In this eBook - edoriumjournals.com Email: [email protected] Website: ©2017 Edorium Journals year Name Country Page No Introduction vi Alfred Bernhard Nobel Biography vii

In this eBook:

History of Nobel PrizeBrief biography of Alfred Nobel100 years of Nobel Prize in Medicine or PhysiologyNobel Prize winners and their workA tribute to hard work and sacrifice of pioneers

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©2017 Edorium Journals

100 years of Nobel Prize

inPhysiology or Medicine

(1901–2000)



Copyright © 2017 Edorium Journals

Book Title: 100 years of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901–2000)

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Publication DateNovember 2017

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year Name Country Page No

Introduction viAlfred Bernhard Nobel Biography vii

1901 Emil Adolf von Behring Germany 11902 Sir Ronald Ross United Kingdom, India 21903 Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark, Faroe Islands 31904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Russia 41905 Robert Koch Germany 51906 Camillo Golgi Italy 61906 Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain 71907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran France 81908 Élie Metchnikoff Russia 91908 Paul Ehrlich Germany 101909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland 111910 Albrecht Kossel Germany 121911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden 131912 Alexis Carrel France 141913 Charles Richet France 151914 Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary 161915–1918 Not Awarded – 171919 Jules Bordet Belgium 181920 August Krogh Denmark 191921 Not Awarded – 201922 Archibald Vivian Hill United Kingdom 211922 Otto Fritz Meyerhof Germany 221923 Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada 231923 John James Rickard Macleod United Kingdom 241924 Willem Einthoven Netherlands 251925 Not Awarded – 261926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger Denmark 271927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria 281928 Charles Jules Henry Nicolle France 291929 Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands 301929 Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins United Kingdom 311930 Karl Landsteiner Austria 321931 Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany 33

Table of Contents



1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington United Kingdom 341932 Edgar Douglas Adrian United Kingdom 351933 Thomas Hunt Morgan United States 361934 George Whipple United States 371934 George Minot United States 381934 William Parry Murphy United States 391935 Hans Spemann Germany 401936 Sir Henry Dale United Kingdom 411936 Otto Loewi Austria, Germany 421937 Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary 431938 Corneille Heymans Belgium 441939 Gerhard Domagk Germany 451940–1942 Not Awarded – 461943 Henrik Dam Denmark 471943 Edward A. Doisy United States 481944 Joseph Erlanger United States 491944 Herbert Spencer Gasser United States 501945 Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom 511945 Sir Ernst Boris Chain United Kingdom 521945 Howard Walter Florey Australia 531946 Hermann Joseph Muller United States 541947 Carl Ferdinand Cori United States 551947 Gerty Theresa Cori United States 561947 Bernardo Houssay Argentina 571948 Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland 581949 Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland 591949 António Egas Moniz Portugal 601950 Philip Showalter Hench United States 611950 Edward Calvin Kendall United States 621950 Tadeusz Reichstein Switzerland, Poland 631951 Max Theiler South Africa 641952 Selman Abraham Waksman United States 651953 Sir Hans Adolf Krebs United Kingdom 661953 Fritz Albert Lipmann United States 671954 John Franklin Enders United States 681954 Frederick Chapman Robbins United States 691954 Thomas Huckle Weller United States 70



1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell Sweden 711956 André Frédéric Cournand France 721956 Werner Forssmann West Germany 731956 Dickinson W. Richards United States 741957 Daniel Bovet Italy 751958 George Wells Beadle United States 761958 Edward Lawrie Tatum United States 771958 Joshua Lederberg United States 781959 Arthur Kornberg United States 791959 Severo Ochoa United States, Spain 801960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Australia 811960 Sir Peter Brian Medawar Brazil, United Kingdom 821961 Georg von Békésy United States 831962 Francis Harry Compton Crick United Kingdom 841962 James Dewey Watson United States 851962 Maurice Wilkins New Zealand, United Kingdom 861963 Sir John Eccles Australia 871963 Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin United Kingdom 881963 Sir Andrew Huxley United Kingdom 891964 Konrad Bloch United States 901964 Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen West Germany 911965 François Jacob France 921965 André Michel Lwoff France 931965 Jacques Monod France 941966 Francis Peyton Rous United States 951966 Charles Brenton Huggins United States 961967 Ragnar Granit Finland, Sweden 971967 Haldan Keffer Hartline United States 981967 George Wald United States 991968 Robert W. Holley United States 1001968 Har Gobind Khorana India, United States 1011968 Marshall Warren Nirenberg United States 1021969 Max Delbrück United States 1031969 Alfred Hershey United States 1041969 Salvador Luria Italy, United States 1051970 Julius Axelrod United States 1061970 Ulf von Euler Sweden 107



1970 Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom 1081971 Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. United States 1091972 Gerald Edelman United States 1101972 Rodney Porter United Kingdom 1111973 Karl von Frisch West Germany 1121973 Konrad Lorenz Austria 1131973 Niko Tinbergen Netherlands 1141974 Albert Claude Belgium 1151974 Christian de Duve Belgium 1161974 George E. Palade Romania 1171975 David Baltimore United States 1181975 Renato Dulbecco Italy, United States 1191975 Howard Temin United States 1201976 Baruch Samuel Blumberg United States 1211976 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek United States 1221977 Roger Guillemin United States 1231977 Andrew Schally United States, Poland 1241977 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow United States 1251978 Werner Arber Switzerland 1261978 Daniel Nathans United States 1271978 Hamilton O. Smith United States 1281979 Allan M. Cormack South Africa 1291979 Sir Godfrey Hounsfield United Kingdom 1301980 Baruj Benacerraf Venezuela 1311980 Jean Dausset France 1321980 George D. Snell United States 1331981 Roger Sperry United States 1341981 David H. Hubel Canada 1351981 Torsten Wiesel Sweden 1361982 Sune Bergström Sweden 1371982 Bengt I. Samuelsson Sweden 1381982 Sir John Vane United Kingdom 1391983 Barbara McClintock United States 1401984 Niels K. Jerne Denmark 1411984 Georges Jean Franz Köhler West Germany 1421984 César Milstein Argentina, United Kingdom 1431985 Michael Brown United States 144



