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GBV trend analysis 2015 Incident reporting by 30 local associations to INTERSOS – UNFPA for 8 governorates: Aden, Lahj,

Abyan, Shabwa, Al Dhalea, Amran, Sada'a and Hajja December 2015

0. Introduction

GBV is applied as an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will, and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females. The present analysis recognizes 6 main typologies GBV: rape, sexual assault, physical assault, forced marriage, denial of resources/opportunities or services and psychological abuse.

The present report is based on the GBV data collection covering the period from January 2015 till December 2015. All the data used in this report has been extracted from the GBV IMS incident recorder and GBV intake forms which have been filled by local associations partnering with INTERSOS in 2015 in the framework of the UNFPA funded project entitled ‘Provision of prompt assistance to GBV victims and strengthening the capacity of local association for a comprehensive GBV response in Yemen’, implemented in 8 governorates in Yemen: Aden, Lahj, Abyan, Shabwa, Al Dhalea, Amran, Sada'a and Hajja.The data presented here only shows incidents reported to INTERSOS during 2015 and does not pretend to give a full picture on GBV for Yemen in 2015. For 2015 it is important to take into consideration the overall context of the country. Open conflict erupted in March 2015 in Yemen as part of a deeply entrenched power struggle between different parties, combined with the intervention of a KSA-led foreign coalition.

1 This chain of events has brought a

humanitarian disaster upon Yemen. According to UNOCHA, over 82% (21.2 million) of Yemenis cannot meet basic needs such as food, water, and medical supplies). Six months of conflict have taken a very high toll on civilians’ lives and violation of basic rights. Since 26 March, health facilities have reported more than 32,200 casualties – many of them civilians. In the same period, OHCHR has verified 8,875 reports of human rights violations – an average of 43 violations every day. Verified incidents of child death or injury from March to September are almost five times higher than the total number of cases registered during 2014. Meanwhile the collapse of basic services in Yemen continues to accelerate. Partners estimate that 14.1 million people lack sufficient access to healthcare; 3 million children and pregnant or lactating women require malnutrition treatment or preventive services; and 1.8 million children have been out of school since mid-March. Solid waste removal has come to a halt in several areas. Service availability is rapidly contracting due to direct impact of conflict and insufficient resources to pay salaries or maintain services. 2.3 million are currently displaced within Yemen – about half of whom are in Aden, Taiz, Hajja and Al-Dhale’a governorates – and an additional 121,000 have fled the country. About 2.7 million people now require support to secure shelter or essential household supplies, including IDPs and vulnerable host families. IDPs are currently sheltering in 260 schools, preventing access to education for 13,000 children.

2

Also INTERSOS conducted in November-December a thematic assessment, looking into physical assault. Through the thematic assessment important information was revealed by survivors, communities and local associations when discussing perceptions and trends related to GBV and physical assault more specifically. These findings are also integrated in this trend analysis report.

1 Amidst the confusion and vanished institutions, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Islamic State

(IS) affiliate in the region strengthened their foothold in this corner of the Middle East. 2 Humanitarian Needs Overview Yemen 2016,

http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2016_HNO_English_%20FINAL.pdf

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1. Main findings A total of 1.608 incidents were registered during 2015: 4% rape, 6% sexual assault, 31% physical assault, 5% forced marriage, 24% denial of resources, and 30% psychological and emotional abuse; 17% of the reported cases involved survivors of below 18 years; 12% males and 88% females; 11% of the survivors of rape were minors below the age of 9. Comparing against 2014 figures:

- In Abyan physical violence increased 8% and sexual violence increased 2%. - In Aden there was a 16% decrease in physical violence, and 3% increase in denial of resources. - In Shabwa there was a 19% increase in physical assault. - In Lahj there was a 9% increase in denial of resources, 1% increase in physical assault, and 20%

increase psychological and emotional abuse. - In Amran, there was a 9% increase in physical assault, 10 % decrease in forced marriages, 34%

decrease in denial of resources and opportunities and 32% increase in psychological and emotional abuse.

- In Hajja rape cases decreased to 5%, sexual assault increased 2%, physical assault increased 2%, forced marriage decreased 6%, denial of resource decreased 2% and psychological and emotional abuse increased 8%.

