1952In 1952, Reynold B. Johnson, of IBM Endicott, moved to San Jose with the assignment to start and run a new exploratory research laboratory. The purpose of this new facility, deliberately remote from the mainstream IBM development laboratories, was to seek and develop radically new information processing capabilities. He obtained a 5 year lease on a building at 99 Notre Dame Avenue. Among the first projects, undertaken during the start-up were a non-impact printer, a test scoring machine, source recording equipment and a random access replacement for tub files. The laboratory had 8 employees by the end of March, about 30 by the end of June, and nearly 60 by the end of the year.

The Source Recording project began with the goal of finding a better method than punched cards or drums or tape to store and access information. An article by Jacob Rabinow at the National Bureau of Standards in the August 1952 issue of Electrical Engineering about "The Notched-Disk Memory" that stored magnetic pulses on thin metal disks mounted vertically in a doughnut-shaped ring provided inspiration. Each disk had a notch to align magnetic read/write heads. This magnetic disk idea was adopted in February 1953 and work began on a 50-disk system with the capacity of 50,000 punched cards, or 4 million characters.

1953The Random Access Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC) project began. At that time the use of punched cards as data records forced batch processing, where rather than handle each transaction as it occurred you sorted and processed a large number of transactions sequentially. For applications like inventory control, this was clearly not the method of choice. A data processing system for "random" transaction processing, requiring a very high capacity and short access time was required. The data storage device was designed based on rotating magnetic disks and movable heads.

In April 1953, a team of 4 engineers formed to develop the disk device. In May, the "air head" method of maintaining a uniform head-surface gap of 0.002 inch using a forced air cushion was adopted. On June 2nd a successful test was completed with the airhead reading and writing digital data on the surface of a 16-inch aluminum disk sprayed with magnetic iron oxide paint (similar to that used on San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge). By October, spray paint was replaced by spin coating by straining through ladies’ nylon stockings and then pouring from paper cups onto blank rotating aluminum disks. A servo-controlled cable-and-pulley carriage was used to locate random tracks on the spinning disk.

1954The first successful writing and reading operations involving disk-to-disk motion and the first transfer of a message from card reader to disk and then from the disk back to punch card was achieved in February. After an assessment, the existing unit was scrapped, the Model II was designed, and 5 prototypes were built with a 50-disk array mounted on a vertical shaft.

Self-acting air bearings or sliders were proposed to maintain the desired head-to-disk spacing.

1955The Model II was given its first public demonstration in May 1955 as the Random Access Memory Accounting Machine, or RAMAC.

The non-RAMAC projects of the research and engineering laboratory moved to West Julian Street to open more spaces for the RAMAC team. At the Julian Street laboratory, work continued on advanced ideas for disk files.

The Advanced Disk File (ADF) project with a goal of 10 times the capacity and 1/10th the access time of the RAMAC was initiated. The ADF eventually became the IBM 1301 and was the prototype of all following generations of disk drives with a flying head for each surface, dramatically reducing access time and simplifying head-medium spacing control. These features enabled performance gains and allowed transaction processing in real time.

IBM took options on 190 acres of land south of San Jose, in the Edenvale area. With the growth of the West Coast area, the property was purchased to provide a site for future expansion.

99 Notre Dame Avenue

The original Rey Johnson team: R. Manning Hermes, William A. Goddard, Reynold B. Johnson, Louis D.

Stevens, Arthur J. Critchlow, John W. Haanstra Proof of concept of magnetic disk stack

Miniaturized Magnetic Head Design needed for 0.4 inch disk stack spacing and 1 mil head/disk spacing

RAMAC 350

Functional diagram of RAMAC access mechanism showing

general scheme of vertical and horizontal positioning, interlock

and actuator group.

RAMAC Track Positioning

Head/medium spacing controlled using pressurized Air Bearing Magnetic Head

Pressurized air bearing via tiny orifices on the front surface and a self loading force, using 3 miniature air pistons on the back that

were activated in the track-to-track mode.

Access mechanism of the IBM Type 350 magnetic-disk, random-access

memory.

Face view of seven experimental heads

Sketches of the self-acting air bearing to provide “air lubrication for a magnetic head riding against a disk without the used of an airhead and air supply system” were

recorded in his engineering notebook and signed by J.J. Hagopian.

This drawing of a high-speed random access file from Hagopian’sengineering notebook shows a dedicated read-write head for each disk surface and a comblike access arm and mechnism to move all heads simultaneously to the saem cylindrical location within the disk stack.

Reynold B. Johnson

The new IBM 305, a “random access” memory device that stores up to 5 million pieces of information on a stack of metal discs such as this. Wesley Dickinson points to the reading and writing arm which permits immediate access to desired data. The 305 will be able to process business transactions as they occur, keeping records up to date and immediately

available.

1956An improved Model II was demonstrated at the February 1956 Western Joint Computer Conference. Each of the 50 disks was 24 inches in diameter and 0.1 inch thick and separated from other disks by 0.3-inch spacers. The disks revolved at 1200 rpm and were accessed by a single read/write head that moved up and down the stack of platters Each disk had 100 circular tracks with a density of 500 characters per track, recorded by IBM's NRZI variable density method of 100 bits per inch on the inner track and 55 bits per inch on the outer track. This was the equivalent of storing 5 MB on a magnetic drum 13 inches diameter and 42 feet long. The disk array became the IBM 350 Disk Storage Unit, which was part of the 305 RAMAC computer system, and deliveries to customers began in June 1956 for a monthly lease of $750.

The new IBM Research organization was created and the Johnson’s Advanced Development group formally became part of IBM Research. A move toward more basic research was initiated.

In July, 1956, construction began on the 190-acre IBM Cottle Road Campus.

A direct access photomemory project was initiated as one of the first San Jose Research projects. Another project was construction of a “sun model” which could simulate the lighting effects of the position of the sun for any hour of the day of the year to assist early design of the new building for Research.

1957The ‘modernistic’ Building 25 complex in the CottleRoad campus became home to the San Jose Research and Development Laboratories.

The Single Disk File (SDF) project started with goal of replacing magnetic tape drive with removable data disk and a storage density of 100 times that of RAMAC. The prototype demonstrated the first implementation of track following head positioning on a magnetic data disk. Although no product resulted, the first commercial use of track following on a commercial disk drive was the IBM 3330 (1971).

The Walnut project was initiated as an information-retrieval system for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.

The Random Access Tape Store (RATS) project was started to create technology for the desired billion-character strip file. It’s small prototype was dubbed Mighty Mouse.

Work continued on photochemical and optical principles that held out hope of providing for economical treatment of huge masses of information.

Early interests of the San Jose laboratory included solid state physics, particularly experimental work in resonance, preparation and properties of thin films; atomic and molecular wave function calculations; speech synthesis; information retrieval; gas film lubrication; and organic and photochemistry.

1958A RAMAC 305 answered questions on world history in 10 languages at the Brussels World Fair.

At the end of the year, the staff of the laboratory consisted of nearly 200 people, of which about half were professional engineers, physicists, chemists or mathematicians. The research consisted mostly of exploratory applied research and advanced development aimed at providing the technology needed for the future products of all division of IBM. Major missions were in 4 areas: mechanical memories, electrical communication, source recording (including input-output terminals), and small machines (machines for small business and small machines for all businesses). In addition the lab had 3 technology charges to cover for the Research Division: magnetic recording, organic chemistry, and electron beam physics. Some of the projects during the year included: document memory, replaceable magnetic disc memory, small business systems, magnetic recording research, character sensing, business-information systems, electrical data communication systems, and gas lubrication.

The first ADF module tests were made.

1959The Advanced Systems Development Division (ASDD) was established to explore new opportunities in the electronic data processing industry. To help establish the new division, projects with the most likely near-term payoff were transferred into it from Research. Among these were Project SABRE, a small business systems project, a communications project and the image storage project known as Walnut. All that then remained in San Jose Research were 18 people in 2 groups: physical science and engineering science.

The design approach to the Disk Pack was initiated. The IBM 1311 Disk Pack was announced in 1963.

The first prototype model of the ADF was available in August but test results were discouraging with head-disk interference problems

The Basic Science Department conducted research in various fields from solid state physics to linguistics. Their work was motivated by the desire to understand and solve problems of fundamental scientific interest in areas believed to be of future technological importance.

350 RAMAC Disk Drive

RAMAC System

SDF – First disk drive design using a track following servo system

ADF Head/Arm Module – for first time – one flying head per surface

ADF Vertical Magnetic

Head – used in first

prototype drive –

replaced by advanced RAMAC

heads an disks in final

product.

The magnetic disk invented by IBM in the early-1950s

contained 100 concentric tracks on each side. Each track stored 500 alphanumeric characters,

yielding a total storage capacity of 5 million characters. This disk

enabled users to retrieve any piece of information directly in

less than a second.

Saying that “we understand you want to see a typical American plant in action,” Tom Watson Jr. welcomes

Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev.

Artist drawing of the newly begun IBM plant

A.G. Anderson investigating electron and nuclear spin systems in solids.

R.B Edwards studying magnetic surfaces and transducer-surface

interactions in order to obtain high density storage.

W.A. Gross and H.T. Albachten work in the field of applied mechanics and concentrate on the characteristics of film

lubrication.

A.W. Hornig, Eric Kay and R.D. Knight investigating and evaluating reactive

sputtering as a technique for the preparation of thin oxide films.

Phyllis Baxendale and F.E. Firth studying the behavior of

language and the organization of information

from the point of view of machine manipulation.

IBM Research ads running in The Scientific American feature work from San Jose Research

Eric Kay uses the electron microscope to study the surface properties of

matter.

This is the front view of the San Jose research laboratory that was dedicated in May.

Constructed in unique design, the laboratory blends in with the surrounding countryside.

Covered walk-away from the parking lot leads to the lobby of the laboratory.

A.L. Williams, executive vice president, and G.L. Tucker, inspect a chemistry laboratory in the

Physical Science Department where research includes energy transfer mechanisms, organic

compounds, and high polymer systems.

The building was originally described as follows: “Designed specifically for creative engineers, the five connected brick and decorative tile buildings,

totaling 40,000 square feet, feature floor-to-ceiling glass throughout. In true California style, patios between the wings give the effect that offices and laboratories extend out-of-doors. Decorated in quiet pastel shades, the

interior is casual yet austere, creating an atmosphere conducive to contemporary concentration. With its extensive scientific engineering facilities, the new laboratory affords the San Jose Research team the resources for its continual search for new knowledge and inventions.”

Gardiner L. Tucker

IBM 1301Each module had 25 disks and could store 28 MB. Up to

10 modules could be added to a computer for a maximum of 280 MB. Each disk had 50 tracks per inch with 520 bits per inch density, rotating at 1800 rpm. This was first used in the SABRE airline reservation system in 1961 that used

6 magnetic drums and 16 modules of the 1301 Disk Storage unit. The drums only had capacity for 1.1 MB

each, but were 20 times faster in access time.

The IBM 1302 Disk Storage Unit (DSU)In September 1963, the 1302 Disk Storage Unit (an

improved version of the 1301) increased capacity four times by doubling the tracks per inch and the bits per track. Up to five 1302s could be attached to one data

processing system for a total storage capacity of more than one billion characters.

