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 20Income from foreign sources: over 50%Employees: 6Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1, 2-8, 18, 33, 34, 44, 45,56, 57, 60-64, 68-71, 73-75Description of services and technologies:Project management; consultations; envi-ronmental planning and management;procurement; building management;cleaner production technologies.References to work completed: VENOIL -Basic design of an Oil Terminal atVentspils; Latvian Shipping Company -Feasibility Study for a container terminalin the Port of Liepaja; MEPRD -Establishing a Water Monitoring Station inPiedruja; Ventbunkers - Master plan forthe reconstruction of current facilities; BLBBaltijas Terminals; Project definition forExport of Chemical Products; Jekabpils -Rehabilitation of an Animal feed produc-tion plant; PSO - Senter - Energy conserva-tion in the agrofood production plant;Development of Sustainable TransportSystems in the Ports of Latvia; others.



TENAX Ltd.Spodribas 1LV 3701 Dobele, LatviaTel: (371-237) 22390Fax: (371-237) 24371Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Nikolajs KurmaYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 5,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 130Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 37Description of services and technologies:Chemically durable buildings and hermet-ic materials for environmental protectionfrom oil products, chemical substances inoil terminals; in industrial enterprises, inpetrol stations, in wastewater treatmentplants and in landfills.References to work completed: n/a

Test Ltd.Aptiekas 4LV 1005 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 396-529Fax: n/aEmail: n/aContact person: Ms. Tatjana KlockoYear of establishment: 19801996 Revenue (in USD): 86,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 17Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1, 3, 4, 20, 38, 47, 62, 64Description of services and technologies:Stock-taking of hazardous substances;elaborating maximim levels for emissionstandards; ventilation emissions control;ventilation equipment certification andcontrol of air treatment plant; noise leveland vibration measurements; electro-mea-surements in enterprises, regulation forsubstations; regulations for boiler rooms. References to work completed: Stockcompany Rigas miesnieks; stock companyRigas raugs; stock company Rinar; stockcompany Mangaïu ship repair enterprise;stock company Hoetika-ATU; stock com-pany RER; Ventspils ventilators Ltd;Jurmala heat systems; Imanta Ltd.

University of Latvia, Center forEnvironmental Science andManagement StudiesRaina blv. 19LV 1586 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 224-398Fax: (371-7) 228-286Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Raimonds ErnsteinsYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): n/a

1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources: > 50%Employees: 17Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1, 2-9, 12, 13, 16-19, 23-25, 32-34, 44-49, 51-53, 69, 71, 73-75Description of services and technologies:Academic (Master degree level) study pro-grams; in-service training; workshops andconferences; studies abroad; informationservices - databases, publishing; consulta-tions.References to work completed: Denmark -Latvia (Carl Bro Co.) project, clientsincluded enterprise labourers; EU PHARETEMPUS project - University college onEnvironmental Education, clients includedteachers in vocational shools, Ministry ofEducation and Science, Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment, Organizations ofAdult/Continued education; Micro-PHARESustainable Development and Democracy,clients included municipalities.

VIDE Ltd.Avotu 29LV 1009 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 280-482Fax: (371-7) 280-482Email: n/aContact person: Mr. Juris CirulisYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 40,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 80Income from foreign sources: > 10%Employees: 8Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 3-6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 21,23, 26, 28, 33, 45-48, 53, 61, 68, 69Description of services and technologies:Assessment of air pollution in cities; enter-prises etc; design of equipment for clean-up; consulting services; projects for limit-ing emissions.References to work completed: Ministryof Environmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment of Latvia; private and stockcompanies: Broceni, Valmiera glass fibrefactory, REBIR, Kvadrats, Latelektro Privatewoodprocessing enterprises.

Virsma Ltd.Aizkraukles 21LV 1006 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-2) 558-898Fax: (371-7) 541-218Email: [email protected] person: Mr. Janis KalnachsYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 40,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 80Income from foreign sources: noneEmployees: 8Ownership: private

Interested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 19, 20, 23, 25,33-39, 41, 43, 44, 50, 52, 53, 55, 58, 73Description of services and technologies:Waste management systems for enterpris-es, districts and municipalities; consultingservices in waste management, ecologicalproblems, waste treatment, environmentalassessments; analysis and testing of thequality of drinking water, wastewater, solidfuel, liquid fuel and furnaces; preparationof reports on waste qualities and possibleuses; developing a strategy for the recy-cling of waste.References to work completed: RigaDistrict Board (waste collection, storageand conversion plan); Rigas Udens (planelaborating sludge treatment and disposalof wastewater through treatment systems);Talsi city Board (elaborating waste man-agement system for Talsi city).



ADMINISTRATIVE BODIESRESPONSIBLE FORENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

Ministries■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AND REGIONALDEVELOPMENTPeldu Str. 251050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 026-400Fax: (371-7) 820-442

MinisterAnatolijs Gorbunovs

Statistics1997 Budget:7.24 million Latvian lats (ECU 11 million)Number of Employees:498

HistoryDate Current Structure EstablishedSummer 1993Establishing LawsLaw on Environmental Protection (1991)Law on Natural Resources Tax (1990)Law on Protected Nature Areas (1993)Law on Hazardous Wastes (1993)Law on State Ecological Expertise (1990)Law on Radiation and Nuclear Safety(1994)Law on Natural Resources Tax (1996)Ministry’s Previous NameEnvironmental Protection Committee

Responsibilities• coordination of environmental protec-

tion activities• development and implementation of

national environmental policy• providing the regulatory basis for envi-

ronmental protection• promoting comprehensive and sustain-

able development in accordance withavailable resources and the desires ofthe community

• implementation of government policyon territorial planning and developmentof infrastructure for urban areas, hous-ing and tourism

• implementation, policy and strategy inthe areas of architecture, building, pro-duction of building materials, housing,municipal services, and regional devel-opment

Key ContactsAnatolijs Gorbunovs, MinisterTel: (371-7) 026-400

Indulis Emsis, State Minister ofEnvironmental ProtectionTel: (371 -7) 026-500

Guntis Pukitis, State SecretaryTel: (371-7) 026-560

Rolands Bebris, Director, EnvironmentalProtection DepartmentTel: (371-7) 026-501

Indrikis Barkans, Deputy Director, Environmental Protection DepartmentTel: (371-7) 026-501E-mail: [email protected]

Aija Bauere, Director, RegionalDevelopment DepartmentTel: (371-7) 026-477

Vija Geme, Director, Building Department Tel: (371-7) 026-461

Dzidra Hadonina, Director, Division of Natural Resources and StateCadastresTel: (371-7) 322-509

Velga Slaidina, Deputy Director, Law and Economics DepartmentTel: (371-7) 026-541

Zigfrids Bruvers, Director, Projects DepartmentTel: (371-7) 026-401

Rita Rumba, Director, Administrative DepartmentTel: (371-7) 026-444

Agnese Zeltina, Head, Tourism CouncilTel: (371-7) 026-492

Note: All persons may be reached at theministry’s main address unless otherwiselisted.

SUB-NATIONAL STRUCTURESLatvian Environmental Protection FundLiela Pils Str. 171050, Riga, LatviaCentral Tel: (371-7) 222-427Janis Brunenieks, Executive DirectorTel: (371-7) 222-427Fax: (371-7) 221-729

Andrejs Melzobs, Head of TechnologicalExpertise and Supervision Department

8 Regional Environmental ProtectionCommittees

■ MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Republikas Laukums 21010 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 325-107Maris Spridzuks, Head, EU IntegrationWorking Group, External RelationsDepartmentTel: (371-7) 027-567, 027-122

■ MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTGogola Str. 31050 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 226-922Alexander Konoshevics, Head, EUIntegration Working Group, LegalDepartmentTel: (371-7) 028-202Fax: (371-7) 217-180

■ MINISTRY OF WELFARESkolas Str. 281010 Riga, LatviaTel: (371-7) 021-600

European Union Integration BureauElizabetes Str. 571050 Riga, LatviaJanis Vaivads, DirectorTel/Fax: (371-7) 286-672, 287-904E-Mail: [email protected]

Activities:• Coordinates the 23 EU Integration

Working Groups located within theindividual ministries

Einars Cilinskis, Head,EU Integration Working GroupsEuropean Integration UnitTel: (371-7) 026-535Fax: (371-7) 820-442

ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING

Administrative BodiesResponsiblefor EnvironmentalMonitoring■ ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTINGAND MONITORING CENTER(under supervision of the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment)Rupniecibas Str. 251045 Riga, LatviaAinars Gailitis, Director, or Dr. VoldemarsSpungis, Development of EnvironmentalMonitoring and Information Systems




Tel: (371-7) 323-665Fax: (371-7) 830-503E-mail: [email protected]

Statistics1997 Budgetapproximately ECU 770,000Monitoring Budgetapproximately ECU 115,942Number of Employees14

Spoken LanguagesLatvian, English, German

Key Publication(s)Local languageEnvironmental Monitoring in LatviaEnvironmental Protection in LatviaEnglishEnvironmental Monitoring in Latvia

HistoryDate of EstablishmentMarch 16, 1995Establishing ActOrder No. 23 of the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and RegionalDevelopment, Feb. 27, 1995

Responsibilities• preparation and publication of three

reports: State of the Environment in LatviaEnvironmental Monitoring in LatviaNature Protection in Latvia

• consulting on various environmentalissues.

Monitoring Responsibilities,By sector■ AGRICULTURAL RUN-OFFMinistry of Education and Science: University of Agriculture of LatviaAkademijas Str. 193001 Jelgava, LatviaViesturs JansonsTel: (371-30) 29905, 29851Fax: (371-30) 22180

■ AIR Environmental Pollution ObservationCenter of the LatvianHydrometeorological Agency (LHMA)Maskavas Str. 1651019 Riga, LatviaAlla Grinman, Head, Laboratory for AirQuality MonitoringTel: (371-7) 144-390Fax: (371-7) 145-154

Activities/Measurements• atmospheric air pollution: measure-

ments of SO2, CO, NO2, phenol,formaldehyde, heavy metals in aerosols,NH3, hydrocarbons, benzopyrens, HClin 9 cities.

• chemistry of precipitation: measure-ments of Ca, Na, K, NH4+, SO42-, Cl,NO3-, PO43-, pH, Cd, Cu, Zn at 22

points in Latvia• snow chemistry: measurements of Ca,

Na, K, NH4+, SO42, Cl, NO3-, pH, con-ductivity at 54 points in Latvia.

Regular Materials AvailableLocal languageEnvironment Pollution in Latvia, AnnualReportEnglishEnvironment Pollution in Latvia, AnnualReport

■ AMBIENT GAMMA-RADIATIONLatvian Environmental Data CenterStraumes Str. 22015 Jurmala, LatviaVija ButeTel: (371-2) 761-030Fax: (372-2) 764-439

■ EMISSIONS State Environmental InspectorateRupniecibas Str. 251045 Riga, LatviaBronislavs Salitis, HeadTel: (371-7) 321-200Fax: (371-7) 243-077

Latvian Environmental Data CenterStraumes Str. 22015 Jurmala, LatviaIlze Kirstuka, DirectorMaris Liepins, Deputy DirectorTel: (371-2) 762-282Fax: (371-2) 764-439E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.vdc.jurmala.lv/lvdc

■ FORESTS Institute of Forest Management of theState Forest ServiceRiga Str. 1132169 Salaspils, LatviaJanis Vazdikis, DirectorTel: (371-2) 94220Fax: (371-2) 942-388Madis Sipols, Chief SpecialistTel: (371-2) 942-388E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• regional forest monitoring• defoliation and discoloration of conifer-

ous needles and deciduous leaves at398 points in Latvia

Regular Materials AvailableLocal languageAnnual Report for Environmental DataCenterEnglishForest Condition in Europe (LatviaChapter), Annual Report

■ NATIONAL PARKS AND PROTECTEDAREAS Teichi State ReserveAiviekstes Str. 3

4862 LaudonaMadonas raj., LatviaJuris JatnieksTel: (371-48) 48291

North Vidzeme Regional NatureProtection ComplexOstas Str. 14033 SalacgrivaLimbazu raj., LatviaAndris UrtansTel: (371-40 ) 41993

The Slitere State ReserveTalsu Str. 123270 DundagaTalsu raj., LatviaElmars PeterhofsTel: (371-32) 42542

Kemeri National ParkTuristu Str. 9, Kemeri2012 Jurmala, LatviaAndis LiepaTel: (371-2) 765-389

■ PUBLIC HEALTH Ministry of Welfare, Department ofHealthSkolas Str. 281331 Riga, LatviaEinars Jurshevics, DirectorTel: (371-7) 021-646Fax: (371-7) 276-445

Ministry of Welfare - EnvironmentalHealth CenterKlijanu Str. 71012 Riga, LatviaMaris Budovskis, DirectorTel: (371-7) 379-231Fax: (371-7) 339-006

■ SOILLand Cadastre Center of the State LandServicePushkina Str. 141050 Riga, LatviaMintauts Eglitis, DirectorGinta Sloka, Deputy DirectorTel: (371-7) 210-460Fax: (371-7) 820-173

Activities/Measurements(performed together with the AgriculturalUniversity of Latvia)• agricultural land monitoring: measure-

ments of pH, organic matter, P2O5,K2O, etc.; physical parameters, heavymetals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd), radia-tion, residues of pesticides, biologicalparameters

■ TERRESTRIAL AND WATERECOSYSTEMSMinistry of Education and Science -Institute of BiologyMiera Str. 32169 Salaspils, LatviaGunars Andrushatis, DirectorTel: (371-2) 944-988Fax: (371-9) 345-412



E-mail: [email protected] CimdinsTel: (371-2) 945-418Fax: (371-9) 345-412

■ WASTE Latvian Waste Management Association(LASA)Aizkraukles Str. 21, FEI1006 Riga, LatviaDr. Ruta Bendere, DirectorTel: (371-2) 558-896Fax: (371-7) 820-339

■ WATER - LAKESThere is no developed monitoring system.Some larger lakes are controlled by theLatvian Hydrometeorological Agency.

■ WASTE - NUCLEAR State Enterprise ‘Radons’ nuclear wastestorageBaldones sos. 27. km2125 Baldone, LatviaAlvis PreissTel: (371-2) 932-744

■ WATER - MARINE ENVIRONMENTInstitute of Aquatic Ecology of theUniversity of LatviaMieraStr. 32169 Salaspils, LatviaAndris Andrushaitus, DirectorTel: (371-2) 945-405Fax: (371-2) 345-412E-mail: [email protected]

Aivars Jurkovskis, Head, Sea Monitoring DepartmentTel: (371-7) 614-840Fax: (371-7) 616-946E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• Baltic Sea monitoring: measurements of

Sechi discs, salinity, O2, H2S, BOD, nutrients, oilhydrocarbons, Ntot, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO4-, detergents, heavy metals, biological parameters, at 37 points inthe Riga Gulf and the Baltic Sea

• pollution in Riga Gulf sediments: mea-surements of heavy metals and elements(Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Mn,Fe, Se, F, Mo, B), oil hydrocarbons,Ntot, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- at 170 pointsin the Riga Gulf

Regular Materials AvailableEnglishRegular Data Set for the HelsinkiCommission

■ WATER - RIVERSEnvironmental Pollution ObservationCenter of Latvian HydrometeorologicalAgency (LHMA)Maskavas Str. 1651019 Riga, Latvia

Andris Leitass, DirectorTel: (371-7) 112-640

Mendel Laznik, Head, Laboratory for Water Quality MonitoringTel: (371-7) 113-273Fax: (371-7) 145-154

Activities/Measurements• chemistry of rivers: measurements of

pH, BOD, COD, color, odor, Sechi disk,suspended solids, dissolved matters,phenols, oil products, detergents, heavymetals, nutrients, pesticides at 72 pointsin Latvia

Regular Materials AvailableLocal languageEnvironment Pollution in Latvia, AnnualReportEnglishEnvironment Pollution in Latvia, AnnualReport

■ WATER - UNDERGROUND WATERState Geological SurveyEksporta Str. 51010 Riga, LatviaRudite Anikejeva, DirectorJanis Prols, CouncillorTel: (371-2) 732-0379Fax: (371-2) 333-218

Natalia Levina, Leading SpecialistTel: (371-7) 320-357

Activities/Measurements• underground water quality and regime:

level, measurements of O2, COD, BOD,Ntot, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO4, SiO2,Fe, phenol, detergents, HCO3-, Cl,SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+,Na+, K+, at 96 sam-pling points

■ WILDLIFE Latvian Ornithological Society (NGO)Kalnciema Str. 271046 Riga, LatviaMaris Strazds, DirectorTel/Fax: (371-7) 221-580

Ornithological Laboratory, Institute ofBiologyMiera Str. 32169 Salaspils, LatviaJanis ViksneTel: (371-2) 945-437Fax: (371-9) 345-412

Latvian Fund for Nature4. Kronvalda blv.1010 Riga, LatviaMaris Kreilis, DirectorTel: (371-7) 322-852Fax: (371-7) 830-291

Latvian Entomological Society, Institute ofBiology3 Miera Str.2169 Salaspils, LatviaVoldemars SpungisTel: (371-2) 945-410Fax: (371-9) 345-412

Latvian Fisheries Research InstituteDaugavgrivas Str. 61007 Riga, LatviaMaris Vitinsh, DirectorTel: (371-7) 612-409Fax: (371-7) 616-946

ADMINISTRATIVE BODIESRESPONSIBLE FOR PUBLIC ACCESS TOENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION

■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AND REGIONALDEVELOPMENT

Peldu Str. 251050 Riga, LatviaUldis Cekulis, Public Relations andEducation DivisionTel: (371-7) 702-6417Fax: (371-7) 820-442

■ ENVIRONMENTAL DATA CENTER

Straumes Str. 22015 Jurmala, LatviaIlze KirstukaTel: (371-2) 762-282Fax: (371-2) 764-439

■ ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTATION AND MONITORING CENTER

Rupniecibas Str. 251045 Riga, LatviaAinars GailitisTel: (371-7) 323-595Fax: (371-7) 820-264E-mail: [email protected]

ADMINISTRATIVE BODIESRESPONSIBLE FOR ENFORCEMENT ANDCONTROL OFENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONS

■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Environmental Protection DepartmentPeldu Str. 251050 Riga, LatviaRolands Bebris, Deputy Director, HeadTel: (371-7) 026-501Fax: (371-7) 820-442

■ DEPARTMENT OF REGIONALDEVELOPMENT

Aija Bauere, DirectorTel: (371-7) 026-477Fax: (371-7) 820-442



■ BUILDING DEPARTMENT

Vija GemeTel: (371-7) 026-461Fax: (371-7) 820-442

■ DEPARTMENT OF LAW ANDECONOMICS

Velga Slaidina, Deputy DirectorTel: (371-7) 026-511Fax: (371-7) 820-442

■ PROJECT DEPARTMENT

Zigfrids BruversTel: (371-7) 026-401Fax: (371-7) 820-442

■ ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT

Rita RumbaTel: (371-7) 026-444Fax: (371-7) 820-442

■ DIVISION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND STATE CADASTRES

Dzidra Hadonina, HeadTel: (371-7) 322-509Fax: (371-7) 820-442

■ REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTALINSPECTORATESAND NATURE RESERVE DIRECTORATES

(See list below)

■ STATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT BOARD

Rupniecibas Str. 251045 Riga, LatviaMagnuss VircavsTel: (371-7) 321-049, 321-209

■ GEO SIA

11. Novermbra Krastmala 311050 Riga, LatviaAndreis Mihelsons, DirectorTel/Fax: (371-7) 211-209, (371-3) 70-179

REGIONALENVIRONMENTALINSPECTORATES ANDNATURE RESERVEDIRECTORATES

■ LIELRIGA ENVIRONMENTAL BOARD

Rupniecibas Str. 251045 Riga, LatviaRaimonds Vejonis, DirectorTel: (371-7) 323-202Fax(: (371-7) 322-359

■ JELGAVA REGIONALENVIRONMENTAL BOARD

Kazarmas Str. 17a3000 Jelgava, LatviaMargarita Ulande, DirectorTel: (371-30) 23-228

■ VENTSPILS REGIONALENVIRONMENTAL BOARD

Darza Str. 23601 Ventspils, LatviaIlmars Seleckis, DirectorTel: (371-36) 26-903, 25-332Fax: (371-36) 23-375E-mail: [email protected]

■ LIEPAJA REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTALBOARD

Jauna Ostmala 23400 Liepaja, LatviaLeonids Zelenskis, DirectorTel: (371-34) 24-826Fax: (371-34) 27-675

■ VALMIERA REGIONALENVIRONMENTAL BOARD

Beates Str. 494200 Valmiera, LatviaIlmars Eglitis, DirectorTel: (371-42) 22-593Fax: (371-42) 24-489

■ MADONA REGIONALENVIRONMENTAL BOARD

Blaumana Str. 74801 Madona, LatviaJevgenijs Sobko, DirectorTel/Fax: (371-48) 23-774

■ DAUGAVPILS REGIONALENVIRONMENTAL BOARD

Raina Str. 285400 Daugavpils, LatviaPavels Kacars, DirectorTel: (371-54) 23-606Fax: (371-54) 23-219

■ REZEKNE REGIONALENVIRONMENTAL BOARD

Zemnieku Str. 54600 Rezekne, LatviaJanis KarroTel: (371-46) 22-597Fax: (371-46) 22-710

■ SLITERE STATE RESERVE

Talsu Str. 123270 DundagaTalsu raj., LatviaElmars PeterhofsTel: (371-32) 42-542



4.1 Summary Of FindingsIn 1996, environmental expenditures in Lithuania amount-

ed to USD 31.1 million, or 0.4 percent of GDP.The main priority areas of Lithuania’s environmental strategy

in recent years have been wastewater management and air pol-lution control. Wastewater management investments constitutedmore than 90 percent of the total environmental expendituresbetween 1994 and 1996. A shift in investment, however, is givingfocus to wastewater treatment and the reduction of wastewaterdischarges, hazardous waste management, the clean-up of cont-aminated territories, and air pollution reduction. These priorityareas are expected to remain for several years.

It is somewhat difficult to estimate the size of the Lithuanianenvironmental market and its growth because of a lack of dataand the limited access to state statistical institutions.

Pollution of water, especially that of rivers, remains themost acute ecological problem in Lithuania. The situation ofthe Curonian Lagoon is critical. High quality groundwater isused to serve everyday needs in Lithuania, however, in ruralareas, shallow well water, often polluted with nitrates, is used.The eutrophication of lakes, the Curonian Lagoon and theBaltic Sea is another serious problem.

Atmospheric pollution in Lithuania has declined in recentyears. However, as is the case in most European countries,problems such as acid rain, ozone layer depletion and climatechange are characteristic of Lithuania. Transport, energy andindustry are the major causes of air pollution in the country.Mobile pollution sources (i.e. road transport, railway and civilaviation) constitute the major source of air pollution, emittingapproximately 362,000 tons of CO, NOX and SO2 into theatmosphere each year. Emissions from stationary sources total149,000 tons annually.

Another important problem is soil contamination causedby biogenic and toxic materials, a result of agricultural activi-ties. Former Soviet military activities have also left 67,762hectares, or 1.04 percent of Lithuania’s territory, contaminated.More than 50 percent of this land is contaminated by oil prod-ucts and heavy metals. In places where pollution has reachedgreater proportions, damage has resulted not only in the aera-tion zone but in the groundwater as well.

There are approximately 800 municipal landfills inLithuania, though most have little consideration for their envi-ronmental impact and for modern technologies to ensure theirproper operation. Waste separation takes place only in thelargest Lithuanian cities. About 101,000 tons of hazardouswaste was accumulated in Lithuania during 1996. Most oilproduct waste, materials polluted with oil, solvents and otherflammable hazardous waste is incinerated in boilers notequipped for this purpose.

The operation of power generation companies is unavoid-ably linked with various environmental problems. The mainenergy companies are primary sources of air pollution inLithuania, while 94 percent of the water extracted fromLithuanian water bodies is used for power generation purpos-es. This water is mainly discharged from the Ignalina nuclearpower plant and Kruonis Hydro Pump Storage Plant. Thisbrings about the serious environmental problems of radioac-tive contamination in the Druksiai Lake sediments and theecosystem in general.

Radiation, electromagnetic fields, thermal pollution andnoise are the most characteristic physical pollution sources,and their impact upon the environment is recognized and reg-istered. Transport and industry are obviously the majorsources of noise, with certain urban centers suffering noiselevels well above acceptable standards.

Future projects in Lithuania will include cleaner produc-tion, waste minimization, recycling, energy saving measuresand the introduction of environmental management systemssuch as ISO 14000 and EMAS.

C H A P T E R 4 : L I T H U A N I A


L I T H U A N I A

Vilnius

Panavezys

Balt ic Sea

L AT V I A

B E L A R U S

P O L A N D

Siauliai

Kaunas

Klaipeda (Memel)

R U S S I A

0 50 100

kilometers

Chapter 4: Lithuania



Area (sq. km) 45,215 64,100 65,300

GDP (USD bln) 2.2 5.0 10.0

GDP growth (%) 11.7 2.6 6.4










Trade fairs, exhibitions, business presentations, productand service catalogs, direct mailings as well as personal andprofessional contacts are the main sources of information usedfor identifying potential suppliers of environmental technolo-gies. Tender calls are the most reliable source for obtaininginformation on a specific project.

Demand for environmental technologies was found to bemoderate to relatively high. The highest demand was identifiedin the energy and waste management sectors, howeverdemand for environmental technologies in other sectors is alsorelatively high. Generally, supply meets demand althoughsome sectors are poorly represented. In the air sector, emissionabatement and cleaner production technologies are highest indemand, while a shortage has been identified for instrumenta-tion and process control/software technologies for industry.