70% of the survivors were Yemen nationals, 11% were stateless or people without papers, and 9% IDP and returnees respectively, and only 1% refugees or migrants. 29% of the perpetrators were intimate partners, 11% primary care giver, 18% family members and 19% are unknown perpetrators. All the perpetrators were Yemeni except one Ethiopian. 49% of the survivors were married. 33% single and 9% widowed and divorced. 69% of the incidents occurred in the host communities or in people’s homes, while 13% of the incidents occurred in unknown places. 10% cases happened post displacement. 70% of the survivors were self-referrals or received referral at first point entry: 4% from health and 6% from psychosocial services. Only 12% of reported cases were referred to other services, mainly to the health sector (65%).14% of the cases were referred shelter, 9% of the cases referred to legal sector, 6% of the cases were referred to security and 6% of the cases to livelihood programs. The reported timing of the incidents: 24% of the incidents happened in the mornings and 20% of the cases in the afternoon followed by 13% cases in the evening or night, for the remainder 42% the timing was unknown.

2. Overview GBV Incidents According to the 2015 GBV IMS, physical assault was the most common typology reported. In order to analyse this typology in the current context of Yemen, INTERSOS carried out a thematic assessment on physical assault in Sada’a, Amran, Hajjah, Aden, Lahj, Abyan, Shabwa and Ad Dhala. General overview of the cases:

Type Of Violence Total

Rape 58

Sexual Assault 96

Physical Assault 505

Forced Marriage 85

Denial of Resources 378

Psychosocial /Emotional abuse 486

Total 1608

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In 2015, INTERSOS registered 1.608 GBV incidents: 804 cases in North and 804 cases in South. The graphs shows that 31% of the cases were physical assault followed 30% of psychosocial abuse, 23% of cases of denial of resources, 5% forced marriage, 7% sexual assault and 4% rape.

These included 281 children/minors and 1.327 adults. 88% or 1.412 females and 12% or 196 males.

12%

88%

Male Female

Rape 4%

Sexual Assault 7%

Physical Assault

31%

Forced Marriage

5%

Denial of Resources

23%

Psychosocial /Emotional

abuse 30%

Chart Title

17%

83%

Minors Adults

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3. GBV Type and Age Group overview:

GBV Typology

Age Group

Total <10yrs 10 to 19 yrs

20 to 29 yrs

30 to 39 yrs

40 to 49 yrs

50 to 59 yrs >60 yrs

Denial of Resources, Opportunities or Services

Count 8 54 108 103 64 33 8 378

% within GBV TYPE 2.1% 14.3% 28.6% 27.2% 16.9% 8.7% 2.1% 100.0%

% within Age Group 16.0% 17.1% 23.0% 22.7% 29.6% 41.3% 33.3% 23.5%

Forced Marriage

Count 1 68 13 3 0 0 0 85

% within GBV TYPE 1.2% 80.0% 15.3% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

% within Age Group 2.0% 21.6% 2.8% .7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.3%

Physical Assault

Count 17 84 149 155 78 16 6 505

% within GBV TYPE 3.4% 16.6% 29.5% 30.7% 15.4% 3.2% 1.2% 100.0%

% within Age Group 34.0% 26.7% 31.7% 34.2% 36.1% 20.0% 25.0% 31.4%

Psychological / Emotional Abuse

Count 8 60 153 159 66 29 10 485

% within GBV TYPE 1.6% 12.4% 31.5% 32.8% 13.6% 6.0% 2.1% 100.0%

% within Age Group 16.0% 19.0% 32.6% 35.1% 30.6% 36.3% 41.7% 30.2%

Rape Count 6 21 19 11 1 0 0 58

% within GBV TYPE 10.3% 36.2% 32.8% 19.0% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

% within Age Group 12.0% 6.7% 4.0% 2.4% .5% 0.0% 0.0% 3.6%

Sexual Assault Count 10 28 27 22 7 2 0 96

% within GBV TYPE 10.4% 29.2% 28.1% 22.9% 7.3% 2.1% 0.0% 100.0%

% within Age Group 20.0% 8.9% 5.7% 4.9% 3.2% 2.5% 0.0% 6.0%

TOTAL Count 50 315 470 453 216 80 24 1608

% within GBV TYPE 3.1% 19.6% 29.2% 28.2% 13.4% 5.0% 1.5% 100.0%

% within Age Group 100.0% 100.0% 100% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