1301 Drive (& Al Shugart)

IBM 1405 disk storage

IBM 1311 Disk Pack DriveThe “Low-Cost File” model 1311, the first “off-

line” storage unit with interchangeable disk packs, was shipped. Each disk pack stored up

to 2.68 MB of data in a 10-pound stack of six 14-inch diameter platters. The addition of an

optional, low-speed hydraulic actuator that used modulated air flow to accelerate movement of

the heads could reduce the average access time to 150 mseconds.

An IBM 1316 disk pack, 1962. Weight: about 10 pounds. Storage capacity: 2MB

The IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit (DSU) containing two storage modules, 1961. Module capacity in the 7000 series computer context was 28 million characters

and in the 1410 context, 25 million characters

A 24 inch magnetic disc for an IBM 1301 Data Storage Facility. 1301 Data Storage Facility Disk was one of 50 per unit. These units

were first introduced in 1962. Capacity of each disk was approximately 500,000 characters (500K). These storage disks

were normally attached to an IBM 650 or 1510 CPU.The disk is made of aluminum, about 1/8" thick. Probably one of the

largest disks mass produced.

At CBS News election headquarters, the 1960 presidential vote is tallied and recorded by an IBM

RAMAC. CBS news correspondents Walter Cronkite, left, and Howard K Smith are part of the television

reporting team. In center isDr. E.E. Lindstrom of IBM’s Election Activites Group.

IBM President, A.L. Williams is shown with H.R. Kerby, left, during demonstration of a speech synthesizer.

Arthur Poenisch makes an adjustment on the glow discharge apparatus which is

part of the Sputtered Thin Film Project in the Physics Department.

Burt Beye and Eric Salbu of the Applied Mechanics group review the squeeze

bearing tester.

John Goldsborough works on a nuclear resonance project in the Physics

Department.

Logan Draper and H. Ray Kerby of Communications Science in front of their Speech Synthesizer which they helped

to design & build.

Mark Dowley and Harold Lee of the Physics Department examine a superconducting magnet, part of the nuclear resonance

project.

Robert Shumaker prepares an experiment in the Photochemistry

Department.Heinrich Ernst and Harlan Sano of the

Control Systems Department, working at the Direct-Data-Multiplexor, which they

constructed.

Arthur G. Anderson Jerome D. Swalen

Warner L. Peticolas and Klaus E. Rieckhoff prepare equipment for experiment in the photon excitation of crystals.

Skiers and skaters stand outside the front window of the Olympic Data Processing Center at Squaw Valley. During an Olympic event, timing officials telephone information on

each competitor to the center’s key bunch operators. Punched cards then go to the IBM RAMAC 305 for

automatic processing.

1960The 305 RAMAC scored the Winter Olympic games in California, tallied votes at both U.S. political conventions, and processed presidential election returns.

The IBM 1405 was announced in October. By improving the RAMAC technology, two parameters were doubled, tracks per inch and bits per inch of track yielding a fourfold increase in capacity.

A vigorous hiring effort resulted in a 3-fold increase in the size of San Jose Research. The engineering science groups carried out technology studies intended to improve future disk products: signal processing, servo-mechanisms, and air bearings for sliding the magnetic head over the disk surface. The chemistry effort provided support primarily for the image storage effort in ASDD. There was a growing recognition that copier technology was important for use in high-speed printers attached to computers.

The ADF project abandoned perpendicular recording and started advanced development work on RAMAC heads and disks. Major research and development on hydrodynamic air-bearing sliders continued. Pressurized air-bearing heads and oxide coated aluminum disks were used for the Stretch file unit.

Six new departments were created from the 3 existing ones in an organizational change to broaden the scope of activities. The Physical Sciences department was split into Physics and Photochemistry. The Engineering Sciences group was been divided into the new Applied Mechanics, Magnetic Recording and Special Studies departments. The Systems Science department remained intact.

1963The San Jose Laboratory staff numbered 80, in 5 major groups; Photochemistry, Physics, Communications Science, Systems Sciences, Control Systems and Applied Mechanics.

The Photochemistry department studied optical energy storage and transport, photochemical reactions in organic materials, photocopy processes and display materials technology.

The Physics department studied nuclear magnetic resonance in solids, quantitative prediction of electronic distributions in atomic molecular and solid-state systems, sputtering processes for the deposition of thin films.

Communications Science worked on information retrieval including indexing problems and developing synthetic speech.

Systems Sciences with it’s Applied Mathematics group engaged in studies in Statistics and Probability theory and numerical analysis or ordinary and partical differential equations.

Control Systems activities included the analysis of control system problems in the chemical industry, theoretical studies of dynamic control techniques and experimental studies of process-computer problems. Applied Mechanics studied the mechanical behavior of solids, plastics, and fluids in support of the General Products Division.

1962Walnut was delivered to the CIA. The heart of the system was the document file, about the size of a large desk. Within it was a circular bin holding 200 plastic cells, each capable of storing 50 strips of films. Each filmstrip held 99 photographic images of documents, arranged in rows of 3. The Walnut design permitted up to 100 document files, or a total capacity of 99 million photographic images.

A Q-switched ruby laser was used to observe two-photo excitation of organic crystals.

The Squeeze Film project, a cooperative effort of the Applied Mechanics and Applied Mathematics groups, studied the behavior of thin air films between parallel plates undergoing relative normal (squeeze) motion which led to insight into the difficult problems of unsteady motions in gas bearings.

Experimental and theoretical work on gas films produce advances in understanding important for air bearing support of recording heads.

1961The ADF, with its flying head-slider technology and longitudinal recording, was announced June 2, 1961 as the IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit.

The Hydrodynamic Air-Bearing Slider technology featured a gimbal ring suspension that enabled the heads to float above the surface of air. The “air-bearing” suspension was designed to control the roll and pitch of the read/write heads and resist forces that cause head disturbances during operation, allowing closer spacing of the magnetic heads closer to the rotation surface. This resulted in the reduction of the flying height of the head from 800 to 250 micro-inches, providing a dramatic increase in areal density.

Walnut was publicly demonstrated in July and delivered in late 1962. It was the first mechanized system that could feasibly store and search millions of pages of documents. The disk file used in Walnut was the IBM 1405.

The San Jose laboratory was assigned corporate responsibility for coordinating IBM’s needs in organic chemistry, with emphasis on light-sensitive organic materials for electrophotography. Out of this mission came the organic photoconductor and other technologies used in IBM’s first copiers (introduced in 1970) and in high speed systems printers.

A group in theoretical physics and chemistry was organized to develop new mathematical methods that could be implemented in computer programs and to solve important problems in physics and chemistry.

A process control group was established.

1964The Theoretical Chemistry and Physics group worked on quantum-chemical calculations using Hartree-Fockcorrelation and relativistic computations for atoms and molecules.

Stimulated Brillouin scattering in water and benzene was observed.

The voice-coil actuator, which dynamically moved the read/write heads in and out over the disk surface rather than up and down a vertical shaft, was invented. This technology significantly improved the speed and accuracy of head positioning, resulting in faster access time to data.

Research in the Communication Science group reveals that babies’ cries are clues to the infant’s future health.

A program to develop photomaterials as a base for copying technology was initiated.

A computer program was developed to calculate properties of large molecules. A joint effort of RD, ASDD and SDD was assigned to develop a large digital photographic memory for Livermore.

Ruby lasers were used to investigate new nonlinear effects which led to the discovery of self-trapping of light beams in liquids and two photon absorption in organic solids.

1965The organic-polymeric photoconductor used in IBM’s Copiers (1970) and printers was invented.

A set of programs named IBMOL was developed that could be used to study the chemistry of molecules containing up to 150 atoms.

A new optics group, Optical Signal Processing, was formed, which combined all optics research activity in one group in the Control and Dynamical Systems Department, to address optical problems and explore computer generated holography.

Experimental equipment developed to produce synthetic speech. The project transferred to Raleigh.

Computer controlled traffic lights in San Jose were developed to improve traffic flow.

1966The San Jose Research Laboratory was realigned in order to get the greatest benefits from the talents of the people in the laboratory. There were 3 groups: Systems Research, Applied Science, and Physical Science. The major theme of Systems Science was the manipulation of large data bases, including basic understanding of data storage and retrieval systems and the discovery of improved techniques. Applied Science worked on new approaches for computer hardware, with a current emphasis on storage and non-impact printing.

Computer control was successfully applied to the operation of a cement kiln.

First computation of the chemical reaction: NH3 + HCl→ NH4Cl.

1967In late 1967, a group known as "Dirty Dozen" left the IBM research lab in San Jose to found Information Storage Systems (ISS) that sold disk drives through Telex. They were followed during next three years by over 200 other engineers who would leave IBM for new disk drive companies.

Spatial beats in self-trapped light filaments were observed.

One of the first experiments to use lasers in surface analyses (now a standard procedure) was performed using a ruby laser beam, directed through a window in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber onto a film. The surface of the film evaporated and the liberated gases were quantitatively analyzed by mass spectrometry.

The Large Scale Scientific Computations department was formed to explore new areas where large-scale computers can be used; to interact closely with universities by offering ready-made computer programs and training scientists in their use; and to study optimal design specification for large computers, with main emphasis on simulation of large programs.

The Time-shared laboratory automation system was developed for use by whole laboratory.

The Photomaterials and Technology group in the Organic and Polymer Chemistry Department formed the nucleus of Office Product Division Advanced Technology.

IBM 1130 with two 2310 disk storage drives

IBM 2314 direct access storage facility

IBM 2310 Disk Storage Model B2IBM's model 2310 was the first disk

drive with a removable disk cartridge and used a voice coil actuator. While

many PC users think of removable hard disks as being a modern

invention, in fact they were very popular in the 1960s and 1970s.

IBM 2311 Disk Storage Drive

Formation of the charge transfer complex in the organic photoconductor

A bank of 2314 disk drivesIBM's model 2314 Direct Access Storage Facility, which set new records in

storage capacity and data processing speeds while reducing the cost of storage to more affordable rates was first shipped. It was a single subsystem that

consisted of 8 operating disk packs, one spare disk pack and a control unit. Each disk pack stored 29.2 MB on eleven 14-inch diameter disks and achieved 0.22 MB/in2 areal density. It was the first hard disk to use ferrite core heads, the first type later used on PC hard disks, enabling a flying height of 85 microinches

A 2314 disk pack

The disk pack contained eleven 14-inch disks separated by spacers. The top surface of the top disk and bottom of bottom were not used, so there were 20 recording surfaces. This was twice the number of the 7.25MB 2311 disk pack

and along with a doubling of the recording density per track to 87 bits/mm gave a capacity of 29MB.

One of the twenty head/arm assemblies from a 2314 disk drive.

A close-up of the ferrite-core head shows that read/write gaps are much smaller, 105 rather than 250 microinch, and this along with a lower flying height,

85 rather than 125 microinch, enabled the doubling of the bits/mm on each track. This doubling of the bit density also doubled the data transfer rate to 2.5Mb/s.

The two bleed holes provided lateral stability, making the head something like a catamaran sailing boat.