Demand for water and wastewater technologies is moder-ate to high. In the potable water sector, demand was identifiedfor treatment processes, inspection and reconditioning ofexisting supply networks, and sampling/laboratory analysis.Technologies in increasing demand include instrumenta-tion/process control/software, monitoring equipment, andwater recycling and reuse. In the municipal and industrialwastewater sector, the following technologies are found to bein demand: pollution prevention/waste minimization, instru-mentation/process control/software, inspection and recondi-tioning of existing collection networks, and physical, chemi-cal, and biological treatment processes.

In general, waste management technologies are in rela-tively high demand in Lithuania. The highest demand exists formunicipal waste management, industrial/hazardous wastemanagement equipment and radioactive waste management.Site remediation and clean-up of contaminated land is an areaof growing demand. In the municipal waste management sec-tor, high demand was identified for waste collection/trans-portation and storage equipment, landfill disposal, and incin-eration technologies. Improper management of old landfills isalso of major concern. The industrial and hazardous wastemanagement sector indicates high demand for pollution pre-vention/waste minimization technologies, and transportationand storage equipment. Technologies in high demand relatedto hazardous waste were site remediation/cleanup of contam-inated land, and landfill disposal.

The demand for energy related technologies was high incomparison with other sectors. Three main types of technolo-gies for energy and power generation ranked high in demandare new/efficient energy and heat generation systems, retro-fitting/rehabilitation of existing systems, and heat recoveryand energy savings technologies. Technologies wheredemand is expected to grow concerned instrumentation andprocess management and control.

The demand for environmental technologies related toindustrial safety and noise control is just above moderate. Thedemand for general consulting services and research anddevelopment into environmental technologies in this sector isa growth area. The demand for instrumentation/measurementand control devices indicates a lack of equipment within com-panies for monitoring and for the collection of informationconcerning hazardous issues in the working environment.

Municipalities are the primary end-users of environmentaltechnologies and services in all sectors except air. Industrialcompanies and water and energy supply companies make upother significant end-users.

The strongest characteristic of local environmental tech-nologies was their low price (listed by 76 percent of surveyrespondents). The ability to customize and adapt local tech-nologies to specific needs was mentioned by 45 percent ofrespondents. According to their answers, it was also clear that“good value for money,” “reliability and durability” and theavailability of credit or financing schemes are not characteris-

tic of today’s local technologies and the market.The evaluation of foreign environmental technologies is

rather different. Eighty-three percent of the respondents men-tioned the high quality of their products as an asset. Othercharacteristics mentioned in more than 70 percent of answerswere “good value for money,” “reliability and durability,” and“user-friendly and easy to operate technology.” Characteristicssuch as “easy to customize and adapt for specific local needs”or “low price” were less common answers.

The most common obstacle to buying environmental tech-nologies is the lack of reliable product information. Some 46percent of respondents cited this as the main obstacle to buy-ing local technologies, and the second largest barrier (54 per-cent of respondents) for foreign technologies. The majorobstacle to buying foreign technologies is the high price (citedby 88 percent of respondents). The second largest barrier topurchasing local technologies is the changing environmentalregulations. Finally, the statement “products not suited to localconditions and technical culture” collected the lowest numberof answers for both local and foreign technologies.

Environmental businesses said “new environmental tech-nologies,” “in-country environmental regulations,” and “domes-tic tenders for projects” were the most important informationsources required for business development. International ten-ders for large projects were deemed “important.”

An analysis of the responses regarding the obstacles tobusiness development pointed primarily to “tax regulations,”which ranked very important. “Access to credit and finance”and “market demand for products and services” were listed asfurther obstacles.

Companies from Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland,Poland and Belgium are considered to be the most active in theenvironmental technology market in Lithuania, followed byfirms from the United States, Canada and Great Britain. Danish,German and Swedish companies have the largest market sharein waste and water related environmental technologies. Marketshares in other areas are evenly spread among all countries,with German and Scandinavian companies best represented.

Larger foreign suppliers that already have establishedmarkets in Lithuania have started to set up local subsidiaries.This approach allows them greater control of their activitiesand the ability to respond better to market needs. The sce-nario is also profitable to Lithuania in terms of job creationand tax contribution.

The major local suppliers of environmental technologies inLithuania are companies providing environmental services(such as design, laboratory analysis, research and consulting).The majority of local environmental companies operate in thewastewater sector. These companies produce specialist tech-nologies for low-capacity wastewater and stormwater treat-ment plants.

4.2 MethodologySOURCES OF INFORMATIONUSED IN THE SURVEY

The information contained within this country report isbased on formal interviews with 40 industrial companies, 12municipal and state institutions and 39 environmental technol-ogy providers. Interviews were based on the standard ques-tionnaire (see Appendixes) adopted for the entire survey. Thelist of environmental technology providers was compiledusing the Lithuanian Ministry of Industry and Trade 1996 cata-log, /113/ Environmental Services of Lithuanian Enterprisesand Organizations. Additional information sources included adesk study of the available literature and publications on the



environmental market in Lithuania and informal interviews. A few sources of information are referenced throughout

the text, with numbers (e.g./15/) referring to the list includedat the end of this country chapter (Sections 4.9-4.11).

PROFILE OF RESPONDENTSSenior representatives of 91 organizations were inter-

viewed for the survey. The following criteria were used inselecting parties for interviews:

■ coverage of all environmental fields of activity (air, waste,water, etc.);

■ representative sample in terms of geographic distribution;

■ balance between technology producers, suppliers andenvironmental service providers;

■ major environmental technology R&D centers and univer-sities;

■ coverage of all industrial areas in the main cities;

■ coverage of all related municipal and state institutions inthe main cities.

A complete list of interviewed experts and a list of otherinformation sources used is included in sections 4.9-4.11.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTEREDIn general, there were no serious problems encountered in

collecting information for the questionnaire survey. In themajority of cases, companies preferred direct contact insteadof telephone conversations and detailed interviews were car-ried out in person. The most effective means of cooperationwas to fax the questionnaire prior to visiting, then a discussionof all questions and problems during the meeting.

State institutions willingly disclosed information, althoughindustrial respondents were hesitant to discuss environmentalproblems for fear of being “punished.” The reaction was min-imized by follow-up visits and explanations.

It is important to mention that several companies refusedto disclose commercial information about current projects,preferring to supply information only on those projects thathad been completed.

Responses were muted when interviewers asked aboutturnover. Respondents were reluctant to disclose information,even describing such questions as “indecent.”

Among the significant obstacles to collecting additionalinformation for the survey, the great number of institutionsand even departments within the same institution collectingthe relevant data proved time consuming to identify. Withregard to environmental reporting and statistics, the followingproblems were identified:

■ Information on environmental expenditure is collected bythe Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry ofFinance, the Ministry of the Economy, and the Departmentof Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania(hereafter the Department of Statistics). All these bodiesshare different goals and needs, and such information isnot collected systematically. Data from different sources isdifficult to analyze and compare and is often inconsistent.Even information on environmental expenditure withinthe same institution is not collected in a systematic way.

■ The information available on different sectors varies.Sectors that traditionally give more attention to environ-mental policies are better represented than others. Moreappropriate information, for example, is available on thewater protection sector.

■ Sometimes it is difficult to avoid duplication when relyingupon different sources detailing environmental expendi-tures, for example distinguishing between state budgetand municipal budgets. This problem is related to the wayin which the state budget allocations are disbursed.

■ Older methods of environmental data collection are used.

4.3 Overview of the MarketLithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2, and has a popula-

tion of 3.7 million. Environmental quality assessments clearlyindicate that the most significant priorities are water and airquality, waste management, preservation of natural resources,landscape and biodiversity. Significant environmental damagewas sustained in the past, especially in the industrial areas ofthe country. The Ignalina nuclear power plant, the Kruonishydro pump storage plant and the severe air pollution from oilrefineries and chemical and fertilizer factories are the most fre-quently cited sources of environmental degradation.

The most critical environmental problems are related tothe treatment of wastewater, wastewater minimization andwater supply. The majority of domestic wastewater in cities isdischarged into rivers after mechanical treatment followinginsufficient biological treatment. In 1996, approximately 252million cubic meters of wastewater was discharged to surfacewater bodies. Of this amount, 39.5 percent was treated tomatch the requirements of discharge standards, 43.8 percentwas insufficiently treated and 16.7 percent was dischargedcompletely untreated. Therefore, construction of wastewatertreatment facilities remains the highest priority for investment.

The major air pollution sources in Lithuania are transport,energy and industry. Energy instruments, oil refineries, andchemical and fertilizer companies are among the significantpolluters, but transport remains the major source (approxi-mately 70 percent in recent years and rising since 1992). Since1995, pollution from stationary sources has been increasing,consistent with production growth.

There are also growing problems with regard to waste dis-posal and management. Domestic waste is increasing due torising use and disposal of food and household product pack-aging. Domestic waste is virtually unsorted, thus most of it isdumped. A specific waste management problem exists withthe disposal of pesticides. Today 954 storage facilities containsome 4,000 tons of pesticides; nearly 2,200 tons of these areprohibited, old or unidentified. Incidentally, between 1989and 1995, 26 pesticide storage facilities caught fire.

Environmental policy coordination and integration, thereorganization of environmental legislation, and the creation ofan effective Environment Impact Assessment Program are keyissues for the future in Lithuania. To prevent the growth of newpollution sources, education and institutional strengthening, aswell as enforcement of environmental legislation, is required.

TOTAL COUNTRY SPENDING ONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Total investment in environmental protection in Lithuaniawas 0.71 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1994,0.62 percent in 1995 and 0.4 percent in 1996 /111/. This appar-ent decline, although difficult to explain, is perhaps caused bythe outdated procedure used for gathering statistics.Environmental officials say the decline has nothing to do witha change in the importance of the environment. The majorportion of investment in environmental protection was direct-ed toward the protection of water resources, which hasaccounted for more than 90 percent in recent years. Thebreakdown of total material investments in the field of envi-



ronmental protection for 1994-1996 is presented in Table 4.2.Detailed statistical information outlining annual environ-

mental expenditures is not available because it is not present-ed in any publication of the Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection or of the Department of Statistics. Information iscollected by different institutions (i.e. the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministryof the Economy, and the Department of Statistics), each withdifferent goals and needs. Consequently, data from different

sources are difficult to analyze and compare, and it is ofteninconsistent. A second problem is that information on envi-ronmental expenditure is not collected in a systematic way,sometimes even within the same institution.

Accurate information was only available for environmentalexpenditures of municipalities. Table 4.3 shows the break-down of environmental investments by sector and source offinance within Lithuanian municipalities in 1996. The largeshare of water protection and waste management in the envi-ronmental expenditures of municipalities coincides with theidentified major environmental priorities. The state budgetcovered 41 percent of investments, while municipal budgetsaccounted for 22 percent. Foreign finance amounted to USD3.2 million, or 18 percent of total expenditures. Almost all for-eign aid was allocated to water protection. The share of enter-prise investment was very low, approximately 0.2 percent.

The implementation of environmental protection mea-sures depends greatly on the availability of financial resources.state budget, loans, aid from foreign countries and interna-tional donors, environmental taxes and other sources varyfrom year to year. State and municipal budgets have been themain financial resources in Lithuania in recent years. The StateFund for Nature Protection and 56 municipal Nature ProtectionFunds have been additional sources. /106, 108/

Taxes for the use of natural resources and pollutioncharges are two of the main economic instruments appliedthat support the implementation of the environmental protec-tion strategy. The revenue from environmental taxes, charges



Category 1994 1995 1996

Water resources protection 28.4 35.5 29.0

Air protection 0.5 0.8 1.8

Protection of earth, forest, 1.2 0.4 0.4and fish resources

Total 30.1 36.7 31.2

GDP 4,245.2 5,957.3 7,778.8

Share of GDP (%) 0.7 0.6 0.4

Source: /111/ Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, 1997

TABLE 4.2: TOTAL MATERIAL INVESTMENT INENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (AT CURRENT

PRICES, USD MLN)

S O U R C E S O F F I N A N C I N G

Sector State Budget Municipal Budget Enterprise Investment Foreign Aid Other T O T A L

Air — 0.003 — — 0.09 0.09

Water 7.2 3.42 0.02 3.09 1.75 15.5

Waste 0.001 0.38 0.007 0.08 0.47 0.94

Soil — 0.002 — — 0.14 0.14

Noise — — 0.006 — 0.06 0.06

Landscape — 0.004 0.002 — 0.53 0.53

Other — 0.09 — — 0.17 0.26

TOTAL 7.20 3.9 0.04 3.17 3.21 17.52

Source: Ministry of Environmental Protection

TABLE 4.3: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURES OF MUNICIPALITIES BY SECTOR AND SOURCES OF FINANCE, 1996 (USD MLN)

Revenue 1994 1995 1996

State budget revenue from taxes on the use of natural resources 4.6 4.7 7.2

State budget revenue from pollution charges and fines 1.5 2.3 4.4

Municipal nature protection funds (with revenue based on pollution charges) 3.4 5.8 9.0

State Fund for Nature Protection (with revenue collected from fines for the 0.8 1.1 0.9violation of environmental protection laws)

Total environmental revenue 10.3 13.9 21.5

Total revenue of the Lithuanian National Budget 1010.6 1439.5 1680.0

Environmental revenue as a percentage of the Lithuanian National Budget 1% 1% 1.3%

Source: /108, 109, 110/ Environmental Protection in Lithuania. Annual Report. 1994, 1995, 1996; /111/ Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania 1997

TABLE 4.4: REVENUE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES, CHARGES AND FINES (USD MLN)

and fines, in comparison with the total revenue of theLithuanian National Budget is presented in Table 4.4.Environmental revenues have been increasing in real termsand accounted for between 1.0-1.3 percent of the total nation-al budget during 1994-1996. The largest sources are pollutioncharges and natural resource taxes. For example, revenuefrom the taxes charged for the use of natural resources makesup 0.4 percent of the state budget.

Meanwhile, 1.2 percent of the total state budget revenuewas used for financing environmental investments. However,efforts should be made to change the existing system so all tax-payers pay into the state budget under the polluter-pays mech-anism. The new laws that include such a polluter-pays principlewere prepared and submitted to Parliament for consideration inorder to improve the efficiency of environmental taxation.

The share of national financial resources funding environ-mental protection is presented in Table 4.5. The majority ofenvironmental investments are allocated from the state bud-get. The State Fund for Nature Protection accounts for a veryinsignificant part of the overall total. The municipal nature pro-tection funds’ expenditures have been increasing in nominalterms in recent years; however, they have increased onlyslightly in real terms. There are 56 municipal nature protectionfunds in Lithuania. The revenue of these funds originates frompollution charges. According to the Law on Pollution Charges,70 percent of the revenue collected is directed to the munici-pal funds and 30 percent to the state budget.

To provide an incentive for waste and pollution minimiza-tion, and to accumulate additional funds, the LithuanianEnvironmental Investment Fund (LEIF) was created in 1996. Itis expected to become operational in 1998. LEIF was createdto provide soft loans and limited grant financing to the privateand public sectors. The procedure and responsibility forapproving project financing is divided into two parts: the Fundevaluates the project proposal from an environmental point ofview, while the Fund’s partner bank evaluates the project froma financial point of view.

The Lithuanian Ministry of Environmental Protection is inclose cooperation with Ministries of Environmental Protectionin other countries, especially those of the Baltic Sea region.Good communication exists with other institutions and inter-national organizations, too. The financing mechanisms of for-eign donors varies since each donor has specific requirementsand procedures. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Lithuaniacoordinates efforts and activities with regard to grant finance.State guaranteed loans are usually coordinated by the Ministryof the Economy and the Ministry of European Affairs. TheMinistry of Environmental Protection assists in coordinationduring the preparatory period.

Grants and state guaranteed loans from the World Bank,the EBRD and NEFCO (Nordic Environment FinanceCorporation), as well as from various bilateral donors, mostnotably from Denmark, for example, were given to completethe construction of major wastewater treatment facilities. In

many cases it is possible to form viable financial packages forthe construction of wastewater treatment plants by combininggrants and loans.

Donor activity in the Lithuanian environmental sector ispresented in Table 4.6. The total amount of donor support forthe period 1991-1996 was USD 126.5 million. This wasreceived in the form of grants (USD 65 million) and loans (USD61.5 million) for both investments (USD 101.6 million) andtechnical assistance (USD 24.9 million).

As outlined in Table 4.6, both foreign environmental assis-tance and technical assistance increased from 1991-1995, andhave since decreased. The range of major donors supportingthe environmental sector in Lithuania over the past five yearsis presented in Table 4.7. One can see that the Scandinaviancountries, especially Denmark, have taken a keen interest inthe Lithuanian environment. Scandinavia shares the Baltic Seawith Lithuania; therefore, it is necessary to cooperate on com-mon environmental issues.

Support from bilateral and multilateral donors is expectedto cover an estimated 57 percent of the total environmentalinvestment program in 1997-1999.

The business sector contributes relatively little in terms ofenvironmental expenditure. The total environmental expendi-



Share of Total

Sources 1995 1996

State budget 78% 71%

State Fund for Nature Protection 4% 3%

Municipal nature protection funds 18% 26%

Source: /108, 109/ Environmental Protection in Lithuania, AnnualReport, 1995, 1996

TABLE 4.5: SOURCES OF FINANCE FORENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Year Investments Technical Assistance Total

1991 – 0.3 0.3

1992 – 2.9 2.9

1993 3.1 3.2 6.3

1994 18.0 4.4 22.4

1995 43.9 10.4 54.3

1996 36.6 3.7 40.3

Total 101.6 24.9 126.5

Source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, General StrategyDepartment, Project Management Unit

TABLE 4.6: ANNUAL DONOR ACTIVITY IN THELITHUANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR

(USD MLN)

Percentage of TotalDonor 1991-1996

Denmark 41.1%

PHARE 16.1%

EBRD 14.8%

Sweden 9.1%

World Bank 7.0%

US AID 5.8%

NEFCO 3.0%

Finland 2.9%

Norway 0.2%

Source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, General StrategyDepartment, Project Management Unit

TABLE 4.7: DONOR ACTIVITY BYCOUNTRY/ORGANIZATION IN THE

LITHUANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR

ture of commercial enterprises in different sectors in 1995 ispresented in Table 4.8. Detailed figures for 1994 and 1996were not available.

Current expenditures include the protection of waterresources, air protection, land protection from pollution byindustrial waste and land cultivation. Taxes for environmentalpollution include fees, charges and fines contributed to stateand municipal environmental funds.

The largest investments within the manufacturing industryfor end-of-pipe installations were made by manufacturers offood products and beverages (43 percent) and by manufac-tures of chemicals and chemical products (32 percent). Thelargest investments in integrated technologies were made bymanufacturers of wood and wood products with the exceptionof furniture (44 percent), machinery and equipment (36 per-cent) and chemicals and chemical products (7.6 percent). Thehighest taxes for environmental pollution were paid by manu-facturers of food products and beverages (48 percent), non-metallic mineral products (15 percent) and refined petroleumproducts (9.5 percent).

Data on the environmental expenditures of enterprises in1995 was prepared according to new data collection methods,and is presented by sector in Table 4.9.

The majority of investments are allocated to the waste-water sector. By comparing the corresponding data from theDepartment of Statistics and the Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection, it can be concluded that investments in the watersector are decreasing while investments in waste managementare increasing.

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

The Lithuanian Environmental Strategy /117/, preparedwith the support of the EU’s PHARE Programme, has identifiedthe following five priority areas: water protection, waste man-agement, protection of soil from pollution, air protection andprotection from physical pollution. Greater emphasis is nowplaced on the reduction of water pollution and on waste man-agement than on more traditional areas such as air pollution.

State Fund for Nature ProtectionThe Lithuanian State Fund for Nature Protection falls under

the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.Fines are charged for the violation of environmental protectionlaws and are allocated to this Fund along with those penaltiescollected under the Law on Taxes on State Natural Resourcesand the Law on Taxes on Environmental Pollution. Charges forthe violation of hunting rules, accidental discharges of pollu-tants into air or water, illegal disposal of waste, damage totrees, etc. are also channeled into the Fund. The State Fund’sfinancial resources are distributed to the following three areas:

■ 30 percent as compensation for damage caused to theenvironment, for the construction and supervision of envi-ronmental investments, for the elimination of pollutionsources, and for increasing natural resources;

■ 40 percent for drafting environmental protection programsand standards, and for ensuring ecological education,training, publishing, information, environmental impactassessment, etc.;

■ 30 percent for bonuses to environmental employees andpublic volunteers.



Contribution Investments Investments in to Taxes for

in End-of-pipe Integrated Current Environmental Activity of Enterprises Installations Technologies Expenditures Pollution Receipts

Agriculture, hunting 0.04 — 0.29 0.21 0.007

Forestry 0.06 0.66 0.92 0.08 0.008

Fishing 0.001 — 0.006 0.02 —

Mining and quarrying — — 0.06 0.04 0.001

Manufacturing 2.85 3.74 19.40 2.75 2.57

Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply 0.39 0.50 4.32 1.32 0.01

Wastewater collection, purification and distribution 9.99 0.003 18.13 1.92 0.14

Construction 0.04 0.05 0.24 0.21 0.10

Transport and communications 2.26 — 2.05 0.88 0.65

Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation 1.25 0.002 8.34 0.24 0.03

Other 0.17 — 0.5 0.02 —

Total 17.05 4.95 54.25 7.69 3.52

Source: /112/ Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, 1995. Department of Statistics report to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania.

TABLE 4.8: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURES BY ENTERPRISES, 1995 (USD MLN)

Sector Investment

Wastewater 13.7

Waste 1.6

Air 1.7

Other 0.1

Total 17.1

Source: /112/ Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, 1995.Department of Statistics

TABLE 4.9: ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTMENTS MADEBY ENTERPRISES BY SECTOR, 1995 (USD MLN)

Applications for project financing must be sent to theMinistry of Environmental Protection. The applications arereviewed by the Fund’s council, established by a MinisterialOrder. Table 4.10 examines the revenues and expenditures ofthe State Fund for Nature Protection. Data concerning envi-ronmental expenditures by sector was not available.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection receives an aver-age of 50 applications for funding per year from the State Fundfor Nature Protection. In 1995 for example, 16 projects weresuccessfully financed, the same amount as in 1996. Onceapproved, funds are disbursed directly to the applicant by theAccounting Division of the Ministry. The State Fund for NatureProtection serves as an additional source of financing for envi-ronmental projects, constituting only 3-4 percent of the totalfinancing offered for environmental protection in Lithuania(see Table 4.5). It is expected that the new LithuanianEnvironmental Investment Fund will help finance environ-mental projects in both the private and public sectors.

LEGISLATION AND ENFORCEMENTThere are currently eight laws in Lithuania directly related

to environmental protection. The General EnvironmentalProtection Law, passed in 1992, serves as the central frame-work law and presents the basic principles of environmentalprotection: sustainable development, environmental policyintegration, the “polluter-pays” principle, pollution preven-tion, multi-stakeholder partnerships, compensation for pollu-tion damage, and access to information.

The Law on Waste Management has been submitted toParliament for review, and regulations for hazardous wastemanagement are currently being prepared. Some of the formerSoviet Union legislation on waste management is still valid inLithuania; however, regulations for waste management plan-ning and organization will be introduced once the Law onWaste Management has been passed.

The pollution prevention principle is embodied in the draftLaw on Environmental Impact Assessment, which has beensubmitted to Parliament for consideration.

The main principle underlying the Law on Taxes on the

State’s Natural Resources (passed in March 1991) and the Lawon Taxes Charged for Pollution (passed in April 1991) is the“polluter pays.” These laws are gradually being modified inorder to harmonize them with EU requirements.

The following instruments are applied in environmentalprotection policy:

■ Taxes on natural resources ensure the economic and ratio-nal use of the state’s natural resources;

■ Pollution taxes and penalties provide incentives for thereduction of pollution and adverse impacts on the envi-ronment. This instrument serves as a mechanism for rais-ing funds for the implementation of environmental protec-tion measures and as an incentive to introduce cleanerproduction technologies for the use of less harmful mate-rials and for producing less waste.

■ Civil proceedings and penalties are applied for the viola-tion of municipal and hazardous waste managementrequirements.

■ Some other instruments, such as profit tax breaks, softloans, etc., are also being used.

In May 1995, an Order on the Eco-Labeling of Products wasapproved with the aim of reducing environmental impact duringthe whole life cycle of a product. The order is also consistentwith the EU Directive on eco-labeling and waste management.

Permits for emissions and discharges as well as guidelineson the use of natural resources are among those managementinstruments applied. According to the Law on EnvironmentalProtection, industrial enterprises are required to obtain permitsissued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. However,in the case of new sources, all possible environmental impactsmust be assessed before project realization to decide whethera project is acceptable.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection ensures enforce-ment through its regional divisions. Fee collection is not com-prehensive, however, and compliance is often difficult toensure as the number of small and medium-sized companiescontinues to grow and monitoring becomes more difficult. Alleight environmental protection departments have laboratoriesthat render their services to environmental protection inspec-tors. Local authorities undertake a number of functions inensuring the adoption of environmental legislation.

The system of integrated pollution prevention control isunder consideration, with a unified permit system being dis-cussed. The proposed permit would be valid for air and waterpollution and for the use of natural resources. Regional depart-ments of the Ministry of Environmental Protection would issuepermits once the system has been approved.

ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIONState administration for environmental protection in

Lithuania is carried out through the following bodies:

■ Parliamentary Commission of Nature Protection,

■ Environmental Protection Division of the Government ofLithuania,

■ Ministry of Environmental Protection (MoEP),

■ Other Ministries,

■ Local authorities (governments and municipalities).

