In courtroom speech Patrick Henry declares, "Give me liberty, or give me death."

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American colonists developed common values and established a foundation for representative government. Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War.

Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Early American Culture

Roots of Representation

The French and Indian War

Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763

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Section 1

Early American Culture The British colonies were shaped by prosperity, literacy, and new movements in religion and thought.

Land, Rights, and Wealth

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• Cheap farmland, many resources give colonists chance to prosper

1SECTION

• Property owners, landowners, city dwellers who pay fee could vote

Early American Culture

• American colonies have three classes:- high rank—large landowners - middle rank—small farmers - low rank—servants, slaves, hired workers • Colonial women hold the same rank as their husbands or fathers

Chart

Women and the Economy

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1SECTION

• Enslaved African women help raise cash crops

• Women in towns do housework, some run inns, businesses

• Also work in fields, barter with neighbors for goods and services

• Most white women are farm wives: do housework, tend gardens, animals

• Women could not own property without husband’s permission

• Women could not vote, preach, or hold office

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Young People at Work

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1SECTION

• Colonial families often large; more children means more workers

• Work free 4—7 years; receive necessities, training; then work for wages

• At age 11, boys often become apprentices—learn trade from craftsmen

• At age 6, boys are “breeched,” help father at work

• At age 13 or 14, often sent to households to learn specialized skills

• Girls rarely apprenticed, learn household skills from mother

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Colonial Schooling

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1SECTION

• Most children are taught to read to understand Bible

• Textbooks emphasize religion

• Poor children learn reading from mother or “dame schools”

• Only children from rich families learn writing, arithmetic

• Educated African Americans rare; illegal to teach enslaved to read

• Colonial America has high literacy rate

Newspapers and Books

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1SECTION

• Many newspapers appear in colonial America

• Captivity narratives popular, about colonists captured by Native Americans

• Almanacs, regional histories, personal stories are popular

• Most books come from England; gradually colonists publish own books

The Great Awakening

1SECTION

• Many colonists lose religious passion; religion seems dry, distant

• Jonathan Edwards is a popular preacher involved with Great Awakening

• In 1730s, 1740s, the Great Awakening religious movement is influential:- emphasizes inner religious emotion - deemphasizes outward religious behavior

Continued . . .NEXT

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1SECTION

• Great Awakening encourages equality, right to challenge authority

• Great Awakening changes colonial culture:- congregations argue about religious

practices, split apart - many join other Protestant groups - some groups welcome women - some groups welcome African Americans,

Native Americans • Inspires George Whitefield; sermons raise money for home for orphans

continued The Great Awakening

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The Enlightenment

1SECTION

• The Enlightenment emphasizes knowledge through reason, science

• Enlightenment begins in Europe; scientists discover natural laws

• Benjamin Franklin is famous American Enlightenment figure

Continued . . .NEXT

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1SECTION

• English philosopher John Locke says people have natural rights: - rights to life, liberty, property - natural rights protected by government - if government fails, people have right to

change it• Ideas about natural rights, government

influence Europe, colonies

continued The Enlightenment

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Section 2

Roots of RepresentationColonists expected their government to preserve their basic rights as English subjects.

The Rights of Englishmen

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2SECTION

• In 1215, King John is forced to accept Magna Carta (Great Charter)

• Over time, rights of Magna Carta are granted to all English people

• Magna Carta grants rights to English noblemen and freemen: - cannot have property seized by king or his

officials - in most cases, cannot be taxed unless

council agrees - cannot be put on trial without witnesses - can be punished only by jury of peers

Roots of Representation

Image

Parliament and Colonial Government

2SECTION

• Parliament—England’s chief lawmaking body has two houses: - members of House of Commons are elected

by the people - members of House of Lords are nonelected

• English colonists form representative assemblies like House of Commons

Continued . . .NEXT

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2SECTION

• English colonists govern themselves in some ways

• Passes laws that affect colonies • Parliament has no colonial representatives

• Colonists dislike these laws, clash with king-appointed royal governor

• England has authority over colonial governments

continued Parliament and Colonial Government

A Royal Governor’s Rule

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2SECTION

• James II becomes king (1685), imposes strict rule on colonies

• Andros ends representative assemblies; colonists refuse to pay taxes

• Appoints royal governor Edmund Andros to rule dominion

• Combines Massachusetts and Northern colonies into one dominion

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England’s Glorious Revolution

