“In order for a firefighter to survive the dangers of fire fighting, he must know how other firefighters have died or been seriously injured.” Chief Dunn,

““In order for a firefighter to In order for a firefighter to survive the dangers of fire survive the dangers of fire fighting, he must know how fighting, he must know how other firefighters have died other firefighters have died or been seriously injured.”or been seriously injured.”

Chief Dunn, FDNYChief Dunn, FDNY

Bottle On….Pass On

Firefighter Fatalities in the Firefighter Fatalities in the United StatesUnited States

020406080

100120140160180

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999



Fatalities by Type of DutyFatalities by Type of Duty

Fireground Ops54%

Training3%

Non-Fire6%

After Incident4%

Responding/ Returning

23%

Other10%

Collision10%

Fell or Jumped

4%

Trapped10%

Lost6%

Stress49%

Struck or Contact

with10%

Cause of Fatal Cause of Fatal InjuryInjury


Fatalities by Fixed Property Fatalities by Fixed Property UseUse


Street5%

Institutional

7%

Storage12%

Public Assembly

2% Residential

37%

Commercial10%

Outdoor Property

27%

Case StudiesCase Studies

Memphis, TNMemphis, TN Biloxi, MIBiloxi, MI Chesapeake, VAChesapeake, VA Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.


Memphis, TNMemphis, TN

2 Firefighters Killed2 Firefighters Killed Problems:Problems:

– AccountabilityAccountability– Entrapment (Entanglement)Entrapment (Entanglement)– EquipmentEquipment– FlashoverFlashover


Biloxi, MIBiloxi, MI


– AccountabilityAccountability– FlashoverFlashover– FreelancingFreelancing– No Use of P.A.S.S. DeviceNo Use of P.A.S.S. Device


Chesapeake, VAChesapeake, VA


– AccountabilityAccountability– Trapped (Collapse)Trapped (Collapse)


Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

1 Firefighter Killed1 Firefighter Killed Problems:Problems:

– AccountabilityAccountability– FreelancingFreelancing– Equipment (malfunctioning Equipment (malfunctioning

radio)radio)


ObjectiveObjective

Provide personnel with Provide personnel with information related to:information related to:

Fireground AwarenessFireground Awareness Personal EquipmentPersonal Equipment Self-Rescue TechniquesSelf-Rescue Techniques


Fireground AwarenessFireground Awareness

Building ConstructionBuilding Construction FlashoverFlashover AccountabilityAccountability


Building ConstructionBuilding Construction Size-up - First step toward Size-up - First step toward

avoiding repeat tragediesavoiding repeat tragedies Need to be knowledgeable Need to be knowledgeable

of construction featuresof construction features


Bars on WindowsBars on Windows Locked DoorsLocked Doors Building Collapse - Expect Building Collapse - Expect

the Unexpectedthe Unexpected

24.5% of Firefighter Deaths 24.5% of Firefighter Deaths in 1997 Resulted From?in 1997 Resulted From?

Becoming Trapped!


FlashoverFlashover Accounted for 5.3% of Firefighter Accounted for 5.3% of Firefighter

Deaths in 1997Deaths in 1997 Flashover Temperature - 2000°FFlashover Temperature - 2000°F

– PBI Affected - 1200°FPBI Affected - 1200°F– Nomex Breaks Down - 750°FNomex Breaks Down - 750°F– Skin Burns - 124°FSkin Burns - 124°F


Flashover Survival Flashover Survival TacticsTactics

Understanding Fire BehaviorUnderstanding Fire Behavior Quick Recognition of Potential Quick Recognition of Potential

Flashover ConditionsFlashover Conditions Rapid, Immediate EscapeRapid, Immediate Escape Adequate Ventilation - Adequate Ventilation -

Generally Increases Survival Generally Increases Survival OddsOdds

WATER KILLS FLASHOVER!!WATER KILLS FLASHOVER!!Bottle On….Pass On

Proper Use of P.A.R.S.Proper Use of P.A.R.S. No FreelancingNo Freelancing

– What is my objective?What is my objective?– Where am I suppose to be located?Where am I suppose to be located?– Who am I working for?Who am I working for?

25% of Firefighter Fatalities Due 25% of Firefighter Fatalities Due to a lack of Accountabilityto a lack of Accountability

AccountabilityAccountability


Proper Wearing of PPEProper Wearing of PPE Other Essential EquipmentOther Essential Equipment P.A.S.S.P.A.S.S.

– Of the Firefighter Fatalities in 1995, Of the Firefighter Fatalities in 1995, 78% had P.A.S.S Devices Which 78% had P.A.S.S Devices Which Were Not Turned On!Were Not Turned On!

Personal EquipmentPersonal Equipment


Warning:Warning:

The self-rescue techniques that will The self-rescue techniques that will be discussed and demonstrated are be discussed and demonstrated are to be only used during to be only used during actualactual fire fire incidents, in which firefighters are incidents, in which firefighters are

placed in an placed in an imminent life-imminent life-threatening situation.threatening situation.