The Ministry of Environmental Protection (MoEP) is theprinciple institution responsible for preparing the policies ofenvironmental protection and use of natural resources. TheMinistry drafts laws on environmental protection and themajority of proposals for environmental legislation. The MoEPsupervises (through regional departments) the use of natural



1994 1995 1996

Total Fund Financial Resources 0.78 1.26 1.23

Income 0.78* 1.10* 0.92*

Expenditures by area:Investment expenditures 0.20* 0.31 0.43

Current expenditures 0.41* 0.78 0.65

Total Environmental 0.61 1.09 1.08Expenditures

* Figures are based on data collected during informal interviews with rep-resentatives of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.

Note: Total Fund financial resources consist of annual incomes and anyrevenues carried over from the previous year. Investment expendituresinclude construction and supervision of environmental investments,elimination of pollution sources and improving levels of naturalresources. Current expenditures include drafting of environmental pro-tection programs and standards, ecological education, training, publish-ing, bonuses to environmental employees and public volunteers, etc.

Source: /108, 109, 110/ Environmental Protection in Lithuania(Aplinkos apsauga Lietuvoje), Annual Report, 1994, 1995, 1996.

TABLE 4.10: REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE STATE FUND FOR NATURE

PROTECTION (USD MLN)

resources and ensures environmental protection. The Ministrycoordinates environmental projects of national importance,collects environmental data based on its own observation net-works, and coordinates environmental monitoring. Annualreports on the state of the environment and general overviewsare issued by the MoEP.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection consists of a cen-tral body (headquarters), eight regional departments and afisheries resource department, together with 44 regional and11 urban state environmental protection agencies (inspec-torates). These agencies ensure the enforcement and imple-mentation of environmental protection requirements and mea-sures. Officials within specialized institutions such as the direc-torates of protected areas are also authorized state environ-mental protection inspectors. Other institutions such as theMinistry of Forestry (for the protection of forest resources), theMinistry of the Economy (for the management of hazardouswaste), the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development(for territorial planning) and the Geology Board (for the use ofmineral resources) also aim to ensure environmental protec-tion within the bounds of their competency.


Respondents cited a number of problems that are applica-ble to most environmental sectors. The most common issuesinclude the lack of capital for environmental projects, incom-plete or changing legislation, and inconsistent enforcement.

Table 4.11 presents the major environmental problems sur-vey respondents expect to face in the coming years. This infor-mation is based on answers given to the question on majorenvironmental problems in specific industries or municipali-ties.

Major Environmental Problems By SectorThis section discusses major environmental problems by

sector. The information is based on survey data (presented inTable 4.11) and specialized publications issued by the Ministryof Environment Protection and other institutions.

WaterWater pollution, especially that of rivers, remains the most

acute ecological problem in Lithuania. For example, the city ofKaunas, with a population of over half a million, has no waste-water treatment plant. Due to the recent decline in industry andthe reduced use of chemicals in agriculture, water pollution hasdecreased considerably; however, the situation of mostLithuanian rivers and of the Curonian Lagoon remains critical.

Total water consumption in 1996 was 5.60 billion m3

(199.9 million m3 of groundwater). Water consumptionincreased by 1.13 billion m3, approximately 25 percent in com-parison with 1995 (4.46 billion m3). The increasing needs ofthe energy sector, which consumes 94 percent of the totalwater consumed in Lithuania (5.27 billion m3), has been themain reason for the increase. Consumption in other sectors isbroken down as follows: 3 percent for household use (167.1million m3), 1.8 percent for fishery ponds (101.8 million m3),0.8 percent for industry (47.0 million m3), 0.1 percent for agri-cultural needs (2.9 million m3) and 0.02 percent for other pur-poses (0.9 million m3). Water recycling and circulation systemsamount to 367.3 million m3 (6.6 percent) /3/.

In total, 5.60 billion m3 of wastewater was discharged tosurface water bodies in 1996. This number includes 5.35 bil-lion m3 of water that does not require treatment. More than 98percent of this is discharged from the Ignalina nuclear powerplant and Kruonis hydro pump storage plant.

According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection,252.2 million m3 of total wastewater volume should havebeen treated; however, some 42.1 million m3 (16.7 percent)was discharged untreated, with 210.1 million m3 (83.3 per-cent) being treated. Some 99.5 million m3 of this amount (39.5percent) did not exceed the MAP (maximum allowed pollu-tion) limit, while some 110.6 million m3 was discharged afterinsufficient treatment. /108/

These results indicate a general improvement with regardto discharges of polluted wastewater in comparison with 1995.This improvement is partly due to the fact that Vilnius City bio-logical wastewater treatment plant was built and began opera-tion at the beginning of 1996. Furthermore, biological waste-water treatment processes, financed with preferential creditsoffered by Denmark, were deployed at wastewater treatmentplants in Moletai, Lazdijai and Silale. These positive results,however, are tainted by the discharges of untreated industrialwastewater to the municipal sewage system from the AB Sema/73/ wastewater treatment plant in Panevezys.

High quality groundwater is employed for everyday use inLithuania; however, in rural areas, the shallow well water thatused is often polluted by nitrates beyond the standard accept-able level. The eutrophication of lakes, the Curonian Lagoonand the Baltic Sea poses another serious problem. The qualityof water has not essentially improved due to secondary pollu-tion processes, though with the diminished use of mineral fer-tilizers, the leaching of mineral substances into surface andgroundwater has significantly decreased.

Potable waterGroundwater is the only source of potable water in

Lithuania. Groundwater pollution has been detected in nearlyone-third of the country’s area. Approximately 800,000 inhab-itants consume water from wells dug where nitrates exceedpermitted limits. In some localities, such as the site of JonavaAchema Company or the oil storage facilities of Vilnius, Alytus,Marijampole, Svencionys and former Soviet military sites,groundwater is heavily polluted with nitrates and oil products,exceeding the highest permissible concentrations (HPC) byanything from 30 to 120 times. Groundwater in the Karstregion in the northern part of Lithuania contains increasedamounts of both nitrogen compounds and organic substances.

The Curonian Lagoon and Baltic SeaThe state of the Curonian Lagoon Environment is one of

the most critical problems in Lithuania, and it is essential theproblems associated with the region be solved in cooperationwith the neighboring countries, including Russia and Belarus.Approximately 5 million people live in the watershed of theCuronian Lagoon, and the sewage from the majority of thesepeople flows into the accompanying rivers and lakes.Approximately one-third of the residents in the region live inlarge industrial cities such as Vilnius, Kaunas, Gardinas,Panevezys, Molodecnas, Lyda, Alytus, Marijampole, andSlonimas. The large industrial center of Klaipeda is situated inthe northern part of the Curonian Lagoon. Besides the indus-trial users, the population consumes large amounts of waterfor its own needs, which is then also discharged into thesewage system. The effect of domestic wastewater on the nat-ural water of the Curonian Lagoon depends on the effective-ness of the region’s wastewater treatment plants and their dis-tance from the discharge point into the Lagoon. However,improvements to the biological and mechanical wastewatertreatment plants are taking place too slowly to have any realeffect. The completion of biological wastewater treatmentplants in Kaunas and Klaipeda is expected to improve the sit-uation. However, pollution discharged from municipal waste-water treatment plants has not decreased because the networkof the sewage system is being gradually widened. Kaunus’ bio-





Category Problem Description and Expected Duration Geographic Extent

Air Air pollution (10 years) National, major cities

Air pollution from transport (10 years) National, major cities

Air pollution from sulphur production (3 years), emissions of Mazeikiai townvolatile organic compounds (10 years)

Dust and particulate emissions from cement plant Naujoji Akmene town

Air pollution (dust) (5 years); emissions of solvents vapor Major cities withtextile companies

Emissions of ammonia (cooling agent) (5 years) Major cities with food processing companies

Air pollution due to specific technology processes (10 years) Cities with furniture companies

Emissions of acetone vapor Kaunas municipality

Air emissions from rendering departments and smoking departments Major cities with meat factories

Air emissions of CO at foundries Major cities

Air emissions: SO2, NOX, COX, solid particles with vanadium from Vilniusboiler houses (5 years)

Water and Wastewater treatment (5 years) NationalWastewater Rainwater treatment (5 years) National

Potable water treatment (5 years) National

Sludge treatment and disposal (3 years) National

Construction of supply networks (20 years) National

Wastewater due to specific technology processes (10 years) Cities with chemical companies

Organic pollutants in wastewater (10 years) Cities with food processing companies

Renovation of wastewater treatment plant (3 years), Major citiessegregation of rainwater from industrial wastewater

Wastewater problem in finishing processes (5 years) Major cities with textile companies

Excess heat in wastewater Cities with industrial companies, Ignalina nuclear power plant

Waste Reuse and recycling of waste National

Hazardous waste management National

Waste management (clean-up of contaminated land) (10 years) Industrial areas

Organic waste management (3 years) Cities with food processing companies

Landfill management – leaching National

Waste separation National

Utilization of nonrecoverable oil products Industrial areas

Utilization of Phosphogypsum waste Kedainiai

Management of hazardous and medical waste (3 years) National

Soil Clean-up of contaminated land (3 years) Kaunas municipality

Management of soil contaminated with oil products (3 years) Industrial areas

Treatment of former Soviet military bases National

Energy Inefficient energy and power generation systems (10 years) National

Inefficient energy supply and use (3 years) National

Thermal pollution from the nuclear power station Ignalina nuclear power plant

Excessive energy consumption in industry National

TABLE 4.11: MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN LITHUANIA

logical wastewater treatment plant nevertheless is expected tobe finished by the end of 1998, while Klaipeda’s is due to becompleted by the end of 1999.

The use of fertilizers in agriculture has decreased in recentyears. A considerably smaller quantity of dungwash reaches therivers and streams today, and the eutrophication process in theCuronian Lagoon has slowed down with the closure of largecattle-breeding farms in Lithuania, Belarus and Russia /107/.

Air Atmospheric pollution in Lithuania has declined in recent

years. Lithuania still experiences acid rain, ozone layer deple-tion and climate change and as in most other nations, thistends to be caused by transport, energy and industry.

Mobile pollution sources (road transport, agriculture, con-struction vehicles, railway, civil aviation, the ocean and riverfleets) emit approximately 362,000 tons of pollutants into theatmosphere each year, and they are the major sources ofatmospheric pollution in Lithuania. Emissions from stationarysources total 449,000 tons annually /108/. The primary con-centration of air pollution is in the cities and industrial centerssuch as Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Naujoji Akmene, Mazeikiai,Kedainiai and Jonava.

Air pollution treatment equipment at industrial companiesin Lithuania could reduce the total polluted emissions by up to98 percent; however, many pollutants are untreated becausecompanies do not own the specialized equipment necessaryfor the removal of certain materials such as gaseous and liquidmixtures. Therefore, air pollution treatment equipmentreduces approximately 48 percent of all emissions. The emis-sion of pollutants by stationary sources to the atmospheretotals an estimated 148,893 tons per year.

The Siauliai region, the most polluted in Lithuania, con-tributes 40 percent of the general emissions for the entirecountry. This is partly due to the existence of the joint stockcompanies (JSC) Mazeikiu Nafta /50/ and Akmenes Cenentas/51/. Annual emissions from the Mazeikiu state thermal powerplant, also located in the region, today total 9,500 tons (adecline from 11,100 tons in 1993) and is the highest level ofemissions among the energy producers. Annual emissionsfrom the Lithuanian state power plant total 9,300 tons (the1993 level was 8,000 tons). In 1996, the major share of the28,900 tons of emissions (a decline from 35,400 tons in 1993)was emitted by Mazeikiu Nafta.

The emission of pollutants into the atmosphere decreasedin comparison with 1993. Emissions from stationary pollutionsources declined by 25 percent, with emissions from AkmenesCementas decreasing by 5,700 tons and emissions from theAchema company decreasing by 200 tons.

In many cases, the reduction in emissions was caused by ageneral reduction in production volumes. Furthermore, indus-trial companies started to operate air pollution treatment equip-ment. In contrast, some other companies’ volumes of emissionshave actually increased due to increases in production.

Air pollution reduction/stabilization analysis /106/ hasrevealed two major trends: increasing transport emissions andincreasing pollution from industrial and energy sources whose

output is increasing. In order to prevent any worsening of thesituation, urgent measures must be adopted to ensure thatpermissible levels of pollutant emissions and concentrationsare not exceeded, and that international obligations regardingair protection can be met. For the reduction of air pollutionfrom mobile sources, it is necessary to improve fuel quality,introduce vehicles that meet EU standards, and to introduceoptimal transport stream regulation systems.

To meet EU standards, it is necessary to proceed quicklywith the finalization of legislation for the regulation of emis-sions and to implement energy saving measures. It is also nec-essary to promote the use of cleaner fuels and the introductionof advanced production and pollutant treatment technologiesfor the regulation of atmospheric pollution from the energysector and industry. It would also be necessary to revise thefinancing scheme for environmental protection measures andto strengthen the environmental investment fund that wouldprovide more favorable conditions for the implementation ofenvironmental protection measures for enforcement purposes.

Soil The negative impact of agricultural activities on the soil

and the environment, and on the surface and groundwater,have to date been accorded little attention. Soil monitoring isbeing noticeably extended under the new LithuanianEcological Monitoring Program, and more attention is beingpaid to the more harmful processes connected to agriculturalactivities, including the leaching of biogenic and toxic materi-als into surface water bodies and the groundwater.

Soil and the upper ground layers are most heavily contam-inated in cities, especially in industrial areas and near high-ways and runways. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, andoil product contamination in some industrial areas are beyondthe highest permissible levels. Heavy metal concentrations insoil exceed background concentrations and have been foundoutside the territories of the responsible companies. Forinstance, increased amounts of nickel and vanadium havebeen found in the impact zone of the Mazeikiai Oil Refinery;fairly high chromium, nickel and vanadium concentrations arecharacteristic of the environs of the Naujoji Akmene CementCompany; copper concentrations are beyond standard levelsin the impact zones of Jonava and Kedainiai Fertilizer compa-nies; and Benzapyrene and lead accumulations are found nearroads, particularly where traffic is heavy.

Concentrations of pollutants in cultivated soils are rarelybeyond highest permissible levels. However, intensive landcultivation provides favorable conditions for mechanical andwater-based soil erosion and depletion.

One of the most important sources of soil contaminationwith regard to heavy metals are mineral fertilizers. The datafrom the Agrochemical Research Center /107/ show that super-phosphate produced at Kedainiai Chemical Plant contains cad-mium (2.75 mg/kg), lead (14.50 mg/kg), chromium (7.50mg/kg), nickel (12.50 mg/kg), copper (26.25 mg/kg), zinc(18.25 mg/kg), and manganese (130 mg/kg). Basic researchinto Lithuanian soil shows that the concentration of heavy met-als in places reasonably distant from larger towns does not



Category Problem Description and Expected Duration Geographic Extent

Energy High SO2 emissions from burning heavy oil and coal National(cont.) Apartment block renovation with insulation National

Poor design and construction of heating systems in flats and houses National

Other Transport noise (20 years) Major cities

TABLE 4.11 (CONT.): MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN LITHUANIA

exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC).With agricultural reform in 1991, the use of pesticides in

Lithuania was reduced and stabilized by 1995. In 1996, how-ever, usage again increased when some 900 hectares weresprayed with different types of pesticides. This represented anincrease of 162 percent compared with 1995 levels. The con-centration of herbicides used was 0.5 MAC, while the concen-tration of insecticides used was 0.7 MAC. Nevertheless, analy-sis by the Ministry of Environmental Protection /108/ showsthe quality of agricultural soils is satisfactory.

Soil radioactivity tests were completed in the area of theIgnalina nuclear power plant in 1996. Test results showed thatmaterials characteristic for industrial nuclear activity weredetected only in the coastal sediments of Lake Druksciai.

Contaminated TerritoriesContaminated territories /108/ pose a dangerous threat to

public health and limit the use of land. Among the most cont-aminated areas in Lithuania are those around old dumpingsites, former Soviet military sites and training grounds, as wellas some industrial areas. During a 50-year period, significantterritories (67,762 hectares, or 1.04 percent of Lithuania’s terri-tory) were used by the Soviet Union for military purposes.Environmental investigation following withdrawal of theSoviet army revealed that significant damage was caused to theecosystem’s soil, deeper ground layers, hydrosphere, flora andfauna. More than 50 percent of this land is contaminated withoil products and heavy metals, and in those places where pol-lution has reached higher concentrations, groundwater levelshave also been contaminated. Highly contaminated soilbecomes a secondary pollution source.

Waste Lithuania had no uniform waste inventory until 1991,

except where a domestic waste survey was carried out by themunicipal services and where single surveys were performedof hazardous waste /107/. The Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection began compiling a comprehensive waste inventoryduring 1991, along with the preparation of an improved wasteclassification and a waste inventory system in 1992. The wasteclassification and inventory system are based on the BaselConvention on Hazardous Waste and on the InternationalTransportation Control and International Waste IdentificationCodes. The Ministry’s primary waste inventory order was intro-duced at the beginning of 1993 to allow for the collection ofmore accurate data on waste generation and more effectiveimplementation of control functions for waste management.

Non-hazardous WasteIn 1996, 6.134 million tons of nonhazardous waste was

generated. Most of this waste was organic (2.158 million tons)or domestic waste (1.445 million tons). Organic waste consist-ed of 72 percent manure and sewage, 25 percent food waste,2 percent field and garden cultivation waste, and 1 percentwaste of animal origin. Domestic waste has grown noticeablydue to the increasing use of consumer goods and the disposalof its packaging.

Secondary Raw MaterialsThe generation of waste as a secondary raw material /108/

in 1996 showed that levels of wood totaled 269,103 tons, fol-lowed by ferrous metals totalling 115,000 tons. Wood waste iscomposed of 42 percent fine wood waste (including sawdust,dust, and woodchips), 25 percent mixed waste; 29 percentwaste wood pieces (including scrap, wood chips, fiber sheetsand veneer), and 4 percent bark. Ferrous metal waste is com-posed as follows: 16 percent carbon steel waste, 2 percent castiron waste and 82 percent other ferrous metal waste.Approximately 15,000 tons of glass waste and 20,000 tons of

paper and cardboard waste were generated in 1996. the col-lection and recycling of this material in Lithuania is not well-organized. While it is possible to recycle waste paper, glass,plastic and textile waste, it tends not to be economically prof-itable. Nevertheless, the system in place for the recycling ofnonferrous and ferrous metal collection works well.

Domestic WasteThere are approximately 800 town and village waste dump

sites in Lithuania /108/. Most dump sites are poorly situatedboth geologically and geographically; they make use of inade-quate technology; and a large number of small sites have beenneglected. New domestic waste dump sites that use Westerntechnologies are being established in Kedainiai andKaisiadorys.

Every year, 1.4 million tons of solid domestic waste isdumped. The quantity and composition of domestic waste wasrecently investigated in Kaunas and it was determined that inmultistory buildings, one person produces 158 kg of wasteannually. As worldwide statistics show, the amount of wasteone person can produce reaches 200-250 kg/year. The com-position of domestic waste is 39 percent kitchen waste, 16 per-cent paper and cardboard, 7 percent plastics, 9 percent glass,3 percent metals, 12 percent other noncombustible materialsand 14 percent other combustibles. The quantity of paper,cardboard and plastic waste is likely to rise in the future andthat of kitchen waste to fall. It was determined that after theseparation of glass, plastic, paper and metal waste, it would bepossible to decrease the volume of unsorted waste by 35 per-cent. Waste separation has already begun in the major cities ofLithuania with the use of separate containers for glass, plastics,metals and kitchen waste.

Hazardous WasteApproximately 101,000 tons of hazardous waste accu-

mulated in Lithuania during 1996 (a decline from 153,000tons in 1995). Pesticides and hospital waste represent a sig-nificant problem. Today 954 storage facilities contain over4,000 tons of pesticides, nearly 2,000 tons of which havebeen deemed prohibited, old or unidentified. During theperiod 1989-1995, 26 pesticide storage facilities caught fire.After disinfection, some 1,700 tons of hospital waste is takento domestic waste dump sites, while over 1 million usedmercury lamps are accumulated annually in Lithuania. Infuture, waste will be incinerated or will be rendered harm-less using physical and chemical means and/or by beingdeposited in the hazardous waste system.

Various oil product waste accounts for most of the haz-ardous waste that will be incinerated. Hazardous waste such assolid varnish, paint waste, paint-stained paper, point strippingwaste, hardened and water insoluble polymer and epoxide-resins, and other less hazardous waste are taken to dump sites.Most oil product waste, materials polluted with oil, solventsand other flammable hazardous waste is incinerated in boilersnot equipped for this purpose, where the furnace temperaturereaches only 500-600 degrees Celsius. Hazardous waste shouldbe incinerated at temperatures of at least 1,200 degrees Celsius.

Rational waste management and utilization is one of themost acute problems in the Lithuanian environmental protec-tion sector. The establishment of a waste management systemis under way; however, its implementation will require signif-icant funding and joint efforts.

Radioactive waste is accumulated at the Ignalina nuclearpower plant, while smaller amounts of radioactive waste aregenerated by hospitals, industries, research institutions andcompanies. Spent fuel from the Ignalina power plant is storedin reservoirs close to reactors. Solid radioactive waste generat-ed during power plant operations is sorted based on itsradioactivity and stored in specially designed storage facilities.





Company Projects and Clients Sector Status

Industrial Joint research with the Ministry of Environmental Protection composting Wastewater CEcology wastewater treatment sludgeComplex Wastewater from galvanic treatment in largest machinery companies, 5 projects Wastewater C

Lithuanian Establishment of technologically based pollution norms for the Air CEnergy Mazeikiu nafta oil refineryInstitute Implementation of low NOX emissions burners in Vilnius power plant No. 2 Air C

Reconstruction of burners for natural gas at the Lifosa company dryers Energy C

State program for 1995-2000: “Utilization of local renewable energy sources” Energy P

Institute of Norwegian cleaner production school (17 CP projects) EPM FEnvironmental Engineering USAID-WEC pollution prevention technical support program Wastewater P

Electronic Inc. (USA) CP opportunities assessment at the Silva company Wastewater C

Implementation of CP projects in the Lithuanian textile industry (8 companies) Wastewater P

Kraft Jacobs Suchart Lietuva, monitoring of wastewater Wastewater C

Lukrida Ltd. Drainage for steam supply network in the Mazeikiu nafta plant Energy C

Improvement of energy use in the Lifosa company Energy C

Automatic control of energy supply in Siauliu pienas dairy Energy C

Improvement of energy efficiency in carbamid workshop at the Achema plant Energy C

Nova Ltd. “Biofuel and Bioenergy in Lithuania” project, subcontracted by the Energy PMinistry of Economics, the Achema plant, and various municipalities

Boicentras Ltd. Butinge oil terminal monitoring program EPM P

Utilization of nonrecoverable oil products in Klaipeda region Waste P

Treatment facilities for stormwater contaminated with oil products Wastewater C

Production of biomass in treatment facilities for the use of specific pollutants Waste F

Ekra Reconstruction of Utena city wastewater treatment plant Wastewater P

Institute of Environmental audit of Sventoji sea port EPM CGeography

Environmental audit for the potential of landfilling at the Klaipeda sea port EPM Cin the Baltic Sea

Examination of environmental projects 15-20 per year, subcontracted by REC EPM F

Examination of hazardous waste concentrations in soil EPM P

Institute of Geological maps of Vilnius, Kaunas, Siauliai, Alytus Soil and land FGeology Monitoring of the Lapes (Kaunas) landfill Waste P

Monitoring of Ignalina nuclear power plant impact zone (groundwater) Water P

Analysis of possibilities to utilize the sludge of the Kaunas wastewater Wastewater Ptreatment plant in peat bogs

Research on the possibilities to use alternative energy sources Energy P

Geoterma Ltd. Demonstration of geothermal power plant in Klaipeda Energy P

Toksika Ltd. Analysis of former military base territories, inventory, EIA Soil and land C

Agava Ltd. Steam temperature management and control in the sizing department Energy Cof the Alytaus textile company

Steam parameters management and control at the Vernitas company Energy P(steam traps, ultrasonic)

TABLE 4.12: CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS




Agava Ltd. Full automation control of the reservoir in use at the Aytaus textile Wastewater Ccompany: temperature, pressure and level control and regulation

Ardynas Ltd. Design of central gas supply pipeline to Anyksciai and Utena Energy C

Environmental impact assessment in Kaunas city EPM C

Amplitude Ltd. Design and installation of alarm and fire alarm systems for industrial Industrial Pcompanies in Vilnius and the Vilnius region Safety

Air monitoring in Marijampole Vernitas company and Vilnius Tauras company Air C

Achema Ltd. Wastewater treatment at the Mazeikiu nafta plant Wastewater C

Alytus fuel Soil treatment at the Alytus landfill Soil Psupply Collection of oil products from all industrial companies in Alytus and region Waste Pcompany

Avsista Ltd. Laboratory equipment for Lithuanian industrial companies, institutes, Water and Puniversities, schools, clinics, etc. (e.g. milk industrial companies such as WastewaterKauno pienas; Jonavos pienine; the textile industry, for wastewateranalysis; Kauno audiniai; Audejas; and Linas)

Bitas Ltd. Installation of measurement equipment for gas concentration within all Air FLithuanian gas companies (Kaunas, Vilnius, Marijampole, Alytus and KT.)

Consena Ltd. Supply of drainage pipes for Butinge terminal Wastewater C

Installation of heat supply pipes for Telsiai city Energy C

Waterproofing of the cathedral in Visaginas city Water and CWastewater

Waterproofing of the water tower in Kaisiadorys city Water and CWastewater

Dzutra Ltd. Collection, separation and transportation of municipal waste in Alytus city Waste P

Institute of Deepening of ports (Klaipeda port) Soil and Land CEcology

Environmental Studies of the water reservoir pollution originating from transport EPM CMedical in the city of KlaipedaCenter Study of influence of environment pollutants (e.g. heavy metals) on the EPM C

health of Lithuanians

Monitoring health of inhabitants and risk factors in Northern Lithuania EPM P(the project implements environmentally cleaner agriculture)

Ekoprojektas Water supply sewerage development up to 2001 with calculations of Water PLtd. hydraulic systems for Vilnius, Panevezys and Siauliai

Water intakes from the groundwater resources: in Vilnius-Pagiriai, Water CKarveliskes and Puskoriai plants.

