University of Miami Law SchoolInstitutional Repository

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

10-1-1993

In Memoriam -- Francisco V. Garcia-AmadorBurton A. Landy

Victor Miguel Marroquín-Merino

Francisco Orrego Vicuña

Keith S. RosennUniversity of Miami School of Law

Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr

Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons

This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Inter-American Law Review by an authorized editor of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact library@law.miami.edu.

Recommended CitationBurton A. Landy, Victor Miguel Marroquín-Merino, Francisco Orrego Vicuña, and Keith S. Rosenn, In Memoriam -- Francisco V.Garcia-Amador, 25 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 1 (1993)Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol25/iss1/2

IN MEMORIAM

FRANCISCO V. GARCIA-AMADOR

BURTON A. LANDY*

I had the privilege of knowing and working with Francisco("Paco") Garcia-Amador for a number of years. He was a "gen-tleman and a scholar" in the true meaning of these words. Pacodevoted a lifetime to international law and justice, first as publicservant in international organizations and later as a professor oflaw. Through these activities he illuminated the path to follow forthose of us in the private practice of international law. He richlydeserved the title of "Lawyer of the Americas" and he will bemissed.

* Founding member Paul, Landy, Beiley & Harper, P.A.

VICTOR MIGUEL MARROQUIN-MERINO*

Hace solamente un mes que llam6 a Don Francisco Garcia-Amador para conversar sobre politica exterior, derecho internacio-nal, y escuchar sus buenos consejos de profesor y amigo. Comosiempre, su voz estaba liena de chispa, buen humor y sabiduria."Cuando vengas a Miami," me dijo alegremente, "me llamas y al-morzamos." A pesar de la gran diferencia que habia entre nuestrasedades, podiamos conversar durante horas sin darnos cuenta delpaso del tiempo.

El dia de hoy llam6 nuevamente a la Universidad de Miami,pero ese carifioso "hola" con el que Don Francisco siempre me reci-bia no se escuch6 en la linea telef6nica. En vez de 6ste, las palabrasde una secretaria me traspasaron el coraz6n. "Lo siento mucho,"me dijo, "el Profesor Garcia-Amador falleci6 el dia de ayer."

Llor6 amargamente, como los hombres lloramos cuando perde-mos a un ser muy querido, tratando de comprender el por qu6 desu partida y esforzindome inutilmente por aceptar la realidad. Yes que Don Francisco Garcia-Amador no era s6lo uno de los mIsvaliosos juristas de este siglo, sino tambi~n un maestro carifioso yun hombre de admirable modestia y gran coraz6n. Los que lo veiansentado en su pequefia oficina en la Universidad de Miami no po-dian siquiera imaginar que en otros tiempos el anciano profesorhabia ocupado cargos tan altos como el de Embajador Plenipoten-ciario de la Rep(iblica de Cuba durante los afios criticos previos ala Revoluci6n, Consejero Juridico de la Organizaci6n de los Esta-dos Americanos, Embajador de Cuba ante las Naciones Unidas, yPresidente de la Comisi6n de Derecho Internacional de las Nacio-nes Unidas durante sus afios de producci6n mAs brillantes. En ver-dad, a pesar de 6stos y otros muchos logros y de los innumerableshonores que le fueron otorgados a lo largo de su carrera profesio-nal, si en algo se reflejaba su grandeza de espiritu era precisamenteen la humildad con la que trataba a los demds.

Para sus alumnos, Don Francisco significaba autoridad, la pa-labra precisa en el texto de un tratado, la honestidad absoluta en lainvestigaci6n acad6mica, y ese valor e integridad que distinguen a

* B.A., University of Miami (1989); J.D., University of Miami School of Law (1992);

LL.M., Harvard Law School (1993). Associate, Baker & McKenzie, Chicago, Illinois.