As shown in the table above the total number of cases of denial of resources was 378 cases. This includes 2% girls below 10 years. The majority of the cases are between 20 and 39 years old – in total good for 56% of the cases. The total cases recorded for forced marriages are 85 cases. These included 80% cases with age ranges between 10 to 19 years old. 15% of the cases age range between 20 to 29 years old and only 4% of the cases age range between 30 to 39%. Also there was 1 case of girls of less than 10 years reported as forced marriage. During the reporting period 505 cases of physical assault were registered. These include 60% between 10 and 29 years and 31% of the cases age range between 30 to 39 years. The total number of psychological/emotional abuse cases is 485, this included 12.4% from 10 to 19 years old, 31.5% of the cases from 20 to 29 years old. 33% of the cases age range between 30 to 39 years old and 14% of the cases age ranges from 40 to 49 years. The total of rape incidents reported was 58. This included 10% of children younger than 10 years. 36% of the cases age ranged from 10 to 19%. 33% of the cases age range from 20 to 29 years and 19% of the age ranged between 30 to 39 years. 96 cases of sexual assault were reported during the reporting time. These including 10% of the cases up to the age of 9 years, 55% of the cases age range between 10 and 30 years old and 23% of the cases age range between 30 to 39%.

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Physical assault and psychological/emotional abuse are the most frequent incurring and reported incidents, followed by denial of resources. It is possible that these typologies hold less stigma and therefore are easier reported, while forced marriage, rape and sexual assault are not so easily reported or exposed.

4. Disability status of the survivors: As shown in the table out of 1.608 cases registered, only 11 had a mental disability and 8 cases were reported with a physical disability.

Disability No. Percentage

Mental Disability 11 7%

Physical Disability 8 5%

Total 19 15%

5. Time of Incidents:

24% of the reported incidents happened in the mornings and 20% of the cases in the afternoon followed by 13% cases in the evening or night. The table shows that 42% of the cases did not provide specificities about the timing on when the incident took place.

Time of Incident No. Percentage

Afternoon 326 20%

Evening / Night 210 13%

Morning 396 25%

Unknown 676 42

Total 1.608 100%

6. Civil Status/ Marital status of the survivors: The table shows that 49% of the cases were married, 33% were single and 9% were divorced and widowed.

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Divorced / Separated 139 9%

Married / Cohabitating 788 49%

Single 537 33%

Widowed 144 9%

Total 1.608 100%

7. Time of incidents status:

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As shown in the graph 69% (1110 cases) took place in homes. 13% (211) of the cases the status was unknown. 10% (156) cases happened post displacement.

8. Referral of survivors: Referral in: INTERSOS partners associations received 1608 cases. 1127 cases were self-referred or referred at first point of contact. The table and graph shows the case referral from different actors.

It is important to see that referrals from the police or other security sector actors are 0% - only 4 cases. As mentioned in the graph 71% of the survivors were self-referral or upon first time contact. Referral out: INTERSOS partner associations referred 196 cases to other sectors. The table below shows the number and percentage of the cases referred to other service providers. 65% of the cases were referred to health and medical services. 14% of these cases were referred to shelter, 9% of these cases referred to legal sector, 6% of these cases referred to security and 6% of the cases to livelihood programs.

2% 4% 0%

69%

10% 2%

13%

Incident status of cases During Flight

During Refuge

During Return / Transit

Not Displaced / HomeCommunity

Post-Displacement

Pre-Displacement

Unknown

4.0% 6.0%

0.2%

0.5%

5.0%

0.6% 0.3%

0.0%

5.0%

0.2%

8.3%

70.0%

Referred from

Health

PSS

Police r

Legal

Livelihoods

Teacher / School Official

Survivors Referred in from Total

Health 62

PSS 94

Police 4

Legal 8

Livelihoods 83

Teacher / Schools 10

Community 5

Safe house 0

NGOs 78

Other Government Service 4

Other 133

Self-Referral 1127

Total Cases 1608

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The graph shows the numbers of survivors referred to other services (referral out):

9. Relationship between the survivor and perpetrator: Most of the perpetrators (29%) were either intimate partners or former partners. 19% of the perpetrators were unknown and 18% were family members other than care givers. 10% of the perpetrators were the primary caregivers. The table further briefs the numbers of perpetrators in both north and south and overall percentage of the perpetrators.

