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City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Priorities– Life Safety– Incident Stabilization– Protection of property and the environment
• Management Structure– Command system• NIMS
– Predetermined procedures and guidelines
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– Analyzing the incident• Information gathering
– Planning the response• Determine specific strategic goals
– Implementing the response• Use tactical objectives and assignment of tasks
– Evaluating the progress• Feed back loop
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Incident Command or Management Systems– Common terminology – Modular organization– Integrated communication– Unified command structure– Consolidated action plans – Manageable span of control
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Incident Command or Management Systems– NFPA 1561• Standard on Emergency Services Incident
Management System
– OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120• Hazardous Waste Site Operations and Emergency
Response (HAZWOPER)– Mandates the implementation of an incident command
system
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Command• Is the function of directing, ordering, and
controlling resources – Strategic level
» Entails the overall direction and goals of the incident
– Tactical level» Identifies the objectives that the tactical-level
supervisor / officer must achieve – Task Level
» Describes specific tasks needed
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Safety Officer• OSHA mandates the appointment of a dedicated
safety officer at hazardous materials incidents
– Liaison Officer – Public Information Officer
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Incident Commander• The IC is the officer at the top of an incident chain
of command • In overall charge of the incident• Responsible for everything that takes place • Formulates the incident action plan (IAP)• Most establish a command post• May delegate command functions to others
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Operations Section• Responsible for the direct management of all
– Tactical activities– Tactical priorities– Safety and welfare of personnel
• Operations section chief reports directly to the IC
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Planning Section• Responsible for gathering, assimilating, analyzing
and processing information needed to effective decision-making– Resource unit– Situation unit– Documentation unit– Demobilization unit – Technical specialists
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Logistics Section• Is the support mechanism for the organization
– Provides services and support systems to all the organizational components » Incident facilities» Transportation needs» Supplies» Equipment» Fueling supplies » Meals
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Finance / Administration Section• Established on incidents when agencies involved
have a specific need for financial services– Time unit– Procurement unit – Compensation / claims unit – Cost unit
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Staging Area• Is where personnel and equipment wait for an
assignment– Keeps the responders and equipment a short distance
from the scene until they are needed
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Resources• Personnel• Equipment• Major pieces of apparatus • May consist of
– Individuals units – Strike teams
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Incident Action Plan (IAP)• Is the plan for managing the emergency
– A plan is needed on every incident
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Incident Command Establishment and
Transfer• First person or ranking person on scene
– Establishes command– Must have incident management training– Must be at least trained to the hazardous materials
operations level– Can only be transferred to someone on the scene
» Must give a situation status report – In most cases there is only one IC
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Elements of an Incident Management System– Unified Command• All agencies that have a jurisdictional
responsibility at a multijurisdictional incident contribute to the following– Incident objectives– Select strategies– Joint planning– Integrate tactical operations– Use assigned resources effectively
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Haz-Mat Positions with an Incident Management System– Hazardous Materials Group/Sector Supervisor• Directs the primary tactical functions
– Entry Leader• Supervises all companies and personnel operating
in the hazardous area
– Decontamination Leader• Supervises operations in the scene-control zone
where decontamination is conducted
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Haz-Mat Positions with an Incident Management System– Site Access Control Leader• Controls all movement of personnel and
equipment between the control zones
– Assistant Safety Officer• Is responsible for the overall safety of assigned
personnel with the hazardous materials group• Reports directly to the safety officer
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Haz-Mat Positions with an Incident Management System– Technical Specialist• Is responsible for providing technical information
– Safe Refuge Area Manager• Is responsible for evaluating and prioritizing
victims for treatment• Collecting information from the victims• Prevent the spread of contamination
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Predetermined Procedures and Emergency Response Plans– Communications• Radio procedures
– Simple English– Transmit only essential information– Use appropriate number of channels
• Requesting additional help– Know what is available
• Emergency radio traffic– Mayday / Urgent message to command
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Predetermined Procedures and Emergency Response Plans– Communications• Evacuation signals
– Radio message– Audible tones– Air horns
• External communications– Communications between on-site and off-site
personnel» Phone» Radio» Fax
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Predetermined Procedures and Emergency Response Plans– Communications• Internal communications
– Information shared on scene
• Telecommunicator– Must not filter, edit, delete, or change the information
that they receive
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Levels of Incidents– NFPA 471, Recommended Practice for
Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents• Level I
– Least serious» Small amount of product
• Level II– Beyond the capabilities of the first responder
» Require the services of a formal haz mat response team
• Level III– The most serious of all haz mat incidents
» Requires resources from state and federal agencies
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Safety Procedures– Accountability systems / tracking resources• One of the most important functions of an
incident management system – Procedure for checking in– Way of identifying and tracking the location of each
unit» Accountability
– Procedures for releasing people, equipment and apparatus
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Safety Procedures– Buddy systems and backup personnel• Mandated by NFPA and OSHA
– Buddy system» Way of organizing personnel into workgroups in
such a manner that each member has a buddy or partner
– Backup personnel» Standing ready with rescue equipment available
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– Step 1: Understand the problem• Information gathering phase
– Step 2: Devise a plan• Planning phase
– Step 3: Carry out the plan• Implementation phase
– Step 4: Look back• Evaluation phase
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– Analyzing the Incident / Understanding the
Problem• Key piece of information needed is the identity of
the material– Where is the incident in relation to population?– Is the incident scene inside a building or outside?– What are the hazardous materials?– What concentrations are involved?– How could the material react?– Is it a liquid, solid, or gas spill?– Is something burning?