One of the twelve arms in the 1312

A close-up of the head in the 2311 shows it is made out of metal with a curved leading edge. The curve trapped the boundary layer of air attached to the disk sweeping it under the head. The head was mounted on a stainless steel gimbal

that allowed it to 'fly' over the surface of the disk on a cushion of air.

Ferrite Magnetic Head technology evolution

Samuel L. Solar studies materials using infrared spectroscopy.

The team that developed PACTOLUS, a new digital analog simulation program: Harlan Sano and Robert D.

Brennan check a simulation diagram used in their program, which gives greater flexibility in computer use.

Klaus E. Reickhoff and Richard G. Brewer prepare their ruby laser device for an experiment.

IBM Television Commercial Deals With Traffic Control

Andrew H. EschenfelderArthur G. Anderson

The first disk pack drive, the IBM 2311 Disk Storage Drives, provided random direct access to 7.25 million 8-bit bytes per removable disk pack. In Packed Decimal Mode the capacity was 14.5 numeric characters. Eight drives

could be attached to a single control unit for a total of 58MB or 116 million digits.

Fabry-Perot interferogram of ruby laser and back-scattered Brillouin light of liquid water. Each Fabry-Perot order consists of three Stokes, two anti-Stokes, and a laser ring, which is the most intense.

Prof. Robert S. Mulliken, Nobel Prizewinner in Chemistry, at San Jose Research Laboratory, with F. van

Duijneveldt, IBM World Trade Fellow, and Bowen Liu of the San Jose Laboratory. Mulliken spent three months

as a consultant using ALCHEMY to study the structure of diatomic chlorine and IBMOS V to explore the interaction

of ammonia with diatomic chlorine.

1968The Information Sciences Department (transferred from Yorktown to San Jose) was formed to consolidate the Text Processing, Experimental Retrieval Systems, Data Management Techniques & Modeling, and Data Management Theory groups.

Work on the hierarchies of storage systems began.

An effective model was developed for predicting the composition of multi-material sputtered films.

Large scale computation of the electronic properties of linear molecules and electronic correlation in atoms was developed.

1969The mode-locking technique of producing picosecondlight pulses was used to study a variety of processes of interest to chemists in solutions, including orientationalrelaxation of molecules, energy transfer and photoionization and charge transfer processes.

Infrared nonlinear spectroscopy of molecular gases were performed to determine the electric dipole moments, molecular rotational magnetic moments and relaxation rates of both ground and excited states.

Work on the quantum chemistry program system, ALCHEMY, which used a “many-electron” model of molecules to take into account the motion of electrons at every instant of time during a chemical reaction was begun.

Power system security, with the objective of preventing large-scale blackouts and providing better control over power system operations, was studied.

Powerful new techniques were developed for the analysis of computer storage hierarchies. The new and efficient method of determining, in one pass of an address trace, performance measures for a large class of demand-paged, multilevel storage systems utilizing a variety of mapping schemes and replacement algorithms was described in the IBM Systems Journal in 1971.

The Behavioral Science Group transferred from ASDD to Research.

1970IBM scientist, Ted Codd, published a paper introducing the concept of relational databases. It called for information stored within a computer to be arranged in easy-to-interpret tables so that nontechnical users can access and manage large amounts of data. Today nearly all database structures are based on the IBM concept of relational databases.

Pulsed nmr experiments were performed using optical (dye laser) detection methods.

Ultrastable nickel chelate molecules with excellent Q-switching properties were synthesized for organic dye lasers.

Enrico Clementi became the first IBM Fellow from San Jose for his pioneering use of computers to understand and predict both atomic and molecular properties.

Reading and writing on a film of magneto-optical material (EuO) was demonstrated.

Picosecond laser pulses were used to measure molecular rotation and energy transfer between molecules.

Models to evaluate Management Information Systems were successfully applied.

The Material Science Complex was established. An SDD Materials Science and a Manufacturing Research group was established as part of the complex.

1971 - 1972The IBM 3330 Data Storage (Merlin), a high-performance, high-capacity direct access storage subsystem, was the first disk storage product to use a voice-coil actuator under control of a track-following servo system. This combination provided better response time, higher track density, and more reliable operation than previously attainable.

Triangular Building 28 on the Cottle Road site was occupied by all of the San Jose Research Laboratory personnel. Building 25 had become outdated and too small. The Laboratory’s departments were: Materials Science & Technology Complex, the Advanced Technology group of the Office Products Division, Molecular Physics, Manufacturing Materials Research, Organic & Polymer Chemistry, SDD Material Science, inorganic Materials Research, Administrative & Technical Services, Computer Facility, Information Science, Large Scale Scientific Computations and the Systems Department.

Optical analogs of nonadiabatic coherent transient effects were observed which included optical nutation, free-induction decay and photon echoes using Stark switching.

The initial work to develop a method to use System/7 to control instruments and gather and analyze data using a System/370 Model 195 was started as the “Event Driver Executive” which eventually led to LABS/7 (Laboratory Automation Basic Supervisor) in 1974.

A new ferromagnetic material, MnGaGe, with promise for use as the memory element in a room-temperature magneto-optical storage system was invented.

IBM 3330 data storage, first drive with Flying Heads & Servo Track Positioning

Relational Database

Relational Database

The read/write head assembly for the 3330 in its transportation container

The better design of head and disk surface allowed the head flying height to be reduced from 85 to 50 microinch, which meant that

the linear bit density per track could be doubled from 2200 to 4040. In

addition the track density was almost doubled from 100 to 192 Tracks/inch.

This is a top view of the disk pack. Thesedisk packs were removable, a different pack

could be mounted on the disk drive. Thiscapability of changing disk packs allowedmore disk storage than the number of disk

drives, but introduced a number of problems:The movement of the disk pack from the driveto its storage place exposed it to dust, hair,fabric, any particles in the air. As the head

flying height was 50 microin any particle on adisk surface could wedge between the

read/write head and the disk surface causinghead crash. Bad news, all data on the disk is

lost.

The 3330 disk out of its container

Aerial view of San Jose Research Laboratory, shows building rising rapidly on schedule. It is expected that the laboratory will be finished in early 1971.

George J. Fan, Kenneth Lee and Alvin M. Patlach work on Beam Addressable Files.

Interesting architectural angles abound in the new San Jose Research Laboratory. Triangular shape offers maximum window space with interior views on a landscaped

courtyard, and peripheral views over nearby golf course and hill on horizon.

Exterior of the San Jose Laboratory as seen from the nearby golf course.

Aerial view of the “new” San Jose Research Laboratory

A side view of the laboratory seen through a field of flowers.

Model 195 Computer installed at San Jose

The IBM Copier was based on a high-sensitivity organic photo-conductor discovered in San Jose.

R. Aylesworth and Alan Luntz of the Molecular Physics department use a System/7 as part of an experiment in molecular collision-reaction kinetics.

1974System R was a database management system which provided a high level relational data interface and a high level of data independence by isolating the end user as much as possible from underlying storage structures. The system allowed definition of a variety of relational views on common underlying data. Data control features were provided, including authorization, integrity assertions, triggered transactions, a logging and recovery subsystem, and facilities for maintaining data consistency in a shared-update environment.

The Structured Query Language (SQL) user interface was developed for relational databases.

Computer X-ray methods were developed which greatly enhanced the precision, speed and resolution of automated X-ray analysis. These were rewritten in 1979 and modified for the Series/1 to combine data collection, data reduction, and instrument control in the four IBM Series/1 X-Ray Analysis Automation Products.

XRM, an extended version of the relational memory system known as RM, was developed which expands the two-column format to a multi-column format.

Magnetic bubbles were reported for the first time in amorphous thin-film alloys made by conventional evaporation techniques.

Systems Research changed it’s department name to Computer Science.

1975The IBM 3800 laser-electrophotographic printer of 1975 had a speed of 20,000 lines a minute in preparing bank statements, premium notices and other high-volume documents. Laser beam paths were altered millions of times a second and were reflected from an 18-sided mirror that spun at 12,000 revolutions per minute.

The polymer science and technology group was expanded with a mission to synthesize and characterize new polymers that may be of long-range importance to IBM and to do basic studies of polymer structure.

The first observation of superconductivity in a polymer was made with the inorganic crystalline polymer, polysulfur nitride, at a transition temperature of (0.26±0.03)°K.

IBM 3800 printer

IBM 3800 printer

A 3330-II disk pack in its storage container

The 3330-II disk drive was very similar to the 3330-I except that it almost doubled the track density from

8 to 15 tracks/mm

The 3340 disk unit

The 3340 disk drive

A continuous recording differential viscometer for use as a detector in gel-permeation chromatography was developed

by A.C. Ouano.

Lt. Robert Bradshaw of the San Jose Police Department points out a key area shown on the screen of an IBM

2250 display unit. The experimental Geo-Data Analysis and Display System, a set of computer programs was

developed by the Systems Research department.

Donald E. Rosenheim

Heinrich E. Hunziker and H. Russell Wendt used this apparatus to discover the absorption frequencies of a key

component of photochemical smog—the hydroperoxylradical. Hydroperoxyl is produced in the chamber, and an infrered beam is passed through the chamber from left to

right toward a germanium diode detector.

The two-by-four inch IBM Data Cartridge, a basic component of the IBM 3850 mass storage systems

combines the storage techniques of magnetic tape and disk devices. The cartridge contains approximately 770 inches of magnetic tape where information is stored in the familiar format of IBM’s 3336 disk packs—giving the tape medium

the random access characteristic of disk drives. Two cartridges can hold up to 100 million characters of

information, equivalent to one disk pack.

Vast amounts of information can be stored on data cartridges housed in the honeycomb storage compartments of the IBM 1851 mass storage facility. This part of

the IBM 3850 mass storage system contains a control unit that allows it to locate a needed cartridge and transfer it to a recording device where the information can be sent to magnetic disk drives. Each 3851 has two access devices, one of which is

shown here with a data cartridge, that can move horizontally and vertically and can rotate 180 degrees to pick up a cartridge.

Ting C. Huang and William Parrish developed computer and X-ray methods which greatly enhance the precision, resolution and speed of automated X-ray analysis

Portion of an experimental bubble lattice storage device. The small circles are closely packed bubbles moving

between the diagonal pathways.

A model of a superconductive polymeric material

1973IBM introduced the model 3340 disk drive, which is commonly considered to be the father of the modern hard disk. This unit had two separate spindles, one permanent and the other removable, each with a capacity of 30 MB. For this reason the disk was sometimes referred to as the "30-30." This name led to its being nicknamed the "Winchester" disk drive, after the famous "30-30" Winchester rifle. Using the first sealed internal environment and vastly improved "air bearing" technology, the Winchester disk drive greatly reduced the flying height of the disk: to only 17 microinches above the surface of the disk. Modern hard disks today still use many concepts first introduced in this early drive, and for this reason are sometimes still called "Winchester" drives.

A project aimed at making it easier for programmers to convert data bases from one structure to another started which eventually resulted in the program package, the Data Base Restructuring System, announced in 1979.

The laboratory was realigned into 3 departments: Systems Research with a major theme in the manipulation of large data bases, including basic understanding of data storage and retrieval systems and the discover of improved techniques; Applied Science to create new approaches for computer hardware with an emphasis on storage and non-impact printing; and Physical Science with an emphasis on organic and polymer materials – particularly for electronics and optics.

