Including Apples and Pears

Assured Produce

Crop Specific Protocol

FRUIT (TOP FRUIT)Including Apples and Pears

(CROP ID: 29)

March 2006

Crop Specific Protocol - Fruit (Top Fruit)

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Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, Assured Produce does not accept any responsibility for errors and omissions.

2006 Assured Produce

Control Document No: 00029/06 1

CONTENTSAcknowledgements ..............................................................................................................4

Preface ..................................................................................................................................4

Disclaimer and trade mark acknowledgement......................................................................4

1 General introduction 6

2 Planning and records 7

3 Site selection 7

4 Site management 7

5 Variety selection 7

6 Nutrition 7

7 Irrigation 8

8 Crop protection 8

8.1 The basic approach to crop protection ........................................................................8

8.2 Plant protection product choice ..................................................................................8

8.3 Advice on the use of pesticides.................................................................................10

8.4 Application of pesticides...........................................................................................10

8.5 Records of application ..............................................................................................10

8.6 Protective clothing/equipment ..................................................................................13

8.7 Pesticide storage........................................................................................................13

8.8 Empty pesticide containers .......................................................................................13

8.9 Pesticide residues in fresh produce ...........................................................................13

8.10 Pest, disease and weed control..................................................................................14

8.10.1 Pest control using predatory insects............................................................14

8.10.1.1 Encouraging beneficial insects in the orchard ............................................14

8.10.1.2 Natural predators.........................................................................................14

8.10.1.3 Typhlodromus pyri......................................................................................15

8.10.1.4 Anthocoris nemorum (Common flower bug)..............................................16

8.10.1.5 Apple and pear pest thresholds ...................................................................19

8.10.2 Disease control............................................................................................21

8.10.2.1 Scab assessment..........................................................................................21


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2 2006 Assured ProduceControl Document No: 00029/06

8.10.2.2 Mildew assessment..................................................................................... 21

8.10.3 Weed control .............................................................................................. 23

8.10.3.1 The use of mulches for weed control ......................................................... 23

9 Harvesting and storage 23

9.1 Hygiene..................................................................................................................... 23

9.2 Post-harvest treatments............................................................................................. 23

9.3 Post-harvest washing ................................................................................................ 23

9.4 Pre-harvest husbandry .............................................................................................. 23

9.4.1 Assessing the risk of fruit rots in store ......................................................... 24

9.4.2 Rot risk assessment procedure...................................................................... 24

9.4.3 Treatment of storage rots.............................................................................. 25

9.4.4 Storage rots (orchard diseases) ..................................................................... 27

9.4.5 Storage rots (in-store diseases) ..................................................................... 28

9.4.6 Mineral analysis of fruit prior to storage ...................................................... 29

9.4.7 Sampling techniques for mineral analysis .................................................... 29

9.5 Monitoring process ................................................................................................... 30

9.5.1 In-store sampling techniques ........................................................................ 30

9.5.2 Sample assessment ....................................................................................... 31

9.5.3 Packhouse assessment of rots....................................................................... 32

10 Pollution control and waste management 33

11 Energy efficiency 33

12 Health & Safety 33

13 Conservation Issues 33

Appendix 1 Pesticides currently approved for use on Top Fruit ........................................................... 34

Appendix 1A Fungicides approved for powdery mildew control in Top Fruit ........................................ 35

Appendix 1B Fungicides approved for scab control on Top Fruit ........................................................... 37

Appendix 1C Fungicides approved for canker control on Top Fruit ....................................................... 39

Appendix 1D Fungicides approved for crown rot and collar rot control on Top Fruit ............................ 39

Appendix 1E Fungicides approved for blossom wilt control on Top Fruit ............................................. 39

Appendix 1F Insecticides approved for aphid control on Top Fruit ........................................................ 41

Appendix 1G Insecticides approved for woolly aphid control on Top Fruit ............................................ 43


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Appendix 1H Insecticides approved for capsid control on Top Fruit .......................................................43

Appendix 1I Insecticides approved for caterpillar control on Top Fruit .................................................45

Appendix 1J Insecticides approved for winter moth control on Top Fruit..............................................47

Appendix 1K Insecticides approved for codling moth control on Top Fruit ............................................49

Appendix 1L Insecticides approved for tortrix moth control on Top Fruit ..............................................51

Appendix 1M Insecticides approved for earwig control on Top Fruit ......................................................53

Appendix 1N Insecticides approved for leaf miner control on Top Fruit .................................................53

Appendix 1O Insecticides approved for leaf hopper control on Top Fruit ...............................................53

Appendix 1P Insecticides approved for spider mite control on Top Fruit ...............................................55

Appendix 1Q Insecticides approved for rust mite control on Top Fruit ...................................................55

Appendix 1R Insecticides approved for sawfly control on Top Fruit.......................................................57

Appendix 1S Insecticides approved for scale insect control on Top Fruit ...............................................57

Appendix 1T Insecticides approved for sucker control on Top Fruit.......................................................59

Appendix 1U Insecticides approved for apple blossom weevil control on Top Fruits .............................61

Appendix 1V Herbicides approved for use on Top Fruit..........................................................................63

Appendix 1W Growth regulators approved for use on Top Fruit..............................................................65

Appendix 1X Fungicides approved for treatment of fruit rots or for post-harvest treatment of Top Fruit65

Appendix 2A Statutory conditions of approval for fungicides used on Top Fruit....................................67

Appendix 2B Statutory conditions of approval for insecticides used on Top Fruit..................................70

Appendix 2C Statutory conditions of approval for herbicides used on Top Fruit ....................................72

Appendix 2D Statutory conditions of approval for growth regulators for Top Fruit................................76

Appendix 3 BCPC’s chart of conditions which control the use of reduced spray (dilutent) volumes...77

Appendix 4 Rot risk assessment record sheet ........................................................................................78

Appendix 5 The scoring system for rot risk assessment of the orchard.................................................79

Appendix 6 Orchard rot record master sheet .........................................................................................81

Appendix 7 In store environment recording form..................................................................................82

Appendix 8 Stored sample report form..................................................................................................83

Appendix 9 Fruit penetrometer recording form .....................................................................................84

Appendix 10 Packhouse rot assessment form..........................................................................................85

Appendix 11 Suggested pesticide application record form......................................................................86

Appendix 12 Suggested post-harvest chemical treatment record form....................................................87

Appendix 13 Guidelines for minimising pesticide residues in apples .....................................................88

Appendix 14 Guidelines for minimising pesticide residues in pears .......................................................95


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Appendix 15 Control Points: Fruit ( Top Fruit) ..................................................................................... 102

Acknowledgements

Assured Produce gratefully acknowledges the contribution of all consultees in the preparation of thisprotocol, particularly Tim Biddlecombe of FAST.

Preface

This crop specific protocol has been written to complement and avoid duplicating the generic principlesof the scheme and appendices.

It is advisable to read the Assured Produce Generic Crop Protocol Standards and the Assured ProduceGeneric Protocol Guidance Notes (referred to in this document as the Generic Standards and GenericGuidance Notes) first before reading this crop specific protocol.

This protocol is designed to stimulate thought in the mind of the reader.

This crop specific protocol contains crop specific parameters and guidance, where applicable, for therequirements stated in the Generic Standards.

All statements in this protocol containing the words "strongly recommended" (in bold type) will beverified during the Assured Produce assessment and their compliance will form a part of thecertification/approval decision. The score required for these "strongly recommended" control pointscan be found on the final page of this document and in the checklists produced by Assured Producelicensed certification bodies.

Disclaimer and trade mark acknowledgement

Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, Assured Produce does not accept anyresponsibility for errors and omissions.

Trade names are only used in this protocol where use of that specific product is essential. All suchproducts are annotated ® and all trademark rights are hereby acknowledged.

Notes:

EC Review: Major withdrawal of pesticide productsAll pesticide information quoted in this Crop Specific protocol was last updated in January 2006.

The EC Review of pesticides registered in or before 1993 will not be completed until 2008 at theearliest. There was a major withdrawal of pesticide products in 2003 as a result of the Review andseveral active substances approved for minor uses were not supported by crop protection companies.Certain uses of some of these substances can continue in the UK because they are covered by ‘EssentialUse’ derogations. Some active substances have also failed to achieve Annex 1 listing (e.g. simazine) andsome additional Essential Uses have been granted until 31 December 2007. There may be otherwithdrawals or revocations.


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Products containing substances which have been revoked are shown on the PSD website(www.pesticides.gov.uk).

Long Term Arrangements for Extension of Use (LTAEU) The PSD have decided it is no longer possible to maintain the Long Term Arrangements for Extension ofUse (LTAEU) in their current format and are gradually replacing these Arrangements with Specific Off-Label Approvals (SOLAs). The work will not be completed until early summer 2006. Thesereplacement SOLAs will be shown on the PSD website when they become available.

Growers can continue to use approvals under the LTAEU until such time that all relevant SOLAs havebeen issued by PSD, and until the arrangements are withdrawn by PSD – At that time growers mustensure that they have access to the relevant SOLA notice of approval. In order to comply with currentlegislation, you should download a SOLA onto your personal computer or retain a paper copy beforeusing any SOLA.

A list indicating the SOLAs which have been requested is available from the PSD website using thefollowing link:

http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/food_safety.asp?id=1576

An announcement detailing the proposed date for revocation of the Long Term Arrangements forExtension of use will be featured on the PSD website, the AP website and in HDC publications andgrower press.

Growers should check with their advisers, manufacturers, the Assured Produce website ‘Newsflashes’and the PSD website (www.pesticides.gov.uk)

Any new standards have been prefixed in the text with (NEW)


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1 General introduction

Following a systematic approach will help growers to identify and manage the risksinvolved in crop production. This protocol is based on a typical crop production process.Using a flowchart approach, food safety, Health & Safety, environmental and qualityhazards are identified. Appropriate controls may then be established to minimise risk.Food safety and Health & Safety issues always take precedence over quality andenvironmental controls.

The flow chart is structured as shown below. Note that the sectional layout of both thisprotocol and the crop specific protocols follow the same structure.

SITE SELECTION

SITE MANAGEMENT

VARIETY SELECTION

NUTRITION

IRRIGATION

PEST CONTROL

DISEASE CONTROL

WEED CONTROL

HARVEST & STORAGE

The contents of each crop specific protocol are reviewed annually by informed farmersand growers, food technologists, scientists, the relevant fresh produce association,processors and agronomic consultants. Updated editions are issued prior to the croppingseason.

The review process considers both new developments and all relevant technology whichhas emerged throughout the course of the previous year and which have been found to beboth workable by the grower and beneficial to the environment. As one aim of theScheme is to transfer such information and technologies to growers, attention is drawn tothose features of specific relevance to ICM by using italic script. In order that growersmay be confident that they are working to a current document, each protocol is dated andnumbered. Any changes to the text have been highlighted by marking the document with aline in the margin.


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2 Planning and records

See Generic Standards and/or Generic Guidance Notes and Section 8.5.

3 Site selection

See Generic Standards and/or Generic Guidance Notes.

4 Site management


It is strongly recommended that all orchards are adequately protected by deciduous windbreaks/hedges to ensure a good microclimate in the orchard and minimise spray drift.

Specific LERAP regulations apply to using broadcast air-assisted sprayers so growerswishing to reduce buffer zones need to follow these regulations.

5 Variety selection


6 Nutrition

Regular analysis of soil, leaf and fruit samples should be carried out. Soil analysis shouldbe at least every three years. Fertiliser rates should be determined as a result of theseanalyses and limited to those sufficient to achieve optimum cropping. If advice is taken oncrop nutrition, ensure your advisor is FACTS-registered. Avoid large single doses.Generally uptake is improved and leaching is reduced if smaller doses are applied atintervals. Nitrogen applications must be limited to those periods of the year when theroots are active and can take up the nutrient. Avoid applying nitrogen between mid-autumn and early spring. New nitrate vulnerable zones have been designated andrestrictions may apply to specific farms or fields.

Where leaf and/or fruit analysis and previous history indicate low levels of major ormicronutrients, soil applications may be supplemented with foliar sprays.

Do not apply fertiliser to conservation areas or wildlife corridors. All records of analysisresults and applications of fertilisers should be retained.


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7 Irrigation


8 Crop protection

8.1 The basic approach to crop protection


8.2 Plant protection product choice


Approved uses not included on the product label

In some circumstances product labels do not include all of the approved uses and growersand advisers wishing to check the approval notice of a particular product should note thatthis information is available from www.pesticides.gov.uk/psd_databases.asp

A search on the database for a product name should yield a results page. A click on theproduct name should link to a summary of the approval information. At the bottom of thesummary are links to available notices which will give the statutory conditions of use.

In the case of products with older approval an electronic approval may not be available.In these cases growers should contact the PSD Information Services Branch for details ofthe approved conditions of use.

Contact details are: [email protected] tel. 01904 455 775


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Choice of product

When choosing a product the most environmentally benign that provides effective controlshould be selected. Products with a label recommendation for use in apple and pearorchards are listed in Appendix 1 by pest or disease. The harvest interval (HI) (in days)has been included. Products listed as safe (S) or moderately safe (MS) to typhs should beused in apple orchards, and only those listed as safe or moderately safe to anthocoridsshould be used between 2 weeks after petal fall and harvest in pear orchards.

Pest/Disease/Weed Approved products in order of preferenceActive ingredient Products include

ScabMildew

No preferred products. Avoid multiple applications of the same active ingredient topreserve typhs (page 14) and reduce risk of resistance.