FRANCISCO V. GARCiA-AMADOR

los grandes hombres de la historia: la capacidad de conceder, ha-biendo agotado todos los recursos disponibles, un sencillo "discfil-peme, pero no s6 la repuesta a su pregunta." Una vez, en untrabajo que escribi en uno de sus cursos de derecho internacional,cit6 textualmente las palabras de un famoso tratadista, pero subra-yadas para que tuvieran mayor 6nfasis. Don Francisco me llam6 asu oficina, y con esa voz calmada y bondadosa que siempre lo ca-racterizaba, me dijo, sefialando el pasaje con un lUpiz, "Victor,cuando subrayes las palabras de un autor, asi sean las de tu abue-lito, indica en un par6ntesis que el 6nfasis es tuyo. Tu carrera comoabogado depende mucho de la exactitud de tu expresi6n y de lacredibilidad que poco a poco vayas adquiriendo. Son dos principiosimportantes que no puedes olvidar."

Si, Don Francisco era un hombre para quien los mfs pequefiosdetalles siempre fueron importantes. Pero tambi6n era un hombrede gran visi6n. Su impresionante capacidad de observaci6n y sugran habilidad en el andlisis juridico lo llevaron a adquirir famamundial en el campo del derecho internacional. Hoy en dia, nopuede hacerse un estudio serio sobre la teoria de la responsabilidadinternacional del estado sin recurrir a la gran obra que 61 realiz6sobre el tema en el seno de la Comisi6n de Derecho Internacional.De igual manera, su tratado sobre reclamaciones internacionales hadado la vuelta al mundo, y no hay abogado que se respete en eldrea internacional que no acuda a sus lineas en busca de un con-sejo, de un fallo preciso, de un comentario brillante, de una salidaairosa frente a lo que parece no tener soluci6n.

Su amor por Cuba le cost6 su carrera. Hombre de principios,en su calidad de Embajador de Cuba ante las Naciones Unidas enGinebra, Don Francisco se rehus6 a obedecer las 6rdenes de FidelCastro. El sabia que esa acci6n le costaria la carrera, ya que en eseentonces estaba siendo considerado para ser elegido magistrado dela Corte Internacional de Justicia en La Haya, Holanda. Para unjoven diplomAtico como 61, 6se era el pindculo de su carrera. Sinembargo, cuando lleg6 la hora de tomar la decisi6n, su amor por lapatria estuvo primero. Expulsado del cuerpo diplomdtico cubano ydespojado injustamente de su rango de Embajador, nunca mfspudo regresar a Cuba.

Recibido con los brazos abiertos en las universidades de Co-lumbia y Harvard, de las que fue uno de sus ex-alumnos mAs des-tacados, Don Francisco prefiri6 la ctedra de derecho internacionalen la Universidad de Miami. Queria mucho a Cuba, y el estar cerca

1993]

INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW

de ella era mayor satisfacci6n para 61 que el prestigio y remunera-ci6n que otros puestos pudieran ofrecerle. Gracias a esa decisi6n,nuestros caminos se cruzaron y tuve el privilegio de conocerlo y sersu alumno en las aulas de Miami. Casi al t6rmino de mis estudios,escribi6 una carta recomendando mi admisi6n a la Universidad deHarvard. AI, su nombre abri6 muchas puertas y evoc6 sonrisasafectuosas de antiguos colegas y distinguidos maestros. A mi lle-gada a Cambridge, tal como 61 me lo habia pedido, llev6 sus salu-dos personales al Profesor Milton Katz, quien habia sido Embaja-dor del Plan Marshall en Europa en los afios de la posguerra.Todavia recuerdo la seriedad con la que me recibi6 el ProfesorKatz cuando no sabia quien era, y la gran sonrisa que apareci6 ensu rostro cuando le mencion6 el nombre de Francisco Garcia-Amador.

Podria pasarme horas contando an6cdotas de nuestra amistady de los afios felices que compartimos como profesor y alumno.Pero afin si eso fuera posible, ninguno de mis relatos le haria justi-cia. Don Francisco fue sencillamente una persona incomparable;brillante, humilde, sabio y generoso.

