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8/13/2019 Income and Consumption on Rice of Filipino Families
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De La Salle UniversityManila
The Correlation of Monthly Income and Rice Consumption of Filipino Families In Brgy.
Villamonte, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental
A Research Paper presented to
The Faculty of the Decision Sciences and Innovation Department
Ramon V. del Rosario College of Business
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Basic Research Methodology (BASIREC)
Submitted to:
Professor Eula Villar
Submitted By:
Ku, Marian Joyce Camille
Torres, Bienvenido
Uy, Anika Michelle
December 2012
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Acknowledgements
The researchers would like to extend their gratitude to the following who in one way or
another contributed to the completion of this study:
Families from Barangay Villamonte, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental - Respondents
Ms. Eula Villar - Basic Research Methodology Professor
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION4
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4
RESEARCH PROBLEM 6
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 7
CHAPTER 2:REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9
CHAPTER3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 13
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 13
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 18
OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK 22
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 23
CHAPTER 5: DATA ANALYSIS 26
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 30
APPENDICES 31
REFERENCES 31
CHARTS AND FIGURES 35
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE 38
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I. Introduction
A. Rationale and Background of the StudyOver the past years, the economy of the Philippines has not been stable.
As it has experienced growth and downturns, the food consumption of Filipino
families has varied but rice, being the staple food in the Philippines, has steadily been
on top of the food list. Philippine Food and Nutrition Security Atlas (March 2012)
suggests that a typical Filipino diet is a combination of rice, fish and vegetables that is
equivalent to 861 grams of food in raw or purchased form. Each year, a household
consumes 568 kg of rice, paying P17, 123 for it (Rappler, September 2012). The
Philippines has even been ranked 4th in the major rice importing countries in 2012
according to United States Department of Agricultures (USDAs) Production,
Supply, and Distribution (PSD) survey results.
Unlike other Southeast Asian countries wherein better economy equates to
lesser rice demand, Philippines demand on rice is consistently increasing. Based on a
study by the Southeast Asian Regional Center (SEARCA) for Graduate Study and
Research, the average rice consumption of a Filipino in the 1980s/1990s, is 92
kilograms, 111 kilograms in 2008-2009, and 119 kilograms in 2009-2010 (Rappler,
September 2012).
Last 2011, the Bureau of Agriculture Statistics (BAS) released the Family
Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) of the National Statistics Office (NSO),
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which mapped out the diet of Filipinos over the recent years. According to the survey,
Filipino families had been spending more for their food, with 42.6 percent of total
household expenses going to agricultural commodities and that they had been
depending on rice more than ever for their caloric and protein intake. The survey also
noted that Filipinos intake of beef and certain fruits and vegetables have gone down
in the past decade. Efraim Rasco, chief of the Philippine Rice Research Institute said
the increase in per capita consumption could be attributed to two things. Rasco said
First is that the corn- and cassava-eating provinces have shifted to rice because they
see it as a classier food. This shift was reflected in the BAS survey, which showed
that corn consumption went down to 44.30 grams per day from 50.88 grams per day
in 2000. He also noted that the large share of rice in the diet of Filipinos indicated
their poor purchasing power. That Filipinos rely heavily on rice to get through their
day could mean that they still cannot afford other commodities, Rasco said. (Alave,
December 2011)
Food consumption is one of the primary indicators of poverty level.
Rolando Dy, an economist at the University of Asia and the Pacific, said rice
consumption tended to go down as income went up, allowing households to shift to
other sources of calories like bread, potatoes and meat (Alave, December 2011).
With these assumptions given, can we conclude then that income is not
directly proportional to rice consumption? Are there any other factors that affect
Filipinos in choosing rice as their staple food?
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The rationale behind this study is to have a clear idea on the relationship
between income and consumption of rice of Filipino families. Furthermore, this study
aims to explore other factors that might affect rice consumption in the Philippine
setting.
B. Research Problem
How does income affect the consumption on rice of families in the
Philippines?
C. Research Objectives
The general objective of the research is to inform readers a detailed-
enough idea on how income affects the rice consumption of families in the
Philippines. In line with this, the researchers will be studying the other different
factors that may affect consumption of rice.