Blossom wilt FenbuconazoleVinclozolinPyrinethanil

IndarRonilanScala (only approved for scab but has affect onBlossom wilt)

Aphids PirimicarbFloricamidTriazamateThiaclopridChlorpyrifos

Aphox, PhantomTeppekiAztecCalypsoEquity Lorsban

Winter moth caterpillars MethoxyfenozideDiflubenzuronChlorpyrifosBacillus thuringiensis

RunnerDimilinSpannit, DursbanDipel - DF

Sawfly Thiacloprid CalypsoCodling moth Methoxyfenozide

DiflubenzuronFenoxycarbPheromoneChlorpyrifos

RunnerDimilinInsegarExosexSpannit, Equity

Summer fruit tortrix FenoxycarbMethoxyfenozideBacillus thuringiensis

InsegarRunnerDipel - DF

Fruit tree tortrix MethoxyfenozideDiflubenzuronBacillus thuringiensisFenoxycarbChlorpyrifos

RunnerDimilinDipel - DFInsegarSpannit, Equity

Capsids Thiacloprid CalypsoFruit tree red spider mite Clofentezine

FenpyroximateTebufenpyra

ApolloSequel (apple only)Masai


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Pest/Disease/Weed Approved products in order of preferenceActive ingredient Products include

Blossom Weevil ThiaclopridChlorpyrifos

CalypsoEquity

Scale insects Thiacloprid CalypsoRustmite Sulphur (nymphs)

TolyfluanidFenpyroximateTebufenpyrad

Elvaron MultiSequelMasai

Pear sucker SulphurDiflubenzuronAmitraz

DimilinMitac (post harvest only)

Residual herbicides OxadiazonPendimethalinPropyzamide

RonstarStompKerb

Contact herbicides Glufosinate – ammoniumGlyphosate

AmitroleSodiummonochloroacetate

ChallengeRoundup, Gallup GlyphoganGlyfosWeedazolAtlas Somon, Croptex Steel

Note: Not all formulations of these products may be currently approved for use on TopFruit. Check before use. Label recommendations are revised regularly, read a current labelbefore use. See Appendices for further details.

8.3 Advice on the use of pesticides


8.4 Application of pesticides


8.5 Records of application

Although suggested layouts have been provided in the Appendices for recording orcharddetails and pesticide treatments, computerised record keeping systems are quite acceptableprovided that they capture equivalent information.


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Pesticide applications

Appendix 1 details lists of the pesticides currently approved for use on apples and/orpears, presented as a series of tables, each dealing with the appropriate pesticides and theirapplication for treating a particular fruit defect or infestation.

Pesticide application records should be completed as the spray programme is applied tothe orchard. A copy of each record should be forwarded to the marketing organisation thatis to handle the fruit as soon as convenient (no later than the first harvest date of the fruit).The original should be retained by the grower for reference and to fulfil the legalrequirements.

Where a common basic spray programme is used across a whole farm it is in order torecord the base programme which covers all orchards once only and to record specialtreatments for individual orchards on an exceptional basis.

The pesticide application record should include the following:

Date: State the date of application.

Time: State start time and finish time of each spraying operation

Variety(s): State the varieties covered.

Product: State full trade name of pesticide as printed on the label.

Rate: At the top of the ‘Rate’ column enter the units to be used (quantity ofpesticide per unit area), and in the rows the volume of spray appliedper unit area.

Volume: At the top of the ‘Volume’ column enter the units to be used (volumeof spray per unit area), and in the rows the volume of spray appliedper unit area.

Operator Name: State the operator's name to enable monitoring of exposure topesticides.

Target Pest: State target pest, disease or weed, eg. rosy apple aphid.

Justification: State pest or disease level or risk as justification for treatment.

Weather: The wind speed should be measured at the top of the windbreak anddivided by two to give an estimate of the wind speed at crop level.

A suggested pesticide application record form layout is given in Appendix 11.

The wind force should be recorded according to the Beaufort Scale, ie.

0. Calm. Smoke rises vertically.


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1. Direction of wind shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes.

2. Wind felt on face. Leaves rustle. Ordinary vane moved by wind.

3. Leaves and twigs in constant motion. Wind extends light flags.

4. Raises dust and loose paper. Small branches are moved.

5. Small trees in leaf begin to sway. Crested wavelets form on inland waters.

Spraying should not take place if the wind force is greater than force four. Spraying atforce zero is not recommended either. Under DEFRA’s Code of Practice foliar spraysshould only be applied at wind speeds up to force 2 and 3 and herbicides at force 2. Anyother relevant weather conditions should also be entered.

First permitted harvest date

To calculate the first permissible harvest date refer to the product label (or Appendix 1)and add the appropriate number of days to the date on which it was applied. The firstpermissible harvest date should be entered and brought forward as a 'rolling date' in thespray records. Care should be taken when applying sprays in orchards with early seasonvarieties in order to comply with the minimum harvest interval.

Post harvest chemical treatments

A post-harvest chemical treatment record should be completed if the fruit is drenched atharvest time by the grower or packhouse as appropriate. Again a copy should beforwarded immediately to the marketing organisation which is to handle the sale of thefruit. The original should be retained by the grower or packhouse for reference and tofulfil the legal requirements.

Where a common treatment programme is used across a whole farm or packhouse it is inorder to record the base programme which covers all orchards once only and to recordspecial treatments for individual orchards on an exceptional basis.

The post-harvest chemical treatment record should include the following:

Farm: State the farm where the fruit was grown.

Orchard: State the orchard where the fruit was grown.

Consignment: State any consignment number.

Date: State date of treatment

Storage Date: State the proposed store opening date.

Product: State the full trade name as printed on the carton.


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Rate: At the top of the rate column enter the units to be used (quantity ofpesticide per volume of drench), and in the rows the amount ofproduct mixed per unit volume of drench.

Operator Name: State the operator's name to enable monitoring of exposure topesticides.

Target: State the target disease, eg. Phytophthora.

Justification: State the level of rot risk as justification for treatment, eg. very heavyrain at harvest.

Sale Date: The first permissible sale date should be entered. This is to becalculated from the date of drenching plus the required intervalspecified by the manufacturer.

A suggested post-harvest chemical treatment recording form is given in Appendix 12.

8.6 Protective clothing/equipment


8.7 Pesticide storage


8.8 Empty pesticide containers


8.9 Pesticide residues in fresh produce


See Generic Protocol Guidance Notes 8.9 for further background and genericadvice. See Appendix 13 – Guidelines for minimising pesticide residues on Apples,and Appendix 14 – Guidelines for minimising pesticide residues on Pears.

Assured Produce is aware that a key area in the production of fresh produce whichrequires continued attention by growers and their advisers is that of keeping pesticideresidues to a minimum. The issue is not just one of meeting the MRL trading standard butensuring that any individual or multi residues are kept as low as possible below this level.The key targets are:

• Optimising late application of fungicides and insecticides to the edible part of thecrop

• Optimising the use of post harvest treatments• Ensuring minimum harvest intervals are followed• Ensuring that application equipment is applying products correctly


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8.10 Pest, disease and weed control

8.10.1 Pest control using predatory insects

8.10.1.1 Encouraging beneficial insects in the orchard

One of the most important factors in building up and maintaining beneficial insectnumbers is the correct choice of pesticide. Information is given in the appendices to assistthe grower in designing a predator friendly spray programme.

Providing alternative hosts and food sources, which will be attractive to predators atdifferent times in the season to the crop plants, is a valuable way of encouraging predatorswithin the farm. Leaving grass alleys unmown has been shown to encourage anthocoridnumbers in orchards. When planting windbreaks around an orchard or planting up a non-cropping area, give consideration to the types of trees and shrubs chosen. The inclusion ofgoat willow, hazel and cherry plums alongside the normal alder species will provide foodand havens for anthocorids and lacewings.

In addition, the use of annual flowering plants, such as Phacelia spp, mustard and wildcarrots, sown around headlands or in fallow areas to encourage a wide range of pollinatinginsects, typhlodromid mites, ladybirds, hoverflies and anthocorids is advised. Increasingbiodiversity on the farm is an important factor in building up reliable numbers ofpredators against a wide range of the pests that will attack fruit crops.

8.10.1.2 Natural predators

The key natural predators, i.e. typhlodromid mites on apple and anthocorids on pearsshould be conserved and encouraged.


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8.10.1.3 Typhlodromus pyri

Commonly referred to as ‘typhs’, the nymph and adult forms of this mite are very similarin appearance being pear shaped, with pale, almost translucent smooth bodies, and areabout 0.3 mm long. Adults have 8 legs and are very active on the underside of the leaf andare often found near the main vein. They prefer hairy leaves and are thus a more importantpredator on apples than pears.

Adult females overwinter in the orchard hiding in the bark of trees and elsewhere. Manydie during the winter. In the spring, surviving adults lay eggs on the underside of leaves.Up to four generations may occur in a season.

The adults and nymphs eat large numbers of red spider mites and will even eat rust mite ifthe red spider mite numbers are low. As they are present all year round in orchards there isno safe time to use insecticides that are not selective to them.

Typhs should be introduced into orchards where they are not endemic. The most effectiveway of doing this is to use summer prunings from orchards that have known populationsof typhs. Research has shown that typhs prefer to move along the tree rows in the orchardso the prunings should be placed in each row, up wind to help dispersal.


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Pesticides(1) known to be harmful to typhsPyrethoids Permasect® Decis® Talstar®

Cyperkill 10® Hallmark® Toppel 10®

Pesticides(1) considered to be possibly harmful/harmful to typhs undersome circumstances

Fungicides(2)

Bavistin® Karathane® MSS Sulphur Flowable®

Derosal WDG® Karamate Dryflo®

Microsul Flowable Sulphur® Headland Sulphur®

Notes:

(1) Not all formulations of each product may be currently approved for use on TopFruit. Check before use. Label recommendations are revised regularly, read acurrent label before use.

(2) Growers may be able to justify the limited use of these fungicides in specificcircumstances but multiple applications should be avoided.

8.10.1.4 Anthocoris nemorum (Common flower bug)

Adult Nymph


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Commonly referred to as ‘anthocorids’, the adult and nymph form of this predatory bug isabout 4 mm long. They are dark brown/black and shiny with geometric pale markings,particularly on the adults. The nymphs may have a red colouration, with 6 legs, longantennae and a long pointed mouthpiece.

The adults overwinter in a wide range of sites both in and away from orchards. They comeout of hibernation from March onwards migrating to willow catkins and lay eggs betweenMarch and June with eggs hatching after about 10 days. There are usually twogenerations. Both adults and nymphs enjoy a varied diet attacking pear sucker, spidermites, midge larvae and caterpillars.

In order to conserve endemic populations, the use of products toxic to anthocorids shouldbe avoided from 2 weeks after petal fall to harvest.


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Pesticides(1) known to be harmful to anthocoridsVariousAll organophosphateinsecticides

Pyrethoids Permasect® Decis® Talstar®

Cyperkill 10® Hallmark® Toppel 10®

Pesticides(1) considered to be safe to anthocoridsAll fungicides Dimilin® Aphox®

Note:

(1) Not all formulations of each product may be currently approved for use on TopFruit. Check before use. Label recommendations are revised regularly, read acurrent label before use.


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8.10.1.5 Apple and pear pest thresholds

Apple pest thresholdsDormant period ThresholdApple rust mite

Fruit tree red spider mite winter eggs

10 mites per bud

30% branch nodes with >5 eggs

Bud-burst to mouse earApple rust mite 5 mites per outer rosette leaf

Green cluster to pink budRosy leaf curling aphid

Rosy apple aphid

Apple grass aphid

Capsid

Winter moth or tortrix mothcaterpillars

Apple blossom weevil

presence (spot treatment only)

presence

30% trusses infested

presence

5% trusses infestedpresence (if not seen this year but damage seen last year, then highrisk)

Late blossom to petal fallRosy apple aphid

Apple sawfly

Winter moth or clouded drab mothcaterpillars

Apple rust mite

Capsid

presencepresence (if not seen this year but damage seen last year, then highrisk)

5% trusses infested

5 mites per leaf

presence

Petal fall onwardsRosy apple aphid

Blastobasis moth

Woolly aphid

Green apple aphid

Clouded drab moth

Fruit tree red spider mite

Apple rust mite

Codling moth

Fruitlet mining tortrix moth

Fruit tree tortrix moth

Summer fruit tortrix moth

presencepresence (if not seen this year but damage seen last year then highrisk)

present on extension growth

8% shoots infested

6% shoots infested

2 mites per leaf

10-50 mites per leaf, higher level later in season

5 moths per trap per week in 2 out of 4 weeks

10 or more per trap per week

30 or more per trap per weekstart of flight, ie. >5 moths per trap per week. Spray at first egg hatch.(The timing between first flight and egg hatch is dependent upontemperature)


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Pear pest thresholdsBud-burst to mouse ear ThresholdPear rust mite 5 mites per leaf

Green bud to white budPear bedstraw aphid

Capsid

Winter moth or tortrix mothcaterpillars

Pear midge

presence

presence

5% trusses infested

presence (if not seen this year but damage seen last year then highrisk)

Late blossom to petal fallPear bedstraw aphid

CapsidWinter moth or clouded drab mothcaterpillars

Pear rust mite

Capsid

presence

presence

3% trusses infested

5 mites per leaf

presence

Petal fall onwardsPear bedstraw aphid

Pear sucker

1% trees infested30% leaves infested with nymphs, slight honeydew contamination offruit


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8.10.2 Disease control

8.10.2.1 Scab assessment

Scab assessmentRisk level

Assessment Situation Pre bloom- end June Early July - harvest

Not found Weather unfavourable Very low No risk

Not found Weather favourable Moderate Very low, providing controlachieved up to end of June

Hard to find 1 or 2 leaves or fruit in 100,weather unfavourable

High Moderate

Hard to find 1 or 2 leaves or fruit in 100,weather favourable

Very high High

Found 3-5 leaves or fruit in 100 Very high High

Easy to find More than 5 leaves or fruit in100

Very high High

Risk level should be entered on pesticide record forms.