Don Francisco, desde aqui, todos los que tuvimos el privilegiode tenerlo como profesor, amigo y consejero, lloramos su partida.Sin embargo, en medio de nuestro inmenso dolor, nos alegra recor-dar que su nobleza y ensefianzas quedarfn siempre con nosotros.Dios ha de querer que un dia nos encontremos de nuevo y disfrute-mos de ese almuerzo que el destino no quiso que llegdramos a com-partir. Hasta ese entonces, con gratitud eterna por su bondad ygran coraz6n, y orgulloso de haber sido su alumno y amigo, le digosolamente, tal como usted me dijo el iltimo dia que tuve la alegriade escuchar su voz, "hasta luego."

[Vol. 25:1

FRANCISCO ORREGO VICURA*

I. AN OUTSTANDING LATIN AMERICAN SCHOLAR ............................. 5

I. THE CHANGING LAW OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS .......................... 6

III. BALANCED PERSPECTIVES ON THE LAW OF THE SEA ........................ 8

IV. THE LAW GOVERNING THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM: A COHERENT APPROACH 10

V. THE LEGAL ORDER OF LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: AN ATTEMPTAT RATIONALIZATION ...................................................... 11

VI. THE GOVERNING ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN POLITICAL AND ECONOMICRELATIONS: THE LESSONS OF GARCIA-AMADOR'S LIFETIME .................. 13

I. AN OUTSTANDING LATIN AMERICAN SCHOLAR

F.V. Garcia-Amador can be counted among the very few LatinAmerican scholars who made a significant contribution to the de-velopment of international law in the second half of this century.When the aggregate of his work is examined in perspective, it isnot difficult to realize how penetrating his legal analysis was, andhow perceptive his writings could be in defining trends and in an-ticipating the evolution which the law would follow.

The International Law Commission provided the frameworkfor two of the subjects in which his contribution was distinctlymade: The Law of State Responsibility and The Law of the Sea.The Legal Department of the Organization of American States(OAS), which he headed so distinguishably for many years, pro-vided the setting for two other main areas of contribution: theevolving law of the Inter-American System and the law governingeconomic integration in Latin America. The University of MiamiSchool of Law witnessed all this work coming to new heights ofmaturity and consolidation.

* Professor of International Law at the School of Law and the Institute of Interna-

tional Studies of the University of Chile. Associate Member Institut de Droit International.Visiting Professor, University of Miami School of Law (Spring 1994).

INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW

II. THE CHANGING LAW OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS

Under this title, Garcia-Amador consolidated many years ofwork devoted to the subject of state responsibility and related as-pects. As the Special Rapporteur of the International Law Com-mission on this matter, he prepared six reports between 1956 and1961,1 the last of which contained the addendum with the notableRevised Draft on International Responsibility of the State for In-juries Caused in its Territory to the Person or Property ofAliens.2 The discussion was also developed in lectures delivered atthe Hague Academy of International Law,3 his comprehensivebook published in Spain,4 and his research at Harvard University.5

The Changing Law of International Claims6 was published ata time of crisis and uncertainty in international law. The conceptof the New International Economic Order had gained some degreeof recognition in United Nations Declarations. Restrictive atti-tudes towards foreign investments had become manifest in regionalagreements, such as the Andean Group Decision 24, and nationali-zation of foreign-owned property was a recurrent phenomenon inthe developing world. Underlying all such instruments was a con-certed contestation of international law, not exempt from strongideological and political connotations.

Garcia-Amador took issue with such developments and reaf-firmed the validity of international law in the context of evolving

1. F.V. Garcia-Amador, Special Rapporteur, International Responsibility: First Report

by F.V. Garcia-Amador, [1956] 2 Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n 173, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/96; F.V.Garcia-Amador, Special Rapporteur, International Responsibility: Second Report by F.V.