The research includes other specific objectives which are:
To determine what type of rice Filipino families buy in relevance to theirincome
To determine if there are differences as to where Filipino families earning
different amount of income buy their supply of rice
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To determine if there is a relationship between how much rice a householdconsumes in a period of time (size of packaging bought over a period of
time) and the income of a household
D. Significance of the Study
The research will be a significant endeavor in the part of the operations
department of companies selling rice for they will know the link between a
households income and consumption. This study will allow companies to know
when to increase or decrease their supply by looking into the per capita income of
the country. In addition to that, since there is relative competition in the rice
production industry, it is only necessary for companies to know where to situate their
products more appropriately and efficiently.
E. Scope and Limitations
The research primarily involves the relationship of rice consumption of
families in the Philippines and income per household. It will encompass how much
rice a household can consume in a period of time given a certain budget, in this case,
their income. It will tackle factors that equate to the buying pattern of Filipino
families on rice which are the type or the brand of rice, size of packaging, frequency
of purchasing rice, and the place made available by the companies for families to
buy. The types of rice, in descending order, are Type A (Jasmine, Japanese Rice,
Rosanap), Type B (Dinurado, Intan, Milagrosa), and Type C (Wag-Wag, C4, IR36,
IR42, IR64). Accessibility to the supply of rice are as follows: retailers, wholesalers,
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supermarkets, sari-sari store, and public market. On the other hand, the size of
packaging and the frequency of the families to buy rice vary and are highly
dependent on the households income and daily consumption. The research is limited
to Filipino families residing in urban areas in the country but the research will
particularly put its focus on households located in Barangay Villamonte, Bacolod
City, Philippines.
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II. Review of Related LiteratureIntroduction
Rice is the dominant staple in essentially all Asian countries, except
Pakistan. (Herdt et al, 1985) In the Philippines, rice is part and parcel of the history
of the country. It has been a major energy source. It is a daily essential; a Filipinos
plate would not be complete without rice. There isnt a gap between the income and
stature of family with regards to rice. Every family, rich and poor, consume rice as
part of their meal.
Consumption of Rice
Rice remains to be the most affordable food in the country (Alave, 2011). It
is one of the incentives for Filipinos to buy the good. Another is that it has become a
permanent (if not for a lifetime) portion of their food groups. Rice can be found in all
parts of the archipelago. It is an ubiquitous good valued by every Filipino.
Rice is an indispensable meal for Filipinos. Although it is only natural to
allot a portion for other types of food, Filipinos consume a great amount of rice.
Filipinos, especially the poor, tend to rely more on rice than other food
groups. As the income increases, Filipinos can expand their alternatives but as the
income decreases, more and more Filipinos would allocate a great deal to rice as their
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meals. Efraim Rasco, chief of the Philippine Rice Research expressed alarm over the
growing consumption of rice and the decreasing intake of other foods. It would mean
that the government should hike its rice production to keep up with the demand, he
said. Furthermore, he described this kind of diet as unhealthy (Alave, 2011).
Experts persuade Filipinos to diversify their food consumption. Lessen the
rice intake and add on to other food groups to have a balanced meal. Poor families
dont see other alternatives because they think rice is among the only foods with
health benefits. But they should also be able to find alternatives in order to be more
healthy.
Rice and Income
This particular study aims to recognize the relationship of the income and
the consumption of rice by Filipino families.
Food consumption is one of the primary indicators of poverty level. (Alave,
2011). There is a major difference between the meals of a rich family with that of
poor. While both families take in rice, the rich would also be taking in other types of
food. On the other hand, the poor because of its income would consume more rice
leaving only a portion for other foods.
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Rice is an indicator of how poor a family is. In the Philippines, rice
consumption has continuously increased, which according to analysts is an indication
that most Filipinos remain poor as they lack the means to expand their choice of food
(Poor Filipinos are addicted to rice, 2008).
Rolando Dy, an economist at the University of Asia and the Pacific, said
Rice consumption tended to go down as income went up, allowing households to
shift to other sources of calories like bread, potatoes and meat. (Alave, 2011). The
families who attain stability in their income tend to buy diverse goods than the
families with low income.