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– Analyzing the Incident / Understanding the
Problem• Size-up
– The assessment of incident conditions– Recognition of cues indicating problems– Potential problems of the incident– Hazard and risk assessment
» Dangers» Risks» Hazards
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– Analyzing the Incident / Understanding the
Problem• Size-up
– Must consider all six sides of an incident» Alpha» Bravo » Charlie» Delta» Top » Bottom
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Hazardous materials
– Things that can escape from their containers and hurt or harm the things that they touch
• Chain of events– Stress– Breach– Release– Dispersion / Engulfment– Exposure / Contact– Harm
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Hazardous materials
– Things that can escape from their containers and hurt or harm the things that they touch
• Chain of events– Stress– Breach– Release– Dispersion / Engulfment– Exposure / Contact– Harm
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Stress
– Stimulus causing strain» Tension or compression
– Pressure» Force applied at right angles
– Deformity» Distortion by torque or twisting
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• ¼ of all haz mat incidents are caused by container
failure• Preventing container failure may require reducing
the stress– Common stressors
» Thermal» Chemical» Mechanical
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Breach
– When a container is stressed beyond its limits of recovery» Opens or breaches» Releases its contents
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Breach
– Types» Disintegration
• Loss of integrity • Glass bottle shattering
» Runaway cracking• Crack develops in a container as a result of
some type of damage» Attachments (closures) open or break
• Valves open or damaged
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Breach
– Types» Puncture
• Mechanical stress coming into contact with the container
» Split or tear• Welded seam on a tank or drum fails
» Metal reduction• Corrosive action of an acid on steel
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Release
– Container fails three possible releases can occur» Product» Energy» Container
• Whole or in pieces
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model
• Release– Classified bases on how fast they occur
» Detonation• Instantaneous and explosive
» Violent rupture• Immediate release• Runaway crack• BLEVE
» Rapid relief• Fast relief of a pressurized material
» Spill / leak• Slow release of a material
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Dispersion / Engulfment
– Release of product» Hemispheric
• Semicircular or dome-shaped pattern
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Dispersion / Engulfment
– Release of product» Cloud
• Ball shaped pattern
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Dispersion / Engulfment
– Release of product» Plume
• Irregularly shaped pattern
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Dispersion / Engulfment
– Release of product» Cone
• Triangular-shaped pattern
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Dispersion / Engulfment
– Release of product» Stream
• Surface-following pattern of liquid material
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Dispersion / Engulfment
– Release of product» Pool
• Three-dimensional• Takes the shape of the container
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Dispersion / Engulfment
– Release of product» Irregular
• Cross contamination
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Problem-Solving Process– General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model• Exposure / Contact
– People– Environment– Property
» Timeframes• Immediate - Milliseconds• Short-term - Minutes / hours• Medium-term - Days / weeks• Long-term - Years, generations
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Planning the Response / Setting Strategic Goals: Incident Action Plan– 1. Isolation– 2. Notification– 3. Identification– 4. Protection– 5. Spill control / confinement– 6. Leak control / containment– 7. Fire control– 8. Recovery / termination
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Planning the Response / Setting Strategic Goals: Incident Action Plan– Strategies• Defensive
– Confinement
• Offensive– Plugging the leak
• Nonintervention – Incident runs is course
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Planning the Response / Setting Strategic Goals: Incident Action Plan– Isolation zones • Hot
– Exclusion
• Warm– Reduction
• Cold– Support
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
• Planning the Response / Setting Strategic Goals: Incident Action Plan– Determining Modes of Operation• Value
– Life safety– Incident stabilization– Property conservation
• Time– Possible limited window of opportunity
• Size– Evacuation or protect in place
City of P igeon Forge F i re DepartmentD i v i s i o n o f Tr a i n i n g a n d C o n ti n u i n g E d u c a ti o n
Incident Management
Works CitedN.F.P.A. 472 “Standard for Competence of responders to Hazardous
Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents” 2008 EditionN.F.P.A 1001 “Standard for Professional Firefighter Qualifications” 2008 EditionN.F.P.A. 1561 “Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System” 2008
EditionO.S.H.A 29 CFR 1910.120 “Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response” U.S. DOT “Emergency Response Guidebook” 2008 EditionFEMA DHS “National Incident Management System”