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MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN
POWDER METALLURGY
Volume 2: Applications
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN POWDER METALLURGY Edited by Henry H. Hausner
Volume 1: Fundamentals and Methods Volume 2: Applications Volume 3: Development and Future Prospects
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN
POWDER METALLURGY Proceedings of the 1965 International Powder Metallurgy Conference, sponsored by the Metal Powder Industries Federation, the American Powder Metallurgy Institute, and The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
Editor Henry H. Hausner
Adjunct Professor, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and Consulting Engineer
New York, N. Y.
Volume 2
Applications
g? SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC 1966
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN
POWDER METALLURGY Proceedings of the 1965 International Powder Metallurgy Conference, sponsored by the Metal Powder Industries Federation, the American Powder Metallurgy Institute, and The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
Editor Henry H. Hausner
Adjunct Professor, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and Consulting Engineer
New York, N. Y.
Volume 2
Applications
g? SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC 1966
These three-volume Proceedings of the 1965 International Powder Metallurgy Conference, published under the title
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 61-65760
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1996
ISBN 978-1-4684-7884-6 ISBN 978-1-4684-7882-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-7882-2
Introduction to Volume 2
This second volume contains 20 papers which were presented at the International Powder Metallurgy Conference held in New York, June 14-17, 1965. Whereas the first volume of these transactions deals with fundamentals and methods in powder metallurgy fabrication, this second volume deals with more practical aspects, especially recent applications and new developments.
The largest part of today's powder metallurgy production concerns the fabrication of iron and iron-alloy parts. This type of production has increased steadily for many years, as shown in Volume 3 of these transactions, but there are many aspects of this technology which are stiU under development; reference is made especially to the sintering proces!>- of iron and steel compacts. Development in ferrous powder metallurgy is proceeding in many countries, and the authors of the six papers on ferrous powder metallurgy problems in this volume are from the United States, United Kingdom, U.S.S.R., and Sweden - four countries in which iron powder metallurgy is highly developed and in large-scale production.
Powder metallurgy permits the fabrication of materials which are difficult or impossible to produce by more conventional metallurgica1 methods, and special reference is made to dispersion-strengthened materials, which are characterized by the dispersion of one component into the matrix of a second component. The first material of this type was developed more than 15 years ago in Switzerland, and it is known as SAP (sintered aluminum powder). This type of material has been further developed during the last few years, and this volume contains a review of the various efforts made at Euratom laboratories. The problems of dispersion-strengthening of other metals, such as nickel, cobalt, and tungsten, are also discussed in some detail in this volume. Dispersion-strengthened materials are most useful at elevated temperatures and are, therefore, of great value for many high-temperature applications.
The third section of this volume is devoted to the development of high-temperature materials, such as tungsten, superalloys, fiber-reinforced materials, and to some problems concerning borides. Special emphasis is given to tungsten of controlled porosity, a material which is as interesting today as high-density tungsten and which is presently used for ionizers in rocket engines.
It was stated above that most of the 20 chapters in this volume concern some practic al development aspects in powder metallurgy. The content of these chapters, however, indicates strongly that practic al aspects can never be separated from theoretica1 and fundamental considerations, and it is especially this correlation of theoretical and practic al ideas which makes the 20 chapters of this volume so valuable.
New York, N. Y. v
H enry H. H ausner Program Chairman International Powder Metallurgy
Conference 1965
Contents of Volume 2
Introduction to Volume 2 .. .
Contents of Volume 1 ............. ' ........ , ................ ,.' .............. , ..... .
Contents of Volume 3 .
Ferrous Powder Metallurgy
Some Aspects of the Sin te ring of Iron Powder ............. ' .... . S. L. Forss
v
ix
xi
3
The Mechanism of Sintering of a-Iron . ' 12 H. F. Fischmeister and R. Zahn
Alpha and Gamma Phase Sintering of Carbonyl and Other Iron Powders . 26 Arnold R. Poster and Henry H. Hausner
Investigation of the Activated Sintering of Iron Powder . 45 I. M. Fedorchenko and LI. Ivanova
The Use of Byproduct Steel Powder from Ball-Bearing Production in Powder Metallurgy . 62
O. V. Roman, V. I. Belyaev, and M. Y. Kutser
The Corrosion Resistance of Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel . 73 R. L. Sands, G. F. Bidmead, and D. A. Oliver, C.B.E.