The countrys neighbors exhibit the trend that as incomes rise, people wou ld
consume less rice & corn in favor of other foods, such as produce, meat, fish, and
baked goods. In the case of the Philippines, despite rising per capita income, rice
consumption still rose in the past few years. Rice consumption by higher income
groups actually declined, following the trend in middle- to higher-income countries.
The rich have a more diverse food basket, and also eat more fish, meat, and produce,
the study noted, so they depend less on rice. Lower-income Filipinos, particularly
those in rural areas, still depended on the staple. (Filipinos' high rice consumption
fueled by the poor, 2012)
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Most rice consumers are poor, particularly those in the barrios where food
revolves around rice, the basic table fare. This is also true for the rich; but unlike the
poor, the more affluent have diverse food baskets and consume more luxury
commodities such as fish, meat, fruits and vegetables (ScienceNewsPhilippines,
2012).
Synthesis
Rice is the most inelastic or least responsive to changes. With increasing
prices, Filipinos are more likely to cut back more on the consumption of other food
than rice. Healthy foods are being left for more rice consumption. Filipinos especially
in the rural areas see rice as an alternative to every single food. Relative to other
normal goods, consumption of rice and meat would tend to increase more with higher
income level (Sanguyo, 2011). Rice is truly an essential for Filipinos. They allot a
great amount of rice into their diet. Even if income increases, Filipinos would still
choose to consume rice than other goods. The income does not contribute to the
fluctuations in the demand of rice in the country.
Rice is resilient and is likely to not be affected by price changes. It is a
peculiar instance that rice consumption is not affected whether be it a high or low
income. Filipinos would still consume rice despite income variations.
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In addition, the researchers found that almost if not all the literatures
focus on the rural areas of the country. This study will evaluate the relationship
of income and rice consumption of Filipino families in the urban areas. To be
more specific, there is no available study related to this relationship on the
population of Barangay Villamonte, Bacolod City which is one of the most
populated areas in Bacolod City and is part of the second most rice producing
and consuming region in the Philippines which is Western Visayas.
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III. Framework of the Study
This chapter will discuss the theoretical, conceptual and operational
frameworks utilized in the study. They will help direct the study on how income can
affect the buying consumption of rice. They will explain the relationship of income
with regards to type of rice, size and packaging of rice bought over a certain period of
time, and where rice is bought. They are essential in order to understand how Filipino
families buy their rice based on how much they earn and how much they can allocate
of their consumption. Furthermore, the frameworks mentioned in this chapter would
also strengthen the production of rice in milling companies in administering the
study.
Theoretical Framework
Figure 1. Milton Friedmans Theory on Consumption
Figure 1 illustrates the Consumption Theory.
The central idea of the permanent-income theory, proposed by Milton
Friedman in 1957, is simple: people base consumption on what they consider their
"normal" income. In doing this, they attempt to maintain a fairly constant standard of
living even though their incomes may vary considerably from month to month or
from year to year. As a result, increases and decreases in income that people see as
temporary have little effect on their consumption spending. The idea behind the
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permanent-income theory is that consumption depends on what people expect to earn
over a considerable period of time. As in the life-cycle hypotheses, people smooth out
fluctuations in income so that they save during periods of unusually high income and
dissave during periods of unusually low income. Thus, a pre-med student should have
a higher level of consumption than a graduate student in history if both have the same
current income. The pre-med student looks ahead to a much higher future income,
and consumes accordingly. (Schenk, n.d.)
In order to test the theory, Friedman assumed that on the average people
would base their idea of normal or permanent income on what had happened over the
past several years. Thus, if they computed permanent income as the average of the
past four years, and income had been $13,000, $10,000, $15,000, and $8,000, they
would consider their permanent income as $11,500.1 Although our expectations of
future income do not depend solely on what has happened in the past, these additional
factors are almost impossible to include into attempts to test the theory with data.
(Schenk, n.d.)
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Figure 2. The relationship between Income and Consumption
Figure 2 shows the relationship between income and consumption.
