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Inclusive science: strategies to broaden participation
Preparing for Academic Careers in the Geosciences Workshop 2013
Raj Pandya
Why is diversity important to science?
Think about why is it important to scientists, people who use science,
people who fund science.
Signs of disconnect
• Performance on international tests• Enrollment in STEM• Minority participation• Public understanding• Politicization• Unrealized research
Why is enhancing diversity especially relevant for the geosciences?
[1] Chart made from data at National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics. 2010 Science and Engineering Degrees, by Race/Ethnicity of Recipients: 1997–2006. Detailed Statistical Tables NSF 10-300. Arlington, VA. Available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10300/.
PhDs in Atmospheric Sciences by Race/Ethnicity and Citizenship
US citizens - majority
Temporary Residents
US citizens from under-Represented groups
Kate Golden/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
Vict
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“Cold is what makes my language, my culture, my identity. What am I going to do without cold?”
Oscar Kawagley, Yup’ik
Jay
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Drought in the Sahel
Held et al, 2005.
Why is Diversity so hard?
What about science makes it hard to attract and advance students from
historically underrepresented groups?
Biases that may be shared
Faculty participants rated the male applicant as significantly more competent and hireable than the (identical) female applicant
Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(41), 16474-16479.
Letter writers were more likely to use “communal” words when describing female applicants and “agentic” terms when describing male applicants
Madera, J. M., Hebl, M. R., & Martin, R. C. (2009). Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1591.
Why?
CommunicationAcronyms, jargon and, “low-context”
Culture unfamiliar practices and divergent values
RelevanceAre science questions aligned with community priorities?
Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men.
Marin Luther King, Jr.
What has worked?
Design Principles (not à la carte)• Institutional leadership• Targeted recruitment• Engaged faculty• Personal attention• Enriched research experience• Bridging to the next level• Continuous evaluation
who does the question come from?
scientist-inspired community-inspired
does it require community participation?
yesrequires data
yesrequires data and
knowledge
no
scientist-led science
push education & application
contributory science
is science already available to answer
the question?
pull e & a
community-directed science
no yes
research question
does it require community
participation?
yes no
co-created science
push e & aby doing
collaborative science
pull e & aby doing
• Solutions-oriented• Multidisciplinary• Inclusive• Participatory
Community- Inspired Science
Managing Meningitis in the Sahel
Accept Bias and build processes to negate bias
“Blind auditions increased the probability that a woman would advance from preliminary rounds by 50 percent.”
Rouse and Goldin, American Economic Review, 2001
Implicit Association Tests• Introduced in 1998 to measure automatic associations• Most people who take the test “prefer” the following associations
– Young and good– Euro-American and good– Thin and good– Females and Liberal Arts– Males and Science– Career and Males– Family and Females– Straight and good
• Associations may be counter to self-efficacy– e.g. African-Americans also hold negative associations about African-Americans, though
at a lessor rate than other groups.
• Associations may differ from stated beliefs, values, or actions• Exposure is the antidote
What are willing you try?
1. What institutional goals can you build on?2. What examples have you seen that work?3. Who can help you?4. What connections do you have to diversity?
Inclusion, not diversity
Diversity is who does our science, inclusion is about what science questions we ask, how we answer them, and who we work with.