Dispersion Strengthening
Dispersion-Strengthened Nickel by Compaction and Rolling of Powder Pro-duced by Pressure Hydrometallurgy . ' 87
R. W. Fraser, B. Meddings, D. J. 1. Evans, and V. N. Mackiw
On the Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation of SAP-Type Alloys .', 112 Pierre Guyot
EJectron Microscopy of SAP Following Tensile Deformation or Quenching , 131 Erich Ruedl and Pierre Guyot
Damage and Diffusion in Aluminum and an AI-A120 3 AIIoy Following Bombardments with Oxygen or Inert Gas . 145
Erich Ruedl and Roger Kelly
An Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Study of the Recovery on Annealing of Cold-W orked, Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys '" 160
R. Grierson and L. J. Bonis vii
viii Contents of Volume 1
Development of Dispersion-Hardened Cobalt-Base Cutting-Tool Alloys from Atomized Powders . ................. . . .. .. ..... ... .. 182
O. W. Reen
Stability of Selected Submicron Refractory Dispersoids in Tungsten . 203 W. R. Morcom and N. F. Cerulli
High-Temperature Materials
A Comprehensive Investigation into a Nickel-Base Superalloy From Prealloyed Powders .. .. .. .................................... ..... ..... ... . . ..... . 219
R. L. Sands
Gravity-Sintering and Low-Pressure Pressing of Tungsten Powders . . 243 Robert E. Matt and Bernard E. Davis
Tungsten Powder Metallurgy in the Production of Large Crucibles and Susceptors ...... . .. . . . ............... 265
J. M. Googin, H. T. Greene, G. R. Guinn, and A. C. Neeley
Studies of Tungsten Composites Containing Fibered or Reacted Additives . 278 Max Quatinetz, John Weeton, and Thomas P. Herbell
Tungsten Ionizers with Controlled Porosity for Cesium-Ion Engines ... 309 Roger Turk
A Kinetic Study of the Densification of TiB2 at High Pressure and High Temperature ... .... ................ .............. .. ............. ................... 321
Edward V. Clougherty, Richard L. Pober, and Larry Kaufman
Fiber-Reinforced, Sintered Composites 330 R. H. Baskey, G. F. Davies, and A. D. Schwope
Index 347
Contents of Volume 1
Introduction to Volume 1 ........................ . ... ... ......... .......... vii
Contents of Volume 2 xi
Contents of Volume 3 . xiii
Powder Production
The Kinetics of Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides with Methane . 3 Alexandru Domşa, Ludovic Szab6, Zeno Spîrchez, and Attila Pâlfalvi
Effect of Addition Agents on the Properties of Nickel Powders Produced by Hydrogen Reduction . ................................. ... .................... 15
W. Kunda, D. J. 1. Evans, and V. N. Mackiw
The Effect of Ternary Elements on the Physical Properties of Air-Atomized 85/15 Copper-Zinc Powders and Green and Sintered Compacts . 50
E. Fetz and R. L. Cavanagh
Powder Testing and Mixiog
Processes Involved in Mixing and Segregation of Metal Powders . 91 F. Eisenkolb
Particle-Size Analysis in Cemented Carbide Technology ..... 106 H. F. Fischmeister, H. E. Exner, and G. Undelof
Rapid Particle-Size Analysis of Metal Powders with an Electronic Device 125 William J. Ullrich
The Morphology and Size Analysis of Fine Metal Powders . 144 Minoru Ozasa and Hiroshi Fukuma
Consolidation of Powders
The Porosity-Pressure Curve and its Relation to the Pore-Size Distribution in Iron Powder Compacts ........................................ 155
Gerhard Bockstiegel
Isostatic Pressing for High-Volume Production . 188 Harry C. Jackson
A New Technology Based on Submicron Powders ................................. . 194 C. G. Goetzel and M. A. Steinberg
The Processing of High-Purity Copper Powder into Mill Shapes . 209 Harold H. Hirsch
ix
x Contents of Volume 1
The Theoretical Optimum Rolling Speed in Powder Compaction ...................... 247 P. E. Evans
Some Characteristics of Hot-Extruded Powder Metal Billets .......................... 253 C. R. Shakespeare and D. A. Oliver, C.B.E.