Water pumping stations, clean water reservoirs and towers for the Water Cmajority of Lithuanian cities

Waste management in different cities, general and detailed plans Waste C

Gabija Ltd Municipal, and industrial wastewater supply networks and treatment Wastewater Fplants in Panevezys region

Hidroprojektas Reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant in Kulupenu village, Wastewater CLtd. Kretinga region; Reconstruction of Kaunas region sand pits

Katra Ltd. Supply of wastewater meters (i.e. ultrasonic water meters DS-02, Wastewater Pultrasonic water meters for open channels LMA-01) for 70 percent of Lithuanian industrial enterprises

Installation and maintenance of water meters for all private Lithuanian users Water P

TABLE 4.12 (CONT.): CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS

Wastewater sludge containing radioactive nuclides is stored ina quarry. Approximately 0.4-0.65 GBq of artificial radionu-clides are accumulated each year /112/.

Physical Pollution Radiation, electromagnetic fields, thermal pollution and

noise are the most common types of physical pollution, withthe Ignalina power plant being the largest potential radioactivepollution source in Lithuania.

When operating at full capacity, the temperature of thecooling lake used by Ignalina rises some 3 degrees as a resultof the discharged water. Thermal pollution has a significantimpact upon the lake’s ecosystem, while eutrophication isconstantly increasing.

Transport and industry are not only the major air pollutersbut are sources of noise pollution, too. In certain city areas,noise levels are beyond the applicable standards. TheLithuanian Road Administration is preparing a standard fortraffic noise reduction measures, as well as noise barriers incities and close to roads. The European “Via Baltica” highway

is currently under construction, and it will also include noisereduction measures that correspond to European standards.Noise intensity is regulated under the Lithuanian hygiene stan-dard HN 33-1993: Acoustic noise: Permissible levels in resi-dential and working environments: General requirements fornoise measurement.

EnergyThe operation of power generation companies is unavoid-

ably linked with various environmental problems. The majorenergy producing companies and their responsibilities inLithuania include:

■ Lietuvos energija — electricity production and distribution,as well as district heating, steam and hot water supply.

■ Mazeikiu nafta — production of oil products and whole-sale trade;

■ Ignalina nuclear power plant — electricity generation;

■ Lietuvos dujos — gas supply to consumers;




Kauno Environmental investments for the city of Kaunas, including water metering, Water and Pvandenys improvement of potable water, wastewater treatment, renovation of pipe wastewaterLtd. networks, and water treatment technology development

Ortitas Ltd. Air pollution laboratory analysis for Panevezys and regional industrial enterprises Air P

Pramprojektas Waste management for the Ignalina nuclear power station Waste PLtd. Design of local waste and stormwater treatment plants Waste C

Sluoksna Ltd. Filtering and antistatic materials for the Akmens cementas, Ekranas plants Air C

Transport and “Transport and environment: A comprehensive strategy,” subcontracted by EPM CRoad Research the Ministry of Environmental ProtectionInstitute Environmental audit of the transportation system in total according to the EPM C

ISO 14000 standard

Environmental impact assessment for sections of the VIA-BALTICA highway, EPM Psubcontracted project of various municipalities

Norms for hazardous materials emitted to the environment, subcontracted EPM Pproject for an asphalt production plant

Upinis Ltd. Aeration system for the Siauliai city Wastewater C

Wastewater plant in Zizmariai town Wastewater C

Wastewater plant for Siauliu stumbras factory Wastewater C

ViaCon Material supplies for VIA BALTICA project Soil and PBaltic Ltd. noise control

Material supplies for Lapes landfill Waste P

Material supplies for waste and stormwater sedimentation Wastewater P

Reservoirs in Varena city C

Uponor Ltd. Supply of drainage pipes for Klaipeda terminal Wastewater C

Heat supply network in Vilnius Energy P

Supply of pipes for wastewater treatment plant in Siauliai city Wastewater C

Sulinis Ltd. Soil treatment at Marijampole auto services Soil and land F(for Vaidmara and Daisotra companies)

Industrial waste utilization in the Marijampole region Waste P

Status of the project: P = in progress, C = completed, F = completed, but includes follow-up work

EPM = Environmental Planning and Management

TABLE 4.12 (CONT.): CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS

■ Lietuvos kuras — oil retail trade, oil products accumulationand storage;

■ Naftos terminalas — export-import of oil products;

■ Naftotiekis — oil transportation by pipeline;

■ Geonafta — oil exploration and extraction;

■ Butinges nafta — arrangements for oil terminal construc-tion.

In 1996, 16.8 TWh of power was generated in Lithuania, 20percent more than in 1995. Lietuvos energija not only suppliesenergy to consumers within the country but also exportsabroad.

The largest power producers in Lithuania are combinedheat and power or hydro power plants. Combined heat andpower plants generated 12 percent of the electricity consumedin 1996, while 5 percent came from hydro power plants and 83percent from Ignalina.

The major power plants in Lithuania include:

■ Mazeikai CHPP. This plant was constructed in order to sat-isfy the energy needs of the Mazeikiai Oil Refinery. Theinstalled electricity capacity is 194 MW; the installed heatcapacity is 562 MW.

■ Kaunas HPP. This plant was built on the river Nemunas.The total capacity of its four hydro units is 100 MW, whilethe height of the dam is 20 m. The electricity generated issupplied to the 110 kV voltage network.

■ Kruonis HPSP. This plant regulates the daytime load fluc-tuations of the Lithuanian energy system. The combinedheat and power and nuclear power plants, constituting thecore of the power system, do not allow proper regulationof demand either by day or night, or annually.

There are currently three operational hydro units with acapacity of 200 MW each.

In 1996, electricity sales constituted 11.9 TWh, 24 percenthigher than in 1995. This increase appears to be due to theincrease in exports to the neighboring countries of Latvia andBelarus. This significant rise in production naturally leads toincreases in pollution.

The main fuel types used in Lithuania are natural gas,heavy fuel oil and orimulsion. Lithuanian power plants startedburning the new type of fuel orimulsion in August 1995.

When operating and maintaining the Ignalina plant, largequantities of radioactive waste are accumulated and stored inthe plant’s depositories. Water and air purified of radioactivesubstances are released under normal operation; however,when carrying out maintenance or in the event of an accident,pollution levels increase. Environmental pollution hasdecreased over the past few years because the plant is notoperating at full capacity. Liquid radioactive waste, whichaccumulates during operations, is treated in order to removethe radioactive material. Nevertheless, radioactive pollutantsenter Lake Druksiai via the discharge mechanism. LakeDruksiai serves as a natural cooling lake for Ignalina, andwater used by the plant, as well as sewerage from the town ofVisaginas, is discharged into this lake. Regular ecosystemobservations in Lake Druksiai are carried out by the plant.

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTSIN PROGRESS

Table 4.12 presents the main environmental projects eithercurrently planned, under way or which were completed beforethe end of 1997. The sector “Environmental planning and man-agement” includes cleaner production projects, the evaluationof environmental impacts, environmental audits, general com-



Ministry ofEnvironmentalProtectionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. V. BernadisiusTel: (370-2) 723-648Fax (370-2) 728-020

Committee of NatureProtection of theParliament Gedimino 532002 Vilnius, Lithuania Mr. A. VaisnorasTel: (370-2) 624-077

EnvironmentalProtection Division ofthe Government ofLithuania Gedimino 112039 Vilnius, Lithuania Ms. I. PilypieneTel: (370-2) 627-956

Bank of LithuaniaBalance of PaymentsDivision, InternationalInvestment PositionGedimino Av. 62001 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. Raimundas Barzdzius,Tel: (370-2) 225-789Fax: (370-2) 225-789

Ministry of EconomyDepartment of Industry,Division of Ecology andWaste ManagementGedimino 38/22600 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. Stasys IvanauskasTel: (370-2) 623-805

Ministry of EuropeanAffairsGedimino 56LT-2685 Vilnius, LithuaniaMs. Birute AbraitieneTel: (370-2) 250-830Fax: (370-2) 612-178

Ministry of FinanceJ. Tumo-Vaizganto 8a/22600 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. J. LionginasTel: (370-2) 225-333Fax: (370-2) 226-387

Ministry ofConstruction and UrbanDevelopmentA. Jaksto 4/92694 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. J. TamulionisTel: (370-2) 623-714Fax: (370-2) 220-847

LithuanianDevelopment AgencySv. Jono 3LT-2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaMs. GenovaiteJaksevicieneTel: (370-2) 627-438Fax: (370-2) 220-160

LithuanianManufacturersConfederation Saltoniskiu 192600 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. Mykolas AleliunasTel: (370-2) 751-278Fax: (370-2) 723-320

Ministry of Agricultureand ForestryGedimino 192025 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. M. KuklieriusTel: (370-2) 616-074Fax: (370-2) 224-440

Engineering EcologyAssociationDominikonu 42024 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. Rimantas BudrysTel: (370-2) 629-184Tel: (370-2) 628-983Fax: (370-2) 617-809

Vilnius Chamber ofCommerce, Industryand CraftsAlgirdo g. 312600 Vilnius, LithuaniaMr. Sarunas Davainis Tel: (370-2) 235-550

Kaunas Chamber ofCommerce, Industryand HandicraftsK. Donelaicio 8LT-3000 Kaunas, Lithuania

Mr. Vytautas SileikisTel: (370-7) 201-491Fax: (370-7) 208-330

TABLE 4.13: IMPORTANT CONTACT POINTS FORENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT OPPORTUNITIES

pany monitoring and examination of environmental projects. It is important to mention that several companies refused

to disclose commercial information about current projects andagreed only to supply information concerning projects thathave been completed. Projects completed prior to 1997 havenot been included in the table.

MAJOR SOURCES OF INFORMATION ONBUSINESS OPPORTUNITIESImportant Contact Points

Personal and professional contacts, business and environ-ment related publications, and environment related fairs are themost important and effective sources of information for learn-ing of project opportunities in Lithuania. Publications and fairsare discussed in the next section, “Sources of information onavailable environmental technologies.” With regard to profes-sional contacts, there is no formal institution or informationchannel collecting or disseminating information concerningenvironmental business opportunities. Some respondents stat-ed that they use information from the Lithuanian ManufacturersConfederation and from the Vilnius and Kaunas Chambers ofCommerce and Industry and Crafts. Table 4.13 provides a list ofimportant contacts for environmental project opportunities.

Information on international tenders for larger projects tendto be announced by industrial companies or municipalities

themselves. For smaller projects, the Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection is considered a good source of information for busi-ness opportunities. Willingness to provide information variesfrom department to department. Some officials are helpful,while others are only capable of referring an applicant toanother department or state body. Departments of the Ministryof Environmental Protection that can provide information onproject opportunities by sector are listed in Table 4.14.


In general, purchasing environmental technologies does notpose any significant problems in Lithuania because of the widerange of products available on the market. Representatives ofdomestic and foreign companies in fact often contact a potentialclient either in person, by phone or by mail, offering productsand services. Survey respondents generally believe the marketis well served by the available products.

Based on the survey interviews, the most common sourcesused for gathering information prior to the purchase of envi-ronmental technologies include:

■ personal and professional contacts;

■ industry associations;

■ journals and catalogs;



Category Organization Name and Address Contact Name, Position and Telephone No.

Air Ministry of Environmental Protection (MoEP), V. Krusinskas, Chief of Dept.Environmental Quality Department, Air Division Tel: (370-2) 722-138A. Juozapaviciaus 9, 2600 Vilnius

Transport and Road Research Institute Jankauskiene Nijole, Head of EnvironmentalKanto 25, 3000 Kaunas Protection Div., Tel: (370-7) 202-361

Water MoEP, Environmental Quality Department, Water Division R. Sakalauskas, Chief of Dept.A. Juozapaviciaus 9, 2600 Vilnius Tel: (370-2) 723-324

Lithuanian Water Management Institute Dr. Antanas Sigitas Sileika, DirectorKedainiu region, Vilainiai, Parko 6 Tel: (370-57) 52-931

Hidroprojektas, Department of Technical Development Algirdas Grinkevicius, Chief of Dept.K. Donelaicio 33, 3000 Kaunas Tel: (370-7) 225-357

Waste MoEP, Environmental Quality Department, Waste Division Irena Gaveniene, Chief of Dept.A. Juozapaviciaus 9, 2600 Vilnius Tel: (370-2) 723-324

JSC Pramprojektas Henrikas Ridzevskis, Technical DirectorK. Donelaicio 60, 3000 Kaunas Tel: (370-7) 223-355

Soil MoEP, Environmental Quality Department, Soil Division A. Cepele, Chief of Dept.A. Juozapaviciaus 9, 2600 Vilnius Tel: (370-2) 728-054

Energy Lithuanian Energy Institute Romualdas Skema, Deputy DirectorBreslaujos g. 3, 3035 Kaunas Tel: (370-7) 351-403

Other Institute of Environmental Engineering Prof. Jurgis Staniskis, Director Kaunas University of Technology Tel: (370-2) 209-372K. Donelaicio 20, 3000 Kaunas

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Prof. P. BaltrenasEnvironmental Protection Department Tel: (370-2) 765-298Sauletekio Ave 11, 2040 Vilnius

MoEP, General Strategy Department, Giedre Vasiliauskiene, Chief of Dept.Project Management Unit Tel: (370-2) 723-257A. Juozapaviciaus 9, 2600 Vilnius

Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe Gerald Fancoj, Business ServicesAdy Endre u. 9-11, 2000 Szentendre, Hungary Tel: (36-26) 311-199

TABLE 4.14: USEFUL CONTACT POINTS BY ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR

■ fairs and exhibitions;

■ chambers of commerce;

■ professional meetings, discussions, seminars, conferences;

■ company contacts;

■ assistance from environmental inspectorates.

Business And Environmental PublicationsThe main business and environmental publications in

Lithuania are presented in Table 4.15. The percentage figuresrepresent the publications that survey respondents have readat least once. Verslo zinios (Business news) is the most popu-lar business newspaper. The main environmental periodicalsare Ekologija; Aplinkos tyrimai, inzinerija ir vadyba; Mokslasir technika; and Mokslas ir gyvenimas. The last one is not aspecialized environmental serial, but it regularly includes sev-eral pages dedicated to environmental issues.

Local publications, as mentioned by some respondents, donot provide sufficient information on business opportunitiesand environmental technologies; therefore, foreign publica-tions such as Industry and Environment and EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives Supplements are popular among experts.Another important type of publication are the publications ofdifferent associations and unions, such as the Association ofLocal Authorities of Lithuania.

Environment Related FairsThe majority of respondents cited fairs, exhibitions, busi-

ness presentations and business catalogs among the mainsources of information used for learning about potential sup-pliers of environmental technologies.

Trade fairs and exhibitions have increased in number andin frequency during recent years, but only a few are environ-ment related. Nevertheless, the majority of respondents rec-ognized and outlined the importance are fairs and exhibi-tions as sources of information. Table 4.16 presents the mostsignificant environment related fairs in Lithuania. The mostimportant environmental fair is Baltecologia, Baltcontrola,Baltenergia, Balttechnika, for which some respondents citedthe useful seminars and workshops that tend to be organizedduring this fair.

Other SourcesFinally, direct mail campaigns arranged by product suppli-

ers are another important source of information. Informationreceived from potential suppliers is usually sufficient to makea choice based not only on price but also on technical advan-tages and value added technical support, such as free design-ing, assembling and other extra services offered by the suppli-er. It is important to mention that personal contacts as well asinformation exchange among different industrial companies isalso essential. The Internet is also becoming an increasinglyimportant source for information exchange.

4.5 Demand For EnvironmentalTechnologiesDEMAND OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES— OVERVIEW

Generally speaking, the demand for all kinds of environ-mental technologies in Lithuania is high. Technologies relatedto air quality, wastewater, and waste and energy were given tobe high in demand while water related technologies wereaccorded only moderate demand. The supply of environmen-tal technologies in the majority of sectors was deemed to besatisfactory but in some cases was thought to be inadequate.

In the air sector, the greatest demand for environmentaltechnologies was indicated for emission abatement/cleanerproduction technologies, followed by instrumentation andprocess control/software equipment. Demand is expected to



Publication Readership Among Respondents

Publications of the Ministry of Environmental 92%Protection of Lithuania

Lietuvos rytas (Morning of Lithuania) 90%

Respublika (Republic) 90%

Verslo zinios (Business news) 85%

Mokslas ir gyvenimas (Science and Life) 76%

Kauno diena (Kaunus Day) 46%

Aplinkos tyrimai, inzinerija ir vadyba (Environ- 15%mental Research, Engineering and Management)

Ekologija (Ecology) 12%

TABLE 4.15: PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ANDENVIRONMENT RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Name of Fair City Approximate Date Focus

Agrobalt Vilnius Annually in May Agricultural, food and packaging industry

Statyba Vilnius Annually in October Building, sanitary, heating

Statyba ir Remontas Vilnius Annually in March Building and renovation

Infobalt Vilnius Annually in October Computer hardware, software services

Remontas ir Sanitarija Vilnius Annually in May Building, repairs, sanitary issues

Baltecologia, Baltcontrola, Vilnius Annually in May All environmental sectorsBaltenegia, Balttechnika

Info Kaunas Kaunas Annually Computer hardware, software services

Baltijos Statyba Kaunas Annually Building, sanitary issues, heating

Siuolaikine Statyba Siauliai Annually Building, sanitary issues, heatingir Remontas

Note: Those in bold indicate the most important environmental fairs

TABLE 4.16: ENVIRONMENT RELATED FAIRS IN LITHUANIA

grow for air sampling/laboratory analysis and air pollutioncontrol/flue gas purification equipment.

The demand for water related technologies, specifically forpotable water equipment, was moderate. The highest demandwas outlined for treatment process technologies, followed bythose in the field of inspection and reconditioning of existingsupply networks. Demand is expected to rise for monitoringand instrumentation/process control/software and monitor-ing/sampling/laboratory analysis equipment.

In the wastewater management sector, demand is high.The technologies most in need are pollution prevention/wasteminimization, and instrumentation/process control/software,equipment for the inspection and reconditioning of existingcollection networks, and physical, chemical, and biologicaltreatment process technologies. Demand is expected to rise inthe future for facility operation equipment and sludge treat-ment and disposal technologies, as well as for quality restora-tion and decontamination equipment.

Demand for technologies in the waste management sectorin Lithuania is high. Technologies for pollution prevention/waste minimization and waste collection, transportation andstorage equipment are highest in demand, followed by siteremediation/cleanup of contaminated land and landfill dispos-al technologies. Radioactive waste management equipment isnot a great priority in Lithuania. The technologies expected toincrease in demand include recycling/resource recovery andsite monitoring equipment.

The energy sector ranked high in terms of overall demand.The technologies needed the most by both the power genera-tion and other industrial sectors include new/efficient energyand heat generation systems; technologies for theretrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems; and heat recoveryand energy savings. Increased demand is anticipated for instru-mentation and process management and control equipment.

TECHNOLOGIES IN DEMAND BY SECTOR The data obtained from the survey is presented in Tables

4.17-4.21. The following scale was used for ranking demand: 5– very high demand, 4 – high demand, 3 – moderate demand,2 – low demand, 1 – no demand, blank – no opinion. The fig-ures show the average of the responses, while the numbers inparentheses represent the number of responses.

It is important to note that in many cases results were gen-eralized in order to avoid unilateral interpretation of demand.For example, where municipalities expressed high demand ina majority of issues while industrial respondents expressedinterest in specialist areas.

AirThe demand for environmental technologies in the air sec-

tor, as illustrated in Table 4.17, reveals emissionabatement/cleaner production technologies as those most indemand. This result is obtained both within industrial andmunicipal sectors and is based on the fact that these technolo-gies are not extensively used in the Lithuanian market in com-parison with other sectors. Therefore, demand figures indicatea growth in importance for related technologies.

Instrumentation and process control/software developmentequipment is also in demand among industrial companies. Thisis due to the fact that more than 60 percent of the technologiesin use in the industrial market are old-fashioned (i.e. imple-mented before 1980). The modernization of these technologieswill require significant time and financial resources.

Air sampling and laboratory analysis equipment is also indemand, because industrial companies legally have to performair sampling and analyses several times per year. In manycases companies do not operate in their own laboratories anddo not possess the necessary equipment and therefore invite

independent authorities to fulfill these tasks. Companies suchas the chemical plant Achema or the thermal electric powerstation in Kaunas require continuous air monitoring and havetheir own air sampling/laboratory analysis.

Air pollution control/flue gas purification remains a criticalproblem for industry and is reflected in the demand for filters,scrubbers and other gas purification equipment, especiallyunits for the reduction of solid particle emissions to air.

A comparison of supply and demand for environmentaltechnologies in the air sector shows that in general supply isgreater than demand. Technologies relating to air exist butmostly in the form of machinery.

WaterThe demand for water related technologies was found to

be moderate. Within the potable water technologies sector,treatment processes and equipment for the inspection andreconditioning of existing supply networks were in demand(see Table 4.18). Technologies in increasing demand includedinstrumentation/process control/software, and monitoring/sampling/laboratory analysis equipment.

Due to the fact that potable water supply is the responsi-bility of municipalities, the respective demand for related tech-nologies is expressed mainly by municipalities. However,









Technologies in high demand: #1 emission abatement/cleaner pro-duction; #2 instrumentation and process control/software; #3 air sam-pling/laboratory analysis; #4 air pollution control/flue gas purificationequipment







Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes 2.75 (44)(UV/ozonation, activated carbon)




Technologies in high demand: #1 treatment processes; #2 inspectionand reconditioning of existing supply networks

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #3 instrumenta-tion/process control/software; #4 monitoring/sampling/laboratory analysis

TABLE 4.18: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGIES — WATER

some industrial companies’ operating processes also usepotable water (e.g. the food industry); therefore, they alsomentioned a demand for certain technologies. Otherwise,companies indicated relatively low demand for potable watertechnologies, with the exception of treatment processes andequipment for the inspection and reconditioning of existingsupply and collection networks.

In terms of equipment supply within the potable watersector, equipment for the construction of supply networks,inspection and reconditioning of existing supply networks,research and development in environmental technologies,instrumentation/process control/software is readily available.Therefore, the demand for expertise driven and consultativeservices can not met by local providers. The availability ofpotable water-related technologies is thus concentrated in theconstruction and instrumentation of treatment facilities.

Wastewater Demand for wastewater related technologies was ranked

as follows: pollution prevention/waste minimization equip-ment, followed by instrumentation/process control/software,and inspection and reconditioning of existing collection sys-tems, followed by physical, chemical and biological treatmentprocesses technologies (see Table 4.19).

Poor industrial wastewater management is one of the mostcritical environmental problems in Lithuania. Companiesrequire technological options for minimizing industrial waste-water volumes and for decontaminating industrial wastewater.It is in the interest of industrial companies to adopt pollutionprevention and waste minimization techniques.

Technologies where demand is expected to rise includedequipment for facility operation, sludge treatment and dispos-al and quality restoration and decontamination technologies.

The strongest supply in terms of wastewater technologiesincludes equipment for pollution prevention/waste minimiza-tion and facility operation. Therefore, supply meets most ofthe facility construction demand but does not provide formonitoring technologies and instrumentation/process con-trol/software equipment.

Waste ManagementGenerally speaking, waste management technologies are

relatively high in demand. The highest demand for waste man-agement equipment exists in the areas of municipal, industrialand hazardous waste management. Radioactive waste man-agement is not a pressing issue in Lithuania at present (seeTable 4.20). Site remediation and clean-up of contaminatedland is an area seeing growing demand.

The municipal waste management sector indicates highdemand for waste collection/transportation and storage equip-ment, and pollution prevention/waste minimization and land-fill disposal equipment. Management of old landfills is anoth-er problem that needs to be addressed in Lithuania.

Industrial companies have indicated high demand in pol-lution prevention/waste minimization and waste collection/transportation and storage equipment followed by recy-cling/resource recovery technologies.

The demand for hazardous waste technologies focuses onthe same technology areas as industrial waste, except thatthere also exists demand for site remediation and for the clean-up of contaminated land.

The Lithuanian Government is expected to issue wastemanagement regulations in 1998 that will determine the mainrequirements with regard to the above-mentioned problems.However, municipalities are currently facing serious problemsin the construction of new landfills due to insufficient financialresources and the lack of government support, a lack of tech-nical knowledge and expertise, and unclear legal require-ments.

Medical and organic waste management also results inmajor problems that were emphasized at various waste man-agement conferences organized by the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection in Vilnius and Klaipeda duringautumn 1997.

Radioactive waste management is improving. The Ignalinanuclear power station is the main source of radioactive waste.Construction of a radioactive waste disposal site is under wayand is a cooperative project with the Canadian company AECL.

As waste management is a relatively new issue inLithuania, a range of technologies are in demand. Hazardous



Environmental Technology Municipal Wastewater Industrial Wastewater

Monitoring 2.97 (34) 3.20 (47)




Physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes 3.16 (42) 3.44 (50)

Advanced treatment processes (nitrogen and phosphate removal, etc.) 3.02 (37) 2.87(47)








Technologies in high demand: #1 pollution prevention/waste minimization; #2 instrumentation/process control/software; #3 inspection and recondition-ing of existing collection networks; #4 physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #5 facility operation; #6 sludge treatment and disposal; #7 quality restoration and decontamination


waste, because of its severity, requires both expertise andequipment. Waste therefore is one of the best sectors forinvestors to concentrate on, especially after the governmentannounces the new waste management regulations.