Notes:

When choosing a fungicide account should be taken as to whether it has eradicant orprotectant activity. DMI fungicides (eg. Systhane®, Dorado®, Rubigan®, Topas®) shouldbe used pre- and immediately post-blossom and as an eradicant following periods of highrisk.

Dose rates may be reduced below the manufacturer's recommended maximum leveldepending on the risk of scab, varietal susceptibility and the time of year. However,before reducing rates the orchard's past history and the current weather conditions shouldbe taken into account. Warm, wet weather favours scab development.

8.10.2.2 Mildew assessment

Primary mildew assessment up to full bloom

Assess 10 trusses on 4 branches on 25 trees per orchard (total of 1000 trusses)

% infected Recorded level0 - 2

2 - 5

> 5

Low

Medium

High


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Secondary mildew assessment from petal-fall onwards

The level recorded should take into account the growth rate and prevailing weather.

Assessment Growth rate Weather Risk levelNot found

Not found

Not found

Not found

Not found

Not found

Slow

Slow

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Strong

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Very low

Low

Very low

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Hard to find

Hard to find

Hard to find

Hard to find

Hard to find

Hard to find

Slow

Slow

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Strong

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Low

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Low

High

Found

Found

Found

Found

Found

Found

Slow

Slow

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Strong

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Moderate

High

Moderate

High

Moderate

Very high

Easy to find

Easy to find

Easy to find

Easy to find

Easy to find

Easy to find

Slow

Slow

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Strong

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

High

High

High

Very high

High

Very high

Risk level should be entered on pesticide record forms.

Notes:

When choosing a fungicide, consider whether it has eradicant and/or protectant activity.

Dose rates may be reduced below the manufacturers recommended maximum leveldepending on the risk of mildew and varietal susceptibility. However, before reducing therate the orchard's past history and the current weather conditions should be taken intoaccount. Hot, dry days (with cold nights that produce dew in the morning) encouragemildew development.


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8.10.3 Weed control

Maintaining a weed free strip at the same width as the tree canopy, between flowering andharvest, will improve yields and fruit size. However, if this is done using repeated dosesof fairly soluble residual herbicides and no organic matter is returned to the soil,environmental contamination and soil degradation may result.

Aim to use a combination of mulches and contact herbicides and the minimum of residualherbicides in the weed control programme. Whilst some weed cover between harvest andblossom is not deleterious to the crop, if pernicious perennial weeds are allowed tobecome established the higher costs and inputs of herbicides will be necessary in order toachieve control.

8.10.3.1 The use of mulches for weed control

Straw mulches are preferred as they are biodegradable and, as they are incorporated intothe soil by worms, the soil is enriched and aerated. The use of straw mulches makes itpossible to reduce herbicide inputs by achieving a significant suppression of annualweeds. Before applying the mulch it is advisable to treat any perennial weeds as they willgrow through the straw and become more difficult to control.

Select straw that is weed seed free. This is best applied as an even layer approximately4 inches thick, after blossom when the soil has warmed up but while it still has plenty ofmoisture reserves. This layer will need topping up every other year. A complete layer willsuppress the summer germinating weeds and if the mulch is maintained, good control ofannual weeds can be expected through the year.

9 Harvesting and storage

9.1 Hygiene


9.2 Post-harvest treatments

See Generic Standards and/or Generic Guidance Notes - also see section 9.4.

9.3 Post-harvest washing



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9.4 Pre-harvest husbandry

9.4.1 Assessing the risk of fruit rots in store

Mineral analysis of apples before harvest will give a good indication of the storagepotential. This should be used, together with the storage history of the orchard, to selectthe orchards from which fruit may be placed in long term storage.

It is strongly recommended that the incidence of storage rots be reduced by:

1. only picking sound undamaged fruit

2. not picking fruit contaminated with soil or mud splash

3. picking carefully with trained and supervised pickers

4. using clean bins

5. not contaminating bins with mud or leaving bins of fruit in the orchard overnight

6. loading stores and cooling fruit as quickly as possible

7. picking within correct picking periods

The storage potential and risk of storage rots for each orchard should be assessed andrecorded before harvest but rot risk assessment is not an exact science and the method isstill relatively new. It should not be seen as a foolproof prediction of rotting levels but as aguide for justifying the use of a post-harvest treatment. Only fruit with a measured risk ofrotting should be treated.

To conduct an assessment the following information is required:

1. the previous rotting levels for each orchard

2. an assessment of orchard factors

3. a record of the rainfall during the 7 days prior to picking each orchard

4. a mineral analysis of the fruit

9.4.2 Rot risk assessment procedure

Each orchard should be surveyed, making a quick but thorough assessment of all relevantfactors given on the record sheet in Appendix 4 to estimate:

• The levels of inoculum

• The likelihood of transmission to the fruit

• The susceptibility of the fruit


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Each relevant factor is scored using the system given in Appendix 5. Large orchards (over5 acres) should be split into two and separate assessments made because of the localisednature of some pathogens. Assess orchards late July and again in August if pre-harvestsprays are to be used or in late August if post-harvest treatments are to be used.

Examine fruit on and under a representative number of trees throughout the orchard. Lookfor signs of hail damage, rough russet and cracking on fruit on the tree. Check for brownrot and other fruit rots on the tree and orchard floor, and for nectria canker and othercankers on the tree. Assess amount of low hanging fruit, check for evidence of soil splashon fruit. Estimate the amount of bare ground on the orchard floor.

It is not necessary to spend hours with a calculator working out the score, because the riskis associated with a range in the score rather than a precise figure. Round the average tonearest whole number (round halves up).

Storage term Threshold score requiredpost-harvest drench

Short (up to Christmas) 100

Medium (up to mid-February) 40

Long (mid-February onwards) 15

The storage term of your fruit must be determined by fruit analysis and the views of yourmarketing organisation must be sought before a final decision is made.

This scoring system allows risks from individual pathogens to be assessed separately. Thisis especially useful where different treatments are required. For example, to assess thePhytophthora risk; multiply the total of the scores in 'Rain and Style' by the infection levelscore for Phytophthora.

Storage period Threshold for treatment

November - December 20

January onwards 15

9.4.3 Treatment of storage rots

Assessment only gives guidance to the rot risk. Weather factors and orchard history arevery important. Only fruit where a significant risk of storage rots has been determinedshould be treated with a fungicide post-harvest. It is good practice to leave a few binsundrenched so that comparisons can be made and sound historical records collected forfuture use.


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It is strongly recommended that the potential level of fruit rot in each orchard isconsidered when deciding on the need for post-harvest fungicide treatment.

The treatments available are summarised in the tables in sections 9.4.4 and 9.4.5.

Maximum residue levels have changed and may be updated during the year. Adviceshould be sought to ensure that treatments do not lead to residue levels being exceeded.


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9.4.4 Storage rots (orchard diseases)

Disease Varieties Source Entry Weather Factors Cultural Control FungicidesBrown Rot(Moniliatafructigena)

CoxBramleyConferenceComice

Cankersmummifiedfruit onorchard floorand tree

Initially by wounds.Spread by contact.

Warm summer + rain - Prune out cankers- Remove/collect mummies- Good control of P&D- Avoid fruit damage- Close supervision of pickers

Pre-harvest Carbendazim and/orCaptan (Cox Comice andConference) depending on risk.

Black Rot(Botryosphaeriaobtusa)

CoxBramley

Cankersmummifiedfruit

Direct Very warm (20º) +rain

- Prune out cankers- Remove/collect mummies- Avoid piles of prunings in orchard. Chopped ones OK.

Pre-harvest Carbendazim orCaptan, but rot usually notimportant enough to requirespecial measures.

Gloeosporium Rot(Gloeosporium spp)

CoxConferenceBramley

Cankerspruning snagsmummifiedfruit

Direct throughlenticels, eye, stalk,russet cracks.

Warm weather + rain Prune out cankers, dead stubsand die-backs

- Pre-harvest Carbendazim and/orCaptan depending on risk,especially if wet or overheadirrigation after summer pruning

Phytophthora Rot(Phytophthorasyringae)


Soil splash Direct entry spread bycontact

Warm and wetespecially nearpicking

- Maximum width grass strip- Mulch to cover soil to reduce soil splash- Removing low hanging branches- Not muddying bulk bins- Encouraging earthworms to remove leaf litter

- Post harvest urea to trees to encourage leaf rot when fall.- Pre-harvest Captan on Cox.

- Pre-harvest Fubol Gold to orchard floor (apples only)

Nectria Rot(Nectria galligena)

CoxBramleyConference

Cankers Direct throughlenticels, stalk end,eye end.

Warm autumn at leaffall. Warm wetsummer.

Remove cankers and macerate withprunings

- Post harvest copper sprays to protected leaf scars.- Pre-harvest Carbendazim but notCaptan.

Diaporthe Rot(Diaporthepermiciosa)

CoxBramleyConference

CankersDead wood

Direct on mature fruitlong term stored

Warm and wet. Remove cankers, dead and weakwood during pruning.

Pre-harvest Carbendazim, but rotusually not important enough tomerit special control measures

Botrytis eye andcore Rot (Botrytiscinerea)

Cox Ubiquitousespecially deadplant material,e.g. flowers

Direct from deadpetals to eye or tocore. May requiremature fruit to rot.

Warm and humid orwet

Careful inspection of fruit at harvestand discarding affected fruit.

Possibly Captan at petal fall inproblem orchards.


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9.4.5 Storage rots (in-store diseases)

Disease Varieties Source Entry Weather Factors Cultural Control FungicidesBotrytis Rot(Botrytis cinerea)


OrganicdebrisOrchard soilDirty bulkbins

WoundsInfected stems

Store diseaserapid growth at lowtemperature

- Careful picking to avoid wounds- Good control of pest and disease- Avoid muddying bulk bins and introducing organic debris such as leaves.- Clean bulk bins.

- Pre-harvest fungicide sprays are unlikely to be of any benefit, but Captan may be of some use.- Many isolates resistant to benzimidazole fungicides.- Pre-harvest spray of Captan and Thiram on pears.

Blue Mould(Penicilliumexpansum)


OrganicdebrisOrchard soilDirty bulkbins

Wounds, direct entryon over mature fruit

Store disease - Careful picking and handling to avoid damage- Good control of pest and disease- Avoid muddying bins and introducing organic debris such as leaves.- Clean bulk bins.

- Pre-harvest fungicide sprays are unlikely to be of any benefit.- Most Penicillium isolates resistant to benzimidazole fungicides.- Problem aggravated by post harvest dips/drenches.

Mucor Rot(Mucor spp)


Orchard soilDirty bulkbins

Wounds Store diseaserapid growth at lowtemperatures.Wet harvestingperiod

- Avoid muddying bins and introducing organic debris.- Clean bulk bins.- Removing fallen fruit from orchard after harvest to reduce fungus population in soil.- Storing dry fruit

- No fungicides are effective against Mucor- Post harvest dips/drenches aggravate the problem.

Fusarium Rot(Fusarium spp)


Orchard soilOrganicdebrisDirty bulkbins

Wounds Store disease - Clean bulk bins.- Avoid muddying bulk bins and introducing organic debris such as leaves.- Careful picking to avoid damage.

- Usually not important enough to merit special attention.- Pre-harvest benzimidazole sprays may be of some benefit.


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2006Assured Produce


9.4.6 Mineral analysis of fruit prior to storage

Mineral analysis is an important aid to modern fruit growing, both to provide a basis foreconomic fertiliser use and to assess the suitability of fruit for storage.

It is strongly recommended that leaf/fruit mineral analysis is undertaken to provide abasis to assess the suitability of fruit for storage.

Orchards with fruit destined for long term storage should have samples taken for mineralanalysis. In order that such analytical data may be of maximum value, the samplepresented to the laboratory should be taken in a standard manner and accurately representsthe area of soil or trees in question otherwise the analytical results are likely to bemisleading.

Only sound fruit of adequate nutritional status and with good storage potential should bestored long term (ie. beyond 31 December). Fruit destined for long term storage should bepicked within the recommended period. Stores should be loaded within 3 days, reach theholding temperature within 5 days and controlled atmosphere within 10 days of the startof loading. Care should be taken that incoming warm fruit does not raise the temperatureof cooled fruit.

9.4.7 Sampling techniques for mineral analysis

Fruit should be sampled every season, at any time from mid July onwards and at leastthree days after the most recent calcium spray.

Select 30 trees of the same variety throughout the orchard, ideally following a zigzag path(exclude abnormal trees, pollinators and outside rows of orchard). Alternatively select 30trees in convenient positions to use as marker trees each year. Take one apple at randomfrom alternate sides of successive trees. If most trees carry a heavier crop on one side,then sample preferentially from that side. In larger orchards, sample areas of contrastingsoil type or management separately.

The sample should contain at least 30 fruits per orchard. The final sample should berepresentative of all the fruit in the orchard and should not be restricted to one size grade.Place fruit in a clean bag to avoid contamination and label it clearly with date, variety,orchard and farm.

Do not:

• Take more than one fruit from each tree

• Sample damaged or diseased fruit

• Sample heavily shaded fruit

• Sample unusually large or small fruit


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30 2006 Assured ProduceControl Document no: 00029/06

• Sample outside rows of orchards or abnormally treated areas

9.5 Monitoring process

This section gives details of the recording procedure for information generated in themonitoring process. Appendix 7 contains suggested form layouts on which to record thisinformation.

