In the 1 st century BC, the chain pump was invented. The chain pump allows water to be pumped from...
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In the 1 st century BC, the chain pump was invented. The chain pump allows water to be pumped from lower to higher altitudes. These are used for irrigation
In the 1 st century BC, the chain pump was invented. The chain
pump allows water to be pumped from lower to higher altitudes.
These are used for irrigation in farming. In the 2 nd century BC,
refining iron and steel have already been invented by the Chinese,
in contrast with Henry Bessemer, who had claimed to have discovered
refining iron and steel. In the 1 st century AD, the deep drilling
technique was invented by the Chinese to find natural gases. This
technique can drill holes up to 48,000 feet.
Slide 3
Chinese culture faceted the development of the Confucian
system. The Confucian list of virtues emphasized respect for ones
social elder. (e.g. filial piety obedience of a child and mother to
father, respect for elders, honor due to those who passed away.)
Also, it emphasized political virtue and social order, as well as
loyalty to the community. Daoism complemented Confucianism and
embraced the traditional belief of natures harmony and added to the
sense of natures mystery.
Slide 4
There are six types of classical arts: Poetry Dance Music
Painting Architecture Sculpture These arts all flourished in
ancient China, since China had a long history.
Slide 5
Chinese poetry came about very early in Chinas history. Classic
of Poetry was the first written collection of poems in China. It is
believed that Confucius had gathered Classic of Poetry. Chu Chi
came after Classic of Poetry. (Also known as The Poetry of Chu: The
Songs of the South) This was a collection of the works from Q Yuan
and his followers. Ballads came after Chu Chi (Poetry in the form
of ballads). In the Tang Dynasty, Lshi came about very quickly (a
classical poem of 8 lines). In the Song Dynasty, there came the Ci
poetry. Poets in the Song Dynasty were skilled in the use of
switching from long to short sentences. In the Yuan Dynasty, San Qu
came about. San Qu is a type of opera with tonal patterns modeled
from the tunes of folk music.
Slide 6
Chinese ancestors had already began dancing and used it as part
of their community activity around 7,000-8,000 years ago. During
the Shang Dynasty, dance became part of a main factor of ceremonies
that include prayer and worship. During the Tang Dynasty, court
dance reached its peak. Martial and civil dances were present in
Chinese dancing, and even included dancing with empty hands or with
weap0ns. Other types of dances: The lion dance in Hebei and
Guandong Provinces The tea-picking dance in Yunnan Province The
great yangge in the Northeast
Slide 7
The Lion dance Tea -picking dance The Great Yangge Dance
Slide 8
Early Chinese had already developed painting techniques by the
Neolithic age. Chinese had already began using pictures and
portraits to express and state their imaginative thoughts.
Paintings in the Han Dynasty used precise, simple lines, and
conveyed imaginative subjects. Chinese painting strived for vibrant
colors, vividness, and contrast, as well as precise ink lines.
Slide 9
Architectural advancements in the Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties
include: The advent of earth tiles, used to cover the ridge and
gutters of the house. People plastered a mixture of soil, lime, and
sand on their walls and floors. Dougong (corbel brackets) were used
to support the projecting eaves and are placed on column heads. The
famous Great Wall and the Terracotta Army which is called the
eighth wonder of the world. Gabled roof, hipped roof, and
double-eaved roof were commonly used in the Han Dynasty.
Slide 10
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In Classical Chinese sculpture, themes included everyday
subjects, along with dead emperors and rulers. Themes of sculptures
can also be figurines of performers in operas or many other
characters. Popular everyday themes of animals include: oxen,
horses, dogs, pigs, bears, tigers, lions, etc. Huge statues of
Buddhas, arhats, Bodhisattvas, deities, and demons can also be
found.
Slide 12
Religion was the clearest cultural cement of the Indian
society. It cut across political and language barriers and across
the castes. Along with religion, and important tradition of
rational scientific inquiry came about. It helped sustain major
initiative in higher education. Religion, legalism, abstract
mathematics, and art and literature coexisted as Indian
culture.
Slide 13
The Guptas built high towered temples. A form of billboards
came about in the Mauryan Empire. The people built Stupas, which
are spherical shrines for Buddha. The Great Stupa in Sanchi,
India
Slide 14
Ashoka created roads with rest areas for travelers. Ashoka also
created roads that connected to the Silk Road. The Guptas created
fashioning iron for many uses, but it was especially used for
making weapons. The Guptas engineered a vaccine for small pox.