Schematic of the apparatus for observing coherent optical transients using a frequency-switched cw dye

laser.

IBM 3350 Direct Access Storage

1976The model 3350, or “Madrid” was introduced using improved “Winchester technology” to achieve a recording density of 3.1 Mb/in2 on eight 14-inch platters.

System R, a powerful relational database management prototype demonstrating the concept pioneered by Edgar Codd, was developed. In this approach, data was represented as tables with all the information arranged in columns and rows.

The relational database’s first cost-based query optimizer for choosing the “lease expensive” plan for executing queries was developed.

Two-phase locking, the most important protocol for managing database concurrency, was invented.

A frequency switching technique for dye lasers was demonstrated making possible a new class of elegant optical experiments.

The first optical free-induction decay in a solid was observed using “laser frequency switching.”

The first publication to describe the full functionality of SEQUEL 2 appeared in the IBM Journal of Research and Development. The name of the language was later shortened to SQL and evolved into the unifying standard of the relational-database industry.

Construction phase of the San Jose Research Laboratory, shown in aerial view at left, compares with architect’s rendition of the finished lab, right.

The design of the liquid-immersible quartz microbalance is illustrated. Mounting the crystal so that only one of its sides is exposed to liquid was originally done with o-rings. Silicone rubber was found to be more effective in

reducing strain on the crystal, as well as protecting the oscillator and other electronics housed within the glass tubing.

Nutation NMR, An internuclear yardstick, can be used to determine the molecular geometry of solids.

(a) Precession of an nuclear magnet about the direction of the steady magnetic field, together with precession about the rotating magnetic-field component of the electromagnetic radiation. (The figure shows the precession paths at two

different times.)(b) The combined motion from the two precessions is called

nutation. The motion is like that of a wobbling top.

Experimental, 5 ¼-inch thin-film disks mounted in an existing IBM disk drive. There are a total of

four disks and eight recording heads.

The original watercolor commissioned for the dedication

Relational Database

Juri Matisoo

Experimental magnetic disk

The electrophotographic (EP) printing process

Optical fiber and equipment used to produce and measure squeezed states of light, in which the noise is reduced below the level that a photodector

would record in absolute darkness

1986The Almaden Research Center was dedicated.

Rey Johnson received the National Medal of Technology for his contributions to magnetic disk storage.

The Distributed Relational Database Architecture and algorithms were developed that allow databases to scale efficiently to very large sizes by adding more processors.

The Vendor Access by Input of Logic (VAIL) strategy and language translation software, AVAIL, was invented and developed. The AVAIL software enabled fast-turnaround, multisource vending of semicustom large-scale integration (LSI) designs.

Research in electrophotography, drop-on-demand ink-jet printing and advanced methods for electronically creating a page to enhance the all-points-addressable (APA) capability of printers supported the printing division.

The role of certain airborne contaminants in storage devices was detected, understood, and filtration methods were implemented.

Electrical conduction in polymers was studied.

Work on the resistive-ribbon thermal-transfer (R2T2) printing technology for IBM Quietwriter Printers and Typewriters continued.

1987The original Database Manager version 1.0 was announced.

The database manager in OS/2® Extended Edition was the first relational database on distributed systems.

An experimental magnetic disk with recording tracks a mere half-micron wide was built. At such dimensions, future 3.5-inch disks could each hold 10 billion bits of information (10 gigabits).

The Spider facility, a high-performance communication software facility coupled multiple IBM mainframe systems and provided significant improvements in both instruction path length and effective bandwidth.

The Synchronous Page Store consisted of an FET technology which was slower but less expensive than the 3090 main memory and resulted in improved performance.

Extensive work on the initiation steps of copper electroless plating for circuit board manufacturing involved chemical characterization of the surfaces during processing sequences.

Applicant Processing System/Electronic Application System for Employment (APS.EASE), an online data collection, data storage, dissemination and analysis tool was adopted by the corporate employment and recruiting office.

Rey Johnson receives the National Medal of Technology from President Ronald Reagan

1985The double density 3380 was IBM’s top-of-the line disk drive. The magnetic head “flew” at 12 μinches above the disk surface. It had 18 magnetic disks that were 14 inches in diameter. Each disk held about 11,000 pages of a newspaper and it would take 1,000 of IBM’s first disk drive (see 1956) to store as much information as one 3380.

Thin film disks, made by sputtering or plating of thin ferromagnetic films, were explored.

An apparatus that monitored and controlled the write field of thin-film heads was developed.

The first disk controller to use “common parts” – such as the same CPUs as servers – and written in a high-level language was developed.

The patent on chemically amplified resists issued on January 1st, even though the original disclosure was rated publish in 1982. All modern advanced positive resists are based on acid-catalyzed deprotection of partially protected PHOST.

Molecular beam sources and laser-induced fluorescence detection with ultra high vacuum surface science techniques were combined to study the dynamics of scattered molecules which led to a theoretical understanding of surface processes.

Simulations enabled the measurement of slider flying height and the characterization of their dynamic behavior in flight.

PC Palette, a graphics program that enabled users to create pictures containing text, images and graphics was announced for the IBM PC.

1988Starburst, the "query graph model" data structure that allowed DB2 to be extended to handle a wide variety of new data types was deveoped.

"Fast-Write" for disk controllers was proposed.

First STM image of an organic molecule, benzene, was produced.

The "Hagar" disk array, the first industrial RAID data-storage prototype, was developed.

The highest superconducting transition temperature for a bulk material (thallium-based) and thin film (125°K) was reported.

A new and simple sputter metal lift-off process for magnetoresistive head manufacture, which became the industry standard, was developed

The lab was connected to the internet.

SQL/400® for the new AS/400® server emerged.

Novel signal detection methods for magnetic recording channels were developed.

A tool, used in the manufacturing, that measured stability in magnetic recording heads was developed.

A novel coding theorem for input-restricted channels provided a general solution to the problem of constructing codes from arbitrary data sequences to constrained systems of sequences (sofic systems).

FT Raman spectroscopy of organic molecules

High temperature superconductor levitating a magnet

A model of the "1-2-3" high temperature superconductor structure. The first structure determination of the above90 K material formed the

basis of several governing international patents

by the Almaden team on high temperature superconductivity.

1989The ARIES algorithm for recovering data efficiently and effectively from failures within the database system was developed.

Individual atoms were moved and positioned one at a time: I-B-M written in xenon atoms using an STM.

One gigabit data-density magnetic recording was demonstrated.

The DB2 mainframe database system was transformed for cluster architecture.

1990The single-peak nuclear magnetic resonance seen in C-60 (buckminsterfullerene) was observed. This was the first proof of the suspected symmetric, soccerball shape for C-60.

It was discovered that the exchange coupling between two ferromagnetic films through a very thin non-magnetic metal spacer layer oscillates as the thickness of the spacer layer increases.

C-60 on a gold surface was imaged using an STM.

1991A single-atom switch was created.

WDSF, an internal project, developed technologies for backup-restore and archive-retrieve functions for heterogeneous data that ultimately led to today's IBM Storage Management products.

IBM pioneered the use of magnetoresistive (MR) heads for disk drives with the 1 gigabyte (GB) 3.5-inch drive, which provided the highest areal density available at that time. The gigabyte drive set the stage for rapid increases in hard drive density.

Almaden Research Center was certified as a Corporate Wildlife Habitat, by the Wildlife Council.

IBM’s printer business was spun-off to Lexmark.

1992Giant magnetoresistance was demonstrated in sputtered multilayers.

IBM unveiled ThinkPad, a new line of laptop computers. They feature TrackPoint, an innovative pointing device nestled in the middle of the keyboard.

Adstar Distributed Storage Manager (ADSM), a Backup/Archive/HSM solution with policy-based data management for PCs and workstations, was invented and developed. Shipped in 1993, ADSM was renamed Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM) in 1999, and remains one of IBM's best-selling storage management products.

C 60

Almaden’s Center for Computational Chemistry

Thin-film recording head flies only 2 millionths of an inch above

experimental disk capable of storing a billion bits of data per square inch

Comparing the experimental 5.25-inch

disk with the world’s first hard disk, the 305 RAMAC which was introduced by

IBM in 1956

1989 earthquake

1989 earthquake

Photo from the 1994 calendar

Chemically amplified resist process chemistry

The TrackPoint, a pencil-eraser-like pressure-sensitive pointer stub on the keyboard.

Xenon atoms on nickel (110) surface

Western Bluebird

Database Concurrency/Recovery Algorithms (ARIES)

Automatic Visual Inspection System (AVIS) for magnetic

disks

1989 earthquake

STM image showing what Almaden researchers believe to be a dioctylphthalate molecules pinned to graphite surface

1978The R* project set out to extend the advantages of System R to multiple machines with individual databases by producing a distributed relational database system.

The principles of minimum description length and stochastic complexity for model selection and data compression were discovered.

The technologies to implement the ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability) requirements for electronic transactions were developed.

Molecular monolayers on surfaces were studied using laser spectroscopy and guided optical and surface waves.

Pulsed nmr experiments (transient nutation, spin echoes, and free-induction decay) were performed using optical detection, extending the very powerful nmr techniques to very dilute spin systems.

Reactive ion etching, also known as plasma etching, was developed.

Polymer dissolution was studied using critical angle illumination microscopy to determine the rates at which polymeric resist materials dissolve in liquids.

The discovery that microscopically small sources of light in some electroluminescent thin films can become mobile resulted in alternating current thin-film electroluminescence, ACTEL, devices.

The Storage Systems and Technology group was established to focus efforts on inductive magnetic recording and related storage technologies.

1979Advancements that minimized off-track issues stemming from temperature-related changes in the hard disk drive were made by placing the servo bursts in wedges between user data sectors. This concept of embedded sector servo technology debuted on the model 3310 which was the first disk drive with 8" platters. The model 62 PC or “Piccolo”drive had only one moving part, the rotary actuator and carriage. This cost-effective design required no external air cooling.

The JANUS project, which began in the fall, was an interactive document preparation program that used GML as its basic formatting language and a vector display for previewing the document.

The assembly of a molecular-beam scattering apparatus was initiated to explore the nature of chemical reactions on surfaces.

Extendible hashing, a rapid access method to dynamic database files was published.

Work on magnetic bubble devices included magnetic charged walls and device geometries that led to the highest density every achieved in fully operational bubble chips.

A unified magnetic theory was developed that provided an improved understanding of magnetism in metals. The average magnetism per atom and the temperature above which magnetism disappears were successfully predicted for iron.

A new device for measuring the wavelengths of laser light that combined high accuracy with compactness was developed.

"Thin film" recording head copper coil

A photoresist pattern used to fabricate the copper coil in thin-film recording heads. The high-aspect ration of

the resist walls—their height is much greater than their thickness—was made possible only through

advanced photoresists.

Two women researchers climbed Annapurna I. Irene Miller became one of the first Americans and first women ever to conquer the peak. Vera Watson

died as she was attempting the second assault on the summit.

Irene Miller, foreground, makes her way to the top of

Annapurna I. She is preceded by a Sherpa guide.

The 1978 apricot harvest basks in the noonday sun.

