In everyday life, we attempt to achieve as much speed as possible.

Elevator/ LiftStairs V.S

Washing MachineHand Wash V.S

BlenderKnife V.S

Things that speed things up

A

Chemical Reactions

C

X

DB

Y Z

So what are those that speed up the reaction

called?

Catalyst

Definition:A catalyst is a substance which can alter or speed up a chemical reaction, without itself being chemically changed at the end of the reaction.

Decomposition of Potassium chlorate (VII)

white crystalline substance

Potassium chloride

Oxygen

DecompositionThe breakdown of a complex substance into simpler substances

decompose into

Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (VII)

2 KCIO3 2 KCI 3 O2

heated to morePotassium chlorate (VII)

Potassium chloride

Oxygenthan 400 ºC

2 KCIO3 2 KCI 3 O2

Manganese (IV) oxidePotassium chlorate (VII)

Potassium chloride

Oxygen

Gentle heating

CATALYST

With manganese (IV) oxide

Without manganese (IV) oxide

Without manganese (IV) oxide

With manganese (IV) oxide

Temperature

Rate of oxygen production

Manganese (IV) oxide is a catalyst

Catalysts

Inorganic CatalystsInorganic CatalystsE.g. manganese (IV) oxideE.g. manganese (IV) oxide

Organic / BiologicalOrganic / BiologicalCatalysts Catalysts

So what are organic/ biological catalysts?

Enzymes

I. Introduction to

Enzyme …

What are Enzymes

• Made of Protein

• Biological catalysts

• Made in the cytoplasm under instruction from genes which are located on the chromosomes in the nucleus.

What are Enzymes

Definition: Enzymes are biological catalysts made of

protein which speed up the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being changed at the end of the reactions.

So what chemical reactions do the enzymes catalyse?

A C

X

B

Y Z

Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Build up substances (Anabolic Reaction)

• Break down substances (Catabolic Reaction)

Enzyme

Enzyme

A DB

Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions

CEnzyme

A CB

Build up Substances (Anabolic Reactions)

Definition:

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.

Enzyme

A CB

Build up Substances (Anabolic Reactions)

Examples

Building glycogen from glucose.

Polypeptides ProteinAmino Acids

Building Protein from Amino Acids

Glucose Glycogen

Enzyme

X Y Z

Breakdown of Substances (Catabolic Reactions)

Definition:

Breaking down of large, complex molecules into simpler ones.

Enzyme

X Y Z

Breakdown of Substances(Catabolic Reactions)

ExamplesBreakdown of Glucose during Respiration

Breakdown of poisonous substances to harmless substances (Detoxification)

Hydrogen peroxide Water + Oxygen(poisonous substance) (non-poisonous substances)Catalase

Enzyme

Condensation Hydrolysis

Two simple molecules

Two simple moleculesOne complex molecule

One complex molecule

H20

H20

Recall

synthetase hydrolase

Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse

A DB

Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions

Definition:

Reactions that proceed in the forward or backward reaction.

CEnzyme

A DB

Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions

CEnzyme

With so much chemical reactions and enzymes around the world, how

do we differentiate them?

Enzymes can be classified according to chemical reactions they catalyse:Example:

Hydrolysis – hydrolaseSynthesis – synthetase

Carbohydrases, proteases and lipases are digestive enzymes.

Carbohydrases, proteases and lipases are classified as hydrolases.

Digestion is an example of hydrolysis.

For instance

Classification of Enzymes

Now, how do we name the Enzymes?

ENZYME

• Enzymes are named after the substrate on which they act and with a suffix “-ase”.

Naming of Enzymes

• At first, they were named after scientists that discover them.

• Specific names for each type of nutrient

Naming of Enzymes

• Substrates based on the Type of Nutrient(Carbohydrate, Proteins, Fats)

Carbohydratease

I. Name that Enzyme !!!

Substrate Name+ -ase

Specific Carbohydrate (names ending with “ose”)

Will have their ending of “ose” being replaced with “ase”.

Naming of Enzymes

I. Name that Enzyme !!!

Maltosease Substrate Name +

-ase

I. Name that Enzyme !!!

Cellulosease

I. Name that Enzyme !!!

StarchaseAmylase

I. Name that Enzyme !!!

Proteinase Substrate Name +

-ase

Specific Protein

Names will have “in” as endings.

Naming of Enzymes

Pepsin Renin

Proteins to polypeptides

Polypeptides to amino acids

I. Name that Enzyme !!!

Lipidase Substrate Name+-ase

EnzymeSEnzymeS

Activity:What substrate/ type of nutrient does the enzyme

target?

Maltase

Renin

Amylase

Lipase

Erepsin

Hydrolase

Synthetase

What we learn today.• Definition of Catalysts

• Example of a Catalytic Reaction

• Types of Catalysts

• Definition of Enzymes

• Reactions Catalysed by Enzymes

• Naming of Enzymes