Relationship between cases and perpetrators North South Percentage

Intimate Partner/Former Partner 322 148 29%

Primary Caregiver 73 89 11%

Family other than spouse or caregiver 209 87 18%

Supervisor/Employer 15 1 1.00%

Schoolmate 2 0 0.12%

Teacher/School Official 3 1 0.25%

Service Provider 3 2 0.31%

Cotenant/Housemate 0 0 0.00%

Family Friend/Neighbour 20 11 2 %

Other refugee/IDP/Returnee 3 0 0.19%

Other Resident community member 20 11 2 %

Other 18 121 9 %

No relation 83 54 9%

Unknown 33 279 19%

Total Cases 1608 100%

10. Status of survivors: As briefed in the graph 70% of the survivors were residents of Yemen (Yemen nationals). No single survivor was a foreign national. Stateless or persons without documentation were 11%, IDPs 9%, and refugees just 1 percent of the total survivors.

27

128

18 12 11

196

ShelterHealth/ MedicalLegalSecurityLivelihoodTotal

Referred to other Sectors

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11. Nationality of the perpetrators: All of the perpetrators were Yemeni nationals except one Ethiopian. The nationality of only 4 perpetrators was unknown.

12. Occupation of the perpetrators:

The table shows that 25% of the perpetrators were unknown. 24% of the perpetrators were others. It is interesting to note that 2.5% of the reported perpetrators were health workers (40 incidents). 14% of the perpetrators were unemployed. Note also the relatively high percentage of farmers and civil servants being the perpetrators. Army and NSA/rebels/militia are also in the list but with lower numbers (about 4% each).

Perpetrators Frequency Percentage

Army 59 3.7%

Camp or Community Leader 2 0.1%

Civil Servant 158 9.8%

Community Volunteer 3 0.2%

Driver 8 0.5%

Farmer 142 8.8%

Health Worker 40 2.5%

I/NGO Staff 4 0.2%

Non-State Armed Actor/ Rebel/ Militia 58 3.6%

Other 389 24.2%

Police 21 1.3%

Religious Leader 2 0.1%

Student 37 2.3%

Teacher 31 1.9%

Trader / Business Owner 27 1.7%

Unemployed 229 14.2%

Unknown 397 24.7%

Total 1.608 100%

Resident 70%

Returnee 9%

IDP 9%

Refugee 1%

Foreign National 0%

Asylum Seeker 0%

Stateless Person 11%

STATUS OF SURVIVORS

Resident

Returnee

IDP

Refugee

Foreign National

Asylum Seeker

Stateless Person

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13. Consolidated trend analysis and key patterns: General Comparison of the data of 2014 and 2015 – see annex The graphic demonstrates an overall increase of GBV reported incidents in 2015, compared to 2014.

GBV situation in each governorate: Abyan: A total of 345 cases were registered in Abyan in 2015. 45% of the cases were physical assault (including 23 cases of children), 20% cases of denial of resources, 14% of cases of psychological and emotional violence and 11% cases of sexual assault including 12 cases of children. All the cases were provided with psycho-social counselling. 34 cases were referred to other actors. These included 7 cases to shelter, 10 cases to medical, 6 cases to legal and security respectively and 5 cases to livelihood programs. In comparison with 2014 347 cases were reported .These included 25% of cases of denial of resources, 37% cases of physical assault and 16% cases of psychological violence, 9% of sexual assault in 2014. The comparison shows that there was a slight increase in reported cases: 8% for physical assault and 2% for sexual assault. GBV situation in Aden: There were 31% cases of physical assault and 31% denial of resources respectively. 15% psychological violence, 6% rape including 3 cases of children and 9% cases of sexual assault including 5 children. 98% of these cases were host community and 2% of the cases were refugees. In comparison to 2014, when 47% of the cases were physical assault, 28% of the cases were denial of resources and 15% of the cases were of psychological and emotional abuse. A decrease in the cases of physical assault is noted by 16% in 2015. While denial of resources increased with 3%. All the cases were provided with psychosocial support. 15 cases were referred out to other services. These included 10 cases to shelter, 2 cases to medical, 1 case to security and 2 cases to livelihood. Ad-Dahala: In Ad-Dhala the total cases reported were 59. 47 cases happened in the home or host communities. 10 cases happened in the refugee community and 1 case happened in pre and 1 post displacement respectively. All the cases were provided with psychosocial support. 6 cases were referred to other services. These included 4 cases to medical services and one case to security and legal sector respectively. In 2014 48 cases were registered.