1977The decision was made to build a new research laboratory separate from the Cottle Road site.

A storage phenomenon based on photochemical hole burning was proposed and the technique was used to obtain the narrowest homogeneous linewidth ever measured for an excited state of a molecule.

Work leading to an improved understanding of the mechanical properties of rubbery substances, called elastomers, and related materials enabled the delineation of the factors that affect toughness and facilitated the development of improved materials.

XPRS, an experimental system for automating the conversion of computer data bases from one structure to another, was developed.

Neutron scattering experiments helped to determine the structure of crystalline polymers.

An experimental microcircuit that contained all the elements needed to read, write and store information in an array of closely packed magnetic bubbles (a bubble lattice chip) was fabricated and tested.

Solid state polymerization of diacetylenes were studied by the Organic and Polymer Materials group of the Applied Science Department.

A very highly cited IBM Systems Journal paper discussed a model of storage and access to a relational database. In particular, it described methods for evaluating the performance of relational queries.

A power winch was used to pull down the remaining portions of the 5 satellite entrance structures of the San Jose Research laboratory before the major seismic bracing construction of the 100,000 square foot bracing addition. Wings A, B-C, and C-D form the triangular San Jose Research

Laboratory (shaded area), soon to be expanded and reinforced. Two additions flanking the existing building are shown as BCN and CDN.

The IBM scanner uses holography, a technique for creating 3-dimensional images, to read data on packages. When a products that bears a Universal Product Code (UPC) marking nears the scanning window, a laser light “wraps around” the item. The laser beam’s pattern is visible on the lower part of the carton. Right: When a

package nears the scanning window, a sensor activates the laser which emits a light beam that passes through an expander where it is enlarged and bent by a mirror. The beam is broken into multiple light patterns by a rotating holographic disk. The patterns are deflected onto another mirror, which angles them toward the scanning

window and UPC marking.

1980The first implementation of relational technologies from the initial System R project was the database integrated into the System/38 server.

SQL/DS product hit the market for mainframes. SQL/DS (Structured Query Language/Data System) was IBM’s first commercial implementation for its mainframe computers of a DBMS (Database Management System) built around the SQL language.

The SHERPA project began in the fall. SHERPA, a microprocessor-based control unit, bypassed the IBM 6670 printer character generator to enable all-points-addressable printing.

A program to extend the resolution of optical lithography involved a combination of theoretical molecular orbital calculations, experimental chemical synthesis and lithographic process refinement and resulted in the invention of new photoresist materials for use in the 300 nm region of UV.

In order to circumvent the intrinsic sensitivity limitations of deep-UV (254 nm) resists, the concept of chemical amplification was proposed.

The holographic document scanner was adapted by the Holographic Optics group of the Applied Science department to develop the IBM 3687 scanner.

“Drop-on-demand” ink jet printing was developed.

Probalistic decision trees for optical character recognition were designed.

Schematic diagram of the apparatus used to study ion-assisted gas-surface chemistry.

Electron-assisted gas-surface chemistry using 1500-eV electrons and XeF2 on

Si3N4.

(a) Schematic diagram of an inhomogeneouslybroadened line of width Γiwhich is the envelope of individual electronic transitions of homogeneous width Γh.

(b) Illustration of a laser-induced photochemical hole burned in the 0-0 A1line of free-base porphyrinin n-octane at 2K.

Diagram of a portion of the bubble lattice, showing dams and lattice translation

conductors.

1982The Magnetic Recording Institute (MRI), a joint organization of Research with the General Products Division (GPD), was formed to bring technical people in Research and GPD together to explore long-range issues essential to the continued progress of magnetic recording.

Experiments indicated that the intense ultraviolet light from “excimer” lasers could be a key element in economically extending optical lithography for integrated circuit fabricationinto the submicron region.

The SQL/DSTM product was delivered on the mainframe operating systems VM and VSE, also based on System R.

The first Chemically Amplified (CA) resists were reported with the combination of onium salts with the acid-deprotectablepoly(4-[t-butyloxy-carbonyloxy]-styrene) (poly-TBOCST). The term chemical amplification was coined.

Hyperchannel support for VM/370 resulted in significant cost reduction and improved performance for users at a remote location.

Neutral-to-ionic phase transitions in certain organic solids were found to become quite large at high pressure.

Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy all but eliminated the problem of laser intensity fluctuations in absorption spectroscopy.

The phase-shifting lithography mask was invented, enabling optical lithography to define features much smaller than the illumination wavelength.

1983DB2, formally called DATABASE 2, was born on MVSTM. Work from System R was carried directly to the SQL.DB and DB2 products.

Construction began on the Almaden site.

IBM Research’s first Special Business Unit (SBU) was established to manufacture and market a limited number of Large Information Content Displays (LICD) based on laser-addressed liquid crystal display technology.

A prototype for a color drop-on-demand ink-jet printer was developed with high-resolution and reasonable print speed.

New database design tools which allowed for more efficient access was developed.

A new organic superconducting material was discovered. This family of materials was extended (by others) to have the highest superconducting transition temperature in an organic material – 12°K.

“ED,” the full-screen editor for the IBM Personal Computer was announced as product offering.

Computer modeling of the performance of magnetic recording channels led to a major advance in the study of processing of signals from disk files for maximum performance.

A 100,000 square-foot wraparound addition has now been completed at the San Jose Research Laboratory. The expansion satisfies a need for additional office and

laboratory space, and provides extensive seismic bracing for The original building, as well. The bracing is designed to prevent all but minor damage in the event of a major

earthquake.The photo shows the entrance to the building and one wing of the addition, which

extends around all three sides of the triangle-shaped structure.

The structure of (BEDT-TTF)4 (ReO4)2, an organic superconducting material.

The large information content display (LICD) console.

A 25-year old controversy in chemistry about the existence of fivefold bonding

between a carbon atom and its neighbors was resolved by a novel nuclear magnetic

resonance technique and a massive calculation.

Edgar ‘Ted’ Codd

The “seismic” addition to Building 28

The “new look” at San Jose Research – Building 28’s wrap-around

MLC (Multilayer Ceramic) modules

Highly magnified area of a magnetic disk surface in the IBM 3380 shows elongated information

bits recorded along five of the disk's 1,774 concentric tracks. One square inch of disk

surface contained about 22 million bits.

IBM 3380 Direct Access Storage Device Contributions to the 3380 disk file were made that characterized and increased the

sensitivity of capacitive methods to monitor head-to disk interactions, evaluated reliability using novel software and test procedures, and measured the thickness

and uniformity of lubricant coatings on magnetic disks.

A. Frank Mayadas

1981The Almaden property was purchased.

E.F. (Ted) Codd received the Turing Award for his seminal work on relational databases and associated work in database languages, database semantics, and query languages.

The first relational database query compiler which saves optimized query plans for future use was described.

Theoretical studies of the liquid/solid phase transitions in two-dimensional materials made a significant contribution towards the understanding of absorbed layers on surfaces and the structure of interfaces between different materials.

Chemical dynamics experiments led to greater scientific understanding of oxidation of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.

Technical problems with the MLC (multilayer ceramic) and Clark circuit board technologies used in the IBM 3081 Processor complex were analyzed and solved.

Particulate magnetic recording media processes were developed.

The first inkjet printer was demonstrated.

The development of arithmetic coding was a major advance in the theory of data compression.

The use of excimer lasers in projection photolithography was pioneered.

Under the R* scheme, a San Jose user can access a database located in Yorktown or Zurich as easily as if it

were stored in San Jose.

1984JANUS became a VM/370 product offering called Interactive Composition and Editing Facility (ICEF).

The Polymer Science & Technology group worked on highly ordered (liquid crystal) polymers; photosensitive materials for resists; dielectric & structural materials for chip packaging; binders, lubricants, and substrates for storage applications; and laser-enhanced etching and materials deposition.

Work on switching network theory showed that “weak superconcentrator” networks cannot be realized with constant delay and linear cost simultaneously.

The R* group produced a working R* prototype system that was installed within the company and in a few commercial organizations as a research experiment.

Photon-gated hole-burning in both an inorganic system (rare earth ions in an alkaline earth fluoride crystal) and in an organic system (carbazole molecules in a boric acid glass) was observed.

Copper line deposited by LCVD on SiO2/Si at two magnifications

1993The Quantum Corral was created.

Zoned recording with sector servo and No-ID sector format for efficient layout of information on the disk was introduced.

Single-wall carbon nanotubes were discovered.

A compact blue-laser device was used to write and read data on a removable magneto-optic disk at a world-record density of 2.5 billion bits per square inch.

Query by Image Content (QBIC) made it possible to catalog and retrieve images without using verbal descriptions.

Laser disk texturing was developed and later became an industry standard.

A new DB2 edition was delivered on AIX.

1994The first data mining algorithms were invented

The first technical paper that links to a WWW animation: a hyper-media file showing fracture-tip instabilities in a million-atom 2-D notched solid under tension was published.

Multilevel optical disks with huge gains in optical-disk storage capabilities were announced. A new formatting technique permitted 28% more data on magnetic hard-disk drives for laptop computers.

The improved TrackPoint III pointing device (and then the TrackPoint IV in 1997) was developed.

The first spin-valve (GMR) head: world’s most sensitive read head was announced.

The Center on Polymer Interfaces and Macromolecular Assemblies (CPIMA) was established as a partnership among groups from Stanford University, IBM Almaden, and the University of California Davis devoted to the study of the interfacial science of organic thin films prepared from polymers and low molecular weight amphiphiles.

The ESCAP resist designed to be resistant to airborne contamination was invented and employed in world-wide manufacture of devices with the minimum feature size of 250 nm and below by using KrF excimer lasers (248 nm).

New DB2 editions were delivered on HP-UX and Solaris.

1995Three gigabit data-density magnetic recording was demonstrated.

Research played a central role in the unification of two competing DVD formats.

The easy-to-use Chemical Kinetics Simulator was created. Now used worldwide in academia, industry and government, some 30,000 copies have been downloaded under a no-cost license.

IBM's Digital Library project aimed to provide digitized text, graphics, video and audio data online to a wide range of clients in the academic, research and commercial sectors.

The Garlic project brought an emphasis on data federation, allowing data in diverse systems, not just DB2 systems, to be managed together.

DataLinks Technology managed integrity and recovery of file data through Database Management System (DBMS).

A new DB2 edition was delivered on Windows®.

1996A reliable method was created for generating an infinite number of provably difficult problems, a capability useful in developing public-key cryptography.

Web-page-linking was analyzed for the first time, leading to the concepts of hubs and authorities, advanced search technologies, WebFountain and other large-scale text analytics technologies and tools.

alphaWorks accelerated IBM emerging technologies to the early-adopter development community.

Five gigabit data-density magnetic recording was demonstrated.

Paul Horn John Best

CPIMAA structure called a quantum corral

uses iron adatoms as barriers to confine surface-state electrons on

copper.

A compact blue-laser device. The higher-frequency blue light can be focused to a smaller spot than can infrared light, thus permitting more data bits to be

written within a given area.