At least twice a day readings of in-store temperature, carbon-dioxide and oxygen levelsshould be logged. Once a week a crosscheck should be made of both oxygen and carbondioxide using a separate sample line.

9.5.1 In-store sampling techniques

To obtain reliable information about the quality of fruit in store, samples should be takencorrectly. There are two main objectives of the sampling procedure.

1. To obtain a sample of fruit representative of the orchard.

2. To produce a set of similar samples for subsequent inspection.

Samples of fruit from each of the main orchards within a store should be examined atleast every month. Select a number of bins from each orchard as they are being loadedinto store. Ideally the number of bins should be similar to the sample unit used, ie. 15 binsper 15 fruit samples, 20 bins per 20 fruit samples. Where an orchard is being loaded into astore over two or three days include fruit from each day's picking in each sample net. Anetted sample unit should contain at least 15 fruits. The apples should be taken from eachof the selected bins after drenching before going into store.

• Do not look specifically into the bin. Pick fruit at random from the bin avoiding thetop layer and rejecting any damaged apples. Place in a net and label with picking date,orchard and store.

• Repeat the procedure by taking another apple from each of the selected bins and placethem in a second net.

• Repeat for each proposed month of storage; include extra samples to allow for morefrequent examination towards the end of the storage period or if a problem develops.

• Label all nets from the same orchard with the labels of the same colour.

• Repeat for each of the main orchards going into the store using different colouredlabels.

• Place all samples in a bulk bin situated under the hatch. Make sure labels are clearlyvisible. Cover the nets with a layer of fruit if possible to avoid atypical air movement.


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2006Assured Produce


9.5.2 Sample assessment

It is strongly recommended that at least every month from October, a fruit sample shouldbe taken out for each store/orchard combination and assessed. The safety of the operatormust be stressed. Controlled atmosphere stores are potentially lethal. At no time shouldthe operator place any part of his body in the store. People should always work in pairsand use a 'boat hook' or similar extended hook to remove the netted samples.

Each apple in the sample should be carefully examined for any signs of blemish or storagedisorders developing. Such disorders include scald, lenticel blotch-pit, and carbon dioxideinjury, senescent breakdown or damage due to calcium spray or the post harvest drenchsolution. The overall background colour of the samples should be assessed visually usingan appropriate scale from dark green to yellow.

Shrivel and greasiness should be measured by squeezing each apple and recording thelevel using an appropriate scale. It is suggested a scale of 0 - 5 is used with 0=none seen,1=very slight, 2=slight, 3=moderate, 4=severe and 5=very severe. At least five fruitsshould be measured for firmness using an Effige penetrometer mounted in a drill standand fitted with the 11 mm probe using the following procedure:

1. Select at least 5 fruits at random to represent the major sizes in the sample.Exclude the odd very large or very small apples.

2. Remove a thin slice of peel from opposite sides.

3. Lower plunger into the flesh at a steady rate taking 2 seconds to travel 8 mm intothe fruit.

4. Record value and reset.

5. Repeat on opposite side.

6. If variation between the 5 fruits is large then include a further 5 apples in the test.

Whenever possible the same person should carry out the test to eliminate variation due todifferent operators. Firmness measurements should be carried out within 24 hours of thesample being removed from store.

The five fruits used in the firmness test can then be examined for internal disorders but atleast 10 apples should be examined during a shelf life period of 15 days at 18°C for thedevelopment of internal disorders. The use of a shelf life test gives early warning of anypotential problems developing in store and should be carried out in a vermin free room ata constant temperature of 18°C using the following procedure.

Cut the fruit twice, once close to the calyx and again through the core area. Record anyinternal browning or corky lesions. Bitter pit should be scored as presence or absence.Core flush, senescent breakdown, low temperature breakdown and brown heart should bescored, slight, moderate or severe, depending on the area of cut surface affected. Fruitshould be tasted for the presence of any taint and to check eating quality. It is suggested ascale of 0 - 5 is used to describe eating quality with 0=dry and hard, 1=crunchy dry,2=crisp and juicy, 3=firm and sweet, 4=soft and juicy, 5=mealy and dry.


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Pear samples should be placed at 18°C and the fruit's ability to ripen measured using apenetrometer fitted with an 8 mm probe. Ensure there is at least a max-min thermometerin the pear ripening room, to record daily fluctuations in temperatures.

The results together with information on picking dates, mineral analysis and storageconditions may be recorded on the suggested record forms shown in Appendices 8 and 9.

9.5.3 Packhouse assessment of rots

The following procedure is suggested to complete the rot history of an orchard.

1. Where fruit from a single orchard is graded, save the rotten fruit separately in asuitable container.

2. When grading is complete, weigh the total amount of affected fruit and express asa percentage of the total graded fruit.

3. Remove at least one hundred affected fruits and accurately identify the type ofinfection on each fruit.

4. Record the number of each type of rot present and express as a percentage on theassessment form (see Appendix 10).


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2006Assured Produce


10 Pollution control and waste management


11 Energy efficiency


12 Health & Safety


13 Conservation Issues



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Appendix 1 Pesticides currently approved for use on Top Fruit

Each of the following tables is presented in two halves, the first gives details on the product and thesecond lists certain product environmental effects and the harvest interval. For ease of reference the twohalves of a table appear on adjacent pages and are designed to be read across both pages from left toright.

Appendix 1A Powdery mildew

Appendix 1B Scab

Appendix 1C Canker

Appendix 1D Crown rot and Collar rot

Appendix 1E Blossom wilt

Appendix 1F Aphids

Appendix 1G Woolly aphid

Appendix 1H Capsids

Appendix 1I Caterpillars

Appendix 1J Winter moth

Appendix 1K Codling moth

Appendix 1L Tortrix moth

Appendix 1M Earwigs

Appendix 1N Leaf miners

Appendix 1O Leaf hoppers

Appendix 1P Spider mites

Appendix 1Q Rust mites

Appendix 1R Sawflies

Appendix 1S Scale insects

Appendix 1T Suckers

Appendix 1U Apple blossom weevil

Appendix 1V Weed control

Appendix 1W Growth regulation

Appendix 1X Post harvest treatments


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2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1A Fungicides approved for powdery mildew control in Top Fruit

Active Ingredient Example of FormulatedProduct ®

CropUse

HarvestInterval #

Action OperatorHazard

boscalid+pyraclo-strobin Bellis A & P 7 E & Pr Harmful

bupirimate Nimrod A&P 1 E & Pr Irritant

captan + penconazole Topas C 50 WP A 14* Pr Irritant

Carbendazim Delsene 50FL A & P 7 Pr

Clayton Chizm FL+ P 7 Pr

Cleancrop Curve ++ P 7 Pr

dinocap Karathane Liquid A 14* Pr Harmful

fenarimol Rubigan A & P 14 E & Pr

kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG A 35 Pr

myclobutanil Systhane 20 EW A&P 14 E & Pr

penconazole Topas 100 EC A 14 E & Pr Irritant

sulphur Headland Sulphur A & P 0 Pr

Sulphur Flowable A & P 0

Tripart Imber A 0

potassium bicarbonate A&P 0 E

Key:A = apples Pr = protectant ac = anticholinesterase

P = pears E = eradicant op = organophosphorus® This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.

+SOLA 1008/04 (Pear) Apple tba

# = in days

++SOLA 1206/04

* see label for sensitive varieties

+SOLA 1817/05

Not all formulations of each product may be currently approved for use on Top Fruit. Check before use. Labelrecommendations are revised regularly, read a current label before use.


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Appendix 1A Fungicides approved for powdery mildew control in Top Fruit (Cont'd)

Typhs Insects Bees Fish WildLife

LiveStock

Chemical Group Active Ingredient

S S VD pyrimidinol bupirimate

D DMI mixture captan + penconazole

H H benzimidazole carbendazim (MBC)

H S D dinitrophenyl dinocap

S D DMI pyrimidine fenarimol

H H-aquatic

DMI triazole fenbuconazole

S S D strobilurin kresoxim-methyl

S H DMI conazole myclobutanil

S H DMI conazole penconazole

MH inorganic sulphur

VD potassium bicarbonate

Key:S = safe D = dangerous MH = moderately harmful

MS = moderately safe VD = very dangerous H = harmful


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2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1B Fungicides approved for scab control on Top Fruit


Crop Use HarvestInterval #


Boscalid+Pyraclo-strobin

Bellis A & P 7 E & Pr Harmful

captan PP Captan 80 WG A & P †14 Pr Irritant

Alpha Captan A & P †14

captan +penconazole

Topas C 50 WP A †14 E & Pr Irritant

carbendazim(MBC)

Delsene 50FL+

Clayton Chizm FL+

Cleancrop Curve++

A&PPP

7

7

7

Pr

Pr

Pr

dithianon Dithianon WG A & P †28 E & Pr Harmful

Irritant

dodine Radspor FL A & P * E & Pr Harmful

Barclay Dodex A & P *

fenarimol Rubigan A 14 E & Pr

fenbuconazole Indar 5EW A & P 28 E & Pr Irritant

kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG A 35 Pr

mancozeb Karamate Dry Flo Newtec A & P 28 Pr Irritant

Penncozeb WDG A 28

myclobutanil Systhane 20 EW A & P 14 E & Pr

pyrimethanil Scala A x

sulphur Headland Sulphur A & P 0 Pr

Sulphur Flowable A & P 0

Tripart Imber A 0

thiram Unicrop Thianosan DG A & P 7 Pr Irritant

thiophanate-methyl Mildothane liquid 7 E & Pr

tolyfluanid Elvaron Multi A & P 7 Pr Irritant

Key:A = apples Pr = protectant ac = anticholinesterase

P = pears E = eradicant op = organophosphorus# = in days ® This column lists registered

trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.x = before end of flowering

* last application early July - culinaryapplespre-blossom - dessert apples

† see label for sensitive varieties ++ until April 2005


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Appendix 1B Fungicides approved for scab control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


S H dicarboximide captan

D DMI mixture captan + penconazole

MH H benzimidazole carbendazim (MBC)

S quinone dithianon

S H guanidine dodine

S D 14 DMI pyrimidine fenarimol

MS H DMI triazole fenbuconazole

S S D strobilurin kresoxim-methyl

H dithiocarbamate mancozeb

S H DMI conazole myclobutanil

MS S S H DMI pyrimidine pyrinethanil

MH inorganic sulphur

D thiram

MS dithiocarbamate thiophanate-methyl

MH S S D sulfamide tolyfluanid




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2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1C Fungicides approved for canker control on Top Fruit




Bordeaux mixture Wetcol 3 A & P 7† Harmful

carbendazim(MBC)

Bavistin DF A & P 7

Delsene 50FL+ A & P Pr

Clayton Chizm FL + P 7 Pr

Cleancrop Curve++ P 7 Pr

copper oxychloride Cuprokylt WP A & P *

Cuprokylt FL A & P *

Headland Inorganicliquid copper

A & P *

Tebuconazole Folicur+ A & P Apply afterharvest andbeforeFebruary

Appendix 1D Fungicides approved for crown rot and collar rot control on Top Fruit

fosetyl aluminium Aliette A 28

Appendix 1E Fungicides approved for blossom wilt control on Top Fruit

vinclozolin Ronilan FL A ** Irritant

Key:A = apples P = pears ++ until 30/04/2005® This column lists registered trademarks.All rights are acknowledged.

† see label for sensitive varieties

# = in days * applied in dormant season

†† 5 months when used as bark paste ** before end of petal fall



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Appendix 1C Fungicides approved for canker control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


H H copper Bordeaux mixture

MH H benzimidazole carbendazim (MBC)

H H copper copper oxychloride

Appendix 1D Fungicides approved for crown rot and collar rot control on Top Fruit (Cont’d)

phosphonic fosetyl aluminium

Appendix 1E Fungicides approved for blossom wilt control on Top Fruit (Cont’d)

MH H H-aquatic

dicarboximide vinclozolin




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2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1F Insecticides approved for aphid control on Top Fruit




chlorpyrifos Alpha Chlorpyrifos 48EC A & P 14 Harmful

Lorsban WG A & P 14

Barclay Clinch A & P 14

Equity A & P 14

Standon Chlorpyrifos 48 A & P 14

cypermethrin Cyperkill A & P x Harmful

Permasect - C A & P x

Afrisect 10 A & P x

Toppel 10 A & P x

deltamethrin Decis A 0 Harmful

fatty acid Savona A & P 0

flonicamid Teppeki A & P 21

nicotine Stalwart A 2 Toxic

No-Fid A 2

XL – All Nicotine 95% A & P 2

pirimicarb Aphox A & P 3 Harmful - ac

rotenone FS Liquid Derris A & P 1

thiacloprid Calypso A 14

triazamate Aztec+ A 28 Harmful

Key:A = apples P = pears# = in days+ expires 04/01/2007

® This column lists registeredtrademarks.All rights are acknowledged.

x = unless stated - varies withcrop and product: check label

Not all formulations of each product may be currently approved for use on Top Fruit. Check before use.Label recommendations are revised regularly, read a current label before use.