EnergyOverall, the demand for energy related environmental

technologies is high in relation to other sectors. Those tech-nologies most in demand in the power generation sectors andin other industrial sectors are presented in Table 4.21.

The greatest demand was outlined for new/efficient ener-gy and heat generation systems (indicated by industrial com-panies and municipalities) and for the retrofitting/rehabilita-tion of existing systems (indicated by environmental business-es). This difference could be explained by the fact that indus-try and municipalities would like to switch to more effectiveforms of energy generation, while the current limited financialresources do not allow for implementation. The rehabilitationof existing systems is therefore today’s alternative, with lowerinvestment required and acceptable results. Environmentalbusinesses and municipalities show high demand for heatrecovery and energy saving technologies for use in otherindustrial sectors. Industrial companies show high demand for

new/efficient energy and heat generation systems. Environ-mental businesses indicated high demand for instrumentationequipment, which indicates the lack of control and measuringdevices in use, especially in industry.

The lowest demand in the energy sector is to be found intwo groups: alternative (non-CFC) refrigerants and alterna-tive/renewable energy systems. Environmental businesses andindustry stated the low interest in these technologies was dueto Lithuanian climate and geology. Solar and geothermal ener-gy have no real application in Lithuania, with the exception ofa small area (Klaipeda region) near the Baltic Sea, which canuse geothermal energy. The low interest in alternative (nonCFC) refrigerants is because cooling systems are mainly usedby the food industry.

The general demand for other environmental technologiesis higher than average because it has been influenced by thelarge interest in the energy sector (a critical issue in Lithuania).The levels of interest from municipalities is higher than thatfrom other respondents.

Within the next few years, the energy sector will remainactive. Energy saving technology, and therefore the rehabilita-tion of existing systems, will dominate, particularly as pricesfor energy continue to rise. Another growth sector for tech-



Municipal Waste Industrial Waste Hazardous Waste Radioactive Waste



Site monitoring 2.40 (32) 2.67 (43) 3.12 (24) 3.40 (5)


Incineration 2.65 (29) 2.70 (43) 3.15 (19) —





Site remediation/clean-up of contaminated land 2.89 (19) 2.88 (36) 3.52 (19) —

Technologies in high demand: #1 pollution prevention/waste minimization; #2 waste collection/transportation and storage; #3 site remediation/clean-upof contaminated land (hazardous waste); #4 landfill disposal (hazardous waste)

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #5 recycling/resource recovery; #6 site monitoring (hazardous waste)

TABLE 4.20: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — WASTE MANAGEMENT

Power Other Industrial Generation Sectors



Process management and control (e.g. boiler tune-up, fuel efficiency optimization) 3.26 (49) 3.30 (53)




Instrumentation 3.47(42) 3.53 (45)

Technologies in high demand: #1 new/efficient energy and heat generation systems; #2 retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems; #3 heat recoveryand energy savings

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #4 instrumentation; #5 process management and control

TABLE 4.21: DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES — ENERGY

nologies are the new/efficient energy and heat generation sys-tems, although this tends to depend largely on the generalfinancial status of industry.


Table 4.22 presents the main end-users of environmentaltechnologies as identified by respondents.

Overall, the majority of end-users are municipalities,although industry makes up a significant share of environ-mental technology purchasers. Presented below is an analysisof the major end-users in each environmental sector, based onrespondents’ opinions. It is important to note that the rankingof end-users may vary among sectors depending on the valueof investments made or the number of projects undertaken.Such research was outside the scope of this project.

AirOperators of power plants and heat generation stations are

the major end-users of air pollution control technologies. Thissector is mainly controlled by the state, even in cases where aplant or station is a joint-stock company with some privatestockholders and a majority share controlled by the state or bymunicipalities. It is important to mention that since all regula-tions and decisions are adopted by the state or by municipalauthorities, the demand for environmental air technologiesdepends almost entirely on the decisionmaking.

The second major group of end-users in this sector areindustrial companies, including chemical, textile, pharmaceuti-cal and glass manufacturers. With regard to mobile sources ofair pollution (vehicles), demand among end-users tends todepend on the economic changes taking place in Lithuania.There is an increasing tendency to switch from old vehiclesmanufactured with lower air pollution control requirements tonewer vehicles produced according to the European standards.

State authorities control air pollution by issuing restrictions forcarbon dioxide and lead emissions, and this creates a basis forgrowing demand of air technologies in the near future.

Water and WastewaterThe major end-users of environmental technologies in the

potable water sector are water supply companies, water treat-ment/purification plants and municipalities. A program hasbeen adopted by the state environmental authorities that focus-es on the modernization and construction of water purificationplants across Lithuania. The supply of equipment in this sectoris mostly controlled by the Scandinavian countries (especiallyDenmark), who are also the main creditors of this program.

Housing communities and individual residences located inareas without a centralized water supply are a growing cate-gory of end-users. Because Lithuania contains geologicalzones with high concentrations of iron or other nonorganicmaterials in groundwaters, inhabitants of these areas are alsopotential buyers of iron-removing and other waterfiltration/purification technologies.

Industrial companies (food, chemicals and pharmaceuti-cals) consume potable water as part of their on-site processes,and the decreasing quality of water and the increasing envi-ronmental and technological requirements create a growingdemand for water purification technologies.

Within the wastewater sector, the major end-users of envi-ronmental technologies are water supply companies, watertreatment plants and municipal services operators. This cate-gory is also covered by the above-mentioned program, withnew wastewater treatment plants being built in Klaipeda,Kaunas, Siauliai, Vilnius and other major cities.

Industrial companies are subject to targeted regulationsand restrictions and in the majority of cases are modifying theirinternal wastewater control systems (or implementing newwastewater technologies).

Individual households are not significant end-users ofwastewater treatment equipment; however, demand is esti-mated to grow in the future.

WasteMunicipalities manage approximately 800 landfill sites in

Lithuania and are the major end-users of landfill disposal andwaste collection/transportation technologies. Waste manage-ment maintains the highest priority in Lithuania’s environmen-tal strategy, with high levels of investment for improving themanagement of landfills expected in the near future. Metal fin-ishing companies, tanneries, the chemical industry and theSiauliai region’s hazardous waste site could be mentioned as aspecific group of end-users for hazardous waste handling andmanagement technologies. Technologies for site remediationand the clean-up of contaminated land are in high demandamong companies concerned with oil products (processing,mining, and sales), particularly those in the energy sector.

EnergyEnergy related environmental technology suppliers have a

wide range of end-users. The list, in order of priority, consistsof power and heat generation plants, the chemical industry,the textile and food industries, and other industrial companies.Municipalities are also significant end-users in this sectorbecause they tend to operate power generation facilities (usu-ally for district heating) and energy supply companies.

Because energy prices are rising, interest for environmen-tal technologies in the energy sector will also probably rise.



Category Major End-users by Group

Air Power plantsHeat generating stations Industrial companiesPrivate companiesMobile vehicles

Water and Water supply companiesWastewater Water treatment plants

Environmental Protection Department of the City MunicipalityLocal residentsIndustrial companiesPrivate companiesAgricultureHospitals

Waste Municipal service operatorsLarge waste producersMunicipalitiesCleaning services companiesLandfill operatorsWaste processing companies

Energy Power and heat generation plantsIndustrial companiesMunicipalities Municipal service operators

TABLE 4.22: MAJOR END-USERS OFENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES BY SECTOR

4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Local and Foreign Suppliers

PURCHASING PREFERENCES According to respondents, the pervasive lack of money

forces most environmental technology end-users (municipali-ties, industries) to select the cheapest technology available onthe market that enables them to meet the required standards.

From this point of view, local manufacturers of environ-mental technologies enjoy the unparalleled advantage ofbeing able to offer cheaper products with lower installationcosts, and local technical service and expertise.

Where foreign technologies are preferred by end-users,the technology often has unique technical parameters that areunmatched by comparable local products, or the foreign tech-nology is preferred because a product is not manufacturedlocally. Foreign products are often viewed as being more tech-nologically advanced, of better quality and are more reliablethan local technologies. Recognition of brand names is also animportant factor.

Local environmental companies, driven by a wide varietyof goals, tend to purchase the exact technology they need toprovide environmental services. The country of origin of theproduct is not a key factor, and, unlike other respondentgroups, tend to take less notice of the price. These environ-mental firms provide, among other things, lab testing services,remediation work, field research, drilling, pollution measure-ments and so on, and require reliable and sophisticated tech-nologies manufactured by world renowned producers.

STRENGTHS OF LOCAL AND FOREIGNENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

Seventy-seven percent of survey respondents indicated thelower price of local technologies as a positive characteristic.Local technologies also tend to be competitive in issues suchas “easy to customize and adapt to specific local needs” (45percent) and in being “user-friendly and easy to operate tech-nology” (36 percent). Local suppliers, especially those whooffer consulting, laboratory analysis, design and other servicescan also offer more economically acceptable short-term alter-natives to Western technologies. This is proven also by the factthat Western suppliers occasionally hire Lithuanian companiesas subcontractors.

It is important to mention that neighboring Russia andPoland have a growing presence in the market due to the factthat they, too, can offer competitive technologies at competi-tive prices.

Concerning foreign environmental technologies, 83 per-cent of respondents cite high quality as the outstanding char-acteristic of foreign technologies. Other characteristics include“good value for money” (72 percent), “reliability and durabili-ty” (70 percent), “user-friendly and easy to operate” (77 per-cent), and “good after-sales service” (70 percent).

The considerably strong financial background of foreign(i.e. Western) suppliers allows them to use important market-ing tools such as “available credit or financing,” and this tendsto be highly appreciated by survey respondents (85 percent). Insome cases, this factor can determine the choice of Lithuanianconsumers, when their own credit is insufficient or is delayed.


Survey results regarding the barriers to buying environ-mental technologies from local or foreign suppliers presented

the following conclusions from the 50 responses received rep-resenting industrial companies and municipalities.

The two main barriers to buying local technologies are thelack of reliable information concerning products (46 percent)and the changing environmental regulations (44 percent). Asubsequent issue is related to the scarcity of information con-cerning suppliers (34 percent). Other obstacles are of relativelylow significance. Local environmental technology companieshave a very small share in the Lithuanian market. Some respon-dents were not able to make a comparison because only for-eign technologies are available in their sector, for example, thesophisticated measuring and process control equipment.

Foreign technologies are considered too expensive, with88 percent of respondents indicating high prices. The lack ofreliable information concerning the product was ranked sec-ond most important (by 54 percent of responses). General datais available concerning foreign products but this usually con-sists of advertisements and tends to be less reliable. Also, 28-40 percent of respondents cited the long supply period /43/and problems related with the certification of equipment /49/as specific barriers to buying foreign technologies.

The general barrier to buying environmental technologiesfrom both local and foreign suppliers are changes in environ-mental regulations. Local environmental regulations are oftenthe subject of changes that create many problems for compa-nies not only in buying environmental technologies but inmaintaining compliance.


The major local suppliers of environmental technologiesand services in the Lithuanian market are presented in Table4.23. This table is based on the survey responses and on theMinistry of Environmental Protection, Catalogue of CompaniesProviding Environmental Services in Lithuania. From theselists, however, only those companies with real activities in themarket were selected for interview.

The conclusion drawn is that generally speaking, localcompanies supply environmental services (design, laboratoryanalysis, research, consulting, etc.) but not environmentaltechnologies. The use of foreign environmental technologiesin Lithuania tends to result from the forming of joint-ventureswith local representatives.

From Table 4.23 it is apparent that each sector has its ownsuppliers that tend to include local providers.

FOREIGN SUPPLIERS ON THE MARKETCompanies from Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland,

Poland and Belgium are considered to be the most active inthe environmental technology market in Lithuania, followedby firms from the United States, Canada and Great Britain.

This situation can be explained by several factors. Asalready mentioned, the majority of environmental projects inLithuania are financed by the EC, World Bank, PHAREProgramme and others. When a Western country offers creditto the Lithuanian government for a specific project or area ofdevelopment, it is usually understood that project input wouldalso come from the donating country. This creates favorableconditions for companies from the donating country to enterthe market. Northern and Central European countries are themost active in granting credit and in offering finance to theBaltic States. This explains the large market share belonging tocompanies from Western Europe.





Company Sector Name/City Specialization

Air Amplitude/ Design and installation of alarm and fire alarm systems; construction of air Vilnius monitoring stations; measurement of environmental pollution and of sanitary

zones; production of equipment for investigation aerosols

Bitas Ltd./ Gas concentration sensors, equipment for parameter measurement, gas alarm Kaunas systems US-02 for control of flammable gas mixtures, indoor accumulation and

alarm signalling in case of excessive concentrations

Ortitas/ Construction of environmental objects, assembling; air pollution measurement, Panevezys monitoring; sanitary, hygiene, electrical measurements (noise, pollution,

illumination, ventilation systems)

Sluoksna/ Production and supply of nonwoven material for technical purposes: cassette and Kaunas sleeve air filters, filtration of acid vapors and welding aerosols, thermal and noise

insulation, wall upholstery

Lithuanian Inventory of air pollution sourcesEnergy Institute/Kaunas

Water and Upinis Ltd./ Design and installation of wastewater treatment equipment; production and Wastewater Kaunas installation of pneumatic, membrane and screw aerators

Hidroprojektas Design and reconstruction of wastewater treatment plants; geological research; Ltd./Kaunas drilling, hydrological research; landfill management

Ardynas Ltd./ Research and design of wastewater treatment equipment; potable water Kaunas treatment processes; engineering networks

Achema/ Production of aluminium oxy-chloride coagulation agents for natural and Jonava wastewater treatment from suspended and organic matter

Consena Ltd./ Design and installation of all-purpose plastic pipe systemsKaunas

Gabija Ltd./ Design, production and general consulting of municipal, industrial and rainwater Panevezys supply networks and treatment plants (oil catchers with filters; buffer tanks with

filter-cassettes; underground filtration equipment)

Katra Ltd./ Production and installation of water meters (for single flats, group boilers, and Kaunas industrial users)

Ekovangis Ltd./ Technologies for drinking and industrial water quality improvement; design, Kaunas production and implementation of filtering units and equipment

Institute of Laboratory analysis of soil and groundwater Geology/Vilnius

Kauno Vandenys Potable water supply; wastewater collection; wastewater sampling/laboratory Ltd./Kaunas analysis

Waste Biocentras Ltd./ Liquidation of accidental oil leakage/spillVilnius

Novator, I. Equipment for the clean-up of sewage piping systems, water bodies etc., Eechovcov’s ESP underwater soil treatment, sludge and sediment treatmentcompany/Klaipeda

Alytus fuel supply Collection of utilized oils, lubricants; treatment of polluted soil from oil productscompany

Dzutra/Alytus Purchase of paper, plastic and glass waste; solid waste separation and transportation

Ekosistema Ltd./ Inventory of pollutants; technology for treatment facilities; waste managementKlaipeda

Toksika Ltd./ Management of soil polluted by oil products; management of municipal and Siauliai industrial hazardous waste; collection, sorting, and methods

Sulinys Ltd./ Industrial waste utilization; soil treatment and disposal from oil products by Marijampole biological preparation

TABLE 4.23: THE LARGEST LOCAL COMPANIES IN THE LITHUANIAN MARKET

The second influential factor is that of location. It is clearthat a large distance between supplier and customer createsdifficulties in contact and after-sale maintenance, increasesdelivery time and so on. Therefore, companies located inWestern Europe have a clear advantage over companies basedin North America or Asia.

European companies also can adapt more easily to specif-ic market conditions, including the economic situation and theway in which business is traditionally carried out. In addition,Lithuanian people relate to the European lifestyle and businesspractices, and they trust European products more than theirAmerican counterparts.

Thus, as shown by the listing in Table 4.24, Danish,German and Swedish companies have the largest market sharein waste and water related technologies. Market shares inother areas are distributed among all countries more evenly,

but still German and Scandinavian companies are dominant. Companies from Poland tend to be part of joint-ventures

with Western suppliers or their subsidiaries, both for sellingand manufacturing. There are a lot of cases in which Westernsuppliers have established production units in Poland in orderto minimize transportation costs and decrease price throughcheaper labor costs. Products manufactured in the formerEastern bloc are supplied to Lithuania as “Western” providers,however their quality is sometimes arguable.

The relatively small size of Lithuania’s environmental tech-nology market, however, is something of a deterrent.Lithuania, with its population of 3.6 million, 65,200 km2 of ter-ritory and relatively undeveloped economy does not offer sub-stantial business opportunities for Western suppliers. In manycases, investments and pay-back rate analyses shows negativeresults. The turnover expected in the country on the whole is



Company Sector Name/City Specialization

Energy Consena Ltd./ Design and installation of heat supply systems; installation of pipes with Kaunas thermal insulation

Katra Ltd./Kaunas Production and installation of heat meters; rehabilitation of existing energy and power generation systems

Lithuanian Energy Optimization and adjustment of boilers Institute/Vilnius

Lukrida Ltd./ Supply of energy equipment; consulting, design, optimization of energy systemsKaunas

Nova/Kaunas Design and production of solar energy batteries; environmental audits

Ekra/Kaunas Production and construction of pumping stations and fat collection stations using glass fiber materials and stainless steal

Geoterma Ltd./ Use of geothermal energy for heat productionVilnius

Environmental Biocentras Ltd./ Preparation of environmental regulations; environmental impact assessmentPlanning and VilniusManagement Transport and Evaluation of road impact on the environment; investigation of hazardous air

Road Research emissions; investigation of wastewater pollution and noise level measurementInstitute/Kaunas

Institute of Consulting in the areas of cleaner production, pollution minimization, wastewater Environmental treatment technologies and pollution prevention; water quality modeling research; Engineering/ air emissions measurement and monitoring; air emissions research and modeling; Kaunas University educational activities, expert training, cooperation with local and foreignof Technology specialists; environmental information database development

Association of Consulting sources in the areas of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment; Engineering water monitoring; collection and use of bio-gas from landfills; evaluation and Ecology/Vilnius examination of environmental investments, projects; environmental auditing of

industrial companies

Institute of Fundamental research; assessment of lakes and large water reservoirs; water and Ecology/ Vilnius dry land ecosystems investigation; ecological expertise and auditing

Environmental Toxicity of new construction materials; determination of pollution sources and Medical Center their appearances; scientific research in the areas of hygiene and environment

Ekoprojektas Ltd./ Design and general consulting for municipal, industrial and rainwater treatment Vilnius plants; disposal of sludge, municipal and industrial waste; design and general

consultation in waste management

Pramprojektas/ Design of environmental investments, wastewater treatment plants for industrial Kaunas enterprises and municipal branches; radioactive waste management

Industrial Ecology Design and construction of wastewater treatment facilities from galvanic processesComplex, UAB/Vilnius

TABLE 4.23 (CONT.): THE LARGEST LOCAL COMPANIES IN THE LITHUANIAN MARKET

small compared to the annual turnover of large companiesoperating in countries such as the United States, Germany andGreat Britain. Companies entering the East European marketdo not usually separate the Baltic States into three differentcountries and therefore appoint their agents or create sub-sidiaries to be responsible for all three Baltic States or, accord-ing to their internal territorial responsibilities, control businessin the Baltics from Poland or other adjacent countries. Thisapproach has both positive and negative effects. The mainnegative effects come from the underestimation of the valueattached to both direct personal contact and from insufficient

direct marketing to each of the three countries. This is verymuch the case with American companies and their sub-sidiaries.

Large suppliers that have already won their market sharein Lithuania have started to establish local subsidiaries. Thisapproach allows them to effectively manage operations ineastern Europe and at the same time is good for Lithuania inthat it provides employment and tax contributions.



Sector Company Name Country of Origin Specialization

Air PALL, Kaunas USA Air filters

Samson AG Germany Ventilation and air conditioning

COLENCO Poland Air monitoring

Water and Kruger Denmark Water treatmentWastewater Puritex Denmark Completion of small water treatment plants

KSB Germany Pumps

Broshier Germany Machinery for wastewater treatment plants in Kaunas

Wavin Denmark Plastic pipe systems

Stockhousen Germany Flocculants for wastewater treatment and sludge drainage

Allied Colloids Germany Flocculants for wastewater treatment and sludge drainage

Alfa Laval Sweden Centrifuge for sludge drainage

Flygt Sweden Pumps; wastewater treatment plants

Uponor, Vilnius Finland-Lithuania Heat supply systems and plastic pipe systems

Verina, Vilnius Germany Flocculants for wastewater treatment

HGN Hydrology Baltic Groundwater monitoring

Waste Kruger Denmark Waste management

Baltijos Sweden- Hazardous wasteKonsultacine Grupe Lithuania

ViaCon Baltic Ltd., Sweden Landfill construction materials; geotextiles, geonets for Kaunas soil reinforcement, erosion control, filtration, separation;

noise barriers

ABB, Kaunas Sweden Environmentally friendly energy generation

Energy Lukrida Ltd., Kaunas Belgium Design and implementation of efficient steam pipe networks; equipment for the food industry; boiler houses

Bertsch LASKA Ltd., Germany Equipment for process controlVilnius

Agava Ltd., Kaunas Germany Heating; control valves for industrial processes

Katra Ltd., Kaunas Germany, Denmark Heat metering equipment

Environmental Kruger Consult Waste dump sites consultationPlanning and AECL Canada Consulting in the area of radioactive waste managementManagement

COWI Baltic, Vilnius Denmark Consulting in the area of energy

Avsista Ltd., Russia, Germany, Equipment for laboratories, gas measurement, respiratory Visaginas Czech Republic tract protection.

Note: The table includes both active foreign companies in the local market and joint-ventures with local firms.

TABLE 4.24: THE LARGEST FOREIGN COMPANIES IN THE LITHUANIAN MARKET

4.8 The Local Environmental BusinessSectorPROFILE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESSES

Environmental businesses selected for the survey repre-sent the most advanced in Lithuania and cover all sectors ofthe environment. These companies offer environmental ser-vices that include consulting and training, as well as variousenvironmental technologies.

The majority of environmental businesses in Lithuania areprivately owned (65 percent) or are being privatizated.Respondents from state-owned companies expressed dissatis-faction with the bureaucratic system that hinders them fromoperating like normal businesses, and they expressed a desireto switch to private ownership.

Three-quarters of environmental businesses in Lithuaniawere established after 1990. Many of these companies wererenamed or re-established as a result of the political changes,hence their relatively young age.

A negative reaction was expressed by respondents whenasked to disclose the amount of their turnover; however, 25percent of companies said they have an annual turnover ofmore than USD 1 million.

Most Lithuanian environmental businesses offer services(88 percent), either in addition to or instead of environmentaltechnologies. Some of those Lithuanian companies offeringenvironmental technologies and services have already enteredother markets abroad, such as Russia, Belarus, Ukraine andPoland; however, income obtained from foreign activitiesrarely exceeds 25 percent of total annual turnover.

The majority of environmental businesses comprise fewerthan 50 employees (67 percent) and therefore can be consid-ered small to medium-sized. One-fifth of the surveyed envi-ronmental businesses have more than 100 employees. Thesecompanies have generally been operating in Lithuania for atleast 30 years.

INFORMATION CHANNELS AND NEEDSThe main information sources for business opportunities

are specialized environmental serials or business publications,and professional newsletters where information for tendersare announced (see also Section 4.4, “Major Sources ofInformation on Business Opportunities”).

In order to share important information and experiences,specialized unions and associations were established such as



Engineering EcologyAssociationDominikonu 4LT-2024 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 223-879Fax: (370-2) 615-558

Society of EcologistsAkademijos 2LT 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 729-275

Association of WaterSuppliersJustiniskiu 16LT 2056 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 415-851Tel: (370-2) 417-125Fax: (370-2) 228-873

Society “Lietuvos kuras”Naugarduko 129LT 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 260-473Tel: (370-2) 261-914Fax: (370-2) 261-376

Union of LithuanianEngineersGedimino pr. 3LT 2001 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 622-972

Association of LocalAuthorities of LithuaniaGedimino pr. 24LT 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 616-063Fax: (370-2) 615-366

Lithuanian ManufacturersConfederationSaltoniskiu 19LT 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 751-278Fax: (370-2) 723-320

Association “Vandenusvara”Mituvos 9LT 3009 Kaunus, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 795-943Fax: (370-7) 795-943

Association ofConstruction Engineers Vytauto 14-2LT 2004 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 622-553Tel: (370-2) 752-198Fax: (370-2) 225-901

Association ofMelioration, Hydraulicand Landscape EngineersLithuanian University ofAgricultureLT 4324 Kaunus-AkademijaTel: (370-7) 296-707Fax: (370-7) 296-531

International Associationfor Impact AssessmentRepresentatives in LithuaniaKanto 25LT 3000 Kaunus, LithuaniaTransport and RoadResearch InstituteTel: (370-7) 202-361Fax: (370-7) 205-619

Kaunas Chamber ofCommerce, Industry andHandicraftsK. Donelaieio 8LT 3000 Kaunus, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 201-491Fax: (370-7) 208-330

Union of LithuanianGeologistsT. Sevcenkos 13LT 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 236-103Fax: (370-2) 236-710

Society of LithuanianGeographersAkademijos 2LT 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 729-115Tel: (370-2) 729-268Fax: (370-2) 729-245

TABLE 4.25: PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

Types of Information Values


In-country environmental regulations 3.8 (40)



Environmental quality standards for industries 3.5 (38)(e.g. ISO 14000, EMAS)

European Union environmental regulations 3.3 (38)

Eco-efficient and cleaner production practices 3.3 (37)

Information on domestic partners 3.3 (37)

Information on international partners 3.1 (37)

Certification requirements for environmental 3.1 (34)professionals




TABLE 4.26: INFORMATION NEEDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESSES

the Association of Water Suppliers, the Association ofEngineers and the Engineering Ecology Association, etc.Approximately 80 percent of the respondents belong to one ofthese associations. The associations are listed in Table 4.25.