1985 Joseph Goldstein United States 1451986 Stanley Cohen United States 1461986 Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy 1471987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan 1481988 Sir James Black United Kingdom 1491988 Gertrude Elion United States 1501988 George Hitchings United States 1511989 J. Michael Bishop United States 1521989 Harold Varmus United States 1531990 Joseph Murray United States 1541990 E. Donnall Thomas United States 1551991 Erwin Neher Germany 1561991 Bert Sakmann Germany 1571992 Edmond H. Fischer Switzerland, United States 1581992 Edwin Gerhard Krebs United States 1591993 Sir Richard Roberts United Kingdom 1601993 Phillip Sharp United States 1611994 Alfred G. Gilman United States 1621994 Martin Rodbell United States 1631995 Edward Lewis United States 1641995 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany 1651995 Eric Francis Wieschaus United States 1661996 Peter Doherty Australia 1671996 Rolf Zinkernagel Switzerland 1681997 Stanley Prusiner United States 1691998 Robert F. Furchgott United States 1701998 Louis J. Ignarro United States 1711998 Ferid Murad United States 1721999 Günter Blobel Germany, United States 1732000 Arvid Carlsson Sweden 1742000 Paul Greengard United States 1752000 Eric R. Kandel United States 176


©2017 Edorium Journals vi

INTRODUCTIONThe Nobel Prize is regarded as the most prestigious award recognizing intellectual achievement in the fields of Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry, Physics, Literature, and Peace. It was established in 1895 under the aegis of the will of Alfred Nobel, Swedish industrialist and inventor, and awarded for the first time in 1901 for outstanding contributions to humanity in the aforementioned fields.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. Alfred Nobel had an active interest in medical researches and the life sciences. Physiology or Medicine was the third Nobel Prize mentioned in his will. Through this award Alfred Nobel wanted to establish a prize for progress through scientific discoveries in the field of medicine.

The Nobel winners in Physiology or Medicine are discoverers that have changed the paradigm in an area of Medicine and Physiology; they change the understanding of life or the practice of medicine. DNA and molecular biology, and research on infections have been the most awarded areas. The most criticized award was the 1949 Nobel Prize to Egas Moniz for Lobotomy while the most popular was the 1945 Nobel to Alexander Fleming for Penicillin along with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.

Till today 107 Nobel Prizes have been awarded in this category. The first one was awarded to Emil von Behring for developing a vaccine against diphtheria in 1901. The prize was withheld in nine occasions during both the World Wars. The shared and unshared recipients of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology number 211 individuals of which only 12 are women and out of this only one, Barabara McClintock awarded in 1983, received an unshared prize.

In this ebook, we give a brief introduction of distinguished personalities who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to 2000. This ebook is a tribute to the hard work and sacrifices made by the pioneers in Medicine and Physiology, which laid the foundation for modern medicine research and practice. We hope this ebook would serve as a useful reference for readers.

©2017 Edorium Journals vii


Alfred Bernhard Nobel BiographyAlfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Born on October 21, 1833, Alfred Nobel was the third son of Immanuel Nobel and Carolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel. Immanuel Nobel was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. After a bankruptcy in 1842, Alfred’s family moved to Russia where his father was a successful manufacturer of explosives and torpedoes. Alfred’s family involvement with instruments of destruction was responsible to bring him both his fortune and the humiliation that eventually drove him to found the Nobel Prize which keeps his memory alive.

Born in a rich family, Nobel brothers received first class education at Russian, and just at an age of 17 Alfred could speak and write in Russian, French, Swedish, English, and German. He was sent abroad at a small age to study and become a chemical engineer. In Paris, Alfred worked in the laboratory of famous chemist Professor T. J. Pelouze, where he met an Italian chemist named Ascanio Sobrero and came to know about highly explosive liquid nitroglycerine.

When Alfred returned back to Russia after finishing his studies, he tried to work together with his father to develop nitroglycerine as a commercially useful explosive to use it in construction works. In 1863, Nobel family had to move back to Sweden after their sudden business failure in Russia. There at Sweden Alfred focused on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Unfortunately, these experiments caused accidents that killed several people, including Alfred’s younger brother, but Alfred did not lose hope and continued his experiment opting safer methods.

In 1866, after various experiments, Alfred found that mixing nitroglycerine with fine sand called kieselguhr would turn the liquid into the paste that could be turned into various shapes as per drilling requirements. Next year Alfred got a legal right of ownership on this material. He named it dynamite. This invention helped in cost reduction of diamond drilling and many construction works

©2017 Edorium Journals viii


like drilling tunnels, blasting rocks and building bridges. He also invented detonator or blasting cap which could be triggered just by lighting a fuse.

Alfred also performed experiments in making synthetic materials. By the time of his death in 1896, 355 patents had been registered by him. Since his inventions, dynamite and detonating caps were there in huge demand in construction industry; Alfred established factories in 90 different places and traveled to more than 20 countries for business.

In November 1895, Nobel signed his will providing for the establishment of what came to be the most highly regarded of International awards, the Nobel Prizes. He bequeathed his huge fortune to establish annual prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. The Economics prize was added later. In 1901, the first Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature were awarded in Stockholm, Sweden and the Peace Prize in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway.

Alfred Nobel died at his home in Italy on 10th December 1896. He Is buried in Stockholm. He himself remains a figure of paradoxes; a brilliant but lonely man, part alarmist and part idealist.

©2017 Edorium Journals 1


NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1901

Emil Adolf von Behring

Born: 15 March 1854Died: 31 March 1917Country: GermanyField: Physiology, Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria and tetanus.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology




sir Ronald Ross

Born: 13 May 1857Died: 16 September 1932Country: India, United Kingdom Field: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor his work on transmission of malaria in which he had shown how malaria parasites enter into the organism.




Niels Ryberg Finsen

Born: 15 December 1860Died: 24 September 1904Country: Denmark, Faroe IslandsField: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation.




Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Born: 26 September 1849Died: 27 February 1936Country: RussiaField: Physiology, Physician

Nobel PrizeFor his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.