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Appendix 1F Insecticides approved for aphid control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


S H D D op, ac chlorpyrifos

H H D VD pyrethroid cypermethrin

H H D VD pyrethroid deltamethrin

S H H D D D nicotine

S S H carbamate pirimicarb

MS VD anticholin-esterase triazamate

D D-aquatic

natural rotenone

S H S H S S chlornicotinile Thiacloprid

H nicotinamide flonicamid

H Soap fatty acid



* applied in dormant season ac = anticholinesterase op = organophosphorus


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2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1G Insecticides approved for woolly aphid control on Top Fruit




chlorpyrifos Alpha Chlorpyrifos 48EC

Lorsban WG

A 14 Harmful


Equity A & P 14



No-Fid A 2

XL – All Nicotine 95% A & P 2

Appendix 1H Insecticides approved for capsid control on Top Fruit

chlorpyrifos Equity A & P 14 Harmful


Lorsban WG A & P 14


cypermethrin Cyperkill A x Harmful

Permasect A x

Afrisect 10 A x

Toppel 10 A x



XL-All Nicotine 95% A & P 2

No-Fid A 2

Key:A = apples P = pears # = in days® This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.

x = varies with product and crop -check label



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Appendix 1G Insecticides approved for woolly aphid control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock



S H H D D D alkaloid nicotine

Appendix 1H Insecticides approved for capsid control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

S H D D op chlorpyrifos






ac = anticholinesterase op = organophosphorus


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2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1I Insecticides approved for caterpillar control on Top Fruit




Bacillusthuringiensis

Dipel-DF A & P 0


Barclay Clinch 2 A 14

Lorsban WG A & P 14


Equity A & P 14


Permasect A x

Afrisect 10 A x

Toppel 10 A x


diflubenzuron Dimilin Flo A & P 14

methoxyfenozide Runner A & P 14 Moultaccelerator


No-Fid A 2

XL-All Nicotine 95% A & P 2


x = varies with product and crop -check label



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Appendix 1I Insecticides approved for caterpillar control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


Bacteria Bacillus thuriagiensis




S MS hormone diflubenzuron

S ? diacylhydrazine methoxyfenozide






______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1J Insecticides approved for winter moth control on Top Fruit






Lorsban WG A & P 14

Equity A & P 14



Permasect A x

Afrisect 10 A x

Toppel 10 A x




x = varies with product - check label * = apply in dormant season

† = do not apply during blossom



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1J Insecticides approved for winter moth control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock





S diacylhydrazine methoxyfenozide





______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1K Insecticides approved for codling moth control on Top Fruit

Active ingredient Example of formulatedproduct ®

Crop use Harvestinterval #

Action Operatorhazard



Lorsban WG A & P 14

Equity A & P 14


Codlemone Exosex CM A & P 0 Pheromoneconfusion


Permasect A x

Afrisect 10 A x

Toppel 10 A x



fenoxycarb Insegar A&P 42†


spinosad Tracer A & P 7


x = varies with crop and product -check label




______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1K Insecticides approved for codling moth control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


S H D D H op, ac chlorpyrifos




MH H D growth regulator fenoxycarb


S MS H VD naturalyte spinosad

Key:S = safe D = dangerous H = harmful

MS = moderately safe VD = very dangerous MH= moderately harmful



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1L Insecticides approved for tortrix moth control on Top Fruit




Bacillusthuriagiensis

Dipel - DF A & P 0



Lorsban WG A & P 14

Equity A & P 14



Permasect A x

Afrisect 10 A x

Toppel 10 A x



fenoxycarb Insegar A & P 42†


spinosad Tracer A & P 7


x = varies with crop and product- check label

* = 3 weeks after petal fall


Not all formulations of each product may be currently approved for use on Top Fruit. Check before use.Label recommendations are revised regularly, read a current label before use.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1L Insecticides approved for tortrix moth control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


bacteria Bacillus thuriagiensis





MH H D growth reg. fenoxycarb






______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1M Insecticides approved for earwig control on Top Fruit




diflubenzuron Dimlin Flo A & P 14

Appendix 1N Insecticides approved for leaf miner control on Top Fruit

nicotine XL-All Nicotine 95% A & P 2 Toxic

No-Fid A 2

Stalwart A 2

Appendix 1O Insecticides approved for leaf hopper control on Top Fruit


No-Fid A 2

Stalwart A 2




______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1M Insecticides approved for earwig control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock



Appendix 1N Insecticides approved for leaf miner control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


Appendix 1O Insecticides approved for leaf hopper control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

S H H H alkaloid malathion

S H H D D D nicotine




______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1P Insecticides approved for spider mite control on Top Fruit




amitraz+ Mitac - HF P 14 Harmful

bifenthrin Talstar A & P 0 Harmful



Lorsban WG A & P 14


Equity A & P 14

clofentezine Apollo 50 SC A & P 28*

fenpyroximate Sequel A 4 Irritant

tolyfluanid Elvaron- Multi A & P 7 Suppression Irritant

Appendix 1Q Insecticides approved for rust mite control on Top Fruit

amitraz+ Mitac - HF A & P 14 Harmful

tebufenpyrad Masai A & P 7

tolyfluanid Elvaron- Multi A & P 7 Suppression Irritant

Key:

A = apples P = pears * one application only® This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.

# = in days + = until August 2005 thereafter onlyfor pears post harvest



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1P Insecticides approved for spider mite control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

Typhs Insects Bees Fish Wild Life LiveStock


H amidine amitraz

H H D VD pyrethroid bifenthrin


clofentezine

S S S D pyrazole fenpyroximate

MS MS H D D-aquatic pyrazole tebufenpyrad


Appendix 1Q Insecticides approved for rust mite control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

H amidine amitraz

S S H D tebufenpyrad






______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1R Insecticides approved for sawfly control on Top Fruit





Barclay Clinch 2 A 14

Equity

Lorsban WG

A & P

A & P

14

14



Permasect A x

Afrisect 10 A x

Toppel 10 A x



No-Fid A 2

Stalwart A 2

thiacloprid Calypso A 14 Harmful

Appendix 1S Insecticides approved for scale insect control on Top Fruit



* = apply in dormant season.



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1R Insecticides approved for sawfly control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock






S H H chloronicotinyl thiacloprid

Appendix 1S Insecticides approved for scale insect control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)





______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1T Insecticides approved for sucker control on Top Fruit




amitraz+

chlorpyrifos

Mitac-HF

Alpha Chlorpyrifos 48EC

A & P

A & P

14

14

Harmful

Harmful

Barclay Clinch 2

Lorsban WG

A & P

A & P

14

Standon Chlorpyrifos 48

Equity

A & P

A & P

14

cypermethrin Cyperkill A & P x Harmful

Permasect A & P x

Afrisect 10 A & P x

Toppel 10 A & P x

deltamethrin Decis A & P 0 Harmful


lambda-cyhalothrin Hallmark P 0 Harmful



* = apply in dormant season

+ until August 2005, thereafter only for pearspost harvest



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1T Insecticides approved for sucker control on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


S H D H

D

amidine

op, ac

amitraz

chlorpyrifos



S MS diflubenzuron

H H VD VD pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin

Key:S = safe D = dangerous H = harmful

MS = moderately safe VD = very dangerous



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1U Insecticides approved for apple blossom weevil control on Top Fruits





Barclay Clinch 2 A & P 14

Standon Chlorpyrifos 48 A&P 14

Equity A&P 14

Lorsban WG A & P 14

pyrethrin* Vitax Pyrethrin A & P 7 HarmfulIrritant

Key:A = apples P = pears ac = anticholinesterase® This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.

ocl = organochlorine # = in days

* = SOLA 0104/04



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1U Insecticides approved for apple blossom weevil control on Top Fruits (Cont'd)


LiveStock


S H D D op chlorpyrifos

D D D D pyrethroid pyrethrin


VD = very dangerous H = harmful op = organophosphorus


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1V Herbicides approved for use on Top Fruit

Active Ingredient Example of Formulated Product®

CropUse

Application Time x HarvestInterval #

amitrole + Weedazol - TL A & P Not after 30/6asulam Asulox A & Pclopyralid Dow Shield A & P SOLA 282,4-D Depitox A & P2,4-D+dichlorprop Camppex A & P+MCPA+mecopropdicamba+MCPA Docklene, Banlene A & P Not after 31/7+mecoprop Stefes Banlene + Herrisol A & Pdichlobenil Casoron G A & P Dormantdiquat + paraquat Parable A & Pdiuron A & Pfluroxypyr

Unicrop Flowable Diuron

Dow Starane A & P SOLA 28glufosinate-ammonium Harvest A & P 1/3 - 30/9 7

Kaspar A & P 7glyphosate Barclay Gallup A & P Between leaf fall

Glypher A & P & green clusterHelosate A & PRoundup A & PRoundup Biactive A & PStefes Glyphosate A & P

isoxaben Flexidor 125 A & P Before1/4oxadiazon Ronstar Liquid A & P Jan to Julyparaquat Barclay Total A & P

Gramoxone 100 A & PScythe LC A & P

pendimethalin Stomp 400 SC A & P Dormantpentanochlor Atlas Solan 40 A & Ppropyzamide Headland Judo A & P 1/10 - 31/1

Kerb 50 W A & Psimazine MSS Simazine 50 FL A & P Feb - Mar *

Unicrop simazine FL A & PGesatop 500 FW A & PAlpha Simazine 50 SC A & P

Key: A = apples # = in days P = pears * = times vary according to product

x = guidelines only - some products have statutory conditions on timing,others do not - always check the label

® This column lists registered trademarks. All rights areacknowledged.

+ expires 01/01/07

Not all formulations of each product may be currently approved for use on Top Fruit. Check before use. Label recommendations arerevised regularly, read a current label before use.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1V Herbicides approved for use on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

ModeAction

Operatorhazard

Fish Wild Life Livestock


CT H triazole amitroleCT carbamate asulamC picolinic acid clopyralidT H. irritant H phenoxy hormone 2, 4-DCT harmful H hormone 2,4-D+dichlorprop

+MCPA+mecopropCT harmful H hormone dicamba+MCPA

+mecopropR H benzonitrile dichlobenilC poison H H bipyridyl diquat + paraquatR irritant H urea diuron

CT harmful D phosphonic glyphosate

C harmful H phosphonic glufosinate-ammonium

R D amide isoxabenRC irritant D oxadiazolone oxadiazonC poison H D bipyridilium paraquat

R irritant D dinitroaniline pendimethalinC irritant anilide pentanochlorR amide propyzamide

R irritant H triazine simazine

C irritant H sodium monochloracetate

Key:H = harmful D = dangerous

C = contact T = translocated R = residual


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2006Assured Produce


Appendix 1W Growth regulators approved for use on Top Fruit

Active Ingredient Example ofFormulated Product ®



gibberellic acid 3 Nufarm Berelex P

gibberellic acid4 + 7

Regulex x, Novagib x x A

paclobutrazol Cultar A & P 14

prohexadione-calcium Regalis A 55

Appendix 1X Fungicides approved for treatment of fruit rots or for post-harvest treatment ofTop Fruit

POST HARVEST DIP OR DRENCH


Crop Use Harvest/UtilisationInterval ##


carbendazim† Clean Crop Curve P 7

Delsene 50 Flo P 7

iprodione Rovral WP * P 42

ORCHARD TREATMENTS




mancozeb + metalaxyl Fubol Gold** A 28 orchard floortreatment

Irritant

Metalaxyl-M SL567A A & P 28

Key:A = apples P = pears * = SOLA 0542/04 † = SOLA 2256/99 ** = SOLA 1610/01® This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.

# = in days x = SOLA 0653/01-pear x x = SOLA 2756/01-pear



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 1W Growth regulators approved for use on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


LiveStock


S S gibberellin gibberellic acid 3

S S gibberellin gibberellic acid4 + 7

S S H conazole Paclobutrazol

S S Prohexadione-Calcium

Appendix 1X Fungicides approved for treatment of fruit rots or for post-harvest treatment ofTop Fruit (Cont'd)



H benzimidazole carbendazim

H H - aquatic dicarboximide iprodione



D

H

dithiocarbamate +phylamide

phenylamide

mancozeb + metalaxyl

metalaxyl-M

Key:S = safe D = dangerous MD = moderately dangerous

H = harmful

## = the interval between treatment and sale (for immediate consumption) is called the utilisation interval which is given indays.


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Appendix 2A Statutory conditions of approval for fungicides used on Top Fruit

FUNGICIDESChemical Product ®

MarketingCompany

Max. *SingleDose ••••

Max No.of Treat.••••

Max. *PermittedAnnual Dose

H.I.Days

No-sprayZone Dip Comments

Bordeaux mixture Wetcol 3 Vitax 5-7.50% 2-3 ∅Boxcalid+pyraclo-strobin

Bellis BASF 0.8kg 4 7 40

bupirimate Nimrod Makhteshim 1.4 5.6 (pears) 1

captan PP Captan 80 Calliope 3.4 kg+ 12 14

Alpha Captan 80 WDG Makhteshim 3.4 kg+ 12 14

Alpha Captan 83 WP Makhteshim 3.4 kg+ 12 14

captan +penconazole

Topas C 50 WP Syngenta 2.0 kg 10 14 Apples only

carbendazim(mbc) Bavistin DF BASF 1.1 kg 12 7 Dip Apples fullapproval,Pears SOLA

copper oxychloride Cuprokylt WP Unicrop 0.50%

Cuprokylt FL Unicrop 0.50% 3 SOLA as paintapples only

Headland Inorganic liquidcopper

Headland 10† 3 ∅

Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise.† = Different maximum rates depending on time of application.∅ = Latest application time – bud burst⊗ = early July - culinary apples, pre-blossom - dessert apples and pears• Depending on crop treated+Depending on spray volume


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 2A Statutory conditions of approval for fungicides used on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


MarketingCompany

Max. *SingleDose

Max No.of Treat.