Information on new environmental technologies is in thehighest demand because companies are interested in followingdevelopments in their own fields. The next most importantinformation requirement concerns changes to in-country envi-ronmental regulations. Information concerning domestic ten-ders for projects is indicated because it is directly related tobusiness opportunities, although no unified system for tenderannouncement exists. An issue worth mentioning in referenceto Environmental Quality for Industries (e.g. ISO 14000 andEMAS) is that environmental businesses seek information aboutthese new environmental systems as potential for future busi-ness. Information needs included employee certification, data-base or comprehensive source on environmental services andtechnology providers and the financial status of customers.

The relatively low demand for information on internation-al tenders for projects can be explained by the fact that somelocal companies are not strong enough to compete with for-eign companies and therefore their interest remains low.

OBSTACLES TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENT Tax regulations were mentioned as a major obstacle to

development because they tend to have a negative influenceon business development. Firms are forced to increase pricesfor services and technologies, and this tends to limit the inter-est of their customers. Access to credit and finance is the nextgreatest obstacle. The current interest rate for credit is toohigh, and this further slows development.

The other obstacles listed in Table 4.27 were said to havevery little influence on business development. Companies donot feel the pressure of foreign competition because many ofthem include representatives of foreign companies or areinvolved in joint ventures. Foreign companies usually tend tobe active in national projects such as the Kaunas CityWastewater Treatment Plant. Today general access to informa-tion is not the obstacle it was two years ago. Environmentalbusinesses do not believe the lack of lobby groups is a barrierto their development. Other obstacles cited were low livingstandards in the country and insufficient information onemployee certification.

4.9 List of InterviewedExperts/CompaniesThe structure of the information below is as follows:

Contact Person, PositionCompany name in English (where appropriate)Company name in LithuanianAddressTelephone number, Fax number

Group I: Environmental Businesses

1) Ms. Naujokaityte Giedre, General DirectorUAB EkovangisVasuokliu 5, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 228-288, Fax: (370-7) 299-537

2) Mr. Rutkauskas Vidmantas, DirectorUAB EviktaStatybininku 12, KaunasLT-3009 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 774-560, Fax: (370-7) 774-560

3) Mr. Vaitkutis Algis, Deputy DirectorIndustrial Ecology Complex Ltd.Pramones ekologijos kompleksasZirmunu 139 A, VilniusLT-2012 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 770-815, Fax: (370-2) 772-874

4) Mr. Skema Romualdas, Deputy DirectorLithuanian Energy InstituteLietuvos Energetikos institutasBreslaujos 3, KaunasLT-3035 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 351-403, Fax: (370-7) 351-271

5) Mr. Sileika Audrius, Program ManagerInstitute of Environmental EngineeringAplinkos inzinerijos institutasDonelaicio 20, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 209-372, Fax: (370-7) 209-372

6) Mr. Juska Mindaugas, DirectorUAB LukridaBreslaujos 3, KaunasLT-3035 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 766-422, Fax: (370-7) 767-567

7) Mr. Zilinskas Edmundas,Deputy Chairman of the Board of DirectorsAB NovaGriunvaldo 22, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 208-776, Fax: (370-7) 203-923

8) Mr. Vilutis Kestutis, PresidentAB BiocentrasGraiciuno 10, VilniusLT-2028 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 640-454, Fax: (370-2) 640-454



Barrier Value



Market demand for products and services 2.4 (36)

Environmental regulations 2.2 (37)

Legal regulations and registration requirements 2.1 (36)



Lack of lobby groups (e.g. environmental 1.6 (33)associations, etc.)



9) Ms. Lapinskiene Asta, DirectorAB EkosistemaStrevos 3, KlaipedaLT-5804 LithuaniaTel: (370-26) 341-046, Fax: (370-26) 340-459

10) Mr. Rakauskas Vytautas, Engineer of TechnologyAB EkraAteities pl. 30c, KaunasLT-3023 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 714-288, Fax: (370-7) 774-753

11) Mr. Gulbinas Zenonas, Scientific SecretaryInstitute of GeographyGeografijos institutasAkademijos 2, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 729-267, Fax: (370-2) 729-245

12) Mr. Zuzevicius Algirdas, Scientific SecretaryInstitute of GeologyGeologijos institutasT. Sevcenkos 13, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 236-419, Fax: (370-2) 236-710

13) Ms. Lukeviciene Irena, Deputy DirectorUAB GeotermaJuozapaviciaus 13, VilniusLT-2005 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 225-009, Fax: (370-2) 225-963

14) Mr. Skarbalius Bronislovas, DirectorUAB ToksikaVytauto 147, SiauliaiLT-5400 LithuaniaTel: (370-21) 432-791, Fax: (370-21) 432-791

15) Mr. Abromavicius Arturas, PresidentBaltic Consultant Group Ltd. (Lithuanian-Swedish-Danishcompany)Lietuvos Svedijos Danijos BI Baltic Consultant GroupA. Gostauto 11, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 622-621, Fax: (370-2) 617-507

16) Mr. Karpavicius Darius, Technical EngineerUAB AgavaGedimino 47, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 209-497, Fax: (370-7) 207-414

17) Ms. Smailyte Palmyra, Chief of the Department ofTechnical DevelopmentUAB ArdynasGedimino 47, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 227-798, Fax: (370-7) 227-157

18) Mr. Eigelis Rimantas, DirectorUAB AmplitudeSavanoriu 231, VilniusLT-2028 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 641-890, Fax: (370-2) 641-772

19) Mr. Jakubenas Regimantas, Head of theEnvironmental CenterAB AchemaTaurostos 25, JonavaLT-5013 LithuaniaTel: (370-19) 56-327, Fax: (370-19) 52-074

20) Mr. Zuravliov Oleg, DirectorUAB AvsisitaKosmoso 16, VisaginasLT-4761 LithuaniaTel: (370-66) 32-414, Fax: (370-66) 31-157

21) Mr. Becius Arvydas, DirectorUAB BitasSavanoriu pr.271, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 706-946, Fax: (370-7) 704-509

22) Mr. Sipavicius Marius, Chief of the Department ofTechnical DevelopmentUAB ConsenaMickeviciaus 47, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 220-005, Fax: (370-7) 206-723

23) Mr. Molisauskas Jovitas, General DirectorAB DzutraNaujoji 19, AlytusLT-4580 LithuaniaTel: (370-35) 38-474, Fax: (370-35) 36-952

24) Mr. Virbickas Juozas, DirectorInstitute of EcologyEkologijos institutasAkademijos 2, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-22) 729-250, Fax: (370-22) 729-257

25) Ms. Jatuliene Natalija, DirectorEnvironmental Medical CenterEkologines medicinos centrasDidzioji 22, VilniusLT-2024 LithuaniaTel: (370-22) 62-055, Fax: (370-22) 624-663

26) Ms. Janciauskiene Lijana, DirectorAB EkoprojektasGostauto 8, VilniusLT-2001 LithuaniaTel: (370-22) 617-913, Fax: (370-22) 616-654

27) Mr. Jarmala Antanas-Algirdas, DirectorUAB GabijaTopoliu 4, Panevezys LT-5319 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 461-228, Fax: (370-5) 461-228

28) Mr. Grinkevicius Algirdas, Chief of the Departmentof Technical DevelopmentAB HidroprojektasDonelaico 33, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 225-357, Fax: (370-7) 207-623



29) Mr. Baciliunas Albinas, DirectorUAB KatraTaikos pr. 11, KaunasLT-3036 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 709-477, Fax: (370-7) 709-412

30) Mr. Narbutas V., Assistant of the General DirectorUAB Kauno VandenysAukstaiciu 43, KaunasLT-3005 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 731-775, Fax: (370-7) 734-655

31) Mr. Rocys Zigmantas, General DirectorAB OrtitasPaliuniskio 5, PanevezysLT-5319 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 462-115, Fax: (370-5) 746-2115

32) Mr. Ridzevskis Henrikas, Technical DirectorAB PramprojektasDonelaicio 60, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 223-355, Fax: (370-7) 209-696

33) Ms. Kliopova Andzela, Chief of the ManagementDepartmentAB SluoksnaNeries kr. 16b, KaunasLT-3026 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 269 932, Fax: (370-7) 226 9932

34) Ms. Jankauskiene Nijole, Head of EnvironmentalProtection DivisionTransport and Road Research InstituteTransporto ir keliu tyrimo institutasKanto 25, KaunasLT-3000 Lithuania Tel: (370-7) 202-361, Fax: (370-7) 205-619

35) Mr. Kontrimas Virginijus, Vice PresidentUAB UPINISMituvos 9, KaunasLT-3009 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 795-943, Fax: (370-7) 795-943

36) Mr. Jurovickij Vadim, DirectorUAB ViaCon BalticDonelaicio 55, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-98) 01-738 (mobile), Fax: (370-7) 221-721

37) Mr. Petrauskas Sigitas, DirectorUAB UponorPelesos 3, KaunasLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 23-336, Fax: (370-2) 232-337

38) Mr. Urburis Jonas, DirectorUAB SulinysKauno 146, MarijampoleLT-4520 LithuaniaTel: (370-43) 75-669, Fax: (370-43) 75-669

39) Mr. Kutas Ginutis, DirectorUAB Litcon Nerys K. Donelaicio 62 -31, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 203-233, Fax: (370-7) 203-233

Group II: Industries

40) Ms. Nazarovaite Lena, Environmental EngineerAB Utenos gerimaiPramones 12, UtenaLT-4910 LithuaniaTel: (370-39) 69-047, Fax: (370-39) 69-047

41) Ms. Taleikiene Irena, Chief EnvironmentalEngineerAB Dirbtinis pluostasPramones 4, KaunasLT-3711 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 753-503, Fax: (370-7) 764-075

42) Mr. Stucka Anicetas, Vice President for Ecology andWork SafetyAB InkarasRaudondvario pl. 127, KaunasLT-3021 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 260-520, Fax; (370-7) 261-400

43) Mr. Zaltauskas Romualdas, Chief Energy EngineerAB Vilniaus pienasSaltoniskiu 9, VilniusLT-2664 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 751-131, Fax: (370-2) 733-090

44) Mr. Banionis Gintaras, Head of the Energy Supplyand Ecology Department AB Kauno gelzbetonisPramones 8, KaunasLT-3031 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 766-030, Fax: (370-7) 766-030

45) Mr. Rekstys Alfredas, DirectorAB Palemono gelzbetonisAteities pl. 30A, KaunasLT-3023 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 715-800, Fax: (370-7) 715-800

46) Mr. Krasauskas Juozas, Head of the TechnicalDepartmentAB FredaH. O. Minkovskiu 98, KaunasLT-3018 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 226-444, Fax: (370-7) 291-849

47) Mr. Abrutis Vytautas, Chief EnvironmentalEngineerState Enterprise Energy AgencyVI Energetikos agenturaGedimino pr. 38/2, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 629-731, Fax: (370-2) 626-845

48) Ms. Mockuviene Zita, Production ManagerAB LitodaPramones 4, PlungeLT-5640 LithuaniaTel: (370-18) 53-224, Fax: (370-18) 57-812

49) Mr. Straksas Bronislovas, Technical DirectorAB LaisveKlaipedos 127, KretingaLT-5700 LithuaniaTel: (370-58) 51-097, Fax: (370-58) 53-091



50) Mr. Kakulskis Arvidas, Chief EnvironmentalEngineerAB Mazeikiu naftaJuodeikiai, Mazeikiu rajonasLT-5526 LithuaniaTel: (370-9) 392-286, Fax: (370-9) 392-525

51) Mr. Antanelis Leonardas, Chief EnvironmentalManagerAB Akmens cenentasJ. Dalinkeviciaus 2, Naujoji AkmeneLT-5464 LithuaniaTel: (370-9) 558-323, Fax: (370-9) 552-198

52) Mr. Jurksas Leonardas, Chief EngineerAB Klaipedos maistasSilutes pl. 79, KlaipedaLT-5799 LithuaniaTel: (370-6) 341-200, Fax: (370-6) 340-905

53) Mr. Metelica Aleksandras, Head of the OHSDepartmentAB Klaipedos kartonasNemuno 2, KlaipedaLT-5800 LithuaniaTel: (370-6) 214-643, Fax: (370-6) 252-442

54) Mr. Sakalauskas Algimantas, Head of the OHSDepartmentAB PlastaSavanoriu pr. 180, VilniusLT-2644 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 631-558, Fax: (370-2) 263-479

55) Mr. Kutas Algimantas, Head of Technical Dept.JSC Vilnius Electric Power StationAB Vilniaus elektruneJocioniu 13, Vilnius, LT-2028 Lithuania Tel: (370-2) 641-814, Fax: (370-2) 643-895

56) Mr. Bieliauskas Jeronimas, Head of the OHSDepartmentJSC Kuro agenturaKalvarijiu 143, VilniusLT-2650 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 566-463, Fax: (370-2) 724-676

57) Mr. Tricius Juozas, Head of the Energy Dept.AB VienybeKauno 120, UkmergeLT-4120 LithuaniaTel: (370-1) 153-516, Fax: (370-1) 156-544

58) Ms. Jukniene Janina, Head of the EnvironmentalDepartmentAB ElniasVilniaus 72, SiauliaiLT-5400 LithuaniaTel: (370-1) 433-855, Fax: (370-1) 433-855

59) Mr. Pilkauskas Albinas, Head of the Technical Dept.AB LifosaJuodiskio 50, KedainiaiLT-5030 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 752-273, Fax: (370-5) 753-537

60) Mr. Kazinavicius Algirdas, Environmental EngineerAB Rokiskio surisPramones 3, RokiskisLT-4820 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 851-130, Fax: (370-7) 853-370

61) Mr. Grigauskas Rimantas, Environmental EngineerKraft Jacobs Suchard LietuvaTaikos pr. 88, KaunasLT-3031 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 705-827, Fax: (370-7) 707-518

62) Mr. Jakubenas Regimantas, Head of theEnvironmental Protection DivisionAB AchemaTaurostos 25, JonavaLT-5013 LithuaniaTel: (370-1) 956-327, Fax: (370-1) 952-074

63) Mr. Kavolys A., Technical DirectorAB AlytaMiskininku 14, AlytusLT-4580 LithuaniaTel: (370-3) 552-243, Fax: (370-3) 552-243

64) Mr. Polionis Linas, Senior EcologistAB Alytaus textilePramones 1, AlytusLT-4580 LithuaniaTel: (370-3) 534-920, Fax: (370-3) 535-566

65) Mr. Brazinskas Gintaras, Head of the PersonalHealth and Safety and Environmental DepartmentAB EkranasElektronikos 1, PanevezysLT-5319 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 463-377, Fax: (370-5) 423-415

66) Mr. Adomaitis Ramunas, DirectorAB Jonavos pienasKauno 81, JonavaLT-5000 LithuaniaTel: (370-1) 952-434, Fax: (370-1) 952-434

67) Ms. Michelkeviciute Violeta, Head of the Personal,Health and Safety DepartmentKauno akademines klinikosEivieniu 2, KaunasLT-3005 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 730-577, Fax: (370-7) 798-585

68) Ms. Juodiene Aurelija, Head of Chemical LaboratoryAB Kauno audiniaiGriunvaldo 3/5, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 226-484, Fax: (370-7) 228-323

69) Mr. Narbutas V., Assistant to the General DirectorKauno vandenysAukstaiciu 43, KaunasLT-3005 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 731-775, Fax: (370-7) 340-655

70) Mr. Zlotkus Rimgoudas, Engineer of Technical Dept.Thermal Electric Power StationKauno siluminiu tinklu elektrineTaikos 147, KaunasLT-3005 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 756-261, Fax: (370-7) 350-167



71) Mr. Jasinskas Kazimieras, Head of the TechnicalDevelopment DepartmentAB LinasS. Kerbedzio 23, PanevezysLT-5319 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 461-487, Fax: (370-5) 422-607

72) Ms. Juciene Aldona, Engineer - EcologistAB Panevezio pienasTinklu 9, PanevezysLT-5319 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 463-543, Fax: (370-5) 464-173

73) Mr. Dilba Audrius, Head of the Water EquipmentDepartmentAB SemaRespublikos 82, PanevezysLT-5319 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 423-696, Fax: (370-5) 465-793

74) Mr. Juknevicius Jonas, Head of the EnvironmentalDepartment AB SnaigePramones 6, AlytusLT-4580 LithuaniaTel: (370-3) 557-516, Fax: (370-3) 558-158

75) Mr. Janavicius Zenonas, General DirectorAB SpartaSvitrigailos 32, VilniusLT-2006 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 632-261, Fax: (370-2) 261-23

76) Mr. Ramanauskas Ricardas, Head of the WaterSupply Department AB VernitasStoties 16, MarijampoleLT-4520 LithuaniaTel: (370-4) 373-530, Fax: (370-4) 370-680

77) Mr. Zavadskas Algimantas, Technical DirectorAB Vilniaus taurasAludariu 1/2, VilniusLT-2649 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 627-915, Fax: (370-2) 223-754

78) Ms. Endriukaitiene Irena, Senior EcologistAB Vilniaus baldu kombinatasSavanoriu pr. 178, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 653-484, Fax: (370-2) 633-395

79) Mr. Morozovas Rimantas, DirectorAB Silkas Neries kr. 16, KaunasLT-3026 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 261-304, Fax: (370-7) 261-293

Group III: Municipalities and Government Officials

80) Mr. Ivanauskas Stasys, Head of DepartmentDepartment of Environment and Waste Management,Ministry of the EconomyEkonomikos Ministerija. Aplinkos apsaugos ir atlieku depar-tamentasGedimino pr. 38/2, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 623-805, Fax: (370-2) 628-629

81) Mr. Sidlauskas Kazys, Head of DepartmentEnvironment Protection Department, Kedainiai MunicipalityKedainiu miesto savivaldybe, Aplinkos apsaugos skyriusBasanaviciaus 36, KedainiaiLT-5030 Lithuania Tel: (370-5) 753-781, Fax: (370-5) 755-809

82) Klaipeda MunicipalityKlaipedos miesto savivaldybeLiepu 11, KlaipedaLT-5800 LithuaniaTel: (370-6) 212-644, Fax: (370-6) 213-343

83) Mr. Turonis Kestutis, Head of DepartmentEnvironment Protection Department, Vilnius MunicipalityVilniaus savivaldybe, Aplinkos apsaugos skyriusGedimino 37, VilniusLT-2600 LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 618-825, Fax: (370-2) 225-420

84) Mr. Baronas Almuntas, Chief Landscape Architectand Environmental ManagerUkmerge MunicipalityUkmerges rajono savivaldybeKestucio a. 3, UkmergeLT-4120 LithuaniaTel: (370-1) 153-314, Fax: (370-1) 151-370

85) Mr. Samuolis Vaclovas, Vice MayorUtena MunicipalityUtenos rajono savivaldybeUtenio a. 4, UtenaLT-4910 LithuaniaTel: (370-3) 951-233, Fax: (370-3) 959-490

86) Ms. Aleknaviciene Regina, Chief Engineer -EcologistEnvironment Protection Department, Alytus MunicipalityAlytaus miesto savivaldybe, Aplinkos apsaugos skyriusRotuses a. 4, AlytusLT-4580 LithuaniaTel: (370-3) 535-529, Fax: (370-3) 535-802

87) Mr. Zdanovicius Vytautas, Head of DepartmentEnvironment Protection Department, Jonava MunicipalityJonavos miesto Aplinkos apsaugos deportamentasKlaipedos 7, JonavaLT-5000 LithuaniaTel: (370-1) 951-855, Fax: (370-1) 951-855

88) Ms. Stanikuniene Marija, Deputy Head ofDepartment Environment Protection Department, Kaunas MunicipalityKauno miesto savivaldybe, Aplinkos apsaugos skyriusLaisves al. 96, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 223-336, Fax: (370-7) 200-443

89) Ms. Kubiliene Sigita, Chief Engineer - Ecologist Environment Protection Department, Kaunas MunicipalityKauno miesto Aplinkos apsaugos deportamentasRotuses 12, KaunasLT-3000 LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 200-562, Fax: (370-7) 203-954



90) Ms. Planciunaite Angele, Director AssistantEnvironment Protection Department, Panevezys MunicipalityPanevezio miesto Aplinkos apsaugos deportamentasA. Jaksto 12, PanevezysLT-5319 LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 435-416, Fax: (370-5) 422-500

91) Mr. Mieliauskas Antanas, Deputy Head ofDepartmentEnvironment Protection Department, MarijampoleMunicipalityMarijampoles miesto savivaldybe, Aplinkos apsaugos skyriusJ. Basanaviciaus 1, MarijampoleLT-4520 LithuaniaTel: (370-4) 351-785, Fax: (370-4) 352-452

4.10 Other Useful Contacts

92) Ministry of Environmental ProtectionAplinkos Apsugos MinisterijaA. Juozapaviciaus 9, 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 723-648, Fax: (370-2) 728-020

93) Parliamentary Committee of Nature Protection Seimo Aplinkos Apsaugos KomitetasGedimino 53, 2002 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel: (370-2) 624-077

94) Environmental Protection Division of theGovernment of Lithuania Vyriausybes Aplinkos Apsaugos SkyriusGedimino 11, 2039 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel: (370-2) 627-956

95) Bank of LithuaniaLietuvos BankasGedimino Av. 6, 2001 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 225-789, Fax: (370-2) 225-789

96) Ministry of the EconomyEkonomikos MinisterijaGedimino 38/2, 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 623-805

97) Ministry of European AffairsEuropos Reikalu MinisterijaGedimino 56, LT-2685 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 250-830, Fax: (370-2) 612-178

98) Ministry of Agriculture and ForestryZemes ir Misku Ukio MinisterijaGedimino 19, 2025 VilniusTel: (370-2) 616-074, Fax: (370-2) 224-440

99) Ministry of FinanceFinansu MinisterijaJ. Tumo-Vaizganto 8a/2, 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 225-333, Fax: (370-2) 226-387

100) Ministry of Construction and Urban DevelopmentStatybos ir Urbanistikos MinisterijaA. Jaksto 4/9, 2694 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 623-714 , Fax: (370-2) 220-847

101) Lithuanian Development AgencyLietuvos Ekonomines Pletros Agentura

Sv. Jono 3, LT-2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 627-438 , Fax: (370-2) 220-160

102) Lithuanian Manufacturers Confederation Lietuvos Pramonininku KonfederacijaSaltoniskiu 19, 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 751-278, Fax: (370-2) 723-320

103) Engineering Ecology AssociationInzinerines Ekologijos AsociacijaDominikonu 4, 2024 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 629-184, 628-983 , Fax: (370-2) 617-809

104) Vilnius Chamber of Commerce and IndustryVilniaus Pramones, Prekybos ir Amatu RumaiAlgirdo g. 31, 2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 235-550

105) Kaunas Chamber of Commerce and IndustryKauno Pramones, Prekybos ir Amatu RumaiK. Donelaicio 8, LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 201-491, Fax: (370-7) 208-330

4.11 List of PublicationsOnly the most important publications used in this report arelisted below:

106) Lithuanian Environmental Strategy. Action Program.Ministry of Environmental Protection. Vilnius, 1996.

107) Lithuania’s Environment, Status, Processes and Trends.Ministry of Environmental Protection. Vilnius, 1996.

108) Environmental Protection in Lithuania (Aplinkosapsauga Lietuvoje), Annual Report 1996, Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection. Vilnius, 1997.



111) Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, 1997. Department ofStatistics report to the Government of Lithuania.

112) Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, 1995.Department of Statistics report to the Government ofLithuania.

113) Environmental Services of Lithuanian Enterprises andOrganizations. Ministry of Industry and Trade Catalog,1996.

114) Progress in Approximating EU Environmental Legislationinto the National Environmental Legislation of theCountries in Central and Eastern Europe. Case Study ofLithuania. Vilnius, 1995.

115) Business News (Verslo zinios). Newspaper.

116) Lithuanian Economy (Lietuvos Ukis). Monthly magazine.

117) Lithuanian Environmental Strategy. In three volumes.Ministry of Environmental Protection. Vilnius, 1995.



Agava Ltd.Gedimino 47LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 209-497Fax: (370-7) 207-414E-mail: [email protected] ltContact person: Mr. Darius KarpaviciusPosition: Technological EngineerLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,English, GermanyYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 5,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 30Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 2-4, 6-8, 16-18, 29, 31-33,42, 47, 51-53, 61-63, 65, 67, 68Description of services and/or technolo-

gies: Design, consultation and installationin the following areas: gas, liquid and airmeasurement, control, automated datacollection, processing; complete set prepa-ration; room ventilation, conditioning,microclimate maintenance; automatedheating and freezing equipment; tempera-ture and pressure control and manage-ment of piping systems.References to work completed: Steamtemperature management and control inthe Alytaus tekstile company, sizingdepartment; steam parameters manage-ment and control form the Vernitas com-pany (steam traps, ultrasonic); fullautomation of the reservoir at the Aytaustekstile company: temperature, pressureand level control and regulation for theKauno audiniai enterprise - automation ofthe dyeing process; construction of venti-lation and conditioning systems.

Alytus fuel supply companySantaikos 26LT-4580 Alytus, LithuaniaTel: (370-35) 357-66Fax: (370-35) 357-66E-mail: n/aContact person: n/aPosition: n/aLanguages spoken: n/aYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 500,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 15Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 34, 38, 41, 55, 60Description of services and/or technologies:Collection of utilized oils and lubricants;polluted soil treatment from oil products.









































References to work completed: Soil treat-ment at the Alytus landfill; collection of oilproducts from all industrial companies inAlytus and its region.