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Shabwa: A total of 71 cases were registered in Shabwa for the reporting period. These included 69 females and 2 males. 56% of the cases were physical assault. 90% of the cases occurred in host communities. All the cases were provided with psycho-social support. Only 4 cases were referred out to legal and security actors respectively. In 2014 in Shabwa 51 cases were reported. 37% of the cases were physical assault. It shows an increase of 19% compared to 2014 Lahj: A total of 165 cases were reported in Lahj in 2015. 34% of the cases were denial of resources, 35% of physical assault and 27% psychological abuse. 65% of these cases occurred in refugee communities affecting only females, 33% of these cases occurred in host communities and only 4 cases occurred post displacement. All the cases were provided with psycho-social support. 33 cases were referred out to other actors. These included 30 cases to medical actors and 3 cases to legal service providers. In 2014, 107 cases were reported in Lahj. These included rape 14%, sexual assault 7%, physical assault 34%, denial of resources 25% and psychological or emotional abuse 17%. This shows an increase of 1% in physical assault and 10% increase in psychological abuse. Amran: A total of 142 cases were reported in Amran. These included: 36 cases of physical assault (25%), 6 cases (4%) of forced marriages, 22 cases (15%) of denial of resources and 78 cases (55%) of psychological and emotional abuse. All these cases were provided with psychosocial support. None of the cases were referred out. 65% of these cases occurred in host community. 6% of these cases occurred in flight, 4% in post displacement and 24% at an unknown time. In 2014, when the reported total cases were 70, including physical assault 14%, forced marriage 14%, denial of resources 49% and psychological and emotional abuse 23%. Hajja: In Hajja in 2015, 551 cases were reported. These included 30 cases of rape (6%), 28 cases of sexual assault (5%), 129 cases of physical assault (23%), 25 cases of forced marriages (5%), 154 cases of denial of resources (27%) and 185 cases of psychological and emotional abuse (34%). 62% of these cases occurred in host communities. 30% of these cases occurred in unknown location. 4% of these cases occurred during flight and only 1 % in the refugee community. All 551 cases were provided with psycho-social support and case management. None of the case was referred to other actors. In 2014, 331 cases were registered in Hajja. These included 35 cases of rape (11%), 10 cases of sexual assault (3%), 70 cases of physical assault (21%), 37 cases of forced marriages (11%), 93 cases of denial of resources (29%) and 86 cases of psychological emotional abuse (26%). Sada’a: In 2015 111 cases of GBV were reported in Sada’a. These included 1 cases of sexual assault, 13 cases of physical assault (12%) 12 cases of forced marriage (11%) and 20 cases of denial of resources (18%) and 65 cases of psychological and emotional abuse( 58%). 77% of these cases occurred in host community. 12% of these cases occurred in pre-displacement while only 3% of the cases occurred in flight. All these cases were provided with psychosocial support. None of the cases were referred out. In 2014 in Sada’a, 55 cases were reported. These included 2 cases of physical assault, 26 cases of forced marriages, 4 cases of denial of resources and 26 cases of psychological and emotional abuse. Challenges to address recurring trends in GBV

- The current crises and war that has affected everyone. - Due to conflicts limited access and isolation of some locations, especially for INGOs. - Fear of GBV focal points for repercussions and attacks in some governorates due to

radicalization and misunderstanding of GBV at the community level. - Lack of rule of law, absence of police or any other security structure. - Cultural barriers and stigmatization due to which most of the survivors were not even willing to be

referred to other services.

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- Lack of communication means in some areas with no cell phone coverage. Making it difficult to keep follow-up going by focal point to the case/survivor.