H.I.Days


dinocap Karathane Liquid Landseer 1.4 14 14 18 m Apples only

dithianon Dithianon WG BASF 0.75 12 28

dodine Radspor FL Truchem 2.2† ⊗

fenarimol Rubigan Gowan 0.66† 15 14 Apples only

fenbuconazole Indar 5EW Landseer 1.4 14 28

fosetyl-aluminium Aliette 80WG Certis 0.25 % 2 28 -160 Apples only

iprodione Rovral WP RP Agric 0.2% 1 42 Dip Pears SOLA

2525/01

kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG BASF 200g 4 0.5kg 35 Apples only

mancozeb Karamate Dry Flo Newtec Landseer 5.6 kg† 28

Penncozeb WDG Various, MirfieldSales

0.25 % or5.5 kg

28 Apples only

mancozeb +metalaxyl

Fubol Gold Syngenta 1.5 kg 2 3 28 Orchard floorspray. Applesonly – SOLA

1610/01Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.

* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise.† = Different maximum rates depending on time of application.∅ = Dormant season treatment⊗ = early July - culinary apples, pre-blossom - dessert apples and pears


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Appendix 2A Statutory conditions of approval for fungicides used on Top Fruit (Cont'd)


MarketingCompany

Max. *SingleDose

Max No.of Treat.


H.I.Days


myclobutanil Systhane 20 EW Landseer 0.45 10 4.5 14

penconazole Topas Syngenta 0.5 10 14 Apples only

potassiumbicarbonate

20g/l 60kg/ha 0

pyrimethanil Scala BASF 1.125 5 x 20 m Apples only

sulphur Tripart Imber Tripart 10† 0 Apples only

Headland Sulphur Headland 11 4 0

Sulphur Flowable United Phos 11 0

Tebuconazole Folicur Bayer 0.6 3 BeforeFeb

5m

thiram Unicrop Thianosan DG Unicrop 3.0 kg 7

tolyfluanid Elvaron- Multi Bayer CropScience

2.25 kg 18 kg 7 30 m

vinclozolin Ronilan FL BASF 1.5 2 x Apples only

Barclay Flotilla Barclay 1.5 2 x Apples only

Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise.† = Different maximum rates depending on time of application.x = apply before end of blossom


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 2B Statutory conditions of approval for insecticides used on Top Fruit

INSECTICIDESChemical Product ®

MarketingCompany

Max *SingleDose

MaxNo. ofTreat.

Max *PermittedAnnual Dose

H.I.Days

No-sprayZone Comments

amitraz Mitac-HF Bayer CropScience

3.5 7 14

Bacillusthuringiensis

Dipel – DF Fargro 0.75kg SOLA 2063/04

bifenthrin Talstar Certis 0.60 2 0 50

chlorpyrifos Barclay Clinch 2 Barclay 2.0† 4 (apple) 7 (apple) 14 18

Equity Dow AgroSciences

2.0† 14 18

Lorsban WG Landseer 2.0 14 18

Standon Chlorpyrifos 48 Standon 14 18

Alpha-Chlorpyrifos48EC Makhteshim 2.0† 3 14 18

clofentezine Apollo 50 SC Makhteshim 0.40 1 28

cypermethrin Permasect - C Nufarm Whyte 0.50 x x 18

Toppel 10 United Phos 0.28 x x 18

deltamethrin Decis Bayer CropScience

0.35 in200lwater

0 18

diflubenzuron Dimilin Flo Certis 0.30 3 14 20

fatty acids Savona Koppert Ie/50l 0

fenoxycarb Insegar Syngenta 0.6 kg 2 42 8

Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise.† = Different maximum rates depending on time of application. x = varies with crop and product


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Appendix 2B Statutory conditions of approval for insecticides used on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

INSECTICIDESChemical Product ®

MarketingCompany

Max *SingleDose

MaxNo. ofTreat.


H.I.Days

No-sprayZone Comments

fenpyroximate Sequel Certis 2.0 1 14 40 Apple only

Flonicamid Teppeki Belchim 0.14kg 3 21

lambda-cyhalothrin Hallmark Syngenta 0.09 3 0.27 0 38 Pears only

Methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC Bayer CropScience

0.6 3 14 5m

nicotine Stalwart United Phos. 0.67% 2 Apple only

XL-All Nicotine 95% Vitax 0.67% 2

No-Fid Certis 22l/1000 2 Apple only

pirimicarb Aphox Syngenta 0.42-0.56kg†

3

pyrethrin Pyrethrum Vitax 5l in 500l 40

rotenone FS Liquid Derris Ford Smith 0.125% 1

Spinosad Tracer Landseer 0.15-0.25 4 7 40

tebufenpyrad Masai BASF 0.5 kg 1 7 18

thiacloprid Calypso Bayer CropScience

0.375 2 0.75 14 30 Apple only

Triazamate Aztec BASF 0.5 1.0 28 Apple only

Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise.† = Different maximum rates depending on time of application or crop.** = Dormant season


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 2C Statutory conditions of approval for herbicides used on Top Fruit

HERBICIDESChemical

Product ® Marketing Company - Max *SingleDose

MaxNo. ofTreat.


H.I.Days

No-sprayZone

Timing Guidelines- some may bestatutory - checklabel

amitrole Weedazol-TL Bayer Crop Science 20 Post harvest - endof June

asulam Asulox Bayer Crop Science 4.2 1 April - September

clopyralid Dow-Shield Dow-Agro Science 1 2 2 28 SOLA 2082/00

2, 4-D Depitox Nufarm Whyte 4.2 1 Not during blossom

2,4D+dich.+MCPA+mecoprop-P

Camppex United Phos. 10 2 Not during blossom

dicamba+MCPA+mecop Docklene Super Bayer Crop Science 5.0 Seedling weedstage

dicamba+MCPA+mecop Banlene Super Bayer Crop Science 5.0 Early April - midOctober

dichlobenil Casoron G Certis 145 kg 1 Late Dec mid-March

diquat+paraquat PDQ Syngenta 5.5 Early Nov - end ofApril

diuron Diuron Flo Unicrop 6.4 † 1 Feb-April

fluroxypyr Dow-Starane Dow Agro Science 2 1 2 28 SOLA 2710/00

glufosinate-ammonium Harvest Bayer 5.0 3 7 1/3 - 30/9

glufosinate-ammonium Challenge Bayer 5.0 3 7 1/3 - 30/9

glufosinate-ammonium Challenge 60 Fargro 5.0 3 7 1/3 - 30/9

glufosinate-ammonium Kaspar Certis 5.0 3 7 1/3 - 30/9


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise. † = Different maximum rates depending on time of application.


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 2C Statutory conditions of approval for herbicides used on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

HERBICIDESChemical


MaxNo. ofTreat.


H.I.Days

No-sprayZone


glyphosate Barclay Gallup 360 Barclay 5.0 1 Leaf fall - Greencluster

Glyphogan PBI 5.0 1 Leaf fall - Greencluster

Roundup Monsanto 5.0 1 Leaf fall - Greencluster

Glyfos – Cheminova 5.0 1 Leaf fall - Greencluster

isoxaben Flexidor 125 Dow Agro Science 2.0 1 1st Oct - 1st AprilPre-emerg

oxadiazon Ronstar Liquid Certis 8.0 8.0 January - July

paraquat Total Barclay 5.5

Grammoxone 100 Syngenta 5.5 Early Nov - end ofApril

pendimethalin Stomp 400SC BASF 5.0 1 Autumn - earlyspring

pentanochlor Solan 40 Nufarm Whyte 5.6 2 Post weedemergence

propyzamide Kerb 50W Dow Agro Science 3.4 kg 1 42 Oct 1st - Jan 31st

Kerb - Flo Dow Agro Science 4.25 1 42 Oct 1st - Jan 31st

Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged. Other products may be available.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise. † = Different maximum rates depending on time of application.


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Appendix 2C Statutory conditions of approval for herbicides used on Top Fruit (Cont'd)

HERBICIDESChemical


MaxNo. ofTreat.


H.I.Days

No-sprayZone


simazine Simazine Flo Sipcam 4.5 5 February - March

Gesatop 500FW Syngenta 3.0 3.0 5 February - March

Alpha Sim Makhteshim 3.0 1 5 February - March

sodium monochloroacetate

Atlas Somon Nufarm Whyte 28 kg 1

Croptex Steel Certis 33.5 kg 1

Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise.† = Different maximum rates depending on time of application.


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 2D Statutory conditions of approval for growth regulators for Top Fruit

GROWTHCONTROLChemical

Product ® Marketing Company Max *Single Dose

MaxNo. ofTreat.

Max *Permitted

Annual Dose

H.I.Days

No-sprayZone

Comments

gibberellins Berelex Nufarm Whyte 12 tablets 2 Before petalfall.25% openflow Pear only

Novagib Fine 0.5 2.0 Apples fullapproval. PearsSOLA 2756/01

Regulex Sumitomo 0.5 2.0 Apples fullapproval. PearsSOLA 0653/01

paclobutrazol Cultar Syngenta 1.0 4† 14

prohexadione-calcium Regalis BASF 1.2kg 2.5kg 55

Notes: ® = This column lists registered trademarks. All rights are acknowledged.* = Litres per hectare unless stated otherwise† = Different maximum rates depending on variety or crop


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Appendix 3 BCPC’s chart of conditions which control the use of reduced spray (dilutent) volumes

Use this chart for products without a statutory minimum spray volume. Identify conditions of use and maximum concentration.Follow all statutory conditions.

The italicised boxes below show the conditions in the Code which forbid the use of reduced volume at the recommended dose. In these cases reducedvolume is allowed provided that the concentration of the spray mixture does not exceed the maximum on the label – i.e. maximum dose in minimumvolume. If these conditions do not apply to the product then it may be used at reduced volume at full dose at a spray mix concentration of up to tentimes the label maximum. See non-italic boxes.

Label prohibits reduced volumespraying at the recommended dose

or has a statutary maximumconcentration

Product is classified as VeryToxic, Toxic, Corrosive, Risk of

serious damage to eyes

Label requires use of PPE forprotection against pesticide

diluted to maximum volume rate atthe recommended dose

Other products

Spray volumes may be reduced only if the product dose is reduced in line withspray volumes so as not to exceed the maximum concentration recommendedon the label.

Maximum label concentration of spray at 5 l/ha dose in 200 l/ha spray volume= 2.5% product in water

So at 100 l/ha spray volume, keeping concentration to 2.5%, maximum doseallowed is 2.5 l/ha

or at 70 l/ha spray volume, keeping concentration to 2.5%, maximum doseallowed is 1.75 l/ha

PRODUCT LABEL

Spray volume may be reduced at full dose. The maximum spray concentrationpermitted is 10 times the maximum concentration recommended on the label.

Maximum label concentration of spray at 5 l/ha dose in 200 l/ha spray volume= 2.5% product in water

So product can be used at full 5 l/ha dose down to a spray volume of 20 l/hagiving a spray concentration of 25% product in water

or at spray volume of 10 l/ha the dose must be reduced to 2.5 l/ha to keepspray concentration to 25%

WORKED EXAMPLE WORKED EXAMPLE


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 4 Rot risk assessment record sheet


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Appendix 5 The scoring system for rot risk assessment of the orchard

Criteria Score Definition

Russet, cracking and fruit damage:

Mineral analysis

12345

12345

No fruits affectedSome fruits affectedMore than 1 in 20 fruits affectedMore than 1 in 10 fruits affectedMore than 1 in 5 fruits affected

May plusMarch plusJanuary plusNovember plusNo storage life

Irrigation

Skirt fruit:

Herbicide (and mulch):

0235

012345

012345

No irrigationTrickleSprinkler but not overheadOverhead or rain gun

No fruit below 0.5 mUp to 10% of fruit below 0.5 mUp to 20% of fruit below 0.5 mUp to 30% of fruit below 0.5 mUp to 40% of fruit below 0.5 mOver 40% of fruit below 0.5 m

Complete ground cover in orchardUp to 20% bare earthUp to 40% bare earthUp to 60% bare earthUp to 80% bare earthUp to 100% bare earth

Wet eye rots (on fruit on the tree): 012345

NoneSome observedMore than 1 in 800 fruitsMore than 1 in 400 fruitsMore than 1 in 200 fruitsMore than 1 in 100 fruits

Dry eye rots (on fruit on the tree): 012345

NoneSome observedMore than 1 in 800 fruitsMore than 1 in 400 fruitsMore than 1 in 200 fruitsMore than 1 in 100 fruits


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 5 The scoring system for rot risk assessment of the orchard (Cont’d)

Criteria Score Definition

Phytophthora (on ground under trees): 012345

None observedSome observedUnder up to 1 in 8 treesUnder up to 1 in 4 treesUnder up to 1 in 2 treesUnder most trees

Brown rot (on ground and in the tree)

Canker (both old and young canker ofall types to be included)

012345

012345

None observedSome observedUp to 1 in 8 on ground, 1 in 800 on treeUp to 1 in 4 on ground, or 1 in 400 on treeUp to 1 in 2 on ground, or 1 in 200 on treeMost on ground, or more than 1 in 200 on tree

None observedSome observedUp to 1 in 8 trees affectedUp to 1 in 4 trees affectedUp to 1 in 2 trees affectedMost trees affected

Rain before harvest (during the 7 daysbefore picking by consignment)

012345

NoneUp to 5 mm per weekUp to 10 mm per weekUp to 15 mm per weekUp to 20 mm per weekOver 20 mm per week


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Appendix 6 Orchard rot record master sheet

Orchard.................................... Variety.................................. Main Pollinator...................................