Garcia-Amador, [1957] 2 Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n 104, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/106; F.V. Garcia-Amador, Special Rapporteur, International Responsibility: Third Report by F.V. Garcia-Amador, [1958] 2 Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n 47, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/111; F.V. Garcia-Amador,Special Rapporteur, International Responsibility: Fourth Report by F.V. Garcia-Amador,[1959] 2 Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n 1, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/119; F.V. Garcia-Amador, Special Rap-

porteur, International Responsibility: Fifth Report by F.V. Garcia-Amador, [1960] 2 Y.B.Int'l L. Comm'n 41, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/125; F.V. Garcia-Amador, Special Rapporteur, Inter-national Responsibility: Sixth Report by F.V. Garcia-Amador, [1961] 2 Y.B. Int'l L.

Comm'n 1, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/134 [hereinafter Garcia-Amador, InternationalResponsibility].

2. Garcia-Amador, International Responsibility, Sixth Report, supra note 1, at add. 1.

3. F.V. Garcia-Amador, State Responsibility: Some New Problems, 94 RECUEIL DES

COURS DE L'ACADEMIE DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL 365, 369-493 (1958).4. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, PRINCIPIOS DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL QUE RIGEN LA RESPON-

SABILIDAD: ANALISiS CRITICO DE LA CONCEPC16N TRADICIONAL (1963).5. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR ET AL., RECENT CODIFICATIONS OF THE LAW OF STATE RESPONSI-

BILITY FOR INJURIES TO ALIENS (1974).6. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, THE CHANGING LAW OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS (1984).

[Vol. 25:1

FRANCISCO V. GARCiA-AMADOR

circumstances.7 His writings are abundantly clear that his thinkingwas aimed, not at impeding a rightful evolution of the law, butrather at ensuring that international law should meet the legiti-mate concerns of both developed and developing nations. In thisperspective, his contribution became most valuable, and the pas-sage of time would prove him right.

In point of fact, the traditional reluctance of Latin Americanand other third world countries to accept international standardsfor the protection of foreign investments and the submission of re-lated disputes to international adjudication gradually gave place toan attitude of moderation, in the light of which the Calvo Clausewas laid to rest. Similarly, major capital exporting countries aban-doned forms of abusive diplomatic protection which had at the ori-gin led to adverse reactions on the part of host countries. This re-ciprocal effort at moderation explains the success of theInternational Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes,"the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency,9 and similar con-temporary developments.

As aptly put by Garcia-Amador, "[m]oderate, well-balancedrevisions must be considered, as they were in the past, a conditiosine qua non in the current pursuit of a new international legalorder. All legitimate interests, regardless of the particular catego-ries of countries, must merit recognition and adequate protectionunder such a proposed legal order."10

It is in the light of this perspective that the whole of his ap-proach to the question of state responsibility for injury to alienswas based. In turn, this would indicate a necessary path for thelater work of the International Law Commission on the question ofresponsibility and liability, although it should not pass unnoticedthat on occasion the effort of this body to introduce conceptualinnovations has resulted in a step backwards." The principles of

7. F.V. Garcia-Amador, The Proposed New International Economic Order: A New Ap-proach to the Law Governing Nationalization and Compensation, 12 LAW. AM. 1 (1980); seealso F.V. Garcia-Amador, Note, Current Attempts to Revise International Law: A Compar-ative Analysis, 77 AM. J. INT'L L. 286 (1983).

8. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationalsof Other States, Mar. 18, 1965, 17 U.S.T. 1270, 575 U.N.T.S. 159.

9. See generally IBRAHIM F.I. SHIHATA, MIGA AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT: ORIGINS, OPER-ATIONS, POLICIES, AND BASIC DOCUMENTS OF THE MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE

AGENCY (1988).10. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, supra note 6, at 754.11. For a criticism of the International Law Commission approach to the question of

1993]

INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW

international law governing the matter, as rightly identified byGarcia-Amador, are perfectly adequate to attend a variety of newsituations if applied within a framework of balanced rights andobligations.

III. BALANCED PERSPECTIVES ON THE LAW OF THE SEA

It is most interesting to realize that Garcia-Amador's contribu-tion to the development of the Law of the Sea followed an intellec-tual pattern closely related to that examined above in relation tointernational claims. Also in the Law of the Sea a confrontationalattitude had come to characterize the policy of governments in the1950s, which was reflected in Latin American legislation and statepractice. The work of major scientific bodies, such as the Interna-tional Law Commission at the time and the Inter-American Coun-cil of Jurists, on both of which Garcia-Amador participated promi-nently, also reflected the confrontational attitude.