A simulation of fracture-tip instabilities in a million-atom 2-D notched solid under tension

Disk texturing

Possible orientations for water molecules near an electrode surface that is (a) positively charged and (b) negatively charged. The arrows show the

directions of the molecular dipole moments. These orientations provide the most favorable electrostatic interactions. Note that the oxygen atoms are

farther from the electrode surface when it is negatively charged.

Wild boar attack the lab

Data Mining

PolyFEM works with CATIA so that analysis can be performed on a design already stored as a solid model in the CATIA database.

Here, loads and constraints are placed on the solid model to simulate actual working conditions of the part.

The results of the analysis for those particular load conditions are indicated by deformations in the model. Color-coding is also used; areas of red indicating the most stress, areas of blue the least.

Great horned owl atop C-wing

Cattlecam

DB2

Generating Hard Problems with their Solutions

The Chemical Kinetics Simulator

DataLinks

COACH technology was included in the OS/2 operating System as Smart Guides. This used

graphical, animated, and audio commentary to teach users about many of the important GUI (graphical

user interface) interaction techniques.

1998IBM Microdrive, the world’s smallest disk drive, was announced.

The concept of managing data over Ethernet using Internet protocols that would become the iSCSI industry standard was proposed.

The General Parallel File System (GPFS) was developed, which large supercomputer clusters use to manage hundreds of terabytes and to read/write at several gigabytes per second.

Macro-, meso- and microscopic material dynamics computer simulations were linked seamlessly to model the rapid brittle fracture of a 100-million-atom slab of silicon.

The concept of a SAN-wide file system with policy-based storage management was proposed, resulting in IBM’s SAN File System product that debuted in 2003.

Using GPFS on part of the ASCI White supercomputer, one terabyte of random data was sorted in a world record 17 minutes, 37 seconds -- three times faster than the previous mark.

Methods for producing nanoporous high-temperature polymer films with high thermal stability and controlled closed-cell morphology were demonstrated for the first time.

1997The world’s first public-key encryption scheme was created with a mathematically proven uniform level of protection.

The ScrollPoint Mouse was developed, which used TrackPoint technology to enable easy and intuitive document and web-page scrolling.

Eleven point six gigabit data-density magnetic recording was demonstrated.

The DB2 Universal Database, version 5.0, made the Extended Enterprise Edition (EEE) available on the Windows NT operating system as well as providing support for the native Named Pipe communications protocol.

The Storage Tank project began. This project created a high-performance, SAN-based, heterogeneous file system with policy-based data and storage management. Technology from Storage Tank led to the IBM SAN File System, and made its way into GPFS. It also spawned other areas of research at IBM, such as Object-Based Storage Devices.

Scanning electron micrograph of AFM data storage cantilever.

The 1998 wild fire

The IBM Microdrive

TrackPoint and ScrollPoint Mouse

General Parallel File System (GPFS) for SP2

Adstar Distributed Storage Manager (ADSM)

Load/Unload Technology Implemented in 2.5" Disk Drives

AFM Data Storage

Novel Read/Write ICs for Disk Drives

Response of a Superconductor to a Magnetic Moment

Ultra-Stable Grease for High Speed Disk Drive Spindle Motor Bearings

Software for PC-based

DVD players

12 Gbit/in2 Recording Demonstration

60 MByte/s Magnetic Recording Demonstration

Air Bearing Surface (ABS)

Process for

Recording Heads

Automatic Summary Tables: Business

Intelligence Support in DB2 UDB V5.2

Asynchronous-Sampling, Digital Detection (ASDD) Channel for Tape

Seascape Architecture and Products

Glide Tool for Hard Disk Defect Inspection

Early Exit from Zone in Server Hard Disk Drives

Log-based Recovery Technology for Lotus Notes

Modeling of Solid State Dynamics Over Many Length Scales

Non-Malleable Cryptography and

Cramer-Shoup Cryptosystem

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Evolution of NanoScienceto

Nanotechnology

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Porous Dielectrics

Text Mining Technologies for Intelligent Miner for Text

Quantum cryptographic key distribution (QKD) systems use single photons to carry information between two parties, allowing them to generate a shared,

secret cryptographic key over an insecure channel.

IBM prototype fiber optic QKD systemMagnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM)

Digital Library Project

1999Thirty five point three gigabit data-density magnetic recording was demonstrated.

Our strengths in database and computational chemistry were used to create key technologies for IBM’s DiscoveryLinkproduct, a system for integrated access to life sciences data sources.

IBM’s DB2 Universal Database shattered Windows NT scalability barrier with the industry’s first-ever one terabyte TPC-D benchmark on Windows NT.

The ability to create tunnel junctions with nearly identical operating characteristics, a requisite for practical MRAM devices was announced.

A new DB2 edition was delivered on Linux.

2000The Quantum mirage was observed.

An optical device that efficiently shapes a Gaussian laser beam into a flat intensity profile and propagates great distances was developed.

A Five-qubit quantum computer was demonstrated by executing quantum "order-finding" algorithm.

Holographic data storage density of 254 gigabits per square inch -- 80 times that of a DVD was demonstrated.

IBM awarded the National Medal of Technology for its leadership in developing and commercializing data storage technology.

WebFountain’s incubation made it the first research project to be sponsored by the Research Division’s newly formed

Emerging Business Opportunities (EBO) team.

Robert Morris

Light-emitting polymers that may enhance the displays of future

computers and portable electronic devices

Magnetic Random-Access Memory

(MRAM)

Websphere Commerce

Demonstration of High Performance

Holographic Data Storage

No-ID Disk Architecture

DB2

Anti-ferromagnetically Coupled Longitudinal Recording Media

Content Adaptation Framework/InfoPyramidand Web Intermediaries (WBI) - Websphere

Transcoding Publisher

PSG RAID Adapter Development

Copy protection

Demonstration of the first quantum computer

Discovery Link, a Key Asset for IBM's Life Sciences BusinessDynasty - Websphere Commerce Suite/Marketplace Edition

Electronics for High Data Rate Read/Write ICs

Guaranteed approximation methods

for hard problems

Linear Tape Open (LTO): Definition of standard and contributions to 3580 tape drive

Recording Head - Write Head (Bilayer shared pole and P1 notching)

Spin Filters

Web Graph Structure

Active Damping for HDD Actuators

Algorithms for Computational Biology

Automated Parcel Sorting Solution

Clever: Web Mining

Composite L/UL Ramp Technology for Server Disk Drives

Development of GMR Read Sensor Technology

Development of NiMn GMR Sensor Technology

Griffiths Phase in Disordered Magnetic Alloys

Magnetic Imaging with Soft X-Ray Microscopy

Tap-Tap Balancer Extension

Ultrafast Magnetization Reversal

Implementation of 248 Bilayer in CMOS 7SF Manufacturing, Significantly Boosting Product Performance and Yield

2002The Hippocratic Database was proposed to enhance privacy of sensitive personal data.

The molecule cascade -- first nanoscale circuit to demonstrate necessary computing qualities was created.

An unprecedented billion-atom computer simulation showed the creation and entanglement of dislocations that work-harden a ductile metal into a brittle material.

The Services Research function was created.

IBM recorded 1 terabyte (TB) of data to a linear digital tape cartridge, storing 10 times more data than any linear tape cartridge then available.

Hitachi bought IBM’s disk drive business (and the Cottle Road site) and formed Hitachi Global Storage Technologies.

2001IBM shipped disk drives with new “antiferromagnetically coupled” magnetic media.

The Seven-qubit quantum computer demonstrated Shor's algorithm by factoring 15.

A magnetic resonance force microscope measured the world's smallest force: 820 zeptonewtons.

Fundamental contributions to the storage networking protocol known as iSCSI (Internet SCSI) were made. With help from research, IBM shipped the 200i that was the industry's first iSCSI storage controller, spurring the development of what is now a $500 million industry.

Information Integration was launched, which used advanced technologies to leverage existing data of all types, and enabled real time integration across all data sources. This was based on Garlic and created a large business for the software group.

DiscoveryLink,™ a middleware software product from IBM that is invoked by application software to simplify access to data in one or more data sources, was applied in life sciences settings where data from biological and chemical experiments were combined and queried to support experiments with new approaches to drug design. A highly cited paper in the IBM Systems Journal showed how new software tools can enable businesses to integrate and effectively use the vast amount of data which is growing rapidly.

Algorithms for Improved PSD Printer Quality and Performance

Billion-atom simulation of work-hardening in Cu

Contributions to Daytona Reliability

Contributions to HDD Recording Head Manufacturing

GPFS for Linux

HDD Servo Performance Enhancements

Molecule Cascade

Tape Library

Storage Area Network (SAN) Optimizations for TSM

WebFountain

Antiferromagnetically-coupled longitudinal recording media

Aggregation Algorithms for Middleware

Websphere Commerce Business Edition (WCBE 5.1) & Reference Implementations

eClassifier

Hard Disk Drive Head Development

Peerless Removable Cartridge HDD-based

Storage System

Discovery II Taskforce

Phase Shift Masks for Manufacturing of Thin Film Heads

Steering law and its application to human - computer interaction

Discovery 2 Performance and Model Following Feedforward Servo for Discovery 2

Content Manager V8.1 GA

2003Chemical Amplification formed the basis for all high-volume Deep UltraViolet (248 nm and 193 nm) resists used by the semiconductor industry as well as the proposed Extreme UltraViolet resists to enable sub-25 nm lithography. Lithography advances were key to maintaining the pace set by Moore's law.

Industry leadership in Storage Virtualization was established with SAN Volume Controller.

Two new topics of research were pioneered: privacy-preserving data mining and Hippocratic Databases – thereby establishing IBM as the leader in research in privacy in data systems.

New signal processing algorithms for assuring data reliability and recovering data from badly damaged areas on magnetic tape storage were developed and implemented.

An ultra-low temperature magnetic resonance force microscope and the world’s most sensitive force detector were developed achieving two-electron-spin sensitivity.

2004The IBM-Stanford Center for Spintronic Science and Applications (SpinAps) to research and develop new types of circuits that exploit the quantum spin properties of electrons was created with Stanford University.

A single electron spin was imaged with a magnetic resonance force microscope, a major milestone toward achieving 3-D atom-scale magnetic resonance imaging.

The energy required to flip the spin of a single electron was measured using a new scanning tunneling microscope technique.

The DB2 Content Manager (CM) for V8.1 was completely rearchitected, in collaboration with Silicon Valley Lab, to exploit underlying Object Relational Database systems, and for improved performance, extensibility and functionality.

The Center for Probing the Nanoscale (CPN), a partnership between researchers at Stanford, IBM and other companies to develop novel nanoprobes and apply them to answering fundamental questions in science and technology, was established.

Differentiating technology for the market success of the ThinkPad brand was developed. These included Rescue and Recovery, a single button solution for system recovery from software crashes, the HDD Active Protection System that provided disk protection on impact or fall, and integrated antenna technology for wireless network access.