2SECTION

• English Parliament overthrows King James, appoints William and Mary

• Change in leadership is called England’s Glorious Revolution (1688)

Continued . . .NEXT

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2SECTION

• William and Mary uphold the English Bill of Rights (1689): - monarch cannot cancel laws, - cannot impose taxes unless Parliament

agrees - free elections, frequent meetings of

Parliament - excessive fines and cruel punishment

forbidden - people can complain to monarch without

being arrested • American colonists claim these rights

• Establishes government based on law, not on desires of ruler

continued England’s Glorious Revolution

Shared Power in the Colonies

2SECTION

• After Glorious Revolution, Massachusetts regains self-government

• Governor, his council, colonial assembly share power

• Still have king-appointed royal governor Chart

Continued . . .NEXT

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2SECTION

• Royal governor can strike down laws

• England has little involvement in colonial affairs—salutary neglect

• If governor blocks law, assembly might refuse to pay him

• Colonial assembly responsible for governor’s salary

continued Shared Power in the Colonies

• Governors rarely enforce certain laws; colonists feel independent

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2SECTION

• John Peter Zenger—publisher of New-York Weekly Journal

• Stands trial; jury says he has right to speak truth

• At the time, illegal to criticize government in print

• In 1735, he prints criticism of New York’s governor

• Is released; colonists move toward freedom of press

The Zenger Trial

Image

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Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War forced France to give up its North American colonies.

Section 3

The French and Indian War

France Claims Western Lands

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• French claim territory from Appalachian range to Rocky Mountains (1682)

3SECTION

• Main French settlements along the St. Lawrence River in Canada

The French and Indian War

• Colony of New France’s population about 80,000 (1760)

• British colonies’ population more than a million settlers (1760)

• Many Europeans in New France work as fur traders

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Native American Alliances

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3SECTION

• English compete with French for furs

• Series of wars between French, English, and Native American allies

• Huron, Algonquin peoples allies of French; Iroquois allies of English

• Native American groups compete to supply furs to Europeans

• Final war is the French and Indian War (1754—1763)

Conflict in the Ohio River Valley

3SECTION

• British fur traders move into Ohio River Valley (1750s)

• French refuse to leave, capture English fort, rename it Fort Duquesne

• French build forts to protect region; Virginia colony upset, claim region

• French destroy village and British trading post to keep British out

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War Begins and Spreads

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3SECTION

• George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French troops (1754)

• Iroquois refuse to ally themselves with British

• Seven Years’ War is worldwide struggle for empire between Britain, France

• French and Indian War part of larger Seven Years’ War

• Benjamin Franklin’s plan to unite colonies—Albany Plan of Union

• Colonial legislatures defeat this plan

Braddock’s Defeat

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3SECTION

• British send General Edward Braddock, two regiments to Virginia

• Braddock killed; second-in-command Washington miraculously survives

• Braddock and his troops defeated by French and Indian troops (1755)

Interactive

The British Take Quebec

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3SECTION

• By 1759, British control six French forts

• British commander James Wolfe, French commander Montcalm killed

• Finally, British troops sneak up cliff path, attack fort in morning

• For two months British unable to capture the fort at Quebec

• British defeat French at Battle of Quebec; turning point of war

Image

The Treaty of Paris

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3SECTION

• Britain, France battle in other parts of world three more years

• Treaty of Paris:- Britain claims all of North America east of

the Mississippi - France gives New Orleans and Louisiana

territory to Spain - Britain gives Cuba, Philippines to Spain for

Florida - ends French power in North America

• Seven Years’ War ends in 1763; British win

Pontiac’s Rebellion

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3SECTION

• British settlers move onto Native American lands

• This starts deadly outbreak; Native Americans retreat

• British give Delaware war leaders smallpox-infected blankets

• Native Americans attack settlers, destroy forts—Pontiac’s Rebellion

• British issue Proclamation of 1763: - forbids colonists to settle west of

Appalachians - angers colonists who thought they had won right to settle

Map

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