Slip-Casting of Copper Powder ..................................................................... . 266 Harry V. Sulinski and S. Lipson
Sintering Mechanisms
Creep Mechanisms and Their Role in the Sintering of Metal Powders ........... . 281 F. V. LeneI and G. S. Ansell
On the Mechanisms of Sintering ... 297 M. H. Tikkanen and S. YIăsaari
The Relationship Between Surface Area and Density in the Second-Stage Sintering of Metals ..... ........................................................................ 310
R. T. DeHoff, R. A. Rummel, H. P. LaBuff, and F. N. Rhines
Sintefing of Crystalline Oxides ....... ... ........ .... ...... ... ..... .... ............ ... ... ........ ...... 332 G. C. Kuczynski
Comparison of Sintering Mechanisms in Some Carbides, Oxides, and Metals ... 345 H. J. OeI
Investigation of the Sintering Process During Formation of Solid Solutions ... ..... 361 F. Thiimmler and W. Thomma
The Sintering of lron-Germanium Powder Mixtures ...................................... . 376 G. Cizeron
Index ................................................................................................................ 395
Contents of Volume 3
Introduction to Volume 3 .
Contents of Volume 1 ..
Contents of Volume 2 .
Nuclear Applications
v
IX
xi
Activated Sintering of Uranium Monocarbide . 3 J. P. Hammond and G. M. Adamson, Jr.
The Use of Uranium Aluminide Powders in Nuclear Reactor Fuel Elements . 26 G. W. Gibson and D. R. deBoisblanc
Powder Metallurgy of AI-Alz0 3 Composites (SAP) for Nuclear Applications 36 D. Gualandi and P. Jehenson
Hot-Pressing of Electrolytic Grade CR Beryllium . 60 W. G. Lidman and K. H. Moyer
An Experimental Study Concerning Some Effects Occurring During Skeleton Infiltration with Liquid Metals . 69
J. Frydrych, J. Lezanski, and W. Rutkowski
Cemented Carbide, Friction, Thermoelectric, Porous, and Heavy Metal Materials
Cemented Titanium Carbide Cutting Tools . 83 D. Moskowitz and M. Humenik, Jr.
Investigations of Some Hard Alloys in the Boron-Silicon-Carhon System . 95 G. A. Meerson
The Elastic Modulus of Some Dispersed-Phase Composite Materials . . 105 R. H. Krock
Theory and Applications of Controlled Permeability ..... ...... .... .... ........ .... .... 114 E. M. Cliffel, Ir., W. E. Smith, and A. D. Schwope
Production and Properties of a New Porous Bearing ... . 129 H. Y oussef and M. Eudier
Thermoelectric Materials from Powder Metallurgy . 138 D. R. Thornburg, F. Emley, and D. H. Lane
Sintered-Metal Friction Materials ........................ . 160 B. T. Collins and C. P. Schneider
Development of Ductile Tungsten-Base Heavy-Metal Alloys ................... . 166 Ierome F. Kuzmick
xi
xii Contents of Volume 3
Research, Treuds, aud Future
The Importance of Powder Metallurgical Techniques and Solid-State Reactions in the Treatment of Metallurgical Problems ........ ... ... ...... 175
F. Benesovsky
Powder Metallurgy Applications in Space Vehicle Systems .. C. G. Goetzel and J. B. Rittenhouse
On the Continuous Compaction of Metallic Powders .. Gerhard N aeser
Sintered Metals in Engineering Design . S. W. McGee and E. R. Andreotti
The Future of Sintered Metal in Automobiles Robert Talmage
190
202
206
227
Recent Trends of Powder Metallurgy Production and Research in Japan . . 235 Sukeji Kachi
Present and Future of Powder Metallurgy in Brazii ................................... . Vicente Chiaverini
Trends of Powder Metallurgy Development in Rumania ............. . A. Domşa
Powder Metallurgy - The Jet-Age Challenge Kempton H. RoU
Index ..
246
258
261
273