Robert Koch

Born: 11 December 1843Died: 27 May 1910Country: GermanyField: Microbiology

Nobel PrizeFor his investigations and discoveries about tuberculosis.




Camillo golgi

Born: 7 July 1843Died: 21 January 1926Country: ItalyField: Neuroscience

Nobel PrizeFor his work on the structure of the nervous system.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience




santiago Ramón y Cajal

Born: 1 May 1852Died: 17 October 1934Country: SpainField: Neuroscience

Nobel PrizeFor his work on the structure of the nervous system.

https://www.google.co.in/search?num=100&q=Neuroscience&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLQz9U3ME0ySwYAlUOmWAwAAAA




Charles louis Alphonse laveran

Born: 18 June 1845Died: 18 May 1922Country: FranceField: Tropical Medicine Parasitology

Nobel PrizeFor his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology




Élie Metchnikoff

Born: 15 May 1845Died: 15 July 1916Country: RussiaField: Immunology, Gerontology, Zoology

Nobel PrizeFor his work on immunity.

Continued...




Paul Ehrlich

Born: 14 March 1854Died: 20 August 1915Country: GermanyField: Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor his work on immunity.




Emil Theodor Kocher

Born: 25 August 1841Died: 27 July 1917Country: SwitzerlandField: Surgery

Nobel PrizeFor his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland.




Albrecht Kossel

Born: 16 September 1853Died: 5 July 1927Country: GermanyField: Research

Nobel PrizeFor his contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.




Allvar gullstrand

Born: 5 June 1862Died: 28 July 1930Country: SwedenField: Ophthalmology

Nobel PrizeFor his work on the dioptrics of the eye.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye




Alexis Carrel

Born: 28 June 1873Died: 5 November 1944Country: FranceField: Transplantation

Nobel PrizeFor his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.




Charles Richet

Born: 25 August 1850Died: 4 December 1935Country: FranceField: Immunity

Nobel PrizeFor his work on anaphylaxis.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis




Róbert Bárány

Born: 22 April 1876Died: 8 April 1936Country: Austria-HungaryField: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_apparatus



NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINE

Nobel Prize was not awarded from1915–1918




Jules Bordet

Born: 13 June 1870Died: 6 April 1961Country: BelgiumField: Bacteriology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to immunity.

https://www.google.co.in/search?num=100&client=firefox-b-ab&q=Bacteriologist&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLSz9U3SK8wMiwrAAD3eXpYDgAAAA




August Krogh

Born: 15 November 1874Died: 13 September 1949Country: DenmarkField: Zoophysiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_physiology




Nobel Prize was not awarded in 1921




Archibald Vivian hill

Born: 26 September 1886Died: 3 June 1977Country: United KingdomField: Physiology and Biophysics

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle




Otto Fritz Meyerhof

Born: 12 April 1884Died: 6 October 1951Country: GermanyField: Physics and Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid




sir Frederick grant Banting

Born: 14 November 1891Died: 21 February 1941Country: CanadaField: Endocrinology, Metabolism

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of insulin.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin




John James Rickard Macleod

Born: 6 September 1876Died: 16 March 1935Country: United KingdomField: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of insulin.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin




Willem Einthoven

Born: 21 May 1860Died: 29 September 1927Country: NetherlandsField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogram




Nobel Prize was not awarded in 1925




Johannes Andreas grib Fibiger

Born: 23 April 1867Died: 30 January 1928Country: DenmarkField: Medicine Parasitology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroptera_carcinoma




Julius Wagner-Jauregg

Born: 7 March 1857Died: 27 September 1940Country: AustriaField: Pathology, Psychiatry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_paresis_of_the_insane




Charles Jules henry Nicolle

Born: 21 September 1866Died: 28 February 1936Country: FranceField: Bacteriology

Nobel PrizeFor his work on typhus.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus




Christiaan Eijkman

Born: 11 August 1858Died: 5 November 1930Country: NetherlandsField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin.

Continued...




sir Frederick gowland hopkins

Born: 20 June 1861Died: 16 May 1947Country: United KingdomField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.




Karl landsteiner

Born: 14 June 1868Died: 26 June 1943Country: AustriaField: Medicine, Virology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of human blood groups.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system




Otto heinrich Warburg

Born: 8 October 1883Died: 1 August 1970Country: GermanyField: Cell biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.




sir Charles scott sherrington

Born: 27 November 1857Died: 4 March 1952Country: United KingdomField: Bacteriology, Histology, Neurology, Pathology, Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron




Edgar Douglas Adrian

Born: 30 November 1889Died: 4 August 1977Country: United KingdomField: Biology (Electrophysiology)

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron




Thomas hunt Morgan

Born: 25 September 1866Died: 4 December 1945Country: United StatesField: Embryology, Genetics

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity




george Whipple

Born: 28 August 1878Died: 1 February 1976Country: United StatesField: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemia




george Minot

Born: 2 December 1885Died: 25 February 1950Country: United StatesField: Hematology


Continued...






William Parry Murphy

Born: 6 February 1892Died: 9 October 1987Country: United StatesField: Hematology







hans spemann

Born: 27 June 1869Died: 9 September 1941Country: GermanyField: Embryology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_development




sir henry Dale

Born: 9 June 1875Died: 23 July 1968Country: United KingdomField: Pharmacology, Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter




Otto loewi

Born: 3 June 1873Died: 25 December 1961Country: Austria, GermanyField: Pharmacology, Psychobiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter




Albert szent-györgyi

Born: 16 September 1893Died: 22 October 1986Country: HungaryField: Biochemistry, Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C




Corneille heymans

Born: 28 March 1892Died: 18 July 1968Country: BelgiumField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_%28physiology%29




gerhard Domagk

Born: 30 October 1895Died: 24 April 1964Country: GermanyField: Bacteriology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prontosil




Nobel Prize was not awarded from1940–1942




henrik Dam

Born: 21 February 1895Died: 17 April 1976Country: DenmarkField: Biochemistry, Chemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of vitamin K.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K




Edward A. Doisy

Born: 13 November 1893Died: 23 October 1986Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K




Joseph Erlanger

Born: 5 January 1874Died: 5 December 1965Country: United StatesField: Neuroscience