- AQAP and local militias - Conservative communities require more community engagement to ensure by-in - Lack of involvement of different community members in reducing GBV such as school teachers,

Imams, community elders

14. Conclusions and recommendations:

Overall, there is an increase GBV incident reporting compared to 2014. In 2014, INTERSOS registered 1.125 cases while in 2015 1.608 cases, were reported. That represents an increase of 43%. These included 804 cases in the North and 804 cases in the South. 31% of the cases were physical assault, followed by 30% of psychosocial abuse, 23% of cases of denial of resources, 5% forced marriage, 7% sexual assault and 4% rape. It is possible that the first 3 typologies hold fewer stigmas and therefore are easier reported, while forced marriage, rape and sexual assault are not so easily reported or exposed. A 6% increase has occurred in the cases of psychological violence in comparison to 2014. The increase is noted 49% in the cases of physical assault. Physical assault cases increased in all the governorates except for Aden. Most of the survivors prefer not to go for other services or sectors. Out of 1608 cases only 196 cases were referred to other sectors mostly health. It is mostly because of the cultural barriers and stigma in the community; but also due to a lack of access and availability of referral pathways. 70% of the survivors (1.127 Survivors) were self-referral or were referred on the first point of entry. 4% were referred from the health sector and 6% from psychosocial services. It is also important to mention that only 4 cases (0.2%) cases were referred to INTERSOS by police or any other security agency. 70% of the survivors are Yemeni nationals with 11% stateless or people without documents and 9 % of refugees and IDPs respectively. 49% of the total survivors are married and 9% divorced and widowed respectively. All the perpetrators were Yemeni except one Ethiopian. There are some challenges also noted such as access of the survivors to local associations either due to communication problems, road access or cultural barriers. The current conflict caused displacement in most governorates, leading to family separation and economic crisis. The influx of IDPs has affected the income of the people and ultimately led to frustration, including at the family level. As mentioned in the FGDs:

- People have lesser jobs opportunities due to the lack of proper government structures, the war and crisis.

- The unemployment and lack of income has caused frustration, aggressive behaviour and distress.

- Also the lack of rule of law has led people to be prone to different types of violence. - Due to the absence or weak structure of police, people are more dependents on personal or local

militias or groups. GBV response and prevention need improvements at different levels. Improving the knowledge of women and girls at the family level in coping with GBV, and door to door awareness covering women rights, children rights, the ability of dealing with internal conflict at the family level and inform especially men about the negative and long term impacts of GBV. When planning for awareness raising, it is important to know and consider the cultural context of a respective community. Response to GBV cases can be improved by building the capacity of the community in terms of timely reporting as well as improving the legal sector. There should be strong legal protection for GBV victims including presentation and following up in the courts, but also laws need to be revised and effectively implemented, but even more so women and girls need to be made better aware of their legal rights. The associations suggested:

- Funding for legal protection should be increased in addition to invest in capacity building of the legal actors.

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- For the medical sector, the staff capacity should be built especially in GBV and CMR. - Provision of subsidised medicine for GBV survivors should be ensured. Shelter options should be

improved and increased. - Poverty alleviation programs and the empowerment of women and girls can reduce the

prevalence of VAW and GBV. - In addition, gender equality should be mainstreamed in the education curriculum. Advocacy to

eliminate VAW and ensure GBV prevention and response can reduce GBV. For this purpose, there should be more qualitative and result-oriented coordination efforts among agencies.

Marginalised groups are more subject to violence. Staff and volunteers of different actors engaged in GBV prevention and response activities should specifically be trained in dealing with marginalised groups. The thematic assessment on physical assault conducted by INTERSOS provided programming suggestions for an improved programing of GBV. The community should be more actively involved in GBV prevention strategies addressing both root causes and contributing factors. The coordination at the community level should be more strengthened. School teachers, health personnel, police and lawyers should be involved at the community level in awareness raising and advocating for GBV. Referral pathways should be strengthened in each governorates and the community should be aware and informed about the referral pathways. The assessment also stressed the potential positive role of imams. Imams could be mobilized in awareness raising, advocating for women and children rights. In addition to GBV services, the associations’ and organizations are expected to provide more services such as livelihood opportunities, training of community volunteers in addressing GBV, and provision of secure and safe shelter for GBV survivors. Safe spaces at the community level can be created as part of community efforts, such as women or youth centres, where women/girls/youth can share their problems and work together towards solutions and alternatives. Especially for more rural communities such safe spaces can create opportunities for positive change. Specific sectoral training on GBV can help to reduce the risk of GBV and increase reporting and response: health sector, security sector. A large number of perpetrators is unemployed. This illustrates the importance of livelihood programming, but not only for women but also for men.