Upload
adele-bell
View
213
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
FROM COMPROMISE TO CRISISIn the late 1800’s compromise between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces became almost impossible.
1819 – Alabama and Missouri apply for statehood as slave states. Congress did not question Alabama being a slave state because it was located far south, surrounded by other slave states and it would balance the slave and free states.
BUT…..Most of Missouri lay north of where Ohio River flows into Mississippi. Slavery banned on eastern side of Mississippi River.
CONFRONTING THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY! Issue: Missouri applied for statehood as
a slave state.
Northerners favored / opposed this because
Southerners favored / opposed this because …
It would upset the balance of free and slave states in the Senate.
There would be more slave states than free states in the Senate.
opposed
favored
TALLMADGE AGREEMENT
Bill to make Missouri a state came before Congress, Representative James
Tallmadge of NY proposed an amendment.It said…
Missouri could join the Union but only as a free state!
Guess who was happy?
Northerners – It would stop the spread of slavery into the Louisiana Territory
SOUTHERNERS’ PROTEST “ What right did Congress have to
decide whether a new state should be free or slave?”
According to the theory of state’s rights, favored by many Southerners, Congress had no power to impose its will on a state.
Southerners believed that if Missouri were admitted as a free state, the North would
have the votes in Congress to end slavery!!
CONFRONTING SLAVERY
Issue: The Tallmadge agreement proposed that Missouri be admitted as a free state.Northerners favored /
opposed thisbecause…
Southerners favored / opposed this because …
It would stop the spread of slavery into the Louisiana Territory.
If Missouri were admitted as a free state, the North would have the votes in Congress to end slavery
favoredopposed
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE UNRAVELS During the 1830s abolitionists flooded
Congress with anti-slavery petitions. Congress kept saying they had no power to interfere with slavery in the states.
Abolitionists asked for slavery to be banned in the nation’s capital of Washington D.C.
Rather than confront the issue Congress voted to table (set aside indefinitely) all anti-slavery petitions
Abolitionists called this action the “gag rule”
because it silenced all congressional debate over slavery.
WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED?
The Missouri Compromise
Missouri entered the Union as a slave state.
Maine entered the Union as a free state. Congress drew a line at 36l 30’ across
the Louisiana Territory. Slavery was permitted south of that line and prohibited above it.
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE UNRAVELS!
Issue: Abolitionists wanted to end slavery in Washington D.C but Congress refused to consider anti-slavery petitionsNorthern abolitionists were pleased/angeredbecause
Southerners were pleased/ angered because… pleasedangered
They wanted slavery to be outlawed in the nation’s capital.
They wanted no limitations placed on slavery.
FUGITIVE SLAVES Individual slaves continued to rebel by
running away to freedom in the North. These fugitives were often helped in their escape by sympathetic people in the North.
To slave owners these Northerners were no better than bank robbers. They saw slaves a a valuable piece of property.
Slaveholders demanded Congress pass a fugitive slave law to help them recapture their property.
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISES UNRAVELS! Issue: Some northerners assisted
fugitive slaves.
Northerners accepted / condemned this practice because
Southerners accepted/ condemned this practice because …
They felt slavery was wrong.
They felt runaway slaves were lost property.
acceptedcondemne
d
THE WILMOT PROVISO President Polk sent a bill to Congress
asking for money to fight the Mexican American War. David Wilmot, a representative from PA. added an amendment to the bill .
The Wilmot Proviso stated that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in any part of the territory that might be acquired from Mexico.
THE WILMOT PROVISO!
Issue: The Wilmot Proviso states slavery would not be allowed in the Mexican Cession.Northerners favored /
opposed this amendment beause
Southerners favored / opposed this amendment because …
They wanted to prevent the expansion of slavery into territories.
They felt Congress had no right to tell slaveholders where they could take their property.
favoredopposed
STATEHOOD FOR CALIFORNIA For the next three years, Congress debated
what to do about slavery in the territory gained from Mexico.
Southerners wanted all the the Mexican Cession open to slavery
Northerners wanted it all closed
California applies for statehood as a free state. However, this would upset the balance
CALIFORNIA STATEHOOD!
Issue :California applied for admission as a free state.
Northerners favored/ opposed admitting California as a free state because
Southerners favored/opposed admitting California as a free state because
It would create more free states than slave states in Congress.
It would make the slave states a minority in Congress.
favored
opposed
California was admitted as a free state. New Mexico and Utah were organized
as territories open to slavery. The slave trade ended in Washington,
D.C. A strong fugitive slave law was passed.
What Actually Happened?
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT A person arrested as a runaway slave
had no legal rights. Many ran away to Canada instead of risk being caught and sent back to their owners.
Act stated anybody who assisted a slave in escaping could be jailed.
Northerners refused to support the act. Of the tens of thousands of fugitives
living in the North during the 1850’s, only 299 were ever returned to their owners.
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW!
Issue : The Fugitive Slave Law caused bitterness between the North & the SouthNortherners were
satisfied/dissatisfied with the way the Fugitive Slave Law was enforced because …
Southerners were satisfied/dissatisfied with the way the Fugitive Slave Law was enforced because …
dissatisfied
dissatisfied
They were asked to help slave catchers.