The most direct (and popular) measures of living standards are income and
consumption. In general terms, income refers to the earnings from productive
activities and current transfers. It can be seen as comprising claims on goods and
services by individuals or households. In other words, income permits people to
obtain goods and services. In contrast, consumption refers to resources actually
consumed. Income is only received intermittently, whereas consumption is
smoothed over time. As a consequence, it is reasonable to expect that consumption
is more directly related to current living standards than current income, at least for
short reference periods. In other words, while the flow of consumption over a period
of, say, a week, or a month, may provide a good indication of the level of
consumption during a full year, measured income over the same period is most likely
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a an inaccurate measure of income for a full year. (Measuring Living Standards:
Household Consumption and Wealth Indices, 2010)
Figure 3. The Income-Expenditure Model
Figure 3 presents the Income-Expenditure Model under Keynes Theory of
Consumption.
The income-expenditure model is a macroeconomic model, which
captures the essence of Keynesian economics, is based on the equality between total
income generated from gross domestic product and total expenditures on gross
domestic product. The cornerstone of the income-expenditure model is the
consumption function, which relates household consumption expenditures to income
and gives rise to the aggregate expenditure line with the addition of investment,
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government purchases, and net exports. The intersection between the aggregate
expenditure line at the 45-degree identifies equilibrium. (Economic Glossary, 2008).
Keynes Theory of Consumption
The Keynesian Theory of consumption is that current real disposable
income is the most important determinant of consumption in the short run. Real
Income is money income adjusted for inflation. It is a measure of the quantity of
goods and services that consumers have buy with their income or budget.
Three propositions under the Theory of Consumption:
1. When income increases, consumption expenditure also increases2. The increased income will be divided in some proportion between
consumption expenditure and saving
3. Increase in income always leads to increase in both consumptionand saving. (Ramtek, 2011)
Keyness basic model of consumption was that current consumption
expenditures are determined mainly by current disposable income. In other words,
consumption is an increasing function of income (Ramtek, 2011). The Keynesian
consumption function is usually written in linear form: Ct = a + bYt. The coefficient
b, which Keynes called the marginal propensity to consume or MPC and which we
would define concisely as C/Y, was to vie for the title of most estimated
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coefficient for several decades. Initial linear econometric consumption functions
estimated by ordinary least squares produced results that conformed to Keyness
theory: consumption seemed to be closely related to current disposable income and
the MPC seemed to be positive and less than one (Parker, 2010).
Conceptual Framework
Figure 4. Conceptual Framework
Figure 4 exhibits the variables used in the study in a diagram.
In relation to the theory presented above, income directly affects the five
categories in this framework.
Frequency of Purchase:
Income affects the frequency of families to purchase rice due to the
availability of their budget. Individuals vary in receiving their income. For some,
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they receive their salary every 15thor 30thof the month, this is when they usually
buy their consumption of rice.
Location of Purchase:
As to the income and location of purchase, it is the accessibility and
convenience where the individual buys the needed supply.
Two factors are of utmost importance in understanding consumer
shopping behavior. First, consumers making shopping decisions achieve equilibrium
between commodity costs and convenience costs. Second, convenience costs are
assuming more importance as patronage determinants. Convenience costs are
incurred through the expenditure of time, physical and nervous energy, and money
required overcoming the frictions of space and time, and to obtain possession of
goods and services. For instance, a consumer shopping in the central business district
spends time, energy, and frequently carfare or parking fees, in addition to commodity
expenditures. Such costs have always been involved in trading decisions. The new
emphasis on convenience does not necessarily mean that consumers are less price
conscious than formerly; rather, insistence on convenience cost minimization has
been superimposed on the desire for economically favorable commodity transactions.
Both commodity and convenience costs influence consumer patronage. One key to
understanding shopping behavior is the increased importance consumers are attaching
to convenience considerations (Kelley, 1998).
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There are four aspects of place convenience. In maximizing place
convenience advantages, sellers have related decisions at four levels to make about
the spatial positions that products initially should occupy in the market (Kelley,
1998).
a. The geographic area or areas in which the goods or services are to beoffered must be selected. In these areas or markets are found the
consumers of the goods. This seller decision usually is not of concern to
the shopper who may choose from the offerings of many sellers of
substitute products. The shopping mobility of consumers has tended to be
limited to one metropolitan area, but this may not be the case in the
future. Perhaps some larger scale retailers may become concerned about
competition between metropolitan areas as well as with competition
within a metropolitan area.
b. The most satisfactory positions within the market must be selected fromthose offered by distributors and retailers selling space in the market.