Slide 15
The Buddhists started rock-cut cave art. More than sixty
religious structures were carved into or out of solid rock at the
cliffs of Ajanta and Ellora. These monumental buildings tell us
about the nature of society, everyday life, and popular culture.
The Sun Temple in Konark The Sun Temple in Konark The Cliffs at
Ajanta and Ellora
Slide 16
Vedas came about by the Aryans. Vedas are hymns that were
originally transmitted orally but then written down in sacred
books. They were written in Sanskrit and include Mahabharata and
Ramayana. Sanskrit was introduced by the Aryans, and became the
first literary language of the Indian classical culture. The
Upanishads were epic poems that had mystical themes, and included
sacred animals-monkeys/cattle, and rituals and sacrifice. The
Panchatantra is a story collection produced during the Gupta
period, which included Sinbad the Sailor, and Jack the Giant
Killer.
Slide 17
Literature During the classical age, starting from late fifth
century B.C, Greece reached many achievements especially those in
literature. Their first writings date from the eighth century B.C
they were often preservations of epic poems and ballads. Greeks
felt that knowing to read and write was essential for all citizens.
Some of Classical Greeces renounced literary works are The Iliad
and The Odyssey, by Homer, each exemplifying how far advanced the
Greeks were in writing. Both works tell of the Greeks religious
beliefs.
Slide 18
Literature During the following years Greek literature focused
on play writes dedicated to the Greek Gods. They were then
performed in Athens during the festival of Dionysus. Theatre of
Dionysus
Slide 19
Arts During the Classical era, Greek art was focused on
sculptures and statues. Their statues were often built using
bronze, detailed, and made in natural poses they depicted both the
gods and their citizens. Two of the Greeks most famous statues are
Statue of Zeus at Olympia and the Statue of Athena Parthenos.
Slide 20
Architecture & Engineering Classical Greeks architecture
was characterized by their many stone temples dedicated to their
gods. The Greeks were one of the first civilizations to introduce
columns, they were know for their construction of Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian order. They were also one of the first to have an
irrigation system. Two of the most eminent monuments were the
Acropolis and the Parthenon.
Slide 21
Literature The Literature Of Ancient Rome produced many works
of poetry, comedy and tragedy. Similar to the Greeks. The literary
works were written in Latin the native language. There are few
works that have been preserved but among these few surviving works,
are the plays of Plautus and Terence. Both works were a series of
comedies.
Slide 22
Arts In Rome the Classical period consisted of many similar
features to the Greek civilization, such as their art. They also
created several statues but the Romans emphasized more on the
emperors rather than regular citizens. Unlike the Greeks the Romans
often made sculptures of people that only consisted of their face
and bust. Sculptures of the emperor Claudius
Slide 23
Architecture & Engineering Architecture was crucial to the
success of Rome. Architecture like temples, basilicas, bridges, and
aqueducts played important roles in unifying the empire. The
construction of roads with bridges helped communication across the
empire. Aqueducts like the Pont du Gard enabled the Romans to
provide a water supply to its cities. City walls like the one in
central France protected the Roman cities. View of Rome with the
Bridge and Castel St. Angelo by the Tiber Bath of Caracalla
Slide 24
The Great Civilizations of the Middle East: Artistic,
Architectural, and Literate Advances.
Slide 25
Tower of Babylon Hanging Gardens of Babylon Assyrian
Palaces
Slide 26
Wrote in cuneiform: Gilgamesh Epic The Babylonian Flood
Myth
Slide 27
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The Magnificent Age of the Pharaohs and the Pyramids
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India had a more dynamic sensual style of art, whereas Chinas
art was restraint. The Classical era of the Greeks focused on
statues and sculptures and the Romans focused primarily on the
busts and heads of emperors. India ultimately settled on a primary
religion, Hinduism, whereas China opted for separate religious and
philosophical systems that would have served different needs. The
Greeks and the Romans favored polytheistic values, where they
believed in many gods. Indias cultural emphasis was, on balance,
considerably more otherworldly that that of China, despite the
impact of Daoism. In science, the Chinese placed greater stress on
purely practical findings, whereas the Indians ventured further
into the mathematical arena.
Slide 37
All of the civilizations in the Classical Ages were
polytheistic. The Classical civilizations all attributed to the
technological advances in their society such as: the refining of
iron and steel in China; vaccines for sicknesses, advances in
science, and roads in India; agricultural advances for crops and
monuments and buildings for rulers in the Mediterranean; etc. Art
was an important factor for the Classical civilizations, which
stressed many features in their society.