AmplitudeSavanoriu 231LT-2028 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 641-890Fax: (370-2) 641-772E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Rimantas EigelisPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 20Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 2-4, 6, 8, 17, 18, 20, 31-33, 35, 36, 55, 62, 63, 65, 73, 75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design and installation of alarm andfire-alarm systems; construction of airmonitoring stations; measurement of envi-ronmental pollution and determination ofsanitary zones; production of equipmentfor investigation of aerosols. References to work completed: Designand installation of alarm and fire alarmsystems for industrial companies in Vilniusand Vilnius region; air monitoring inMarijampoles “Vernitas,” and Vilniaus“Tauras.”

Ardynas Ltd.Gedimino 47LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 227-798Fax: (370-7) 227-157E-mail: n/aContact person: Ms. Palmyra SmailytePosition: Chief of Department of TechnicalDevelopmentLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19951996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 25Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1-23, 25-33, 36, 39, 42,44-55, 60, 63-65, 67, 68Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Designing and research of waste-water treatment equipment; design andresearch of air cleaning equipment; land-fills - investigation and design; engineeringnetworks - investigation and design;design of heating units, based on woodwaste incineration; potable water treat-ment processes.References to work completed: Design of

central gas supply pipelines to Anyksciai andUtena; environmental impact assessment inKaunas city; projects concerning establish-ment of petrol stations and boiler stations.

AvsistaKosmoso 16LT-4761 Visaginas, LithuaniaTel: (370-66) 324-14Fax: (370-66) 311-57E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Oleg ZuravliovPosition: Primary ShareholderLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 1,500,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 25Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18,20, 33, 61, 62, 63, 68Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Vendor of laboratory equipment, gasmeasurement equipment (“Dreger”), respi-ratory tract protection equipment; consult-ing and training.References to work completed:Laboratory equipment for Lithuanianindustrial companies, institutes, universi-ties, schools, clinics (i.e. the milk compa-nies, Kauno pienas, and Jonavos pienine,the textile industry - for wastewater analy-sis - including the companies of Kaunoaudiniai, Audejas, and Linas).

Baltic Consultance Group Ltd.A. Gostauto 11LT-2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 622-621Fax: (370-2) 617-507E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Arturas AbromaviciusPosition: PresidentLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): >50Employees: 23Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: NoActivities: service providerSpecialization: 9-14, 18-25, 27, 29, 33,36-41, 44, 55-57, 59, 60, 69-73, 75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Environmental research, design, con-sultation; design and implementation ofenvironmental monitoring systems; designof water supply and wastewater treatmentsystems; design of sites for temporary stor-age of hazardous waste.References to work completed: Design forthe reconstruction of wastewater treatmentfacilities for Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda,Siauliai, Alytus, Vilkaviskis and Sirvintos

cities; supervision of construction; analysisof Siauliai Zokniai Airport, cleaning works;analysis of former military base territories,inventorying, and environmental impactassessment.

Biocentras Ltd.V. Graiciuno 10LT-2028 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 640-454Fax: (370-2) 640-454E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Kestutis VilutisPosition: PresidentLanguages spoken: Russian, GermanYear of establishment: 19881996 Revenue (in USD): 1,200,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): >50Employees: 30Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 23-25, 32-35, 39, 41, 43,44, 54-60Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Research and production of biologi-cally active compounds; application of bio-logically active compounds for decontami-nation of soils polluted by oil products orgrease; consultations on environmental pro-tection; production and trade of absorbentsfor collection of spilt oil products.References to work completed: Butinge oilterminal monitoring program; utilization ofnonrecoverable oil products in the Klaipedaregion; treatment facilities for stormwatercontaminated with oil products; productionof biomass for the utilization of specificpollutants in treatment facilities.

Bitas Ltd.Savanoriu pr. 271LT-3009 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 706-946Fax: (370-7) 704-509E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Arvydas BeciusPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19891996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 16Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 2, 4-6, 8, 47, 51, 52, 53Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Gas sensors, measurement equip-ment, gas alarm system US-02 for controlof inflammable gas mixtures, indoor accu-mulation and alarm signalling. References to work completed:Installation of gas measurement equipmentin all Lithuanian gas companies (Kaunas,Vilnius, Marijampole, Alytus ir kt.).



Consena Ltd.Mickeviciaus 47LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 220-005Fax: (370-7) 206-723E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Marius SipaviciusPosition: Chief of Department of TechnicalDevelopmentLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): 1,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 32Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 11, 12, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28,32-34, 37, 40, 44-46, 48, 53Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design and installation of all purposeplastic pipe systems; cement based water-proofing; geosynthetic materials; designand installation of heat supply systems;installation of pipes with thermal insulation.References to work completed: Supply ofdrainage pipes for Butinge terminal; instal-lation of heat supply pipes for Telsiai city;waterproofing of the Visaginas city cathe-dral; waterproofing of the water tower inKaisiadorys city.

Ekoprojektas Ltd.Gostauto 8LT-2001 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 617-913Fax: (370-2) 616-654E-mail: n/aContact person: Ms. Lijana JancauskienePosition: Project CoordinatorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 750,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 64Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 5, 8, 11, 13-16, 18, 21, 23-29, 31, 33-35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44-49,51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60-65, 68, 71-75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Designing and general consulting formunicipal, industrial and stormwater treat-ment plants; water purification and prepa-ration equipment; disposal of sludge,municipal and industrial waste; design andgeneral consulting: waste management.References to work completed: Vilnius,Panevezys and Siauliai water supply andsewage development schemes to 2001with calculations of their hydraulic sys-tems; water intakes from groundwaterresources at the Vilnius - Pagiriai,Karveliskes and Puskoriai plants; project ofwater pumping station, clean water reser-

voirs and towers for the majority ofLithuanian cities; wastewater treatmentplants in Vilnius, Alytus, Panevezys, N.Akmene, Elektrenai-Vievis, Birzai, Kelme,Skuodas, Plunge, Utena, Zarasai; wastemanagement plans for different cities.

Ekosistema Ltd.Strevos 3LT-5804 Klaipeda, LithuaniaTel: (370-26) 341-046Fax: (370-26) 340-459E-mail: n/aContact person: Mrs. Asta LapinskienePosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 125,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): <10Employees: 14Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1-9, 19-75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Projects for ensuring the “maximumallowable emissions” are not breached incompanies; inventorying pollutants; tech-nologies for treatment facilities; wastemanagement. References to work completed: n/a

Ekovangis Ltd.Vasuokliu 5LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 228-288Fax: (370-7) 299-537E-mail: [email protected] person: Ms. Giedre NaujokaitytePosition: General DirectorLanguages spoken: English, Russian,GermanYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): 200,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): 26-50Employees: 10Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 9-18Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Drinking and industrial water qualityimprovement technologies; design, pro-duction and implementation of filteringunits and equipment.References to work completed: Kruonishydro accumulation power plant; VilniusPower plant No. 3; Kaunas ClinicalHospital No. 2; Kaunas Red CrossClinical Hospital.

Evikta Ltd.Statybininku 12LT-3009 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 774-560Fax: (370-7) 774-560E-mail: n/a

Contact person: Mr. VidmantasRutkauskasPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, GermanYear of establishment: 19941996 Revenue (in USD): 125,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): noneEmployees: 20Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 3, 5, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18,20, 22-25, 27, 30, 31, 33, 46, 47, 63Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Small scale wastewater treatmentfacility design and construction; efficiencyimprovement and renovation of wastewatertreatment facilities; design and implementa-tion of potable water iron removal filters;assembling of ventilation systems usingplastic pipes and efficiency determination. References to work completed: Ironremoval facilities in the towns of Kybartai,Kazlu Ruda, Sirntos; wastewater treatmentfacilities equipment assembling andadjustment in the towns of Seduva, Utena,Alytus; Vilnius city sewage pumping sta-tion assembling and adjustment.

Environmental Medical CenterDidzioji 22LT-2024 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 629-055Fax: (370-2) 624-663E-mail: n/aContact person: Ms. Natalija JatulienePosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,English, Polish, GermanyYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 500,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 33Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1, 2, 8, 43, 44, 59, 60, 74Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Toxicological expertise of new con-struction materials; determination of pollu-tion sources and factors affecting appear-ance; scientific research into the areas ofhygiene and environment.References to work completed: Studies ofwater reservoir pollution caused by trans-port in the city of Klaipeda; influence ofpollutants on the health of inhabitants inLithuania (e.g. heavy metals); monitoringof population health and risk factors innorthern Lithuania (the project implementsenvironmentally cleaner agriculture).

Gabija Ltd.Topoliu 4LT-5319 Panevezys, LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 461-228Fax: (370-5) 461-228E-mail: n/a



Contact person: Mr. Antanas - AlgirdasJarmalaPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 750,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 64Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 23-25, 27, 30, 31Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design, production and general con-sulting: municipal, industrial and stormwa-ter supply networks and treatment plants(oil catchers with filters; buffering tankwith filter-cassette; underground filtrationequipment). References to work completed:Municipal, industrial wastewater supplynetworks and treatments plants at thePanevezys region.

Geoterma Ltd.Juozapaviciaus 13LT-2005 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 225-009Fax: (370-2) 225-963E-mail: n/aContact person: Mrs. Irena LiukevicienePosition: Deputy DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 8Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 49Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Use of geothermal energy for heatproduction.References to work completed:Demonstration of geothermal power plantin Klaipeda.

Industrial Ecology ComplexZirmunu 139ALT-2012 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 770-815Fax: (370-2) 772-874E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Algis VaitkusPosition: Deputy DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 200,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 40Income from foreign sources (%): 10-25Employees: 12Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 25, 28, 29, 37, 39, 42-44,

75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Preparation of complex Eco-programsfor urban and rural areas; modernizationof sewage treatment facilities; preparationof technologies for pollutant detoxication;composting of municipal wastewater facil-ity sludge. References to work completed: Treatmentof galvanic wastewater from large industri-al companies; joint research with theMinistry of Environmental Protection oncomposting of wastewater treatmentsludge; Mickunai landfill leakage collec-tion and treatment; treatment of galvanicwastewater in the Czech Republic; treat-ment of galvanic wastewater in Poland.

Institute of EcologyAkademijos 2LT-2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 729-250Fax: (370-2) 729-257E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Juozas VirbickasPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,FrenchYear of establishment: 19901996 Revenue (in USD): 650,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 173Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 25, 28, 32, 33, 40, 41, 43,44, 52, 53, 58-60, 67-71, 73-75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Fundamental environment research;assessment of lakes and large water reser-voirs; water and dry land ecosystem inves-tigation; ecological expertise and audit.References to work completed: Oil termi-nals (Butinge, Mazeikiai); deepening anddumping of ports (Klaipeda port); environ-mental strategies.

Institute of EnvironmentalEngineeringK. Donelaicio 20LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 209-372Fax: (370-7) 209-372E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Audrius SileikaPosition: Program ManagerLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 200,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): >50Employees: 12Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 26,28, 29, 31-33, 39-44, 47-51, 53, 69, 70,73, 74Description of services and/or technolo-

gies: Environmental measurements andmonitoring; technical and financial analy-sis of environmental projects; consultingand information on environmental man-agement.References to work completed:Management of Norwegian cleaner pro-duction (CP) school (17 CP projects); USAID - WEC pollution prevention technicalsupport program; Electrotec Inc. (USA) CPopportunities assessment in the Silva com-pany; Kraft Jacobs Suchart Lietuva moni-toring of waste water; implementation ofCP projects in the Lithuanian textile indus-try.

Institute of GeographyAkademijos 2LT-2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 729-267Fax: (370-2) 729-245E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Zenonas GulbinasPosition: Scientific SecretaryLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19901996 Revenue (in USD): 325,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 50Income from foreign sources (%): <10Employees: 98Ownership: stateInterested in foreign investors: YesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 7, 8, 10, 17, 32, 49, 57-59, 71-74Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Environmental assessment of con-struction projects; environmental research.References to work completed:Environmental assessment of Sventoi sea-port; environmental assessment of landfill-ing in the base of the Klaipeda sea port inthe Baltic sea; assessment of environmen-tal projects; assessment of the suitability ofa wastewater treatment plant for Birzaitown; assessment of the project entitled“Hazardous Waste: The largest allowableconcentrations and temporary allowablelimits in soil.”

Institute of GeologyT. Sevcenkos 13LT-2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 236-419Fax: (370-2) 236-710E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Algirdas ZuzeviciusPosition: Deputy Director for ScienceLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19411996 Revenue (in USD): 1,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 20Income from foreign sources (%): <10Employees: 130Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 9-13, 17, 18, 25, 27, 28,30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 43, 44, 49, 56, 60,71-75



Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Laboratory analysis for soil andgroundwater; prediction of environmentalconsequences of economic activities;environmental cartography for regionalplanning; prediction of groundwaterresouces and quality; monitoring of aera-tion zones.References to work completed:Environmental maps of Vilnius, Kaunas,Siauliai, Alytus; monitoring of Lapes(Kaunas) landfill environment; monitoringof the Ignalina nuclear power plant impactzone in groundwater; analysis of opportu-nities to utilize sludge from Kaunas waste-water treatment plant in peat-bogs;research on the use of alternative energysources.

JSC AchemaTaurostos 25LT-5013 Jonava, LithuaniaTel: (370-19) 563-27Fax: (370-19) 520-74E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. RegimantasJakubenasPosition: Head of Environmental CenterLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, RussianYear of establishment: 19651996 Revenue (in USD): 125,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): 10-25%Employees: 2000Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 13, 23Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Production of aluminum oxy-chloridecoagulation agent for natural and waste-water treatment from suspended andorganic matter. References to work completed: Watertreatment for the Mazeikiu nafta plant;Potable water treatment for the city ofMinsk (Belarus); wastewater treatmentplant for Kaliningrad City (Russia).

JSC DzutraNaujoji 19LT-4580 Alytus, LithuaniaTel: (370-35) 384-74Fax: (370-35) 369-52E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Jovitas MolisauskasPosition: General DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,English, German, PolishYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 450,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 40Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 34, 35Description of services and/or technolo-

gies: Purchase of waste paper, plastic andglass; solid waste separation and trans-portation.References to work completed:Collection, separation and transportationof municipal waste for Alytus city.

JSC HidroprojektasDonelaicio 33LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 225-357Fax: (370-7) 207-623E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Algirdas GrinkeviciusPosition: Chief of Department of TechnicalDevelopmentLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19571996 Revenue (in USD): 875,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 190Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 19-25, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36,37, 44-46, 53, 55-57, 59, 60Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design and reconstruction of waste-water treatment plants (physical, chemicaland biological treatment processes); envi-ronmental-geological research; drilling,hydrological research; landfill manage-ment.References to work completed:Wastewater treatment plant design forLithuanian cities; reconstruction of waste-water treatment plants in Kulupenu village,kretinga region; participation in the designof Lapies landfill in Kaunas city; recon-struction of sand pits in the Kaunas region.

JSC OrtitasPaliuniskio 5LT-5319 Panevezys, LithuaniaTel: (370-5) 462-115Fax: (370-5) 462-115E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Zigmantas RocysPosition: General DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, RussianYear of establishment: 19721996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 180Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1-8, 23, 27, 32, 33, 61,65, 67, 68Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Manufacture of environmental equip-ment, and assembly; sanitation, hygiene,electrical measurements (noise, pollution,illumination, ventilation systems); air pol-lution measurement, monitoring.References to work completed: Air pollution laboratory analysis for

Panevezys and region industrial enterprises.

JSC PramprojektasDonelaicio 60LT-3688 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 223-355Fax: (370-7) 209-696E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Henrikas RidzevskisPosition: Technical DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, RussianYear of establishment: 19401996 Revenue (in USD): 1,750,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 250Ownership: mixed ownershipInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16,18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27-29, 33, 34, 36-38,44, 46, 47-49, 53, 56, 61, 64, 68, 71, 73,74Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design of environmental equipment,wastewater treatment plants for industrialenterprises and municipal branches; con-struction of non-standard environmentalinvestments; water and air investigation,treatment and consulting; radioactivewaste management.References to work completed: Design ofwastewater treatment plants for Kaunascity; Kaunas landfill management; a wastemanagement scheme for the Ignalinanuclear power station; design of localwaste and stormwater treatment plants.

JSC SluoksnaNeries kr. 16bLT-3026 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 269-932Fax: (370-7) 269-932E-mail: n/aContact person: Ms. Andzela KliopovaPosition: ManagerLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,English, GermanyYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 23Ownership: in process of privatizationInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 3, 7, 8, 48, 52, 53, 64, 67,68Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Production and supply of non-wovenmaterial for technical purposes: for cas-sette and sleeve air filters, filtration of acidvapours and welding aerosols; thermaland noise insulation, wall upholstery; non-woven needle punched for Fluor-hydrateabsorption.References to work completed: Filteringand antistatic materials for Akmenscementas and Ekranas companies.



JS EkraAteities pl. 30cLT-3023 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 714-288Fax: (370-7) 774-753E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Vytautas RakauskasPosition: Engineer of TechnologyLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19901996 Revenue (in USD): 500,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): <10Employees: 91Ownership: mixed ownershipInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 10-29, 32-35, 37, 39, 40,43-45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 55, 58, 60, 73, 75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design and construction of industrial,municipal and storm wastewater treatmentfacilities; production of specific equipmentfor treatment facilities; production and con-struction of pumping stations and fat catch-ing stations using glass fiber materials andstainless steel; construction of networks.References to work completed: 29 pro-jects manufacturing pumping stations fordifferent cities and railway stations; con-struction of pipe networks for the oil refin-ery at Volchov (Russia); reconstruction ofUtena city wastewater treatment plant.

JS NovaGriunvaldo 22LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 208-776Fax: (370-7) 203-923E-mail: n/[email protected] person: Mr. Edmundas ZilinskasPosition: Deputy DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, GermanYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 50,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): 10-25Employees: 11Ownership: mixed ownershipInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 2-8, 34, 37, 39-41, 43-46,48, 49, 52, 53, 69, 73, 75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Prevention of air pollution; manage-ment of municipal and industrial wasteand use for alternative fuel production;environmental audits; design and produc-tion of solar energy batteries.References to work completed: “Biofueland Bioenergy in Lithuania Project” undercommission to the Ministry of the Economy.

Katra Ltd.Taikos pr. 113LT-3036 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 709-477Fax: (370-7) 709-421

E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Albinas BaciliunasPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, RussianYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 10,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 25Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 9, 16, 18, 19, 29, 31-33,45-47, 51-53Description of services and/or technologies:Production and installation of heat counters;technological process management and con-trol instrumentation; production and installa-tion of water meter counters (for single flats,group boilers, industrial users); rehabilitationof existing energy and power generation sys-tems; wastewater meters.References to work completed: Supply ofwastewater meters (i.e. ultrasonic watermeters DS-02, ultrasonic water meters foropen channels LMA - 01) for 70% ofLithuanian industrial enterprises; installa-tion and maintenance of water meters forall private Lithuanian users.

Kauno vandenys Ltd.Aukstaiciu 43LT-3005 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 731-775Fax: (370-7) 734-655E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. V. NarbutasPosition: Assistant of General DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment:1996 Revenue (in USD): 18,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 980Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: noActivities: service providerSpecialization: 9-15, 17, 18, 20-25, 32,70, 72-75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Potable water supply; wastewatercollection; wastewater sampling, laborato-ry analysis. References to work completed: The envi-ronmental investment project for Kaunascity, including water metering, improve-ment of potable water, wastewater treat-ment, renovation of pipe networks, watertreatment technology development.

Litcon Nerys Ltd.Donelaicio 62-311LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 203-233Fax: (370-7) 203-233E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Ginutis KutasPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian

Year of establishment: 19891996 Revenue (in USD): 125,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): 10-25Employees: 14Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 13, 18, 23-25, 27, 31-33Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Supply of chemicals for wastewatertreatment and sludge drying; consultingservices in the area of wastewater treat-ment and sludge drying.References to work completed: Klaipedaenvironmental project; Kaunas environ-mental project; “Drying sludge frommunicipal wastewater of city “X” project.

Lithuanian Energy InstituteBreslaujos 3LT-3035 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 351-403Fax: (370-7) 351-271E-mail: [email protected] person: Mr. Romualdas SkemaPosition: Deputy DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, Polish,GermanYear of establishment: 19561996 Revenue (in USD): 2,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 20Income from foreign sources (%): 10-25Employees: 350Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 1, 5-8, 34, 37-39, 41, 43-53, 69, 70, 75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Inventory of air pollution sources;establishment of technologically basedpollution norms; optimization and adjust-ment of boilers.References to work completed:Establishment of technologically based pol-lution norms for the “Mazeikiu nafta” oilrefinery; implementation of low NOX emis-sion burners in the No. 2 Vilnius powerplant; reconstruction of natural gas burnersin BA “Lifosa”; improvement of hard oilburner in the Mazeikiai boiler house; stateprogram for 1995-2000: “Utilization oflocal renewable energy sources.”

Lukrida Ltd.Breslaujos 3LT-3035 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 766-422Fax: (370-7) 767-567E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Mindaugas JuskaPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19911996 Revenue (in USD): 200,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): >50Employees: 12



Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 45-53Description of services and/or technologies:Consulting, design, and optimization ofenergy systems; supply of energy equipment.References to work completed: Drainagefor steam supply networks at the Mazeikiunafta company; improvement of energy effi-ciency at the Lifosa enterprise; automatedenergy supply in the Siauliu pienas dairy;improving energy efficiency through car-bamid; workshop for the Achema enterprise

Sulinis Ltd.Kauno 146LT-4520 Marijampole, LithuaniaTel: (370-43) 756-69Fax: (370-43) 756-69E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Jonas UrbutisPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: LithuanianYear of establishment: 19891996 Revenue (in USD): 125,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 14Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 34-36, 41, 55, 76Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Industrial waste utilization; soil treat-ment and disposal of oil products usingbiological preparation.References to work completed: Soil treat-ment at Marijampole autocare services(Vaidmara, Daisotra); industrial waste uti-lization within the Marijampole region.

Toksika Ltd.Vytauto 147LT-5400 Siauliai, LithuaniaTel: (370-21) 432-791Fax: (370-21) 432-791E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. BronislovasSkarbaliusPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Russian, EnglishYear of establishment: 19921996 Revenue (in USD): 32,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): 100Income from foreign sources (%): noneEmployees: 3Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 34, 38, 41, 55Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Management of soil polluted by oilproducts; management of municipal andindustrial hazardous waste - collection,sorting, incineration, etc.; collection ofused tires.References to work completed: Managedproject and conducted a complex stateexamination for the construction of a haz-ardous waste management site; conducteda survey for the management of hazardous

waste in Siauliai region.

Transport and Road ResearchInstituteKanto 25LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 202-361Fax: (370-7) 205-619E-mail: nijank@ tkti.ltContact person: Ms. Nijole JankauskienePosition: Head of EnvironmentalProtection DivisionLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19931996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 75Ownership: state ownedInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service providerSpecialization: 1-8, 19, 21-23, 28, 32, 33,59-61, 64-70Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Evaluation of the impact of roads onthe environment; investigation of hazardousair emissions; investigation of wastewaterpollution; noise level measurement.References to work completed: “Transportand environment - a comprehensive strat-egy” comissioned by the Ministry ofEnvironment; “Environmental audit of thetransportation system in total according tothe ISO 14000,” “Environmental impactassessment for sections of the VIA - BALTI-CA highway” - commissioned by variousmunicipalities; “Norms for hazardousmaterials emitted to the environment” -requested by an asphalt production plant.

Upinis Ltd.Mituvos 9LT-3009 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-7) 795-943Fax: (370-7) 795-943E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Virginijus KontrimasPosition: Vice-PresidentLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19901996 Revenue (in USD): n/a1996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 6Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 22-24, 27, 28, 31-33, 70,73, 74, 75Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design and installation of wastewatertreatment equipment; production andinstallation of pneumatic, membrane andscrew aerators.References to work completed: Aerationsystem in Siauliai city; wastewater plantfor Zizmariai town; wastewater plant for

the Siauliu stumbras factory.

Uponor Ltd.Pelesos 3LT-2600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 233-36Fax: (370-2) 232-337E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Sigitas PetrauskasPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: Lithuanian, Russian,EnglishYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): 250,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): n/aEmployees: 7Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: service and technology providerSpecialization: 11, 12, 18, 21, 22, 27-29,32, 33, 45, 46, 48, 53Description of services and/or technolo-gies: Design and installation of all purposeplastic pipe systems; design and installa-tion of heat supply systems. References to work completed: Supply ofdrainage pipes for the Klaipeda terminal;heat supply networks for Vilnius; supply ofpipes for wastewater treatment plants inSiauliai.

ViaCon Baltic Ltd.Donelaicio 20180LT-3000 Kaunas, LithuaniaTel: (370-98) 1738 (mobile no.)Fax: (370-7) 221-721E-mail: n/aContact person: Mr. Vadim JurovickijPosition: DirectorLanguages spoken: English, Lithuanian,RussianYear of establishment: 19971996 Revenue (in USD): 2,000,0001996 Revenue from environmental activi-ties (in %): n/aIncome from foreign sources (%): 5-10%Employees: 4Ownership: privateInterested in foreign investors: yesActivities: technology providerSpecialization: 11, 12, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25,27-29, 32-34, 37, 40, 42, 54-60, 69-75Description of services and/or technologies:Municipal and industrial waste utilizationtechnologies; geotextiles, geonets for soilreinforcement, erosion control, filtration,separation; geomembranes and bentonitemats for municipal and industrial landfillconstrucºtion, for groundwater and soil pro-tection from pollution; corrugated steel andplastic pipes, culverts, multi-plate structures. References to work completed: Materialsupplies for the VIA BALTICA project;material supplies for the Lapes landfill;material supplies for waste and stormwatersedimentation reservoirs in the Varena city.