Channel-of-distribution decisions are involved. The one-stop shopping
tendency of consumers has made channel selection more difficult for
sellers in todays fluid market.
c. Choices must be made among competing retail and wholesale institutionsoffering access to the consumer. Should a full service wholesaler utilized,
or would a limited function wholesaler represent a better channel choice?
Are urban or suburban positions preferred?
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d. Problems of positioning of goods within outlets must be settled. Displayand layout decisions are involved at this level. (Kelley, 1998)
Moreover, consumers tend to make a purchase at the retails closer to their
homes because it makes them easier to get the rice and will purchase whichever rice
brand that is available in the market (Azabagaoglu and Gaytancioglu, 2009).
Type of Rice and Size of Packaging:
Consumer preference for rice varies from country to country. Usually they
were very concerned about the quality and price of the commodity when they made a
purchase (Diako et.al 2010). In America, consumers preferred rice which was
associated with specific cooking types and menu as well as the processing
characteristics. Whereas, in the Middle East they mostly favored a long grain and
well-milled rice with strong aroma compared to the Europeans who tend to prefer the
long grain with no scent. The Japanese on the other hand gave high priority on the
well-milled, very recently processed, short-grain Japonica rice. In contrast, the
imported rice became a consumer choice in Nigeria due to their cleanliness and
swelling capacity, taste, availability and grain shape. These characteristics of
imported rice also are mostly preferred by restaurants and fast food industries to be
used in their businesses (Akaeze, 2010).
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Suwannaporn and Linnemann (2008) and Basorun (2008) reported that
consumers in Japan, Korea, North China and Taiwan prefer to purchase rice at low
price. There were increasing demands for local rice in these countries as the price was
cheaper than imported one. High price will be a factor that prevents consumers to
purchase certain brand of rice that they preferred.
Figure 5. Operational Framework
Figure 5 illustrates the operational framework, which includes the definition of the
variables used in the study.
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IV. Methodology
The correlational research design will be used in this study for the general
purpose of interrelating indicator variables such as frequency of purchase, daily
consumption of rice, type of rice, size of packaging, and the location where a
household buys to the monthly income received by a Filipino family. This will be
essential in order to understand the relationship between a familys monthly income
and its monthly consumption of rice. This research design will help this study show
predictions of a future outcome from the said variables and will suffice the basic
knowledge needed to support the topic of the study.
The primary bases of the study will be the data extracted from
questionnaires and surveys, with the authorization of the families themselves. A self-
administered questionnaire type of survey will be conducted by the researchers to
gather information regarding the topic of the study. The questionnaires will be based
on the factors that might play on consuming rice such as the categories mentioned
earlier (monthly income, brand name, and accessibility of products) and will be done
through online and/or writing on hard copies of said questionnaires. Close-ended
questions answerable by yes or no will be used for the straightforward interpretation
of the results. Variables which measures quality of the product will be converted to
measurable or numerical data with the use of a rating scale.
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This research study will be extracting quantitative data from the
questionnaires. After getting the results provided by the answered questionnaires, the
researchers will analyze them through correlational analysis to determine
mathematically whether there are trends or relationships between the sets of data from
the list of variables. This analysis will then answer a statistical yes or no to the
research problem.
As of 2010, the population of Barangay Villamonte, Bacolod City is
38,498 and the average number of persons per household is 4.7 based on the 2010
census of the National Statistics Office (NSO). With these given, our population
sample size is 8,191 households.
Null Hypothesis: There is no correlation between the variables.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is correlation between the variables.
Using the following formula, the sample size was determined:
n = N x/((N-1)E2 +x)
where,
Margin of error (E) = 5%
Confidence level (x) = 90%
Population size (N) = 8,191
Response distribution = 50%
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The computed minimum sample size (n) is 269 of the total population of
4.7 persons per household in the purposively selected barangay in Bacolod City.
This research study will be extracting quantitative data from the
questionnaires. After getting the results from 269 households, the researchers will
analyze them through correlational analysis, specifically Pearsons correlational
coefficient, to determine mathematically whether there is an association between the
sets of data from the list of variables. This analysis tool will either show a positive or
a negative correlation which will answer a statistical yes or no to the research
problem.