Northerners refused to obey it.
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN A novel By Harriet Beecher Stowe that
brought the horrors of slavery to the public.
Parts of the book were published in an abolitionist newspaper
Plays based on the book toured the country
COMPROMISE FAILS!
Issue: The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin told the story of a slave and his master.
The book was popular / unpopular I the north because …
The book was popular/ unpopular in the South because …
unpopular
popular
It aroused powerful emotions against slavery.
It turned people against slavery
KANSAS – NEBRASKA ACT Act passed in 1854 and created two new
territories, Kansas and Nebraska. It also abolished the Missouri Compromise by leaving it up to the settlers themselves to vote on whether to permit slavery in the two territories. This policy is called popular sovereignty.
BLOODSHED IN KANSAS After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was
passed settlers poured into Kansas. Most were farmers,but some settlers moved to Kansas to either support or oppose slavery. This struggle over slavery soon turned violent. he conflict in Kansas destroyed millions of dollars worth of property, froze agriculture, and cost many lives.
THE COMPROMISE SATISFIES NO ONE! Issue 3: The Kansas-Nebraska Act states that
the issue of slavery in those territories would be decided by popular sovereignty. Both pro-slavery & anti-slavery forces rushed to the territories to vote.
Northerners were pleased/unhappy about the act because …
Southerners were pleased/unhappy about the act because …
pleasedunhappy
It overturned the Missouri Compromise & allowed slavery north of the 36°30’ in the Louisiana Territory.
They could take slaves into the Louisiana Territory.
DRED SCOTT In 1857 the slavery controversy shifter
from Congress to the Supreme Court. Years earlier a slave named Dred Scott
had traveled with his owner to Wisconsin, where slavery was banned.
When he returned to Missouri, Scott went to court to win his freedom, arguing his stay in Wisconsin had made him a free man.
QUESTIONS OF THE CASE? 1. As a slave, was Dred Scott a citizen
who had the right to bring a case before a federal court?
2. Did his time in Wisconsin make him a free man?
Chief Justice Taney hoped this case would settle the slavery controversy once and for all so….
MORE QUESTIONS?? He asked the court to consider 2 more
questions…
1. Did Congress have the power to make any laws concerning slavery in the territories?
2. And, if so, was the Missouri Compromise a constitutional use of power?
TWO JUDICIAL BOMBSHELLS March 6, 1857 By a vote of 5-4, the court had decided
that Scott could not sue for his freedom in a federal court because he was not a citizen. Nor, could he become a citizen
Second, Rejected the argument that his stay in Wisconsin had made him a free man. Slaves are property. The fifth amendment says property cannot be taken without due process and that banning slavery is the same as taking property.
COMPROMISE FAILS! Issue: The Dred Scott Case. Scott was a slave
who believed his trip to Wisconsin made him a free man.
Northerners probably believed he was free/because…
Southerners probably believed he was
because…
still a slave
free
He had lived in a free territory
They felt slave owners should have the right to take their slaves anywhere.
WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED?
Congress cannot ban slavery in the territories.
Scott could not sue for his freedom in a federal court because he was not a citizen, nor could any African American ever become an American citizen.
Scott’s stay in Wisconsin did not make him a free man because the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas in the
Senate race. Douglas believed the country could
survive being half free and half slave. Lincoln disagreed stating that slavery
was a moral issue not a legal issue. Lincoln lost the Senate race but the
debates made him a national figure and brought the moral issue of slavery to the public stronger than ever.
COMPROMISE TO CRISIS Issue: During the Lincoln Douglas Debates,
positions regarding slavery were made clear.
Lincoln, representing the opinion of the North, felt slavery was a moral issue because…
Douglas, representing the opinion of the South, felt slavery as a legal issue because…
legal
moral
He felt slavery was wrong
He felt slavery was settled through the Dred Scott Decision
COMPROMISE TO CRISIS Issue: John Brown attacked the arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry to get weapons for a slave rebellion
Some northerners were
after Brown’s raid because
Southerners were fearful about Brown’s raid because
upset
They considered Brown a hero
Slave rebellions might spread throughout the South
fearful
COMPROMISE TO CRISIS Election of 1860 and secession The election showed just how divided the
country had become The Republicans were united behind
Lincoln Democrats were divided: Northern Democrats supported Stephen
Douglas Southern Democrats supported John
Breckinridge The Constitutional Union party elected John
Bell
LINCOLN ELECTED PRESIDENT With his opposition divided three ways –
Lincoln won election – but it was odd Lincoln won with 40% of the votes – all
from the North In 10 southern states – he was not even
on the ballot The South was now in the minority!!! Southerners feared Congress would try to
abolish slavery. Newspaper” the loss of liberty, property
home, country – everything that makes life living.
COMPROMISE TO CRISIS Issue: Abraham Lincoln elected President
Northerners were happy about the election because
Southerners were unhappy about the election because
happy
Lincoln was opposed to the spread of slavery
They has lost most of their political power
unhappy