DisentanglementDisentanglement– FrontFront– BackBack– Wire CutWire Cut

Ladder SlideLadder Slide Hose SlideHose Slide Hang and DropHang and Drop Drywall BreachDrywall Breach

Self-Rescue TechniquesSelf-Rescue Techniques


CREDITSCREDITS

The information for this presentation wasThe information for this presentation wascompiled from the following sources:compiled from the following sources:

“MAYDAY” Firefighter Down (Draft Program),“MAYDAY” Firefighter Down (Draft Program),VA Department of Fire ProgramsVA Department of Fire Programs

Essentials of Safety and Survival Techniques,Essentials of Safety and Survival Techniques,Montgomery County (MD) Fire and RescueMontgomery County (MD) Fire and Rescue

Saving Our Own - Techniques for Firefighter Rescue,Saving Our Own - Techniques for Firefighter Rescue,Illinois Fire Service InstituteIllinois Fire Service Institute

USFAUSFA


““In order for a firefighter to In order for a firefighter to survive the dangers of fire survive the dangers of fire fighting, he must know how fighting, he must know how other firefighters have died other firefighters have died or been seriously injured.”or been seriously injured.”

Chief Dunn, FDNYChief Dunn, FDNY


Firefighter Fatalities in the Firefighter Fatalities in the United StatesUnited States


020406080

100120140160180

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999


Fatalities by Type of Duty

15%

Non-Fire Ops15%

FG Ops47%

Training13%

Other10%

Fatalities by Type of Duty

Responding/Returning

Collision19%

Struck or Contact

with11%

Stress47%

Lost4%

Trapped18%

Fell or Jumped

1%

Cause of Fatal Cause of Fatal InjuryInjury


Fatalities by Fixed Property Fatalities by Fixed Property UseUse

Residential40%

Commercial26%

Roadway7%

Storage5%

Manufacturing5%

Outdoor 17%


Case Case StudiesStudies

Denver, ColoradoDenver, ColoradoEngineer Mark LangvardtEngineer Mark Langvardt

Firefighter died trying to exit building

•High heat, low visibility•20” x 36” window,high windowsill•28” wide storage room


Columbus, OhioColumbus, OhioFirefighter John NanceFirefighter John Nance

•FF fell through hole in floor•No PASS activation•No light

Firefighter fell through hole in floor


•Became disoriented •Exit route cut off by collapse •Ran out of air

Los Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles, California

Fire captain separated from his crew


Captain Joseph DupeeCaptain Joseph Dupee

ObjectiveObjectiveProvide personnel with information

related to:

•Two In Two Out•Rapid Intervention •Rescuing the Downed Firefighter•SCBA


TWO IN...TWO OUTTWO IN...TWO OUT

•Association Procedure 5.5.3-Personnel Deployment During the Initial Stages of Interior Structural Firefighting and IDLH Incident

•Mandated by OSHA

•Recommended by NFPA 1500

Two In...Two OutTwo In...Two Out

Possible exceptions by occupancy;

Residential: In the absence of a report from a responsible person on the scene that everyone is out of the residence, it can be assumed that a life hazard exists or is probable, until the primary search has been completed.

Two In…Two OutTwo In…Two Out

Commercial:Size up

Type of occupancyTime of dayDay of week

Reports from people on the sceneSigns that someone may be in the

building


Two In…Two OutTwo In…Two Out

Vacant or Abandoned Buildings:In the absence of clear signs or a report from a responsible person on the scene that people are in the structure, it is to be assumed that no life hazard exists and the interior attack shall not be initiated until four persons arrive on the scene.


RAPID INTERVENTIONRAPID INTERVENTION

•Association Procedure 5.5.2 Rapid Intervention Team (RIT)

•Recommended by NFPA 1500

•Mandated by OSHA


•Stage two floors below fire floor on high rise buildings. RIT attack line should be connected two floors below.•Large buildings may require more than one RIT in different locations.

•Don’t get involved in operations that will delay your response.

RIT STAGINGRIT STAGING

•Stage close to the command post.

RIT STRATEGYRIT STRATEGY

Obtain a good size-up

Identify all possible entry and exit locations

Stage equipment

Observe fire conditions and monitor radio traffic

Don’t overload the team with equipment. The goal is to be RAPID.

Wire cutters RopeSpare Scba Saw Pike pole WebbingHigh rise pack Irons Cordless Power tools Spanner Door chocks EMS equip

RIT TOOLSRIT TOOLS

Personal Equipment- PPE/Radio/Light/Scba/Pass /Tools


RAPID INTERVENTIONRAPID INTERVENTIONCHECK SHEETCHECK SHEET

Size-up

1. Building dimensions- l x w x h

2. Occupancy- residential, commercial, or vacant

3. Construction type - ordinary, LWC or fire resistive

4. Entrance/Egress- bars, screens, gatesBottle On….Pass On


Tactics1. Offensive, Defensive, Offensive to Defensive2. Command Operations ( Command, accountability)

3. Deployment of people

4. Knowledge of Truck Company Operations5. Fireground operation time versus progress


EquipmentStage equipment based on construction type:

Ordinaryaxe/pikepole

haligan/sledgerope/laddersspare scba

hoseline

Fire resistivemetal cutting saws

chain sawsair bags

hydraulic tools(in addition to the ordinary

list)

SCBASCBAPracticalsPracticals

Hot bottle change

Low profile

Quick fill

Pack exchange


Practicals

Denver Drill

Victim drags

Stair carries

Ohio Drill

CREDITS

The information for this presentation wascompiled from the following sources:

“MAYDAY” Firefighter Down (Draft Program),VA Department of Fire Programs

Essentials of Safety and Survival Techniques,Montgomery County (MD) Fire and Rescue

Saving Our Own - Techniques for Firefighter Rescue,Illinois Fire Service Institute

Fire Engineering

American Heat

USFA

Documents

“In order for a firefighter to survive the dangers of fire fighting, he must know how other firefighters have died or been seriously injured.” Chief Dunn,