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V. Data AnalysisThis section provides the summary of the survey.
The survey garnered 159 females and 110 males, which appears that the
discrepancy of buying rice for both sexes is not that far. Both sexes purchase rice for
their family. Out of 269 respondents, 60% were single, 24% were married, 11% were
living with a partner and the rest were either recently separated/divorced or have a
partner but not living together. 2% of the respondents obtained primary education,
15% secondary education, most of them (74%) finished tertiary, 7% masteral and 2%
doctorate. 26% of the respondents have an income of P10,001-30,000 followed by
24% having less than P10,000 as an income. Half of them have 4-6 family members,
38% have 1-3, 24% 7-9 and 2% have 10 or more.
Table 1: Socio-economic characteristics of rice consumers in Barangay Villamonte,
Bacolod City, Negros Occidental
Characteristics Category Number %
Gender
Male 110 41%
Female 159 59%
Relationship
Status
Single 161 60%
Married 65 24%
Living with a Partner 30 11%
Recently
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separated/divorced 13 5%
Have a partner but not
living together
Education
Elementary 5 2%
High school 40 15%
College 200 74%
Masteral 19 7%
Doctorate 5 2%
Monthly Income
Less than P10,000 62 24%
P10,001-30,000 87 26%
P30,001-50,000 50 19%
P50,001-70,000 26 10%
P70,001-100,000 15 6%
P100,000 above 29 11%
Number of
Household
Members
1-3 101 38%
4-6 138 50%
7-9 25 10%
10 or more 5 2%
Table 2: Correlation coefficient with the use of Microsoft Office - Excel
Income
Frequency of
Purchase
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Income 1
Frequency of
Purchase 0.48732695 1
Income Size of Packaging
Income 1
Size of Packaging -0.551903094 1
Income Location of Purchase
Income 1
Location of Purchase 0.199209577 1
Income Type of Rice
Income 1
Type of Rice 0.148296703 1
Income
Frequency of
Consumption
Income 1
Frequency of
Consumption 0.339808259 1
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The most number of respondents (shown in Figure 6) who took part in the
survey have a monthly income of P10,001-30,000 or 26%. 62 respondents or 24%
have less than P10,000 income of their family. 50 or 19% have P30,001-50,000. 29
or 11% have more than P100,000. 26 or 10% compose the P50,001- 70000 bracket.
While 6% or 15 respondents have P70,001-100,000.
Half of the respondents have 4-6 family members. As shown in Figure 7,
101 respondents or 39% have 1-3 members while 25 or 10% have 7-9 members. The
remaining respondents have 10 or more family members (2%).
Referring to Figure 8, most of the respondents buy rice monthly (125 or
48%). Others buy every week (104 or 40%), everyday (18 or 7%) while some rarely
buys rice (12 or 5%).
92 respondents (35%) buy 1 sack of rice. 52 (20%) buy 3-6 kilos of rice,
49 (19%) purchase 7-12 kilos, 46 (18%) obtain 13-15 kilos and 19 (7%) buy below 2
kilos of rice. The results can be shown in Figure 9.
More than half of the respondents consume rice three times a day (159 or
61%). Others eat twice (66 or 25%), once (16 or 6%), four times (14 or 5%) and five
or more (10 or 4%) referring to Figure 10.
Figure 11 shows that 150 or 57% of the respondents buy Type A of rice
which includes Jasmine, Japanese Rice and Rosanna. 75 or 29% buy Type B which
includes Dinurado, Intan and Milagrosa. The remaining 25 respondents or 10% buy
Type C which includes Wag-wag, C4, IR36, and IR64
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Based on the results shown in Figure 12, Supermarket is where most of the
respondents buy their rice (102 or 39%). Next is the public market (54 or 21%),
retailers (53 or 20%), wholesalers (48 or 18%) and sari-sari store (23 or 9%).
The results show that the amount of income earned by a household has its
relationship regarding the households frequency of purchasing rice, size of
packaging purchased, frequency of consuming rice, type of rice, and source of rice.
The factors tested for correlation has either a positive or negative correlation.