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_fibre





herbert spencer gasser

Born: 5 July 1888Died: 11 May 1963Country: United StatesField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.






sir Alexander Fleming

Born: 6 August 1881Died: 11 March 1955Country: United KingdomField: Bacteriology, Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease




sir Ernst Boris Chain

Born: 19 June 1906Died: 12 August 1979Country: United KingdomField: Biochemistry


Continued...






howard Walter Florey

Born: 24 September 1898Died: 21 February 1968Country: AustraliaField: Bacteriology, Immunology







hermann Joseph Muller

Born: 21 December 1890Died: 5 April 1967Country: United StatesField: Genetics, Molecular Biology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiation




Carl Ferdinand Cori

Born: 5 December 1896Died: 20 October 1984Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen




gerty Theresa Cori

Born: 15 August 1896Died: 26 October 1957Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Metabolism, Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor her discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen




Bernardo houssay

Born: 10 April 1887Died: 21 September 1971Country: ArgentinaField: Physiology, Endocrinology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.




Paul hermann Müller

Born: 12 January 1899Died: 12 October 1965Country: SwitzerlandField: Chemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the high efficiency of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) as a contact poison against several arthropods.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide




Walter Rudolf hess

Born: 17 March 1881Died: 12 August 1973Country: SwitzerlandField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain




António Egas Moniz

Born: 29 November 1874Died: 13 December 1955Country: PortugalField: Neurology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy




Philip showalter hench

Born: 28 February 1896Died: 30 March 1965Country: United StatesField: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.

Continued...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex




Edward Calvin Kendall

Born: 8 March 1886Died: 4 May 1972Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry


Continued...






Tadeusz Reichstein

Born: 20 July 1897Died: 1 August 1996Country: Switzerland, PolandField: Medicine and Physiology







Max Theiler

Born: 30 January 1899Died: 11 August 1972Country: South AfricaField: Virology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.




selman Abraham Waksman

Born: 22 July 1888Died: 16 August 1973Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry and Microbiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.




sir hans Adolf Krebs

Born: 25 August 1900Died: 22 November 1981Country: United KingdomField: Internal Medicine, Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the citric acid cycle.

Continued...




Fritz Albert lipmann

Born: 12 June 1899Died: 24 July 1986Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabo-lism.




John Franklin Enders

Born: 10 February 1897Died: 8 September 1985Country: United StatesField: Biomedical

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.

Continued...




Frederick Chapman Robbins

Born: 25 August 1916Died: 4 August 2003Country: United StatesField: Pediatrics, Virology


Continued...




Thomas huckle Weller

Born: 15 June 1915Died: 23 August 2008Country: United StatesField: Virology





Axel hugo Theodor Theorell

Born: 6 July 1903Died: 15 August 1982Country: SwedenField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.




André Frédéric Cournand

Born: 24 September 1895Died: 19 February 1988Country: FranceField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.

Continued...




Werner Forssmann

Born: 29 August 1904Died: 1 June 1979Country: West GermanyField: Medicine


Continued...




Dickinson W. Richards

Born: 30 October 1895Died: 23 February 1973Country: United StatesField: Medicine, Physiology





Daniel Bovet

Born: 23 March 1907Died: 8 April 1992Country: ItalyField: Pharmacology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles.




george Wells Beadle

Born: 22 October 1903Died: 9 June 1989Country: United StatesField: Genetics

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.

Continued...




Edward lawrie Tatum

Born: 14 December 1909Died: 5 November 1975Country: United StatesField: Genetics

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.

Continued...




Joshua lederberg

Born: 23 May 1925Died: 2 February 2008Country: United StatesField: Microbiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.




Arthur Kornberg

Born: 3 March 1918Died: 26 October 2007Country: United StatesField: Molecular biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.

Continued...




severo Ochoa

Born: 24 September 1905Died: 1 November 1993Country: United States, SpainField: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.




sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet

Born: 3 September 1899Died: 31 August 1985Country: AustraliaField: Virology

Nobel PrizeFor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.

Continued...




sir Peter Brian Medawar

Born: 28 February 1915Died: 2 October 1987Country: Brazil, United KingdomField: Immunology, Zoology

Nobel PrizeFor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.




georg von Békésy

Born: 3 June 1899Died: 13 June 1972Country: United StatesField: Biophysics

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea.




Francis harry Compton Crick

Born: 8 June 1916Died: 28 July 2004Country: United KingdomField: Molecular Biology, Physics

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.

Continued...




James Dewey Watson

Born: 6 April 1928Age: 89 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Genetics


Continued...




Maurice Wilkins

Born: 15 December 1916Died: 5 October 2004Country: New Zealand, United KingdomField: Molecular Biology, Physics





sir John Eccles

Born: 27 January 1903Died: 2 May 1997Country: AustraliaField: Neuroscience, Philosophy of Mind

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.

Continued...




sir Alan lloyd hodgkin

Born: 5 February 1914Died: 20 December 1998Country: United KingdomField: Physiology and Biophysics


Continued...




sir Andrew huxley

Born: 22 November 1917Died: 30 May 2012Country: United KingdomField: Physiology and Biophysics





Konrad Bloch

Born: 21 January 1912Died: 15 October 2000Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Metabolism, Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.

Continued...




Feodor Felix Konrad lynen

Born: 6 April 1911Died: 6 August 1979Country: West GermanyField: Biochemistry, Metabolism, Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.




François Jacob

Born: 17 June 1920Died: 19 April 2013Country: FranceField: Molecular Developmental Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.

Continued...




André Michel Lwoff

Born: 8 May 1902Died: 30 September 1994Country: FranceField: Microbiology


Continued...




Jacques Monod

Born: 9 February 1910Died: 31 May 1976Country: FranceField: Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular Biology





Francis Peyton Rous

Born: 5 October 1879Died: 16 February 1970 Country: United StatesField: Virology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses.

Continued...




Charles Brenton huggins

Born: 22 September 1901Died: 12 January 1997Country: United StatesField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.




Ragnar granit

Born: 30 October 1900Died: 12 March 1991Country: Finland, SwedenField: Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.

Continued...