Mark Dean

Ultrasensitive Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy

193 nm Resists in IBM Production and Volume Manufacturing

Autonomic & Performance Features in DB2 UDB V8.2 ("Stinger")

PSG Component Reliability Analysis and Prediction

Q-Replication for DB2 Information Integrator V8.2

Workplace Client Technology

Resolution Breakthrough in Chemically Amplified Resists

Trevi - w3.ibm.com Search Engine

Tunnel Based Solid State Sources of Highly Spin-Polarized Current for Semiconductor Spintronics

Tape Products

Lodestone product GA

Privacy in Data Systems

Single-atom spin-flip spectroscopy

Bi-annual campout

Controlled Nanostructures from the Self Assembly of Block Copolymers and Unimolecular Polymeric Amphiphiles

A

B + C

Thermal crosslinking

Nanostructured Inorganics

Block Copolymer Based Self-Assembled Nanostructures

A-B diblock copolymer + C (inorganic precursor) top viewside view

Pattern transfer to silicon substrate

Sub-Lithographic NanopatternsLamellaeCylinders

Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Tunnel Magnetoresistance >220% at Room Temperature

Comet Cursor, included with OS/2 Warp, provided a superior solution to the disappearing pointer problem.

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Waste Plastics

Starting Materials

New Products

SAN Volume Controller

Advanced Algorithms & Analysis for Shark Performance Enhancements

Algorithms, Libraries, and Tuning for Massively Scalable Applications on Blue Gene

Blue Matter: Strong Scaling of Molecular Dynamics on BG/L

End to End Storage Management for Disk, Fabric, Performance and Data

FARM Resist--Breaking through with a New Materials Design Strategy

Foundations of Schema Mappings

GPFS Contributions to ASCI Purple

IBM Healthcare Information Infrastructure/Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler (STEM)

Immersion Lithography--Fundamental Materials Science

System S: High speed adaptive stream processing and analytics

Ultrafast molecule sorting and delivery by atomic force microscopy

Snow in March

Record-small pattern of well-defined and equally spaced 29.9-nanometer lines and spaces was

created on a lithography test apparatus.

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Building block for high density Building block for high density sublithographicsublithographic memorymemory

MNAB operation experimentallyMNAB operation experimentallyverified in Si down to 10 nm scale finsverified in Si down to 10 nm scale fins

nanoscalenanoscale finsfins

TPC 3.1, a standards based storage management solution that combines fabric, disk, tape and data management functionality for heterogeneous devices by building an integrated

GUI and database infrastructure

Cross-section micrograph of the phase-change memory bridge

Close-up cross-section micrograph of the phase-change memory bridge, showing 3-nanometer layer of

the innovative new material: a doped germanium-antimony alloy

2005The Interoperable Health Information Infrastructure, a prototype medical information exchange system to enable industry collaboration and accelerate development of a standards-based national healthcare information system was announced.

The ASC Purple supercomputer was delivered to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

A prototype version of GPFS on the Blue Gene system was installed at the San Diego Supercomputing Center.

The Intelligent Bricks project prototype, "IceCube," capable of storing 26 TB, was operational.

The TPC 3.1 Topology viewer addressed the needs of storage administrators for a visualization that gave access to both very high-level as well as very low level information using semantic zooming, progressive information disclosure and overlays.

New caching technology, Adaptive Replacement Cache, was developed to significantly improve the performance on random workloads of IBM’s DS8000 and DS6000 storage controller products.

2006In mid year, about 400 researchers worked at the Almaden Lab.

The smallest (29.9 nanometers wide) high-quality line patterns ever made were created using high-index immersion techniques with deep-ultraviolet (DUV, 193-nanometer) optical lithography.

A powerful new technique for exploring and controlling magnetism at its fundamental atomic level was developed.Demonstrated a new nanoscale method that both rapidly separates very small numbers of molecules and also delivers them precisely onto surfaces with unprecedented control using AFM.

A world record in magnetic tape data density, 6.67 billion bits per square inch and more than 15 times the data density of today's most popular industry standard magnetic tape products was demonstrated.

A prototype phase-change memory device was designed, built and demonstrated. It switched more than 500 times faster than flash while using less than one-half the power to write data into a cell. The device's cross-section was a minuscule 3 by 20 nanometers in size, far smaller than flash can be built today and equivalent to the industry's chip-making capabilities targeted for 2015. This new result showed that unlike flash, phase-change memory technology can improve as it gets smaller with Moore's Law advancements.

Building 28 was demolished.

Microscope image of new world record in magnetic tape data density, 6.67

billion bits per square inch, (left) and today's product (right).

Business Insights WorkbenchClio: Metadata Components for Information Integration

Schematic diagram of XML support of DB2

Relationships between different aspects of SSME

Barn Owlets

Intelligent Document Gateway

Materials for Probe Storage

Polymer Ph

Ph

Ph Ph

P

P

P

3

endcapped polymer

thermalactivation

3D crosslinked networks

Site of Building 28 is at upper center

TIP4P-Ew: A Realistic Water Model for Molecular Simulations

Component Business Modelling

Contributions to ThinkPad Success

2007Using Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM), a team demonstrated two-dimensional imaging of objects as small as 90 nanometers, a key advancement on the path of 3D imaging at the atomic scale. Such imaging could ultimately provide a better understanding of how proteins function, which in turn may lead to more efficient drug discovery and development.

The first-ever application of a breakthrough self-assembling nanotechnology to conventional chip manufacturing wasannounced, borrowing a process from nature to build the next generation computer chips.

An advanced software technology to help predict the transmission of diseases across countries and around the globe was made available to the open source community . The tool, known as Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler (STEM), could aid scientists and public health officials in understanding and planning more efficient responses to health crises, ultimately providing new tools for protecting population health.

In mid year, 500 researchers and 600 product division personnel (STG, Tivoli) worked at the lab.

The magnetic anisotropy of a single atom was measured for the first time. This fundamental measurement has important technological consequences because it determines an atom’s ability to store information.

COrporate Brand and Reputation Analysis solution (COBRA), built upon SOA-based and Web service architecture (BISON), incorporated advanced information analytics and ETL processing capabilities to allow effective management of corporate brand image and reputation risk issues.

The Intelligent Document Gateway (IDG) is a framework for transforming document-centric business processes in a variety of domains such as global logistics, B2B order processing, and

global expense reimbursement.

The C wing is reconfigured for cubicles

IBM Airgap Microprocessor -- This microprocessor cross section shows empty space in between the chip's wiring. Wires are usually

insulated with a glass-like material. IBM has integrated self-assembly techniques, long confined to laboratories, with its

manufacturing lines to create a test version of its latest microprocessors that use vacuum gaps to insulate the miles of nano-

scale wire that connect hundreds of millions of transistors. Thebreakthrough reduces electrical interference, raisesprocessor

performance, and lowers energy consumption.

90 nm NMR imaging achieved60,000x sensitivity improvement over best conventional MRI

H. J. Mamin et al., Nature Nanotechnology (2007)

Nano–MRI using Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy

Chemically selective imaging shows location of 19F

100 nm 250 50

275 295 165 270

18080

100 nm 250 50

275 295 165 270

18080

200 nm

microwire

laser cantilever

FeCo tip

sample

Spatio-Temporal Epidemiological Modeler

(STEM) rendering of South America showing country

borders and disease mapping

IBM's SINGLE-ATOM STORAGE BUILDING BLOCK: Illustration of the preferred magnetic

orientation of an iron atom on a specially prepared copper surface. The ability of an atom

to maintain its magnetic orientation can help determine that atom's suitability for storing

data. As the atom's magnetic spin points in one direction, it can represent a "1", and in the other direction a "0", telling scientists that

single-atoms may be suitable for storing the 1s and 0s known as bits, that enable information storage in computing devices. This represents a potential building block for atomic storage.

Advanced Tape Media Services, aa best-of-breed center of competence for

tape media evaluation to assist the industry in the migration to next generation tape media, while giving IBM an early look

at new technologies was created.

COBRA alert and monitoring processCOrporate Brand and Reputation Analysis solution (COBRA), built upon SOA-based and Web service

architecture (BISON), incorporates advanced information analytics and ETL processing capabilities

to allow effective management of corporate brand image and reputation risk issues.

The Global Pandemic Initiative (GPI) is a Research effort to create new technologies to help IBM and IBM customers prepare for and

respond to this emerging global threat.

OmniFind (Search & Discovery component and product line)

Optimizations, performance tools and libraries for the

Cell SDK 3.0

Research developed novel social networking applications for the enterprise,

named Dogear and Fringe, that were widely used internally and were catalysts for the

creation of Lotus’ social networking strategy and the technology basis for Lotus

Connections

Research has extended the original copy protection

technology to include both electronic distribution and rental

models, making 4C a valid alternative to proprietary DRM systems, such as Microsoft's

Windows Media DRM or Apple's Fairplay.

2008In collaboration with the University of Regensburg in Germany, IBM Almaden scientists were the first ever to measure the force it takes to move individual atoms on a surface. This fundamental measurement provided important information fordesigning future atomic-scale devices: computer chips, miniaturized storage devices, and more.

A virtual "rehearsal studio" that enables employees to rehearse their jobs and client engagement interactions in a virtual, three-dimensional world was created.

In two papers published in the April 11 issue of Science both the fundamentals of a technology dubbed "racetrack" memoryas well as a milestone in that technology were described. IBM entered into a joint development agreement with Taiwan’s Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) to further explore "Racetrack Memory," an entirely new approach to solid state memory.

IBM's PHIAD adapted clinical care standards so that public health reporting could become integrated with the creation of clinical records in a secure transaction while protecting the privacy of individuals.

Project Quicksilver demonstrated groundbreaking performance results by transferring data at a sustained rate of over one million Input/Output (I/O) per second -- with a response time of under one millisecond (ms). This outperformed the world's fastest disk storage solution by over 250(1) percent using Flash solid-state technology coupled with highly scalable storage virtualization technology.

Scientists forged a breakthrough in understanding an intriguing phenomenon in fundamental physics: the Kondo effect. They reported their findings in the scientific journal Nature Physics.

IBM Research and five leading universities are partnering to create computing systems that are expected to simulate and emulate the brain’s abilities for sensation, perception, action, interaction and cognition while rivaling its low power consumption and compact size.

New 3-D Studio helped IBM employees gain hard-to-learn skills in a virtual world.

An early morning fire completely destroyed building 25. IBM had been trying to sell this building to Lowe's for several years. The building and the property it's on was not sold to Hitachi when the rest of the plantsite was sold. The building was empty

and abandoned by IBM for at least a decade.

Project Quicksilver

Frequency doubling and self-healing of curved line-space patterns via Directed Self Assembly. A) AFM

height images of a poorly defined target pattern of concentric rings with a pitch of 57.5 nm. B) and C) SEM

micrograph of self-assembled lines with a pitch of 28.8 nm. The diameter of the target is 4 µm.

CoScripter is a system for recording, automating, and sharing business

processes performed in a web browser. CoScripter lets you make a recording as

you perform a procedure, play it back automatically in the future, and share it

with your co-workers. SystemT

Impact of Future Technology (IofT)

SDM Costing Tool for MBPSSDM is a componentized, web-based pricing solution based on SOA, leveraging IBM flagship

software development environments such as WebSphere, DB2, Eclipse,

and Java.

Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) is an open, industrial-strength platform for

unstructured information analysis and search.

IBM and several university partners received a DARPA grant to work on a cognitive

computing project designed to simulate the brain's sensation, action, interaction,

perception and cognition abilities. At the same time, they will be attempting to recreate the brain's low-power consumption and size.