The size of the packaging resulted to a negative correlation. As the monthly
income increases, the packaging decreases. It indicates that the families buy less
amount of rice to accommodate for other goods. Both the location of purchase
and the type of rice yield a positive correlation. Since both are near to zero, the
location and type have weaker correlation to monthly income. The frequency of
consumption and frequency of purchase produced a positive correlation which
indicates that as the monthly income increases, frequency of consumption and
purchase increase as well.
The researchers were able to accomplish all their objectives in the study.
Utilizing the correlation test, they were able to establish a link between income and
consumption of rice with regards to the mentioned factors and they were also able to
investigate the strength of using technology. Furthermore, the researchers can indeed
verify the reliance of income rice consumption.
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VI. Conclusion and RecommendationConsidering income and rice consumption of Filipino families are directly
related, we conclude that Filipino families need a source of income in order to
purchase their daily supply of rice. Combining the factors that affect rice
consumption, the buying of rice varies from one household to another depending on
the amount of income they receive. The monthly income is also the deciding factor on
how much a specific household buys and consumes rice. Moreover, most of the
Filipino families in the urban areas buy Type A of rice which includes Jasmine,
Japanese rice, and Rosanna and prefer to buy them from the supermarket followed by
the public market.
Given the results from this study, the proponents recommend that the
government should promote a healthy lifestyle among Filipinos. The families should
consider other alternatives such as corn, bread and root crops. Similar in urban areas
wherein the families turn to other alternatives of rice when there is an increase in their
income, the government should promote to rural areas and the whole country the
importance of eating a balanced meal. In doing so, Filipinos would not be dependent
on rice.
Further, this study also proposes the production department of milling
companies, one of the beneficiaries of this study, that they should be able to cope
with the changes in the demand for rice for the purpose of maximizing their available
resources more effectively and not having excess nor shortage in the supply of their
product.
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Measuring Living Standards: Household Consumption and Wealth Indices. (n.d.).
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tive-Techniques/health_eq_tn04.pdf
Parker, J. (2010). Theories on Consumption and Saving. Retrieved December 2, 2012
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Charts and Figures
Figure 6. Monthly income of the respondents
Figure 7.The number of household members
Figure 8. The frequency of the respondents to purchase rice
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Figure 9. The size of packaging the respondents buy
Figure 10. The frequency of the respondents to eat rice
Figure 11. The type of rice preferred by the respondents
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Figure 12. The places where the respondents purchase rice
Sample Questionnaire
The Rice Consumption of Filipino Families
Good day! We, Marian Ku, Anika Michelle Uy and Bien Torres, are Business Management
students of De Lasalle University, would like to ask your permission to answer our survey
regarding our research study, The Rice Consumption of Filipino Families. We would highly
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appreciate it if you do answer the questions as honestly as possible. All information obtained in
this survey will be confidential. Thank you!
Name (optional):
Age:
Gender:
Relationship Status:
___ Single
___ Married
___ Living with a partner
___ Have a partner but not living together
___ Recently separated/divorced
Highest Educational Attainment:
___ Elementary
___ Highschool
___ College
___ Masteral
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___ Doctorate
Monthy Income:
___ less than 10,000 php
___ 10,000 - 30,000 php
___ 30,000 - 50,000 php
___ 50,000 - 70,000 php
___ 70,000 - 100,000 php
___ 100,000 php and up
Number of household members
___ 1 - 3
___ 4 - 6
___ 7 - 9
___ 10 or more
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Frequency in purchasing rice
___ every day
___ every week
___ every month
___ rarely
Size of Packaging
___ below 2 kilos
___ 13 - 15 kilos
___ 3- 6 kilos
___ 7- 12 kilos
___ 1 sack of rice (50 kilos)
How often do you consume rice in a day?
___ once
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___ twice
___ thrice
___ four times
___ five or more
What brand of rice do you buy?
___ Type A (Jasmine, Japanese Rice, Rosanap)
___ Type B (Dinurado, Intan, Milagrosa)
___ Type C (Wag-Wag, C4, IR36, IR42, IR64)
Where do you buy your supply of rice?
___ Retailers
___ Wholesalers
___ Supermarkets
___ Sari-sari store
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___ Public Market
Thank you for your time.
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Some of the answered surveys