Haldan Keffer Hartline

Born: 22 December 1903Died: 17 March 1983Country: United StatesField: Physiology


Continued...




george Wald

Born: 18 November 1906Died: 12 April 1997Country: United StatesField: Neurobiology





Robert W. holley

Born: 28 January 1922Died: 11 February 1993Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

Continued...




har gobind Khorana

Born: 9 January 1922Died: 9 November 2011Country: India, United StatesField: Molecular Biology


Continued...




Marshall Warren Nirenberg

Born: 10 April 1927Died: 15 January 2010Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry





Max Delbrück

Born: 4 September 1906Died: 9 March 1981Country: United StatesField: Biophysics

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.

Continued...




Alfred hershey

Born: 4 December 1908Died: 22 May 1997Country: United StatesField: Bacteriology, Genetics


Continued...




salvador luria

Born: 13 August 1912Died: 6 February 1991Country: Italy, United StatesField: Molecular Biology





Julius Axelrod

Born: 30 May 1912Died: 29 December 2004Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.

Continued...




Ulf von Euler

Born: 7 February 1905Died: 9 March 1983Country: SwedenField: Physiology, Pharmacology


Continued...




sir Bernard Katz

Born: 26 March 1911Died: 20 April 2003Country: United KingdomField: Neurophysiology





Earl Wilbur sutherland Jr.

Born: 19 November 1915Died: 9 March 1974Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.




gerald Edelman

Born: 1 July 1929Died: 17 May 2014Country: United StatesField: Immunology, Neuroscience, Philosophy of Mind

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.

Continued...




Rodney Porter

Born: 8 October 1917Died: 6 September 1985Country: United KingdomField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.




Karl von Frisch

Born: 20 November 1886Died: 12 June 1982Country: West GermanyField: Ethology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.

Continued...




Konrad lorenz

Born: 7 November 1903Died: 27 February 1989Country: AustriaField: Ethology


Continued...




Niko Tinbergen

Born: 15 April 1907Died: 21 December 1988Country: NetherlandsField: Ethology, Zoology





Albert Claude

Born: 24 August 1899Died: 22 May 1983Country: BelgiumField: Cell Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.

Continued...




Christian de Duve

Born: 2 October 1917Died: 4 May 2013Country: BelgiumField: Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Medicine


Continued...




george E. Palade

Born: 19 November 1912Died: 8 October 2008Country: RomaniaField: Cell Biology





David Baltimore

Born: 7 March 1938Age: 79 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.

Continued...




Renato Dulbecco

Born: 22 February 1914Died: 19 February 2012Country: Italy, United StatesField: Virology


Continued...




howard Temin

Born: 10 December 1934Died: 9 February 1994Country: United StatesField: Genetics, Virology





Baruch samuel Blumberg

Born: 28 July 1925Died: 5 April 2011Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.

Continued...




Daniel Carleton gajdusek

Born: 9 September 1923Died: 12 December 2008Country: United StatesField: Medicine





Roger guillemin

Born: 11 January 1924Age: 93 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology, Neurology


Continued...




Andrew schally

Born: 30 November 1926Age: 90 YearsCountry: United States, PolandField: Endocrinology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain.

Continued...




Rosalyn sussman yalow

Born: 19 July 1921Died: 30 May 2011Country: United StatesField: Medical Physics

Nobel PrizeFor the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.




Werner Arber

Born: 3 June 1929Age: 88 YearsCountry: SwitzerlandField: Microbiology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.

Continued...




Daniel Nathans

Born: 30 October 1928Died: 16 November 1999Country: United StatesField: Microbiology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.

Continued...




hamilton O. smith

Born: 23 August 1931Age: 85 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Genomics

Nobel PrizeFor discovering type II restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.




Allan M. Cormack

Born: 23 February 1924Died: 7 May 1998Country: South AfricaField: Physics

Nobel PrizeFor his part in developing the diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomography.

Continued...




Sir Godfrey Hounsfield

Born: 28 August 1919Died: 12 August 2004Country: United KingdomField: Electrical Engineering


Continued...




Baruj Benacerraf

Born: 29 October 1920Died: 2 August 2011Country: VenezuelaField: Immunology, Medicine





Jean Dausset

Born: 19 October 1916Died: 6 June 2009Country: FranceField: Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.

Continued...




george D. snell

Born: 19 December 1903Died: 6 June 1996Country: United StatesField: Genetics, Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.




Roger sperry

Born: 20 August 1913Died: 17 April 1994Country: United StatesField: Neuropsychology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres.

Continued...




David h. hubel

Born: 27 February 1926Died: 22 September 2013Country: CanadaField: Neurophysiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.

Continued...




Torsten Wiesel

Born: 3 June 1924Age: 93 YearsCountry: SwedenField: Neurophysiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.




sune Bergström

Born: 10 January 1916Died: 15 August 2004Country: SwedenField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.

Continued...




Bengt I. samuelsson

Born: 21 May 1934Age: 83 YearsCountry: SwedenField: Biochemistry


Continued...




sir John Vane

Born: 29 March 1927Died: 19 November 2004Country: United KingdomField: Pharmacology





Barbara McClintock

Born: 16 June 1902Died: 2 September 1992Country: United StatesField: Cytogenetics

Nobel PrizeFor her discovery of mobile genetic elements.




Niels K. Jerne

Born: 23 December 1911Died: 7 October 1994Country: DenmarkField: Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.

Continued...




georges Jean Franz Köhler

Born: 17 April 1946Died: 1 March 1995Country: West GermanyField: Medicine


Continued...




César Milstein

Born: 8 October 1927Died: 24 March 2002Country: Argentina, United KingdomField: Biochemistry





Michael Brown

Born: 13 April 1941Age: 76 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.

Continued...




Joseph goldstein

Born: 18 April 1940Age: 77 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.




stanley Cohen

Born: 17 November 1922Age: 94 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of growth factors.

Continued...




Rita levi-Montalcini

Born: 22 April 1909Died: 30 December 2012Country: ItalyField: Neurology

Nobel PrizeFor her discoveries of growth factors.




susumu Tonegawa

Born: 5 September 1939Age: 77 YearsCountry: JapanField: Genetics, Immunology, Neuroscience

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.




sir James Black

Born: 14 June 1924Died: 22 March 2010Country: United KingdomField: Pharmacology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.