In this turmoil, both the First and Second United NationsConferences on the Law of the Sea took place, in 1958 and 1960respectively. Again in this framework of negotiation, Garcia-Amador took an active role, not only on behalf of the fishing inter-ests of Cuba, but also in the search of a mutually acceptable un-derstanding between the differing views involved.

This he could do because he knew well the Latin Americanpoints of view and concerns. He had worked decisively in the for-mulation of a regional doctrine, with particular reference to theDeclaration of Mexico on The Principles of the Juridical Regime ofthe Sea (1956)12 and the Inter-American Specialized Conferenceheld in the Dominican Republic shortly thereafter."

He focused his efforts on how to find an accommodation be-tween the claim of coastal states in Latin America to a greatershare in the exploitation and conservation of the living resources of

international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by inter-national law (1982-1983), see Francisco Orrego Vicufia, State Responsibility, Liability, andRemedial Measures under International Law: New Criteria for Environmental Protection,in ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 124, at 139-40 (Edith Brown Weiss ed.,1992).

12. INTER-AMERICAN COUNCIL OF JURISTS, ACTS AND DOCUMENTS OF THE THIRD MEETING(1956); see also F.V. GARCfA-AMADOR, PRIMERA REUNI6N DEL CONSEJO INTERAMERICANO DEJURISCONSULTOS (1950).

13. Inter-American Specialized Conference on Conservation of Natural Resources: Con-tinental Shelf and Marine Waters, (Pan-American Union, 1956).

[Vol. 25:1

FRANCISCO V. GARCiA-AMADOR

the sea and the rightful interest of distant-water fishing nations.He also had to ensure that this would prevent, on the one hand,the excessive extension of the breadth of the territorial sea and, onthe other, the depletion and over-exploitation of such resources.

The contribution that Garcia-Amador made to this search wasremarkable, not only because of what it meant at that time but,above all, because it set the approach which years later wouldmake possible an understanding on the Exclusive Economic Zoneand other jurisdictional issues of the contemporary Law of the Sea.Such contribution is well explained in his important book on TheExploitation and Conservation of the Resources of the Sea,14 andlater works on Latin American legislation and other aspects. 15

A first and fundamental starting point was to define the free-dom of the high seas not as an entitlement to unrestricted ex-ploitation of resources, but as a right, subject to the correspondingduties of conservation and due regard for the interests of otherstates. Conversely, coastal states could assert rights to areas of thehigh seas adjacent to their territorial sea-which in turn could beenlarged within a restrained breadth-but such rights were not"exclusive" in nature and equally subject to the duties of conserva-tion and due regard for the interest of others. Such non-territorialforms of maritime jurisdiction were brought under the concept ofthe "specialized competences" of the coastal state.

Two-hundred mile claims were explained by Garcia-Amador inthis new light, and being to a large extent deprived of their territo-rial content, this paved the way for reaching the necessary accom-modations. Such an accommodation would take years to mature,but as Garcia-Amador wrote: "[w]hat we are faced with here is notmerely the emergence of new rules of law within the framework ofthe old system; it is rather the fact that the traditional conceptsand principles are undergoing a substantial evolution.""0

14. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, THE EXPLOITATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE RESOURCES OF

THE SEA (1959).15. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, LA JURISDICCI6N ESPECIAL SOBRE LAS PESQUERIAS: LEGISLA-

CLONES NACIONALES Y PROPUESTAS DE GOBIERNOS (1972); F.V. GARCfA-AMADOR, AM RICA LA-TINA Y EL DERECHO DEL MAR (1976); F.V. GARCfA-AMADOR, LATIN AMERICA AND THE LAW OFTHE SEA (Law of the Sea Institute Occasional Paper No. 14, 1972); F.V. Garcia-Amador, TheLatin American Contribution to the Development of the Law of the Sea, 68 AM. J. INT'L L.