The miniature "tuning fork" inside the AFM is used to measure the force needed to move an atom. The tuning fork measures

the interaction between the tip of the microscope and the atoms on a surface; when the tip is positioned close to an

atom on the surface, the frequency of the tuning fork changes slightly. The frequency change can be analyzed to determine the force exerted on the atom. Approximate size of the view:

1.7cm(0.7") x 2.5cm (1")).

IBM RACETRACK MEMORY: stores data in a magnetic pattern on a nanowire such as the one

shown. Pulses of electrical current use the spin of electrons to move the entire data pattern along the

wire as though on a racetrack. Current passing across the wire (green arrow) is used to read or write data.

Personal Information Environment (PIE)

Kondo-with-Anisotropy

2009IBM Almaden scientists, in collaboration with the Center for Probing the Nanoscale at Stanford University, have demonstrated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with volume resolution 100 million times finer than conventional MRI.

Scientists at IBM Almaden Research, together with collaborators from Central Glass, KACST and the University of Texas, Austin created a new membrane that filters out salts as well as potentially harmful toxins in water such as arsenic while using less energy than other forms of water purification.

IBM Research began to explore battery technologies to further electric vehicle adoption and make energy grids more efficient.

Scientists studied the use of DNA scaffolding to build tiny circuit boards. This nanotechnology advancement could lead to smaller, faster, more energy efficient computer chips.

Researchers moved closer to creating a computer based on insights from the brain by performing cat-scale cortical simulations and mapping the human brain in an effort to build advanced chip technology.

TIP4P-Ew: A Realistic Water Model for Molecular

Simulations

Adaptive Multi-Stream Prefetching (AMP)The achieved throughput as a function of the requested throughput for 8 KB reads

using a 100 MB cache and one SCSI disk.. AMP keeps up with the requested throughput and outperforms all other algorithms.

Good ViaAs Fabricated Mask

Bad ViaUsed Mask

50 nm New Reticle (J7G21000JM)Central area

98nm

42.7nm

44.1nm

No CrudNo Crud

50 nm Bad Reticle/ Central Bad Region

JMF28B04JM : Defective mask -- central location

100nm CrOxCrOx( Amorphous)( Amorphous)

AR Layer CrOx/CrNy

Cr

TEM X-Section & EELS of Bad Via MaskMaterial Growing in the Via is Amorphous CrOx

Root Cause Analysis of Chrome Migration in PhotomaskThe physical movement of chromium in heavily used chrome-on-glass

photomasks into clear openings was understood and eliminated allowing for increased photomask stability and enhanced yields.

2010In a collaboration with IBM Research – Zurich, a world record in areal data density on linear magnetic tape was demonstrated -a significant update to one of the computer industry's most resilient, reliable and affordable data storage technologies.

New research technology helped capture, reuse and share web browsing history with friends and colleagues. CoScripterReusable History Beta became available as a Firefox plug-in.

IBM and Stanford University unveiled a green chemistry breakthrough that could lead to new types of environmentally sustainable plastics and could also lead to a new recycling process for common PET and plant-based plastics.

IBM & King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) unveiled a research initiative to desalinate seawater using solar power. These new technologies could significantly reduce water & energy costs.

In collaboration with IBM Research – Zurich, the world's smallest 3D map was created; demonstrating low-cost and ease of use creation of nanoscale objects.

IBM launched a research effort to build a 360 degree view of factors affecting human health with the aim to create methods for simulating and improving health-related decision making.

IBM and south China’s largest hospital, Guang Dong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, announced a new research collaboration to analyze digital medical records to understand treatment efficacy with the aim to improve treatment of kidney disease.

IBM Fellow, Dr. Donald M. Eigler, was awarded the most prestigious honor in nanoscience, The Kavli Prize, sharing the honor with Nadrian Seeman, a professor at New York University.

'Email Triage' was a new research project to study mobile device user behaviors and created a new application for managing mobile e-mail technology.

A breakthrough technique that measured how long a single atom can hold information was published, giving scientists the ability to record, study and "visualize" extremely fast phenomena inside these atoms.

The new General Parallel File System-Shared Nothing Cluster (GPFS-SNC) architecture doubled analytics processing speed.

A scientific discovery moved racetrack memory closer to reality. The new kind of memory device combined the best of flash memory and magnetic storage.

CHAS (Clinical and Health Records Analytics and Sharing) was IBM’s innovation to help

jump-start the adoption of smarter, interconnected and open standards-based

healthcare delivery systems worldwide.

Jaql, a declarative language designed around JSON as its data model, was

released to open-source.

Researchers devised page compression technologies that improve upon existing DB2 compression by up

to 5 times on customer (SAP) data, and also beat the compression of Oracle and Microsoft's SQL Server 2008 by

comfortable margins.

IBM succeeded in Healthcare Interoperability at the 2009 IHE North American Connectathon

Event. Our 3 IBM systems combined successfully completed 286 tests with over 70 vendor systems.

Privacy-aware MarketPlace, designed to provide total control over privacy settings on social networking sites, was based on privacy models and algorithms and takes

advantage of the social graphs used by Facebook, Orkut, OpenSocial and other social networks to construct stronger

privacy protection.

IBM scientists studied the use of DNA scaffolding to build tiny circuit boards; this image shows high concentrations

of triangular DNA origami binding to wide lines on a lithographically patterned surface; the inset shows

individual origami structures at high resolution.

Reconstructed 3D image of the tobacco mosaic virus fragments from MRFM. Slices through the sample are shown on the left. One

horizontal slice is highlighted and can be compared to the scanning electron micrograph on the right. Excellent fidelity is observed, even

down to the small dot in the upper right. A vertical slice through the x-z plane is shown at the bottom, showing the virus in cross-section.

The volume sensitivity of this imaging represents a 100 million times improvement compared to the best conventional MRI microscope.

Electron micrograph showing the end of the silicon cantilever with several tobacco mosaic virus particles attached.

IBM Organocatalysis,Green Chemistry Breakthrough - a researcher works on

new formulas that could make it easier to recycle the 13 billion plastic bottles

disposed of each year globally.

3D rendered image showing a heated nanoscale silicon tip, borrowed from atomic force microscopy, that is chiselling away material from a substrate to create a nanoscale replica of the Matterhorn. As reported in the scientific journal Science, IBM

Researchers used this new nanopatterning technique to create a 25 nanometer high 3D replica of the Matterhorn, a famous

Swiss mountain that soars 4,478 m (14,692 ft) high, in molecular glass, representing a scale of 1:5 billion (1

nanometer of the replica corresponds to 57 altitude meters).

BlueMatter, a new algorithm created in collaboration with Stanford University, exploits the Blue Gene supercomputing architecture in order to noninvasively measure and map the connections between all cortical and sub-cortical locations within the human brain using

magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging.

A new desalination membrane developed in collaboration with Central Glass and KACST could help remedy the world’s growing water shortage.

The desalination membrane developed at ARC is a part of the solar powered

desalination research initativeannounced by IBM and KACST.

Research contributions to DS8000 consisted of two components: Wise

Ordering of Writes (WOW) and RAID6.

A new class of materials was developed that presented excellent mechanical properties at high levels of porosity. This was possible by the molecular reinforcement of the silicate network structure with organic bridges

resulting in high stiffness, improved fracture resistance, and reducing the dielectric constant to less than 2.2.

Research contributed to the development of Firebug, the most advanced and most widely used

web page debugger.

The MIRAGE storage optimization technology allowed customers to migrate data out of storage hot spots, consolidate storage into fewer

subsystems saving infrastructure and power cost, and allocate storage in an efficient manner reclaiming unused storage where possible.

The Advanced Analytics for Information Management (AALIM) project pioneered a new direction in evidence

based medicine (EBM), by using statistics derived from similar patients for clinical decision support.

IBM scientists will work with experts in a variety of fields to apply technology to factually understand varied societal impacts on childhood obesity. On

May 6, 2010, IBM announced a multi-year scientific research effort to analyze how factors such as

agriculture, transportation, city planning, preventative care, education, and more are all

interconnected spokes in the health of populations.

Lotus Connections 2.5

At the Smarter Cities Forum in Shanghai, IBM announced a collaboration with South China's largest hospital, Guang Dong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, to apply new analytics technology to help doctors uncover trends and new knowledge about disease treatment from thousands of anonymous

electronic medical records. The tool will also enable clinicians to perform empirical studies on the efficacy

of certain traditional Chinese treatments.

The Kavli Prize in Nanoscience

New Generation of Healthcare & Life Sciences Information Standards

Simulations at Scale of Cat Cortexon 147,456 processor BlueGene/P with 144 TB

Designing Polymers to Enable Nanoscale Thermo-Mechanical Data Storage

GPFS Contributions to SoFS and ILM

Modeling of Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA)Methodology and algorithms were developed to predict

temperature variation across wafers during RTA. Reflectance leveling minimized variation in circuit parameters.

Human Computer Interaction for IT Systems Management

PHIADIBM Research deployed a Public Health Information Affinity

Domain (PHIAD) surveillance systems to the Israeli, Jordanian, and Palestinian Ministries of Health to provide new national

standardized foundations for an International Disease Surveillance Network for the Middle Eastern Consortium for

Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS).

Solution-Processed Cu-In-Ga-Se (CIGS) Solar Cells

Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA)

Simulation results for the 20 amino acid "trp-cage" peptide. Research advanced the

understanding of the dynamics behind certain biomolecular systems by computational

modeling using massively parallel computers.

Accurate and robust Markov models were used to describe the mechanism

and kinetics of protein folding.

Advances in biomolecular simulations were enabled by high performance computing.

Ultimate limits for Phase Change memory

'Email Triage' effort aimed to understand the changing needs of

users to work across multiple devices.

A Map of the Mind: The highways and byways connecting the various regions of a Macaque monkey's brain.

Research - Almaden

created by Sally Swanson

Overlay of a scanning tunneling microscope image of four iron-copper dimers adsorbed on a surface (green) with a snapshot of their electron-spin dynamics (yellow spikes). The measurement

of electron spin relaxation times of individual atoms was extracted from a time series of

tunneling current measurements with nanosecond time resolution.

ON TRACK: Magnetic domain walls [right] race along a curved racetrack [thin line at left] at roughly 500 kilometers per hour.

IBM and Fujifilm spent the last three years working to improve magnetic tape data

density, and the result was a prototype with a density of 29.5 billion bits per square

inch—enough to hold 35TB of data.

Beveledregion

Beveledregion

A novel beveled tape recording head shape enabled closer magnetic spacing between the recording

elements and the media.

e Discovery Products

GAUL: Gestalt Analysis of Unstructured Logs

Solution Definition Manager Gross Profit Estimator (SDM GPE), the pricing

tool for GBS and ITS services. SDM SO Costing, a replacement for the

Solution Advisor global edition (Sage)

DS8000 Easy Tier

Many of the top minds in science, industry and technology gathered to explore the next frontier of electrical

energy storage and advanced battery systems - key technologies that will power smarter energy grids, support widespread use of electric cars, and more at the annual Almaden Institute

SIMPLE 2.0, a patent analytics platform.

Resiliency & Virtualization Management Analytics

Josephine Cheng

eDiscovery