Continued...




gertrude Elion

Born: 23 January 1918Died: 21 February 1999Country: United StatesField: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor her discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.

Continued...




george hitchings

Born: 18 April 1905Died: 27 February 1998Country: United StatesField: Purine Metabolism

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.




J. Michael Bishop

Born: 22 February 1936Age: 81 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Virology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.

Continued...




harold Varmus

Born: 18 December 1939Age: 77 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Cancer Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.




Joseph Murray

Born: 1 April 1919Died: 26 November 2012Country: United StatesField: Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Transplantation

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.

Continued...




E. Donnall Thomas

Born: 15 March 1920Died: 20 October 2012Country: United StatesField: Medicine

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.




Erwin Neher

Born: 20 March 1944Age: 73 YearsCountry: GermanyField: Biophysics

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.

Continued...




Bert sakmann

Born: 12 June 1942Age: 75 YearsCountry: GermanyField: Cell physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.




Edmond h. Fischer

Born: 6 April 1920Age: 97 YearsCountry: Switzerland, United StatesField: Biochemistry, Cell Physiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.

Continued...




Edwin gerhard Krebs

Born: June 6, 1918Died: 21 December 2009Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.




sir Richard Roberts

Born: 6 September 1943Age: 73 YearsCountry: United KingdomField: Molecular Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of split genes.

Continued...




Phillip sharp

Born: 6 June 1944Age: 73 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of split genes.




Alfred g. gilman

Born: 1 July 1941Died: 23 December 2015Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Pharmacology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.

Continued...




Martin Rodbell

Born: 1 December 1925Died: 7 December 1998Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.




Edward lewis

Born: 20 May 1918Died: 21 July 2004Country: United StatesField: Developmental Biology, Embryology, Genetics


Continued...




Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

Born: 20 October 1942Age: 74 YearsCountry: GermanyField: Embryology, Genetics

Nobel PrizeFor her discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.

Continued...




Eric Francis Wieschaus

Born: 8 June 1947Age: 70 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Developmental Biology





Peter Doherty

Born: 15 October 1940Age: 76 YearsCountry: AustraliaField: Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.

Continued...




Rolf zinkernagel

Born: 6 January 1944Age: 73 YearsCountry: SwitzerlandField: Immunology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.




stanley Prusiner

Born: 28 May 1942Age: 75 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Neurology, Infectious diseases

Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of Prions— a new biological principle of infection.




Robert F. Furchgott

Born: 4 June 1916Died: 19 May 2009Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.

Continued...




louis J. Ignarro

Born: 31 May 1941Age: 76 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Pharmacology


Continued...




Ferid Murad

Born: 14 September 1936Age: 80 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Pharmacology





günter Blobel

Born: 21 May 1936Age: 81 YearsCountry: Germany, United StatesField: Biology

Nobel PrizeFor the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.




Arvid Carlsson

Born: 25 January 1923Age: 94 YearsCountry: SwedenField: Neurophysiology

Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.

Continued...




Paul greengard

Born: 11 December 1925Age: 91 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Neuroscience


Continued...




Eric R. Kandel

Born: 7 November 1929Age: 87 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience




Name Country year Page NoAAlbert Claude Belgium 1974 115Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary 1937 43Albrecht Kossel Germany 1910 12Alexis Carrel France 1912 14Alfred G. Gilman United States 1994 162Alfred Hershey United States 1969 104Allan M. Cormack South Africa 1979 129Allvar Gullstrand Sweden 1911 13André Frédéric Cournand France 1956 72André Michel Lwoff France 1965 93Andrew Schally United States, Poland 1977 124António Egas Moniz Portugal 1949 60Archibald Vivian Hill United Kingdom 1922 21Arthur Kornberg United States 1959 79Arvid Carlsson Sweden 2000 174August Krogh Denmark 1920 19Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell Sweden 1955 71

BBarbara McClintock United States 1983 140Baruch Samuel Blumberg United States 1976 121Baruj Benacerraf Venezuela 1980 131Bengt I. Samuelsson Sweden 1982 138Bernardo Houssay Argentina 1947 57Bert Sakmann Germany 1991 157

CCamillo Golgi Italy 1906 6Carl Ferdinand Cori United States 1947 55César Milstein Argentina, United Kingdom 1984 143Charles Brenton Huggins United States 1966 96Charles Jules Henry Nicolle France 1928 29Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran France 1907 8Charles Richet France 1913 15Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands 1929 30Christian de Duve Belgium 1974 116Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany 1995 165Corneille Heymans Belgium 1938 44

DDaniel Bovet Italy 1957 75Daniel Carleton Gajdusek United States 1976 122Daniel Nathans United States 1978 127



David Baltimore United States 1975 118David H. Hubel Canada 1981 135Dickinson W. Richards United States 1956 74

EE. Donnall Thomas United States 1990 155Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. United States 1971 109Edgar Douglas Adrian United Kingdom 1932 35Edmond H. Fischer Switzerland, United States 1992 158Edward A. Doisy United States 1943 48Edward Calvin Kendall United States 1950 62Edward Lawrie Tatum United States 1958 77Edward Lewis United States 1995 164Edwin Gerhard Krebs United States 1992 159Élie Metchnikoff Russia 1908 9Emil Adolf von Behring Germany 1901 1Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland 1909 11Eric Francis Wieschaus United States 1995 166Eric R. Kandel United States 2000 176Erwin Neher Germany 1991 156

FFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen West Germany 1964 91Ferid Murad United States 1998 172Francis Harry Compton Crick United Kingdom 1962 84Francis Peyton Rous United States 1966 95François Jacob France 1965 92Frederick Chapman Robbins United States 1954 69Fritz Albert Lipmann United States 1953 67

gGeorg von Békésy United States 1961 83George D. Snell United States 1980 133George E. Palade Romania 1974 117George Hitchings United States 1988 151George Minot United States 1934 38George Wald United States 1967 99George Wells Beadle United States 1958 76George Whipple United States 1934 37Georges Jean Franz Köhler West Germany 1984 142Gerald Edelman United States 1972 110Gerhard Domagk Germany 1939 45Gertrude Elion United States 1988 150Gerty Theresa Cori United States 1947 56Günter Blobel Germany, United States 1999 173



hHaldan Keffer Hartline United States 1967 98Hamilton O. Smith United States 1978 128Hans Spemann Germany 1935 40Har Gobind Khorana India, United States 1968 101Harold Varmus United States 1989 153Henrik Dam Denmark 1943 47Herbert Spencer Gasser United States 1944 50Hermann Joseph Muller United States 1946 54Howard Temin United States 1975 120Howard Walter Florey Australia 1945 53

IIvan Petrovich Pavlov Russia 1904 4

JJ. Michael Bishop United States 1989 152Jacques Monod France 1965 94James Dewey Watson United States 1962 85Jean Dausset France 1980 132Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger Denmark 1926 27John Franklin Enders United States 1954 68John James Rickard Macleod United Kingdom 1923 24Joseph Erlanger United States 1944 49Joseph Goldstein United States 1985 145Joseph Murray United States 1990 154Joshua Lederberg United States 1958 78Jules Bordet Belgium 1919 18Julius Axelrod United States 1970 106Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria 1927 28

KKarl Landsteiner Austria 1930 32Karl von Frisch West Germany 1973 112Konrad Bloch United States 1964 90Konrad Lorenz Austria 1973 113

lLouis J. Ignarro United States 1998 171

MMarshall Warren Nirenberg United States 1968 102Martin Rodbell United States 1994 163Maurice Wilkins New Zealand, United Kingdom 1962 86



Max Delbrück United States 1969 103Max Theiler South Africa 1951 64Michael Brown United States 1985 144

NNiels K. Jerne Denmark 1984 141Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark, Faroe Islands 1903 3Niko Tinbergen Netherlands 1973 114

OOtto Fritz Meyerhof Germany 1922 22Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany 1931 33Otto Loewi Austria, Germany 1936 42

PPaul Ehrlich Germany 1908 10Paul Greengard United States 2000 175Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland 1948 58Peter Doherty Australia 1996 167Philip Showalter Hench United States 1950 61Phillip Sharp United States 1993 161

RRagnar Granit Finland, Sweden 1967 97Renato Dulbecco Italy, United States 1975 119Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy 1986 147Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary 1914 16Robert F. Furchgott United States 1998 170Robert Koch Germany 1905 5Robert W. Holley United States 1968 100Rodney Porter United Kingdom 1972 111Roger Guillemin United States 1977 123Roger Sperry United States 1981 134Rolf Zinkernagel Switzerland 1996 168Rosalyn Sussman Yalow United States 1977 125

sSalvador Luria Italy, United States 1969 105Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain 1906 7Selman Abraham Waksman United States 1952 65Severo Ochoa United States, Spain 1959 80Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin United Kingdom 1963 88Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom 1945 51Sir Andrew Huxley United Kingdom 1963 89Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom 1970 108



Sir Charles Scott Sherrington United Kingdom 1932 34Sir Ernst Boris Chain United Kingdom 1945 52Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Australia 1960 81Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins United Kingdom 1929 31Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada 1923 23Sir Godfrey Hounsfield United Kingdom 1979 130Sir Hans Adolf Krebs United Kingdom 1953 66Sir Henry Dale United Kingdom 1936 41Sir James Black United Kingdom 1988 149Sir John Eccles Australia 1963 87Sir John Vane United Kingdom 1982 139Sir Peter Brian Medawar Brazil, United Kingdom 1960 82Sir Richard Roberts United Kingdom 1993 160Sir Ronald Ross United Kingdom, India 1902 2Stanley Cohen United States 1986 146Stanley Prusiner United States 1997 169Sune Bergström Sweden 1982 137Susumu Tonegawa Japan 1987 148

TTadeusz Reichstein Switzerland, Poland 1950 63Thomas Huckle Weller United States 1954 70Thomas Hunt Morgan United States 1933 36Torsten Wiesel Sweden 1981 136

UUlf von Euler Sweden 1970 107

WWalter Rudolf Hess Switzerland 1949 59Werner Arber Switzerland 1978 126Werner Forssmann West Germany 1956 73Willem Einthoven Netherlands 1924 25William Parry Murphy United States 1934 39

Nobel Prize was not awarded in 1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942



Country Name year Page NoAArgentina Bernardo Houssay 1947 57Argentina César Milstein 1984 143Australia Peter Doherty 1996 167Australia Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet 1960 81Australia Sir John Eccles 1963 87Australia Howard Walter Florey 1945 53Austria Julius Wagner-Jauregg 1927 28Austria Karl Landsteiner 1930 32Austria Konrad Lorenz 1973 113Austria Otto Loewi 1936 42Austria-Hungary Robert Bárány 1914 16

BBelgium Albert Claude 1974 115Belgium Christian de Duve 1974 116Belgium Corneille Heymans 1938 44Belgium Jules Bordet 1919 18Brazil Sir Peter Brian Medawar 1960 82

CCanada David H. Hubel 1981 135Canada Sir Frederick Grant Banting 1923 23

DDenmark August Krogh 1920 19Denmark Henrik Dam 1943 47Denmark Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger 1926 27Denmark Niels K. Jerne 1984 141Denmark Niels Ryberg Finsen 1903 3

FFaroe Islands Niels Ryberg Finsen 1903 3Finland Ragnar Granit 1967 97France Alexis Carrel 1912 14France André Michel Lwoff 1965 93France André Frédéric Cournand 1956 72France Charles Jules Henry Nicolle 1928 29France Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran 1907 8France Charles Richet 1913 15France François Jacob 1965 92France Jacques Monod 1965 94France Jean Dausset 1980 132



gGermany Albrecht Kossel 1910 12Germany Bert Sakmann 1991 157Germany Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 1995 165Germany Emil Adolf von Behring 1901 1Germany Erwin Neher 1991 156Germany Gerhard Domagk 1939 45Germany Hans Spemann 1935 40Germany Otto Fritz Meyerhof 1922 22Germany Otto Heinrich Warburg 1931 33Germany Otto Loewi 1936 42Germany Paul Ehrlich 1908 10Germany Robert Koch 1905 5Germany Günter Blobel 1999 173

hHungary Albert Szent-Györgyi 1937 43

IIndia Har Gobind Khorana 1968 101India Sir Ronald Ross 1902 2Italy Camillo Golgi 1906 6Italy Daniel Bovet 1957 75Italy Rita Levi-Montalcini 1986 147Italy Renato Dulbecco 1975 119Italy Salvador Luria 1969 105