33 (1974).16. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, supra note 14, at 201.

1993]

INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW

IV. THE LAW GOVERNING THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM: ACOHERENT APPROACH

A third major contribution which Garcia-Amador made to thedevelopment of international law came after his forced exile fromCuba. When appointed to serve as the Director of the Legal De-partment of the OAS, the practice of both regional institutions andgovernments was manifold, but to a large extent lacked cohesive-ness and precision. It was indeed the outcome of a long historicalevolution, fraught with problems of competing interests and views,often resulting in compromises of uncertain legal meaning.

Garcia-Amador undertook the demanding task of providing asystematic analysis of such law and practice, with which he wasindeed familiar for having served long as a member of the Inter-American Council of Jurists and as a representative to a number ofregional meetings and activities. This task was certainly not easyto achieve because necessary balances had to be kept and, aboveall, the law itself was subject to a continuing evolution, particularlyrapid at the time of the Alliance for Progress and the role whichthe OAS performed thereunder.

The first such comprehensive analysis was published underthe title The Inter-American System, Its Development andStrengthening.17 Characteristic of his modesty, this book did notcarry his name as the author, but that of the Inter-American Insti-tute of International Legal Studies, which he had created and in-spired. A second major work of annotation and compilation waspublished years later, containing a coherent explanation of all ma-jor treaties and documents of the Inter-American System.18 Bothworks drew heavily on the many legal opinions he had to preparewhile serving as Head of the Legal Department and, which to animportant extent, helped to shape the evolution of the governinglaw.

This contribution could be explained by examining a numberof subjects, but perhaps none would serve as a better example thanthe precision that Garcia-Amador introduced to the concept of"political defense" which had been evolving within the Inter-

17. INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES, THE INTER-AMERICAN

SYSTEM: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND STRENGTHENING (1966).18. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES, THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM: TREATIES, CON-

VENTIONS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS (F.V. Garcia-Amador ed., 1982).

[Vol. 25:1

FRANCISCO V. GARCiA-AMADOR

American Security System."9 The preservation of democracy, andlater of human rights, had become paramount concerns of the se-curity arrangements in the Western Hemisphere. Activities againstsuch values generally fell within the concept of "aggression whichis not an armed attack" foreseen in the Rio Treaty and the OASCharter. However, a more precise definition was needed in order toimplement lawful measures of self-defense to cope with suchthreats.

Aggression of a non-military character and other acts of inter-vention, with particular reference to the shipment of arms, affect-ing the political independence, territorial integrity, and stability ofdemocratic institutions of countries in the region, were identifiedas a part of the definition sought.20 This issue would later becomeparamount in the decision of the International Court of Justice inthe case of Military and Paramilitary Activities in and againstNicaragua,21 but as it had happened before with legal conceptsoriginating in the regional system, the Court failed to take note ofsuch a development.

Be that as it may, the point of relevance is that various formsof "indirect aggression" have come to be viewed as falling withinthe realm of violations of international law, thus justifying mea-sures of self-defense, self-help, and countermeasures generally. TheInter-American System, and the contribution of Garcia-Amadorthereto, are at the very heart of this solution.

V. THE LEGAL ORDER OF LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIC

INTEGRATION: AN ATTEMPT AT RATIONALIZATION

At the time when Garcia-Amador joined the OAS, the eco-nomic development of Latin America had gained a new momentumunder the Alliance for Progress and other hemispheric priorities.The economic integration of Latin American countries constituteda major objective of all such programs. However, it was also quiteapparent that the legal and institutional requirements had been to

19. INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES, supra note 17, at 113-18.

20. Id. at 114-15; see also F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, LA CUESTI6N CUBANA EN LA OEA Y LASCRISIS DEL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO (1987); F.V. Garcia-Amador, The Rio de JaneiroTreaty: Genesis, Development, and Decline of a Regional System of Collective Security, 17U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 1; F.V. Garcia-Amador, The OAS Charter After Forty Years, inPROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 111-14 (1988).

21. Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicar. v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. 4 (June 27).

1993]

INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW

a large extent overlooked, thereby creating a situation of uncer-tainty and lack of predictability which contributed little to thesuccess of such initiatives.

The Inter-American Institute of International Legal Studiesand other institutions, such as the Institute for the Economic Inte-gration of Latin America, which the Inter-American DevelopmentBank had established in Buenos Aires, undertook the task of at-tempting a legal rationalization of such complex economic develop-ments. Garcia-Amador was again at the forefront of this effort.First, he published under the name of the former Institute, Instru-ments Relating to the Economic Integration of Latin America," avery much needed compilation.

This was followed by a series of conferences and courses or-ganized both in Central and South America in order to discuss spe-cific issues relating to the law of economic integration and its im-plementation at the domestic level. 23 This successful program wascompleted with the publication of Derecho de la Integracibn Lati-noamericana, Ensayo de Sistematizaci6n,24 a major treatise on thesubject which not only achieved the desired rationalization, butprojected the law into new areas of progressive development. Againcharacteristically, Garcia-Amador's name does not appear as theauthor. The influence of this work in the region was well-knownand helped to overcome very intricate legal issues arising bothunder international law and the national legal systems.

An additional effort was undertaken by Garcia-Amador at theUniversity of Miami School of Law in the context of the systematicanalysis of The Andean Legal Order, A New Community Law. 25

Regrettably, however, the Andean Group would soon thereafter

22. INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES, INSTRUMENTS RELAT-

ING TO THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF LATIN AMERICA (1968).23. INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES, ROUND TABLE ON THE

INTEGRATION OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION (1967); INTER-AMERICANINSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES, SPECIAL MEETING ON LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONALASPECTS OF FOREIGN PRIVATE INVESTMENT (1964); INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNA-

TIONAL LEGAL STUDIES, SECOND SPECIAL MEETING ON LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF

FOREIGN PRIVATE INVESTMENT (1965); INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGALSTUDIES, ROUND TABLE ON THE JURIDICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE ANDEAN SUB-

REGIONAL AGREEMENT (1970); see also INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL

STUDIES, INAUGURAL MEETING (1964); INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL

STUDIES, FIVE YEARS OF ACHIEVEMENT 1963-1968 (1968).24. INSTITUTO INTERAMERICANO DE ESTUDIOS JURIDICOS INTERNACIONALES, DERECHO DE LA

INTEGRACION LATINOAMERICANA, ENSAYO DR SISTEMATIZACI6N (1969).25. F.V. GARCfA-AMADOR, THE ANDEAN LEGAL ORDER, A NEW COMMUNITY LAW (1978).

[Vol. 25:1

FRANCISCO V. GARCIA-AMADOR

enter into a period of stagnation not having realized in time thatchanges in its orientation were required in the light of the new eco-nomic policies pursued in the region.

VI. THE GOVERNING ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN POLITICAL

AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS: THE LESSONS OF GARCIA-AMADOR'S

LIFETIME

Garcia-Amador came to complete a full circle in the devotionof his lifetime to international law. His first monograph was pub-lished in 1946 under the title Derecho y Realidad en la Vida In-ternacional,26 containing lectures that he had delivered in Ecua-dor, Peru, Colombia, and Guatemala. Therein, looking at theprevailing international political system, he came to the conclusionthat

it can be easily observed that the extension and intensity of in-ternational relations is progressively increasing in view of theimportant role they have in the domestic life of all nations, andit is therefore much easier to understand why such relationsmust be subject to the appropriate regulation which we can findonly under the rule of law.2 7

Such views were expounded in another important book pub-lished in Madrid in 1959: Introduccibn al Estudio del Derecho In-ternacional Contemporzneo.2 s Years later, in the full maturity ofhis legal thinking, he published The Emerging International Lawof Development, his last major book. 9 In it, Garcia-Amador cameto identify "equity" and the "common interest" as the essentialcomponents of the law of development:

Thus, the ideas of "equity" and "common interest" or interde-pendence furnish the rationality of the right to development aswell as the duties and responsibilities of the international com-munity, especially its more developed members, to cooperate in

26. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, DERECHO Y REALIDAD EN LA VIDA INTERNACIONAL (1946) [here-inafter F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, DERECHO Y REALIDAD]. An earlier work had been published onquestions of private international law, with an introduction by the distinguished Cuban ju-rist Antonio Sfnchez de Bustamante y Sirven. See F.V. GARCfA-AMADOR, DOCTRINA DE DER-

ECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO (1941).27. GARCIA-AMADOR, DERECHO Y REALIDAD, supra note 26, at 34. (author's translation).28. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, INTRODUCCI6N AL ESTUDIO DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL CON-

TEMPORANEO (1959).29. F.V. GARCIA-AMADOR, THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL LAW OF DEVELOPMENT (1990).

1993]

INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW

the achievement of the goals and objectives of the new order."

Again the concept of the rule of law, cooperation, and the dis-missal of surpassed forms of confrontation characterized his analy-sis, this time in the field of economic relations. This was indeed theessence of Garcia-Amador's lifetime dedication to internationallaw.

30. Id. at 81.

[Vol. 25:1

KEITH S. ROSENN*

Professor Francisco Garcia-Amador was a "major league"scholar, whose many books and articles made important contribu-tions in shaping public international law. The sheer number of hispublications is impressive, but even more impressive is the qualityof his scholarship. His writing is clear, thoughtful, and thorough.More importantly, it is wise. I have always been impressed by thesoundness of his judgments and acuity of his perceptions. His writ-ing is constantly cited by modern authors as leading authority inthe areas of Inter-American Law, International Claims, and Law ofthe Sea. I have also been impressed by his ability to write clearlyand elegantly. This is a difficult feat to perform in one's nativelanguage. Professor Garcia-Amador, however, was one of those rareindividuals who managed to write clearly and elegantly in bothSpanish and English.

Professor Garcia-Amador had several successful careers. In hisfirst career, he taught law at the Inter-American University inPanama, and at the Universities of Havana and Villanueva inCuba. In 1958, he was invited to lecture at The Hague in the pres-tigious Acad~mie de Droit International. From 1962 to 1977, heserved with distinction as the Director of the Department of LegalAffairs of the Organization of American States. His final careerbrought him back to academia, serving as a member of the facultyof the University of Miami School of Law and the Graduate Schoolof International Studies. He continued to be an incredibly produc-tive scholar right up to the time of his death.

Professor Garcia-Amador trained well for his many successfulcareers. He received his initial law degree from the University ofHavana, where he studied under Cuba's most distinguished legalscholar, Antonio Shnchez de Bustamante. He then came to theUnited States, where he earned an LL.M. degree from HarvardLaw School, and a M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University.

He never forgot the rigors of studying law in another languageand in another culture. He took special care of the foreign LL.M.candidates at the University of Miami, spending countless hours

* Professor of Law, University of Miami School of Law. B.A., Amherst College; LL.B.,

Yale University Law School.

INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW

helping students rewrite papers, again and again, until they finallyproduced a piece that met his exacting standards. A number ofstudents would not have graduated, were it not for the painstakingefforts of Professor Garcia-Amador. He regarded no student ashopeless. He remembered the personal attention that he had re-ceived from some of his professors at Harvard and Columbia, andfelt a continual obligation to repay that kindness and considerationin kind.

Professor Garcia-Amador had friends everywhere. I do not re-call visiting any Latin American country without having a numberof jurists send their special regards to "Paco," as he was affection-ately called by his friends. Paco was, as my wife Silvia constantlyreminded me, uma pessoa finissima, one of those untranslatableBrazilian expressions used to describe a person who possesses ingreat abundance the qualities of good manners, grace, elegance,style, tact, and diplomacy. In short, Paco was a true gentleman inthe finest sense of the term, as well as a diplomat and scholar. Hewas also a dear friend. He will be sorely missed.

[Vol. 25:1