1. ORCHARD ROT HISTORY (PACKHOUSE RECORDS)

Orchard fungi % loss Store fungi % lossYear Brown

RotPhytoph-thora

Nectria Gloeo-sporium

Other Botrytis Penic-illium

Mucor Other % loss due toRots

2. FINAL PRE-HARVEST ORCHARD ASSESSMENT

Year Hail Russet Crack Mulch Phytoph

-thora

Nectria BrownRot

EyeRot

CropLoad

% crop > ½ mfrom ground

3. FRUIT ANALYSIS (Figures in brackets are fruitlet analysis if available)

DateSample

N P K Mg Ca K/Ca Fruitweight

Store Potential

4. PREDICTED STORAGE/ACTUAL STORAGE (from 1 - 3)

Year Rain during Pick Date Predicted Date Graded CommentsJuly Aug Sept Store date


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 7 In store environment recording form

STORE NAME : OPERATING CONDITIONS:TOTAL CAPACITY : TEMP: O2: CO2:BIN SIZE (lbs) : PRESSURE TEST RESULTS:

Orchard name Bins Picking date

Date Days Standard

Start loading: 0

Finish loading: 3

Sealed: 3

Temperature (4°C): 5

Temperature (-1°C): 15

Oxygen %: 10

CO2 %: 10

Monthly Temperature Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Running Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

June

July


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Appendix 8 Stored sample report form

STORED SAMPLE REPORT

Dates Days to AchieveFarm name: Picking date:Store number: Loading date:Orchard: End loading:Variety: Sealed:Tonnes in store: Get Temp:

Get Gas:

Potential storage month: Drenching:Minerals analysis, (mg/100g) Ca: N : P : K : Mg : K/Ca : Size/Wt :Fruit size : Fruit quality :

Colour - G = Green LG = Light Green LY = Light Yellow Y = Yellow

Days after picking

Date

Background colour

Greasiness (0-5)

Shrivel (0-5)

Scald index (%)

Corky core (%)

Bitter pit (%)

Rots (%)

Core flush (%)

Senescence (%)

Low temp BDN (%)

Penetrometer (kg)

Texture

Taints

Overall index

6

Firm (kg)

2Days after sealing store 0 50 100 150 200 250 300Comments/Store breakdown:


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Appendix 9 Fruit penetrometer recording form

FRUIT PENETROMETER READINGS

Orchard.................................... Variety.................................. Main Pollinator...................................

Date

Fruit No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

16

18

19

20

Total

Average


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Appendix 10 Packhouse rot assessment form

PACKHOUSE ASSESSMENT OF ROTS FORM

ORCHARD: DATE:PICKING DATE: DRENCH:STORAGE REGIME: RATE:

Dipped Undipped

# Fruit % # Fruit %

Number of bins

Weight of bins

Total weight fruit

Total weight rots

% Waste

Brown rot

Botrytis

Botrytis (calyx)

Phytophthora

Penicillium

Mucor

Stalk rot

Check rot

Eye rot

Unknown totally rotten

Unknown

Juice

TOTAL NUMBER FRUIT


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 11 Suggested pesticide application record form

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. . .


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Appendix 12 Suggested post-harvest chemical treatment record form

DA

TE

OR

CH

AR

DC

ON

SIG

NM

EN

TPR

OPO

SED

STO

RA

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix 13 Guidelines for minimising pesticide residues in apples

These guidelines have been produced after consultation between crop stakeholders and the AssuredProduce crop author. They will be developed over the coming seasons as knowledge on minimisingresidues develops. Growers should consult with their crop protection adviser to ensure other bestpractices are not compromised before considering these guidelines. The table below lists the activeingredients that may give rise to crop residues and details potential alternative strategies

Active ingredient Target: pest, weed, disease

Current position Suggested guidelines

DPA Scald Residues foundoccasionallybetween LOD andMRL

Use alternative storageregimes and techniques – seeguidelines below.

Carbendazim Storage rotsCanker

Residues foundregularly betweenLOD and MRL

Use cultural and alternativestorage and harvestingtechniques. Use culturalmethods to reduce diseasepressure. Extend harvestinterval. See guidelinesbelow.

Captan Scab Residues foundregularly betweenLOD and MRL

Only apply according todisease risk. Use alternativeproducts. See guidelinesbelow.

Chlorpyrifos Moth, aphid andweevil pests

Residues foundregularly betweenLOD and MRL

Use alternative products. Ifuse is necessary, time spraysearly in season. Seeguidelines below.

Background

PSD Pesticide surveillance of 120 samples showed that 25 had no residues, and of those with residuesonly one pesticide had a range of residues that included readings greater than 50% of the MRL. The mostcommon residues were for the following four products:

• Diphenylamine, a post harvest anti oxidant treatment, only used in the UK on Bramleys for longterm storage, to prevent scald. The risk of scald and usage of the product varies from season toseason.

• Carbendazim, a fungicide used both in the orchard and as a post harvest treatment, for protectionagainst Nectria and Monilinia sp.

• Captan, a fungicide used in the orchard for the prevention of scab.• Chlorpyriphos, an insecticide used in the orchard to control a wide range of insect and caterpillar

pests.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Number of samples and range of residue levels (PSD Survey)

Product UK Imported Range MRLDPA 1 36 0.05-2.6 5.0Carbendazim 7 20 0.06-0.6 2.0Captan 9 15 0.05-0.5 3.0Chlorpyrifos 10 10 0.02-0.2 0.5

Enquiries made within the industry confirm that the four products above do occur most frequently inindependent pesticide monitoring, but that the percentage of samples with no residues was generallyhigher than in the PSD survey, and that the numbers of samples with detectable residues of the listedproducts varied from year to year due to seasonal factors affecting the pest or disease pressure.

Reducing Residue Levels of Target Products

DiphenylamineShort termI-MCP (Smartfresh) offers some control of scald depending on variety, storage regime and length ofstorage.The risk varies from year to year and between different storage regimes. In high risk years fruitwill store for a shorter period before scald symptoms appear.

Growers should access the current risk level calculated each year by East Malling Research, andpublished by the Quality Fruit Group. Only fruit to be stored beyond the risk free period should betreated. If possible growers should adopt low oxygen storage regimes which will further reduce the riskof scald developing, and extend the risk free period.

CarbendazimCarbendazim is used to reduce the incidence and spread of canker (Nectria). This disease affects both thetree and the fruit. Tree canker has become a serious disease in orchards during the last few yearsfollowing a period of mild wet autumns, and damaging early and late frosts. Carbendazim is the onlyfungicide available to UK growers during the growing season with any effect against the disease. Postharvest and dormant season sprays of Folicur and/or copper should be used to reduce overwinteringinoculum and infections. As the spores can be present throughout the year, whenever there are woundspresent on the tree in periods of wet weather the disease can spread. Fruit infections lie dormant untilafter a period of approximately 12 weeks storage, after which a soft rot develops. Post harvest treatmentsare ineffective against this stage of the disease. Carbendazim also controls the fruit rot caused byMonilinia. This rot is the most widespread and prevalent rot affecting stored fruit in the UK.

Short TermThere are alternative products available in the post harvest and in the dormant season against canker inthe orchard. As well as using these and practicing good orchard hygiene, growers should make sure thatcarbendazim sprays are only used to coincide with infection periods and should extend the harvestinterval to minimise fruit residues.

Post harvest fruit chemical treatment alternatives do not exist. Before considering a treatment a full rotrisk assessment should be carried out, and only fruit with a known risk which will be stored for a period


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



longer than 12 weeks should be treated. Trials at East Malling Research have shown that changes toharvest practice can reduce rot levels in store by similar amounts to those achieved with a post harvestfungicide. Growers should train pickers to eliminate all fruit with any skin punctures from the bin, andensure that fruit is not damaged during the harvest process.

In-season sprays of Tolyfluanid can reduce the incidence of Nectria rots.Accurate records of the incidence of rots from each orchard should be kept to both build up a history,and to assess the effectiveness of alternative strategies.

Determine the optimum spray application, method and volume so that the minimum necessary dose ofpesticide is applied which will give control. Methodologies such as the PACE system developed by EastMalling Research and Silsoe Research Institute should be considered.

CaptanCaptan is a broad spectrum fungicide primarily used for the control of apple scab, it will also suppress arange of pathogens including those that cause rots in store.The apple scab risk varies from year to year and when secondary scab infections occur in June and Julyprotectant spray cover may be required right up to the permitted harvest interval in order to keep the fruitfree of infection. Fruit becomes very susceptible to late scab infection as it matures.

Short TermEnsure that all measures are taken to prevent ascospore scab infections in the spring so that summerinfections do not develop. These will include

• Autumn treatments of urea to aid leaf rotting and to reduce scab carry over.• Winter treatments to remove/destroy leaf litter.• Use of disease model information to target spring treatments.• Use of a mixed programme to help reduce the risk of disease resistance.

Orchards should be monitored carefully for the first signs of summer infection and control achieved assoon as possible so that sprays closer to harvest are not required. The harvest interval should be as longas possible.


ChlorpyrifosChlorpyrifos is a broad spectrum insecticide which historically has been used against a wide range ofpests in apple orchards. Recently the introduction of newer insecticides has allowed growers to reducetheir reliance on the material, but for a few pests it remains the only available control measure.

Short TermEnsure that early season control of pests is achieved so that late season applications of Chlorpyrifos arenot required.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________





Use alternative products as detailed in the table below- There are some pests where chlorpyrifos is the only suitable or available control

measure. These include weevil pests and sawfly, Blastobasis and capsids.- For all other pests use the alternative materials

Pest AlternativesMoth Pests: Codling Tortrix W. Moth

Insegar, Runner, Dimilin, Exosex (codlingonly)

Aphid pests: Rosy apple aphid Rosy leaf curling aphid Apple grass aphid

Aphox (warm conditions required)Calypso, TeppekiAztec

Scale Insects Calypso

Sawfly Calypso

The Best Practice Guide for UK Apple Production contains detailed information on the key naturalenemies of a range of pests in apple orchards. Growers should study this and implement the orchardmanagement practices described in order to encourage populations to build up.

Growers should be informed of control measures being used within the organic sector as these mayprovide alternatives that give satisfactory levels of control.

Further Information: Post Harvest FungicidesThe following information should help growers understand the potential rot levels in each orchard. Byfollowing the actions described and carrying out a comprehensive rot-risk assessment it should bepossible to safely withhold treatments of post harvest fungicides and minimise the residues of thesefungicides on fruit.

The rot risk will depend on several factors.

The age of orchard, its design and environment.

Orchards with old or diseased wood in trees with a dense canopy and restricted air flow are at amuch higher risk of rots than young trees grown with an open branch structure allowing plenty oflight and air around the tree. Similarly where the soil structure is poor, the ground oftenwaterlogged or the orchard surrounded by dense woodland, creating a damp and stagnantenvironment rot levels are likely to be higher.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Rots caused by Phytophthora sp being soil borne are a greater risk in orchards where a highpercentage of the fruit is within 50cm of the soil.

The nutrition of the fruit

Nutrient Levels

Fruit with very high or very low levels of Nitrogen and Potassium is more prone to rotting thanfruit with levels within the optimum range. Fruit that has high levels of phosphorus and calciumwill be more resistant to rotting provided Nitrogen and Potassium are optimal.

Fruit grown in shade will tend to have poorer nutrient status and lower resistance to rotting.

Historic rot levels

The historic level of rotting is an essential element of an accurate rot risk assessment. Ideally thepercentage incidence of each rot should be recorded every year. Together with the picking date,grading date, storage regime, mineral analysis and post harvest treatments this information isinvaluable in both an analysis of why problems occurred and in planning future strategies.

Seasonal weather factors

The level of rot will depend on• the amount of inoculum present• the weather conditions at key stages in the crop development• the presence of wounds or damage to allow entry of the disease.

A thorough understanding of the life cycle of each disease is not necessary as there are goodsources of information on current disease pressure from advisory groups and the Quality FruitGroup Newsletters. Disease models such as Nectem are being developed and will add to theinformation pool.

Orchard Management

As well as the orchard age and design (see above) there are many management practices that canreduce the risk of rotting.

These include• Removal of diseased wood and mummified fruits during winter and summer pruning• Application of a mulch to reduce rain splash onto low fruit• Avoiding overhead irrigation• Application of orchard fungicide programme targeted against specific known rot risks.• Maintaining optimum nutrient status• Creating an open and airy tree and orchard environment• Thinning to avoid bunches of fruit which can attract damaging pests eg tortrix,

blastobasis; and grazing by earwigs.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




• Maintaining good pest control programmes to avoid fruit damage.

Harvesting techniques

An obvious way to reduce rotting is to eliminate all fruit with a potential to rot from going intostore. Trials at East Malling Research have shown that careful picking can be more effective atreducing rotting than ‘normal’ picking followed by a fungicide treatment.

Harvest staff should be trained to avoid putting fruit with the following defects into bins forstorage.

• Any puncture damage to the skin eg bird pecks or insect damage.• Torn stalks where the skin is damaged.• Latent infection eg eye rot.• Fruit on low branches which has been rain splashed.

Picking within the correct harvest period is essential. Late picking will lead to a significantincrease in rot levels. Follow the Quality Fruit Group guidelines.

Avoid mud splash onto fruit and bins during transport to store.

Storage ConditionsGenerally the more severe the CA conditions the lower the potential for rots to develop. In Coxrot levels tend to be lower in ULO regimes and in Bramleys the high CO2 regime (8-10%) giveslower rot levels than 5:1.

Remove field heat and establish CA within best practice guidelines.

Grower Confidence

For many years growers have relied on post harvest treatments to achieve good control of rottingin store. There are still vivid memories of serious losses in store due to Phytophthora sp and/orGloeosporium sp before these treatments became available and an understandable reluctance tocommit very valuable consignments of fruit to new techniques.

There is increasing evidence that fruit from well managed and harvested orchards can be storedfor up to 3 months without fungicide treatment and rot levels remain acceptably low. Wheregrowers have not got first hand experience of this it is suggested that one or two bins in everystore are left untreated.