JJapan Susumu Tonegawa 1987 148

NNetherlands Christiaan Eijkman 1929 30Netherlands Niko Tinbergen 1973 114Netherlands Willem Einthoven 1924 25New Zealand Maurice Wilkins 1962 86

PPoland Tadeusz Reichstein 1950 63Poland Andrew Schally 1977 124Portugal António Egas Moniz 1949 60

RRomania George E. Palade 1974 117Russia Élie Metchnikoff 1908 9Russia Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1904 4



sSouth Africa Allan M. Cormack 1979 129South Africa Max Theiler 1951 64Spain Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1906 7Spain Severo Ochoa 1959 80Sweden Allvar Gullstrand 1911 13Sweden Arvid Carlsson 2000 174Sweden Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell 1955 71Sweden Bengt I. Samuelsson 1982 138Sweden Ragnar Granit 1967 97Sweden Sune Bergström 1982 137Sweden Torsten Wiesel 1981 136Sweden Ulf von Euler 1970 107Switzerland Emil Theodor Kocher 1909 11Switzerland Paul Hermann Müller 1948 58Switzerland Rolf Zinkernagel 1996 168Switzerland Walter Rudolf Hess 1949 59Switzerland Werner Arber 1978 126Switzerland Tadeusz Reichstein 1950 63Switzerland Edmond H. Fischer 1992 158

UUnited Kingdom Archibald Vivian Hill 1922 21United Kingdom César Milstein 1984 143United Kingdom Edgar Douglas Adrian 1932 35United Kingdom Francis Harry Compton Crick 1962 84United Kingdom John James Rickard Macleod 1923 24United Kingdom Maurice Wilkins 1962 86United Kingdom Rodney Porter 1972 111United Kingdom Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 1963 88United Kingdom Sir Alexander Fleming 1945 51United Kingdom Sir Andrew Huxley 1963 89United Kingdom Sir Bernard Katz 1970 108United Kingdom Sir Charles Scott Sherrington 1932 34United Kingdom Sir Ernst Boris Chain 1945 52United Kingdom Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1929 31United Kingdom Sir Godfrey Hounsfield 1979 130United Kingdom Sir Hans Adolf Krebs 1953 66United Kingdom Sir Henry Dale 1936 41United Kingdom Sir James Black 1988 149United Kingdom Sir John Vane 1982 139United Kingdom Sir Peter Brian Medawar 1960 82United Kingdom Sir Richard Roberts 1993 160United Kingdom Sir Ronald Ross 1902 2United States Alfred G. Gilman 1994 162United States Alfred Hershey 1969 104



United States Arthur Kornberg 1959 79United States Barbara McClintock 1983 140United States Baruch Samuel Blumberg 1976 121United States Carl Ferdinand Cori 1947 55United States Charles Brenton Huggins 1966 96United States Daniel Carleton Gajdusek 1976 122United States Daniel Nathans 1978 127United States David Baltimore 1975 118United States Dickinson W. Richards 1956 74United States Edmond H. Fischer 1992 158United States E. Donnall Thomas 1990 155United States Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. 1971 109United States Edward A. Doisy 1943 48United States Edward Calvin Kendall 1950 62United States Edward Lawrie Tatum 1958 77United States Edward Lewis 1995 164United States Edwin Gerhard Krebs 1992 159United States Eric Francis Wieschaus 1995 166United States Eric R. Kandel 2000 176United States Ferid Murad 1998 172United States Francis Peyton Rous 1966 95United States Frederick Chapman Robbins 1954 69United States Fritz Albert Lipmann 1953 67United States Günter Blobel 1999 173United States Georg von Békésy 1961 83United States George D. Snell 1980 133United States George Hitchings 1988 151United States George Minot 1934 38United States George Wald 1967 99United States George Wells Beadle 1958 76United States George Whipple 1934 37United States Gerald Edelman 1972 110United States Gertrude Elion 1988 150United States Gerty Theresa Cori 1947 56United States Haldan Keffer Hartline 1967 98United States Hamilton O. Smith 1978 128United States Harold Varmus 1989 153United States Herbert Spencer Gasser 1944 50United States Har Gobind Khorana 1968 101United States Hermann Joseph Muller 1946 54United States Howard Temin 1975 120United States J. Michael Bishop 1989 152United States James Dewey Watson 1962 85United States John Franklin Enders 1954 68United States Joseph Erlanger 1944 49United States Joseph Goldstein 1985 145



United States Joseph Murray 1990 154United States Joshua Lederberg 1958 78United States Julius Axelrod 1970 106United States Konrad Bloch 1964 90United States Louis J. Ignarro 1998 171United States Marshall Warren Nirenberg 1968 102United States Martin Rodbell 1994 163United States Max Delbrück 1969 103United States Michael Brown 1985 144United States Paul Greengard 2000 175United States Philip Showalter Hench 1950 61United States Phillip Sharp 1993 161United States Renato Dulbecco 1975 119United States Robert F. Furchgott 1998 170United States Robert W. Holley 1968 100United States Roger Guillemin 1977 123United States Roger Sperry 1981 134United States Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1977 125United States Selman Abraham Waksman 1952 65United States Stanley Cohen 1986 146United States Stanley Prusiner 1997 169United States Salvador Luria 1969 105United States Thomas Huckle Weller 1954 70United States Thomas Hunt Morgan 1933 36United States William Parry Murphy 1934 39United States Andrew Schally 1977 124United States Severo Ochoa 1959 80

VVenezuela Baruj Benacerraf 1980 131

WWest Germany Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen 1964 91West Germany Georges Jean Franz Köhler 1984 142West Germany Karl von Frisch 1973 112West Germany Werner Forssmann 1956 73


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