ADMINISTRATIVE BODIESRESPONSIBLE FORENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

Ministries■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 725-868Fax: (370-2) 728-020, 728-179

MinisterImantas Lazdinis

Statistics1997 Budget33.06 million Lithuanian litas (ECU 7.38million)Share of State Budget: n/aNumber of Employees: 132

HistoryDate Current Structure EstablishedJune 15, 1994Establishing LawLaw on the Implementation ofGovernmental Law of the Republic ofLithuania, May 31, 1994Ministry’s Previous NameEnvironmental Protection Department

Responsibilities• implementation of the state strategy on

issues of environment protection andthe use of natural resources

• preparation and approval of norms,standards and rules of environmentalprotection and use of natural resources

• regulation of the accounting of naturalresources

• regulation and control of activities with-in the protected areas, and managementof state reservations

• determination and control of norms andaccounting of pollution emissions

• regulation of the production, import,transportation, transit, export, use, stor-age, utilization and accounting of dan-gerous chemical substances and danger-ous wastes

• organizing and coordinating complexecological monitoring

• organizing and coordinating scientificresearch related to natural resources andtheir use and to environmental protection

• public awareness on the state of the

environment, and coordination of eco-logical education and training

• environmental impact assessments• state control of environmental protec-

tion and of the use of natural resources

Key ContactsImantis Lazdinis, MinisterTel: (370-2) 725- 868

Danius Lygis, Vice MinisterTel: (370-2) 726-306E-mail: [email protected]

Arturas Daubaras, Vice MinisterTel: (370-2) 723-745E-mail: [email protected]

Vytas Bernadisius, Ministerial SecretaryTel: (370-2) 723-648

Judita Sukyte, AdvisorTel: (370-2) 723-284E-mail: [email protected]

Natalija Gedvilaite, Press RepresentativeTel: (370-2) 723-251E-mail: [email protected]

Arvydas Dragunas, Director, General Strategy DepartmentTel: (370-2) 722-865E-mail: [email protected]

Mindaygus Bilkis, Director, Environmental Quality DepartmentTel: (370-2) 722-748E-mail: [email protected]

Pranas Mieraukus, Director, Landscape and Biodiversity ManagementDepartment Tel: (370-2) 723-432

Rimantas Salkauskas, Director, State Environmental InspectorateTel: (370-2) 722-113

Irene Buciunaite, Senior Technologist,Environmental Impact Assessment UnitTel: (370-2) 722-124, 728-139

Evaldas Vebra, Head, International Cooperation Unit, GeneralStrategy DepartmentTel: (370-2) 728-275Fax: (370-2) 728-020E-mail: [email protected]

Ligita Vaiciuniene, Advisor on IntegrationIssues, European Integration DepartmentTel: (370-2) 732-996Fax: (370-2) 728-026

Note: All persons may be reached at theministry’s main address.

SUB-NATIONAL STRUCTURES

44 District AgenciesResponsibilities• state regulation and control of environ-

mental protection and of the use of nat-ural resources within each administrative territorial unit

• territorial planning, project approval,site selection, and issuing permits inaccordance with the established procedure

Lithuanian Environmental InvestmentFundZilvanas Martinkus, DirectorLukiskiv st. 5-2012600 Vilnuis, LithuaniaTel: (370-2) 250-966Fax: (370-2) 224-535

Note: The Fund will operate with anamount allocated from the state budget,collectd for pollution charges and fromloans and subsidies from foreign countriesand international donor ogranizations. TheFund was established by the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and expects tobe operational from 1998.

■ MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Territorial Planning DivisionA. Jaksto 4/92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaAleksandras Gordevicius, Deputy DirectorTel: (370-2) 610-558Fax: (370-2) 220-847

Responsibilities• territorial planning and methodological

management and control

Lithuanian Geological ServiceS. Konarskio 352600 Vilnius, LithuaniaGediminas Motuza, DirectorTel: (370-2) 632-889Fax: (370-2) 706-376E-mail: [email protected]

Julius Belickas, Director of InformationDivisionTel: (370-2) 632-267E-mail:[email protected]

Responsibilities• mineral resources and groundwater

management

• creation of a state geological informa-tion system




Municipal Economy and ServicesDepartment

Sermuksniu 4a2753 Vilnuis LithuaniaFax: (370-2) 622-875

Antanas Deveikis, DirectorTel: (370-2) 618-413

Brorius Kantautas, Deputy DirectorTel: (370-2) 624-715

Responsibilities:• water supply and sewage management

and control, other municipal services

■ MINISTRY OF NATIONAL ECONOMYEcology Management DivisionGedimino 38/22600 Vilnius, LithuaniaStasys Ivanauskas, HeadTel/Fax: (370-2) 623-805

Responsibilities• management of secondary raw materi-

als, and household, industrial and haz-ardous waste

■ MINISTRY OF HEALTHPublic Health ServiceKalvariju 1532042 Vilnius, LithuaniaErikas Maciunas, DirectorTel: (370-2) 778-951Fax: (370-2) 778-951

Responsibilities• evaluation of the impact of environmen-

tal factors on human health

ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING

Administrative BodiesResponsible forEnvironmental Monitoring

■ JOINT RESEARCH CENTERc/o Ministry of Environmental ProtectionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaAntanas Didziapetris, Director GeneralTel/Fax: (370-2) 723-202E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.gamta.lt

Statistics1997 Budget1.6 million Litas (ECU 357,280)Number of Employees112

Spoken LanguagesLithuanian, English, Russian

HistoryDate of EstablishmentAugust 1994

Establishing ActOrder No 9 on the Liquidation of theCentral Environmental ResearchLaboratory of the EnvironmentalProtection Department and on theEstablishment of the Joint Research Centerof the Ministry of EnvironmentalProtectionAug. 3, 1994

Monitoring Responsibilities,by Sector■ AIR

Joint Research Center - EnvironmentalSystems Analysis DivisionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaRita TijunaiteTel: (370-2) 728-278Fax: (370-2) 723-202E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• NO2, CO, SO2, dust, heavy metals,

benzo(a)pyrene, formaldehyde

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageAnnual report on air quality

■ FORESTS

Forest Research InstituteGirionys4312 Kaunas District, LithuaniaRemigijus OzolinciusTel: (370-7) 547-221Fax: (370-7) 547-446E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• crown condition assessment, soil foliage

chemistry, vegetation, increment, airpollution in canopy

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageMiskininkyste (Forestry) - 2 per annum

EnglishBaltic Forest - 2 per annum

Other Language(s)Some irregular materials in Russian

■ INTEGRATED MONITORING

Joint Research Center - Science andEnvironmental Research CoordinationDivisionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaLiutauras StoskusTel: (370-2) 722-8554Fax: (370-2) 723-202E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• SO2, O3, NO2, sulphates, nitrates,

chemistry of precipitation, water quality,soil, biota

■ POLLUTION SOURCES Joint Research Center - MonitoringInformation Systems DivisionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaDr. Boleslovas BinkauskasTel: (370-2) 722-817Fax: (370-2) 723-202E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• 300 components of air pollution, 6

components of water pollution (sus-pended solids, BOD 5, NH4 and ammo-nium salts, total N, total Fe, oil and itsproducts)

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageStatistical data every year for water, every5 years for air

■ RADIOECOLOGYJoint Research Center - RadiologicalLaboratoryRudnios 62602 Vilnius, LithuaniaJ.G. Berlinskas, Chief EngineerTel: (370-2) 750-474Fax: (370-2) 723-202

Activities/Measurements• gamma, fallout, boundary layer air,

river, Baltic Sea, biota, radioactivity

■ SOILJoint Research Center - Soil ResearchLaboratoryRotuses 123000 Kaunas, LithuaniaDr. Remigijus CiegisTel: (370-7) 208-414Fax: (370-7) 744-577

Activities/Measurements• s-Triazine and chlororganic pesticides

Regular Materials AvailableLocal languageAnnual Report

■ WATER - MARINE ENVIRONMENTMarine Research CenterTaikos pr. 265802 Klaipeda, LithuaniaAlgirdas StankeviciusTel: (370-6) 250-324Fax: (370-6) 256-930

Activities/Measurements• hydrometeorological, hydrochemical,

hydrobiological and radioactivity inves-tigations in the eastern part of the BalticSea and northern part of Kursiu Lagoon

• seasonal investigations in HELCOMBMP stations J1, J2, K1 and K2.

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageAnnual report on the Baltic Sea - Offshore



Curronian Bay Water QualityEnglishAnnual report on the Baltic Sea - OffshoreCurronian Bay Water Quality

■ WASTE - HOUSEHOLD, INDUSTRIALAND HAZARDOUS WASTEMinistry of Environmental Protection -Chemical Substances Division A. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaMatija Teriosina, HeadTel: (370-2) 722-509

Audrius Naktinis, Senior TechnologistTel: (370-2) 722-680Fax: (370-2) 728-020E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• statistical data

Regular Materials AvailableLocal languageCollected statistical dataEnglishOccasional data

■ WASTE - NUCLEAR ANDRADIOACTIVE WASTEMinistry of Environmental Protection -Radioactive Substances UnitA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaDr. Stasys MotiejunasTel: (370-2) 727-812Fax: (370-2) 728-020E-mail: [email protected]

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageOnly irregular data available

■ WATER - RIVERSJoint Research Center - EnvironmentalSystems, Analysis DivisionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaRita TijunaiteTel: (370-2) 723-202Fax: (370-2) 728-020E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• physical parameters, basic ions, specific

organic substances, heavy metals, pesti-cides, phenols, radioactivity (Cs, Sr),microbiological and hydrobiologicalinvestigations

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageAnnual report on surface water quality

■ WATER - UNDERGROUND WATERLithuanian Geological ServiceKonarskio 352600 Vilnius, LithuaniaAlgirdas DomaseviciusTel: (370-2) 635-605

Fax: (370-2) 706-376E-mail: [email protected]

Activities/Measurements• measurements of water levels and sam-

pling for water quality

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageAnnual bulletin on ground water monitor-ing in LithuaniaEnglishSummary of the bulletin

■ WILDLIFE Institute of BotanyZaliuju ezeru 472021 Vilnius, LithuaniaDr. Romas Pakalnis, DirectorTel: (370-2) 736-462Fax: (370-2) 729-950

Regular Materials AvailableLocal LanguageInventory of bioproductivity of species andcommunitiesMapping of vegetation and habitats

■ INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGYAkademijos 22600 Vilnius, LithuaniaDr. Jouzas Virbickas, DirectorTel: (370-2) 729-257Fax: (370-2) 729-257

Activities/Measurements• mainly focuses on zoological and animal

ecology issues, as well as general ecology

ADMINISTRATIVE BODIESRESPONSIBLE FOR PUBLICACCESS TOENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION

■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaNatalija Gedvilaite, Chief Press OfficerTel: (370-2) 723-251Fax: (370-2) 728-020E-mail: [email protected]

■ UNEP INFOTERRA NATIONAL FOCALPOINTSJoint Research CenterA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaIveta LeviskaiteTel: (370-2) 728-278Fax: (370-2) 723-202E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.gamta.lt

■ UNEP GRID PROJECT

(GLOBAL RESOURCE INFORMATIONDATABASE)

Joint Research Center - InformationTechnology CenterA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaZigmas BigelisTel: (370-2) 722-563Fax: (370-2) 723-202E-mail: [email protected]

ADMINISTRATIVE BODIESRESPONSIBLE FORENFORCEMENT ANDCONTROL OFENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONS

■ STATE ENVIRONMENTALINSPECTORATE

c/o Ministry of Environmental ProtectionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaA. Gruzdys, DirectorTel: (370-2) 728-479Fax: (370-2) 728-020E-mail: [email protected]

Responsibilities• organization and coordination of

inspection

■ FISH RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

c/o Ministry of Environmental ProtectionA. Juozapaviciaus 92600 Vilnius, LithuaniaJonas Pasukonis, DirectorTel: (370-2) 728-543Fax: (370-2) 723-273

Responsibilities• management of fish stocks and water

bodies

■ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION, SUB-NATIONALORGANIZATIONS

44 Local Agencies on County Level

7 City Agencies

■ MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND AGRI-CULTURE

State Forest InspectionGedimino pr. 562685 Vilnius, LithuaniaRimantas Salkauskas, Head of InspectionTel: (372-2) 225-191Fax: (372-2) 612-178

Responsibilities• control of the state, use, restoration and

protection of public and private forests



1. Respondent Profile

1. Name of Organization:

Street :

City and Postal Code:

Phone:

Fax:

2.. Name of Respondent:

Position:

3. How many employees work in your company or how large is your municipality?

4. Approx. turnover in 1996 (industry): (convert to USD):

Approx. budget in 1996 (municipality): (convert to USD):

5 To which industrial sector does your company belong:

2. Overview of the Market and Project Opportunities

1. What are the most pressing environmental problems in your industrial sector or your municipality?(please be specific)

Description of the problem Expected duration (e.g. 1, 3, 5, 10 years)

2. When buying environmental technologies, how do you tend to learn about available products and services, andwhere do you find information concerning potential suppliers? (please describe in as much detail as possible)

A P P E N D I X I : Q U E S T I O N N A I R E F O R I N D U S T R I E S A N D M U N I C I P A L I T I E S


Appendix I: Questionnaire for Interviewswith Industries and Municipalities



3. Demand for Environmental Technology

1. Within your area of expertise, please rank below the demand for as many of the following specific environ-mental technologies as possible using the following scale:

5 - very high demand 2 - low demand4 - high demand 1 - no demand3 - moderate demand blank - no opinion

AIR

Air sampling/laboratory analysis ❑

Continuous-basis monitoring ❑

Air pollution control/flue gas purification equipment (e.g. filters, scrubbers) ❑

Gas detection/warning devices ❑

Emission abatement/cleaner production (e.g. low emission burners) ❑

Instrumentation and process control/software ❑

WATER SUPPLY Potable (drinking) Water

Monitoring ❑

Sampling/laboratory analysis ❑

Construction of supply networks ❑

Inspection and reconditioning of existing supply networks ❑

Treatment processes ❑

Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes (e.g. UV/ozonation, activated carbon) ❑

Water recycling and reuse ❑

Instrumentation/process control/software ❑

Facility operation ❑

Municipal Industrial WASTEWATER Wastewater Wastewater

Monitoring ❑ ❑

Sampling/laboratory analysis ❑ ❑

Construction of collection networks ❑ ❑

Inspection and reconditioning of existing collection networks ❑ ❑

Physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes ❑ ❑

Advanced treatment processes (e.g. nitrogen and phosphate removal, etc.) ❑ ❑

Sludge treatment and disposal ❑ ❑

Water recycling and re-use ❑ ❑

Facility operation ❑ ❑

Pollution prevention/waste minimization ❑ ❑

Spill control and containment ❑ ❑

Quality restoration and decontamination ❑ ❑

Instrumentation/process control/software ❑ ❑



Municipal Industrial Hazardous RadioactiveWASTE MANAGEMENT Solid Waste Waste Waste Waste

Waste collection/transportation and storage ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Sample analysis/waste characterization ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Site monitoring ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Landfill disposal ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Incineration ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Composting/biomass conversion ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Pollution prevention/waste minimization ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Recycling/resource recovery ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Spillage control/decontamination ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Site remediation/clean-up of contaminated land ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Power Other Industrial SectorsENERGY generation (e.g. manufacturing, chemical)

New/efficient energy and heat generation systems ❑ ❑

Retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems ❑ ❑

Process management and control (e.g. boiler tune-up, ❑ ❑fuel efficiency optimization)

Heat recovery and energy savings (e.g. insulation) ❑ ❑

Alternative/renewable energy systems (e.g. geothermal, biomass, solar) ❑ ❑

Alternative (non-CFC) refrigerants ❑ ❑

Instrumentation ❑ ❑

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY & NOISE CONTROL

Instrumentation/measuring and control devices ❑


Protection equipment ❑

Abatement (insulation, absorbing) ❑


Electromagnetic field exposure ❑



4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Local and Foreign Suppliers

1. In your experience, what are the strengths of local and foreign environmental technologies (check all thatapply)?

Local Technologies Foreign Technologies

High product quality ❑ ❑

Low price ❑ ❑

Good value for money ❑ ❑

Available credit or finance schemes ❑ ❑

User-friendly and easy to operate ❑ ❑

Reliability and durability ❑ ❑

Easy to customize and adapt to specific local needs ❑ ❑

Good after-sales service ❑ ❑

Other (please specify): ❑ ❑


2. What do you see as the greatest barriers to buying local and foreign environmental technologies in your coun-try? (please check all that apply)

Local Technologies Foreign Technologies

Too expensive ❑ ❑

Scarcity of information about suppliers ❑ ❑

Lack of reliable product information ❑ ❑

Products not suited to local conditions and technical culture ❑ ❑

Difficult to ensure authorized after-sale technical service ❑ ❑and maintenance

Import restrictions/high customs duty ❑ ❑

Changing environmental regulations ❑ ❑



3. Who are the major suppliers of environmental technologies in your country within your area of expertise ?

Env. Name of the Country CompetitiveSector Company, City of Origin Specialization Strengths Weaknesses

5. Additional Questions

1. Please note this question need only be answered by the industrial sector. Are you planning to implement acleaner production or pollution prevention program in your company?

❑ Yes ❑ No

If not, please explain why:

2. Are you planning to implement an Environmental Management System (such as EMAS, ISO 14000) in yourcompany or municipality?

❑ Yes ❑ No


3. Are you planning to implement an energy efficiency program within your industry or municipality?

❑ Yes ❑ No




SECTION ONE: THE ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESS DIRECTORY

1. Respondent Profile

1. Name of Company:

Street :

City and Postal Code:

Phone:

Fax:

Email:

2. Name of Respondent:

Position:

Foreign languages spoken:

3. When was your company established?

4. Number of Employees:

5. Approx. turnover in 1996: (convert to USD):

Percentage of income from environment related activities:

6. Is your company (please check one)

❑ state owned ❑ privately owned ❑ of mixed ownership ❑ undergoing privatization

7. Is your company interested in foreign project partners?

❑ yes ❑ no

8. Is your company interested in foreign investors?

❑ yes ❑ no

9. What percentage of your business income during the past two years was from foreign sources (clients), notincluding your partner’s contribution, if any?

❑ none ❑ less than 10% ❑ 10-25% ❑ 26-50% ❑ more than 50%

A P P E N D I X I I : Q U E S T I O N N A I R E F O R E N V I R O N M E N T A L T E C H N O L O G Y A N D S E R V I C E P R O V I D E R S


Appendix II: Questionnaire for Interviews with Environmental Technology

and Service Providers



2. Environmental Activities

1. Please indicate your main business activity

❑ Environmental service provider ❑ Environmental technology provider

2. Please indicate all sectors of operation that best describe your company activities (please check all that apply).

❑ Air ❑ Radioactive waste management

❑ Water (potable water) ❑ Soil and land

❑ Municipal wastewater ❑ Energy

❑ Industrial wastewater ❑ Industrial safety and noise control

❑ Municipal waste management ❑ Environmental planning and management

❑ Industrial and hazardous waste management

3. Within your area of expertise, please indicate all the areas of operation of your services and technologies(please check all that apply). In addition, please indicate the demand for environmental services and technolo-gies within your area of expertise. Please use the following scale:

5 - very high demand 2 - low demand4 - high demand 1 - no demand3 - moderate demand blank - no opinion

AIR

Air sampling/laboratory analysis ❑

Continuous-basis monitoring ❑

Air pollution control/flue gas purification equipment (e.g. filters, scrubbers) ❑


Emission abatement/cleaner production (e.g. low emission burners) ❑

Instrumentation and process control/software ❑

Research and development of environmental technologies ❑

General consulting services ❑

WATER Potable (drinking) Water

Monitoring ❑

Sampling/laboratory analysis ❑

Construction of supply networks ❑

Inspection and reconditioning of existing supply networks ❑

Treatment processes ❑

Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes (e.g. UV/ozonation, activated carbon) ❑

Water recycling and reuse ❑

Instrumentation/process control/software ❑





Municipal Industrial WASTEWATER Wastewater Wastewater

Monitoring ❑ ❑

Sampling/laboratory analysis ❑ ❑

Construction of collection networks ❑ ❑

Inspection and reconditioning of existing collection networks ❑ ❑

Physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes ❑ ❑

Advanced treatment processes (e.g. nitrogen and phosphate removal, etc.) ❑ ❑

Sludge treatment and disposal ❑ ❑

Water recycling and reuse ❑ ❑

Facility operation ❑ ❑

Pollution prevention/waste minimization ❑ ❑

Spill control and containment ❑ ❑

Quality restoration and decontamination ❑ ❑

Instrumentation/process control/software ❑ ❑

Research and development of environmental technologies ❑ ❑

General consulting services ❑ ❑

Municipal Industrial Hazardous RadioactiveWASTE MANAGEMENT Solid Waste Waste Waste Waste

Waste collection/transportation and storage ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Sample analysis/waste characterization ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Site monitoring ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Landfill disposal ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Incineration ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Composting/biomass conversion ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Pollution prevention/waste minimization ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Recycling/resource recovery ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Spillage control/decontamination ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Research and development of environmental technologies ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

General consulting services ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Power Other Industrial Sectors ENERGY Generation (e.g. manufacturing, chemical)

New/efficient energy and heat generation systems ❑ ❑

Retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems ❑ ❑

Process management and control (e.g. boiler tune-up, ❑ ❑fuel efficiency optimization)

Heat recovery and energy savings (e.g. insulation) ❑ ❑

Alternative/renewable energy systems (e.g. geothermal, biomass, solar) ❑ ❑

Alternative (non-CFC) refrigerants ❑ ❑

Instrumentation ❑ ❑

Research and development of environmental technologies ❑ ❑

General consulting services ❑ ❑



SOIL AND LAND

Underground storage tank removal ❑

Site remediation and clean-up of contaminated land ❑

Geological and technological tests and surveys ❑

Drilling and hydrological surveys ❑

Agriculture (fertilizer, pest control, etc.) ❑

Research and development of environmental technology ❑


INDUSTRIAL SAFETY & NOISE CONTROL

Instrumentation/measuring and control devices ❑


Protection equipment ❑

Abatement (insulation, absorbing) ❑


Electromagnetic field exposure ❑



ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

Environmental audits ❑

Environmental management systems (ISO 14000, EMAS) ❑

Regional planning (e.g. urban, land use, landscape and transportation planning) ❑

Water resource management (e.g. ground and surface water) ❑

Environmental impact assessment ❑

Policy decision support ❑

Training and education ❑

For the following questions please only include those services and products available in your country.

4. Describe your company’s environmental products and services:

5. Please list your major projects and client references:



SECTION TWO: INFORMATION AND OBSTACLES TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

3. Information Sources Used

1. Please list those environmental or business publications that you read regularly and those which your compa-ny subscribes to (list more than one if applicable):

Environmental publications:

Business publications:

Main newspaper:

2. To which professional associations do you belong to?

Membership of:

Others of importance:

3. Based on your experience, who are the major end-users of environmental technologies in the following sectors?

Air:

Water:

Wastewater:

Waste:

Energy:



4. Information Needs and Obstacles to Further Development

1. What types of information do you think are relevant and important for your business development?

Please use the following scale:

4 - very important 3 - important 2 - somewhat important 1- not important blank - no opinion

In-country environmental regulations ❑

European Union environmental regulations ❑

Contact information to government agencies ❑

Sources of project financing ❑

New environmental technologies ❑

Domestic tenders for project ❑

International tenders for projects ❑

Information on where to find domestic partners ❑

Information on where to find international partners ❑

Certification requirements for environmental professionals ❑

Environmental quality standards for industries (e.g. ISO 14000, EMAS) ❑

Eco-efficient and cleaner production practices ❑

Others (please specify): ❑

2. Which of the following issues do you feel were obstacles to the further development of your company?

Please use the following scale:

4 - a major barrier 3 - a barrier 2 - a limited barrier 1 - no barrier blank - no opinion

Environmental regulations ❑

Legal regulations and registration requirements ❑

Tax regulations ❑

Limited access to credit and finance ❑

Foreign competition ❑

General access to information ❑

Poor market demand for products and services ❑

Lack of lobby groups (e.g. environmental associations, etc.) ❑

Other (please specify): ❑

THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER FOR CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

(REC) IS A NON-PARTISAN, NON-ADVOCACY, NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATION

WITH A MISSION TO ASSIST IN SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN CENTRAL

AND EASTERN EUROPE (CEE). THE CENTER FULFILS THIS MISSION BY ENCOUR-

AGING COOPERATION AMONG NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, GOVERN-

MENTS, BUSINESSES AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL STAKEHOLDERS, BY SUPPORT-

ING THE FREE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND BY PROMOTING PUBLIC PARTICI-

PATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONMAKING.

THE REC WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1990 BY THE UNITED STATES, THE EUROPEAN

COMMISSION AND HUNGARY. TODAY, THE REC IS LEGALLY BASED ON A CHAR-

TER SIGNED BY THE GOVERNMENTS OF TWENTY-SIX COUNTRIES AND THE EURO-

PEAN COMMISSION, AND ON AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT WITH THE GOV-

ERNMENT OF HUNGARY. THE REC HAS ITS HEADQUARTERS IN SZENTENDRE,

HUNGARY AND LOCAL OFFICES IN EACH OF ITS 15 BENEFICIARY CEE COUN-

TRIES WHICH ARE: ALBANIA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, BULGARIA, CROATIA,

CZECH REPUBLIC, ESTONIA, HUNGARY, LATVIA, LITHUANIA, FYR MACEDONIA,

POLAND, ROMANIA, SLOVAKIA, SLOVENIA AND YUGOSLAVIA.

RECENT DONORS ARE THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND THE GOVERNMENTS OF

THE UNITED STATES, JAPAN, AUSTRIA, CANADA, CZECH REPUBLIC, CROATIA,

DENMARK, FINLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, HUNGARY, THE NETHERLANDS,

NORWAY, SLOVAKIA, SWITZERLAND AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, AS WELL AS

OTHER INTERGOVERNMENTAL AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY MARKET