Action plan

• Minimise orchard conditions for fruit rots- Prune to form open light, trees with good air movement- Optimise fruit mineral content- Apply mulches


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



- Avoid overhead irrigation

• Eliminate at-risk fruit at harvest

• Apply targeted fungicide sprays during the season according to orchard susceptibilityand climatic factors.

• Collect detailed data of rot levels from treated and untreated fruit

• Harvest fruit as carefully as possible

• Carry out a full rot risk assessment

• Only apply post harvest fungicides to long term stored fruit which has a genuine riskof rotting.


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Appendix 14 Guidelines for minimising pesticide residues in pears

These guidelines have been produced after consultation between crop stakeholders and the AssuredProduce crop author. They will be developed over the coming seasons as knowledge on minimisingresidues develops. Growers should consult with their crop protection adviser to ensure other bestpractices are not compromised before considering these guidelines. The table below lists the activeingredients that may give rise to crop residues and details potential alternative strategies.

Active ingredient Target: pest, weed, disease

Current position Suggested guidelines

Captan Scab Residues regularlyfound betweenLOD and MRL

Only apply according todisease risk, use alternativeproducts. See guidelinesbelow.

Carbendazim Canker Residues foundoccasionallybetween LOD andMRL

Use cultural methods toreduce disease pressure,extend harvest interval. Seeguidelines below.

Chlorpyrifos Moth, aphid andweevil pests

Residues regularlyfound betweenLOD and MRL

Use alternative products. Ifuse is necessary, time spraysearly in season. Seeguidelines below.

Iprodione Storage rots Residues regularlyfound betweenLOD and MRL

Reduce infection withtargeted fungicides duringblossom period. Reduce fruitdamage at harvest andeliminate damaged fruit fromstore. No alternative postharvest treatments areavailable at present. Seeguidelines below.

BackgroundPSD Pesticide surveillance of 89 samples (86 foreign 1 UK and 2 unknown) showed that 33 had noresidues. The most common residues were for the following four products.

• Cycocel, a growth regulator which until recent changes in the MRL, was widely used incontinental Europe. The product has never been registered for use on Pears in the UK.

• Tolyfulanid, a fungicide widely used in continental Europe and registered in the UK duringthe summer of 2003.

• Carbendazim, a fungicide used in the orchard against nectria canker and other fungalpathogens.

Enquiries made within the industry confirm that in independent testing, when residues were detectedthey were all well below the MRL and the majority were the range of 1-5% of the MRL.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Where detectable residues were found the most common products were

• Captan, a fungicide used in the orchard for the prevention of scab.• Chlorpyrifos, an insecticide used in the orchard to control a wide range of pests including

aphids and caterpillars.• Iprodione, a post harvest treatment for the control of wastage from storage rots caused by

Botrytis.

Reducing Residue Levels of Target Products

CarbendazimCarbendazim is used to reduce the incidence and spread of canker (Nectria). This disease affects both thetree and the fruit. Tree canker has become a serious disease in orchards during the last few yearsfollowing a period of mild wet autumns, and damaging early and late frosts. Carbendazim is the onlyfungicide available to UK growers during the growing season with any effect against the disease. Postharvest and dormant season sprays of Folicur and/or copper should be used to reduce overwinteringinoculum and infections. As the spores can be present throughout the year, whenever there are woundspresent on the tree in periods of wet weather the disease can spread. Fruit infections lie dormant untilafter a period of approximately 12 weeks storage, after which a soft rot develops. Post harvest treatmentsonly give partial control against this stage of the disease. Carbendazim also controls the fruit rot causedby Monilinia.

Short TermThere are alternative products available post harvest and in the dormant season against canker in theorchard. As well as using these and practicing good orchard hygiene, growers should make sure thatsprays are targeted to coincide with infection periods and should extend the harvest interval to minimisefruit residues.

Post harvest fruit chemical treatment alternatives do not exist. Before considering a treatment a full rotrisk assessment should be carried out, and only fruit with a known risk which will be stored for a periodlonger than 12 weeks should be treated. Trials at East Malling Research have shown that changes toharvest practice can reduce rot levels in store by similar amounts to those achieved with a post harvestfungicide. Growers should train pickers to eliminate all fruit with any skin punctures from the bin, andensure that fruit is not damaged during the harvest process.

In-season sprays of Tolyfluanid can reduce the incidence of nectria rots.Accurate records of the incidence of rots from each orchard should be kept to both build up a history,and to assess the effectiveness of alternative strategies.

During winter pruning all mummified fruits and wood cankers should be removed in order to reduce thepotential infection from Monilinia.



______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




CaptanCaptan is a broad spectrum fungicide primarily used for the control of pear scab, it will also suppress arange of pathogens including those that cause rots in store.The pear scab risk varies from year to year and when secondary scab infections occur in June and Julyprotectant spray cover may be required right up to the permitted harvest interval in order to keep the fruitfree of infection. Fruit becomes very susceptible to late scab infection as it matures. The incidence ofwood scab is often greater in pears than in apples and where this conidial infection occurs preventivemeasures are necessary throughout the summer.

Short TermEnsure that all measures are taken to prevent ascospore scab infections in the spring so that summerinfections do not develop. These will include

• Autumn treatments of urea to aid leaf rotting and to reduce scab carry over.• Winter treatments to remove/destroy leaf litter, and prune out wood infected by scab.• Use of disease model information to target spring treatments.• Use of a mixed programme to help reduce the risk of disease resistance.

Orchards should be monitored carefully for the first signs of summer infection and control achieved assoon as possible so that sprays closer to harvest are not required. The harvest interval should be as longas possible.


ChlorpyrifosChlorpyrifos is a broad spectrum insecticide which historically has been used against a wide range ofpests in pear orchards. Recently the introduction of newer insecticides has allowed growers to reducetheir reliance on the material, but for a few pests it remains the only available control measure.

Short TermEnsure that early season control of pests is achieved so that late season applications of Chlorpyrifos arenot required.


Use alternative products as detailed in the table below

- There are some pests where chlorpyrifos is the only suitable or available controlmeasure. These include weevil pests and capsids. Treatments of Chlorphyrifosfor these pests should be applied as early in the season as is possible.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



- For all other pests use the alternative materials

Pest AlternativesMoth Pests Codling Tortrix

Insegar, Runner, Dimilin, Exosex (codlingonly)

Aphidpests Pear bedstraw aphid Pear coltsfoot aphid Black bean aphid

Aphox (warm conditions required)Calypso, Teppeki

The Best Practice Guide for UK Pear Production contains a wealth of information on the identification,potential uses and how to conserve predatory insects in pear orchards. Growers should study andimplement the measures described.

IprodioneShort termCurrently there are no alternative post-harvest treatments for the control of storage rots caused byBotrytis cinerea. The demand for UK produced pears has increased in recent years and the marketingperiod has extended resulting in more pears being stored for longer periods.

Botrytis infection occurs

• At blossom time due to transfer of infections on dead or dying flower parts to the developingfruit

• At harvest from entry into damaged fruits.

There are no cultural controls to the blossom infections but the use of Tolyfluanid may offer somecontrol of the disease.

Infection levels can be significantly reduced by careful handling of the fruit at harvest to eliminatedamaged fruit from going into store. In practice it is very difficult to avoid low levels of damage as thepears skin is much more delicate that apples and punctures caused by stalks are relatively common.

Other causes of damage to fruit should be reduced, these include pest holes, good handling of full bins,and use of good quality clean bins.

The use of fungicides such as Captan and Tolyfluanid pre harvest may result in a reduction of Botrytisinfection but as the most common point of entry for the disease is through damage at harvest thesetreatments will not be as effective as a post-harvest treatment, and may also result in detectable residues.

Although Botrytis is an ubiquitous disease growers should aim to manage their orchards so that goodorchard hygiene reduces the sources of inoculum and the tree canopy is kept open to reduce the humidityin the microclimate.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




Growers must carry out an accurate rot risk assessment. Only fruit to be stored for more than 16 weeksshould be treated.

Advice and guidance in the UK Best Practice Guide and AP protocol should be followed.

Tolyfluanid

Residues of this product have been detected on foreign fruit. 2004 will be the first full season of itsavailability to UK growers. The level of residues from its use in the UK is therefore unknown.

Except in orchards of known high risk of storage rots due to Nectria and or botrytis the harvest intervalshould be as long as possible in order to reduce the possibility of residues occurring.


Further Information: Post Harvest Fungicides

The following information should help growers understand the potential rot levels in each orchard. Byfollowing the actions described and carrying out a comprehensive rot-risk assessment it should bepossible to safely withhold treatments of post harvest fungicides and minimise the residues of thesefungicides on fruit.

The rot risk will depend on several factors.

The age of orchard, its design and environment.

Orchards with old or diseased wood in trees with a dense canopy and restricted air flow are at amuch higher risk of rots than young trees grown with an open branch structure allowing plenty oflight and air around the tree. Similarly where the soil structure is poor, the ground oftenwaterlogged or the orchard surrounded by dense woodland, creating a damp and stagnantenvironment rot levels are likely to be higher.

Rots caused by Phytophthora sp being soil borne are a greater risk in orchards where a highpercentage of the fruit is within 50cm of the soil.

The nutrition of the fruit

Nutrient LevelsFruit with very high or very low levels of Nitrogen and Potassium is more prone to rotting thanfruit with levels within the optimum range. Fruit that has high levels of phosphorus and calciumwill be more resistant to rotting provided Nitrogen and Potassium are optimal.

Fruit grown in shade will tend to have poorer nutrient status and lower resistance to rotting.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Historic rot levels

The historic level of rotting is an essential element of an accurate rot risk assessment. Ideally thepercentage incidence of each rot should be recorded every year. Together with the picking date,grading date, storage regime, mineral analysis and post harvest treatments this information isinvaluable in both an analysis of why problems occurred and in planning future strategies.

Seasonal weather factors

The level of rot will depend on• the amount of inoculum present• the weather conditions at key stages in the crop development• the presence of wounds or damage to allow entry of the disease.

A thorough understanding of the life cycle of each disease is not necessary as there are goodsources of information on current disease pressure from advisory groups and the Quality FruitGroup Newsletters. Disease models such as Nectem are being developed and will add to theinformation pool.

Orchard Management

As well as the orchard age and design (see above) there are many management practices that canreduce the risk of rotting.

These include• Removal of diseased wood and mummified fruits during winter and summer pruning• Application of a mulch to reduce rain splash onto low fruit• Avoiding overhead irrigation• Application of orchard fungicide programme targeted against specific known rot risks.• Maintaining optimum nutrient status• Creating an open and airy tree and orchard environment• Thinning to avoid bunches of fruit which can attract damaging pests eg tortrix,

blastobasis; and grazing by earwigs.• Maintaining good pest control programmes to avoid fruit damage.

Harvesting techniques

An obvious way to reduce rotting is to eliminate all fruit with a potential to rot from going intostore. Trials at East Malling Research have shown that careful picking can be more effective atreducing rotting than ‘normal’ picking followed by a fungicide treatment.

Harvest staff should be trained to avoid putting fruit with the following defects into bins forstorage.

• Any puncture damage to the skin e.g. bird pecks or insect damage.


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




• Torn stalks where the skin is damaged.• Latent infection eg eye rot.• Fruit on low branches which has been rain splashed.

Picking within the correct harvest period is essential. Late picking will lead to a significantincrease in rot levels. Follow the Quality Fruit Group guidelines.

Avoid mud splash onto fruit and bins during transport to store.

Storage ConditionsGenerally the more severe the CA conditions the lower the potential for rots to develop. In Coxrot levels tend to be lower in ULO regimes and in Bramleys the high CO2 regime (8-10%) giveslower rot levels than 5:1.

Remove field heat and establish CA within best practice guidelines.

Grower ConfidenceFor many years growers have relied on post harvest treatments to achieve good control of rottingin store. There are still vivid memories of serious losses in store due to Phytophthora sp and/orGloeosporium sp before these treatments became available and an understandable reluctance tocommit very valuable consignments of fruit to new techniques.

There is increasing evidence that fruit from well managed and harvested orchards can be storedfor up to 3 months without fungicide treatment and rot levels remain acceptably low. Wheregrowers have not got first hand experience of this it is suggested that one or two bins in everystore are left untreated.

Action plan• Minimise orchard conditions for fruit rots

- Prune to form open light, trees with good air movement- Optimise fruit mineral content- Apply mulches- Avoid overhead irrigation

• Eliminate at-risk fruit at harvest• Apply targeted fungicide sprays during the season according to orchard susceptibility

and climatic factors.• Collect detailed data of rot levels from treated and untreated fruit• Harvest fruit as carefully as possible• Carry out a full rot risk assessment• Only apply post harvest fungicides to long term stored fruit which has a genuine risk

of rotting.


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Appendix 15 Control Points: Fruit ( Top Fruit)

CS.29 FRUIT (TOP FRUIT) Score

CS.29.1 Are all orchards adequately protected by windbreaks / hedgesto ensure a good microclimate in the orchard and minimisespray drift - Protocol reference: Section 4

1

CS.29.2 Can you demonstrate that you consider the potential level offruit rot in each orchard when you decide on the need for apost-harvest fungicide treatment –Protocol reference: Section 9.4.3

1

CS.29.3 Do you undertake husbandry and/or management practicesdesigned to reduce the risk of rotting in store –Protocol reference: Section 9.4.1

1

CS.29.4 Do you implement a satisfactory method of monitoring thefruit during the storage period –Protocol reference: Section 9.5.2

1

CS.29.5 Do you undertake leaf / fruit mineral analysis to provide abasis to assess the suitability of fruit for storage –Protocol reference: Section 9.4.6

1

Documents

Including Apples and Pears