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Improving the Web Browsing Environment for Dyslexics by Elaborating Functionalities. 2009-03-20 Reiko Nagatsuma, Shinji Iizuka, Masakazu Takizawa, Takuya Ohko, Takuji Wada, Takashi Saito IBM Accessibility Center, Tokyo Research Laboratory, Japan. Agenda. Motivation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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©2008 IBM Corporation
Improving the Web Browsing Environment for Dyslexics by Elaborating Functionalities
2009-03-20Reiko Nagatsuma, Shinji Iizuka, Masakazu Takizawa, Takuya Ohko, Takuji Wada, Takashi SaitoIBM Accessibility Center, Tokyo Research Laboratory, Japan
©2009 IBM Corporation2
Agenda Motivation
- Present status of the studies for people with Learning Disabilities (LDs) *
- IBM Easy Web BrowsingTM (EWB) as a baseline tool Improvement of “EWB for LDs”
Pilot study- Detail of the study- Results of the interviews
Conclusion
Q&A*As you know, the meaning of LD include not only dyslexia disabilities but math, nonverbal LD and so on.Our team will deal with the problems of LD in the future, though now we treat only the problem of dyslexia.
IBM, Easy Web Browsing are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.
©2009 IBM Corporation3
Motivation and Aims
Motivation Background
IBM Accessibility center is concerned with PwD.- research and develop products for easy access to Information Technology (IT).
LD: Difficulties in information processing => A potential area where IT could be used
Highly affected populationLD users have many difficulties in various cognitive areas
Governmental policy for developmental disorders in Japan Recent progress in brain science
Current Status Little research into the efficacy or sufficiency of existing IT
Challenge Identify the potentials of assistive technology (AT) Find out which AT is valuable for them Find out the hidden needs for LDs thorough their opinions
=> How about enhancements to our existing software for LD users?
©2009 IBM Corporation4
Easy Web Browsing – a baseline tool
What is Easy Web BrowsingTM (EWB)?
An assistive technology which provides user-friendly operations and accessibility features that enable a variety of end-users to easily access websites.
There are various barriers.
Difficult to read small font
Difficult to read bad color combinations
Difficult to read long articles
Read aloud at the location pointed at with the mouse
Customize the background and text colors
Enlarge the indicated text
Target Users: senior, Novice IT users, users who have limited vision …
©2009 IBM Corporation5
Extensions for LDs
How to extend EWB for LD users?
*2) special functions for the Japanese language*1) Sally E. Shaywitz, Reading Disorders, Nikkei Science, Feb.1997.
Potential functions for LDs
Ruler
Highlight / Masking
Reading out
Magnify
Word separation (*2)
Color changing
Text to Image
Animation Suppressing
Ruby for Kanji (*2)
Line / Word / Letter spacing
Dictionary / Search
Font-style changing
Colored overlay
Visual System
Phoneme System
Word Recognition System
Semantic System- general knowledge- illation- concept formation- vocabulary
Sentence Comprehension Process (*1)
[kuh aoh tuh]
cat
a furry animal that has a long tail and sharp claws.
c a t
contents
EWB1.3
EWB2.0
EWBLD
Enhance
Enhance
Enhance
Enhance
Enhance
Enhance
New
New
New
New
New
©2009 IBM Corporation6
Pilot study
Pilot study for LD users
Aims To learn what functions are valid
To verify the efficacy of this approach
Assistive Technology
Enhanced EWB for LDs.
Enhancements depend on the reading model and the opinions of the LD users.
Participants 1st test: 10 people, 2nd test: 9 people (mostly same users)
The study participants were all adults and all Japanese.
(Using page is written in Japanese.)
Most have LDs, and some have also ADHD.
Cooperators NPO EDGE (Prominent Japanese organization supporting people with LDs)
Schedule Aug. 2008 to Dec. 2008
©2009 IBM Corporation7
Evaluators of the pilot study
Summary of the participants
They also have writing problems like confused p and q, or “time” and tiem and so on.
Reading and writing problems self-assessed. Average age: 37.
ID 1st 2nd Sex Age Reading Problems
A Y Y M 20s Unfocused / Cause irritation
B Y Y M 30s Repeating same line / Weak comprehension
C Y Y M 30s Blurring / Cause irritation
D Y Y M 20s Blurring / Windy sentences
E Y Y F 50s Collapsed
F Y Y M 50s Overlapping words / Cause irritation
G Y Y F 30s See double / Flow of words whirl about
H Y N M 30s Weak comprehension of words read
I Y Y M 50s Windy sentences / Overlapping words
J Y Y F 20s Slow oral reading / Cause irritation
©2009 IBM Corporation8
Pilot study - Result
What functions are most needed ?
Their needs vary widely and they need a more flexible interface.
(*1) Ranking score = [number of top 1] x 8 + [number of top 2] x 4 + [number of top 3] x 2 Each participants were asked to select top 3 functions which they wanted most.
Rank Function
Do you need it ?
[# of persons] Weighted Scores
1st (*1)
Weighted Scores
2nd (*1)Yes Occasionally No
1 Read out Loud 5 3 1 38 34
2 Colored Overlay 3 5 1 - 28
3 Line Height 5 4 0 20 24
4 Ruler 3 5 1 28 10
5 Highlight / Masking 3 2 4 16 4
6 Furigana(Ruby) 3 3 3 14 2
7 Word Separation 2 4 3 12 2
8 Color Changes 2 5 2 4 0
9 Page Map 1 5 3 2 4
10 Image zoom 0 2 7 2 0
©2009 IBM Corporation9
1: Read Out Loud Function
Summary of the participants’ comment
By far the most needed
When chosen, this function is almost always selected
as the “Best” function.
Two main comments for reading out loud - To understand content with a voice because of
difficulty in reading characters - To compare the characters on the PC with a voice
sound (to learn the words)
They have additional requirements. One strong opinion is….
ID Do you need it?
A Occasionally
B Yes
C Yes
D Occasionally
E No
F Yes
G Yes
H Occasionally
I Yes
J Yes
1 Read Out Loud2 Colored Overlay3 Line Height
©2009 IBM Corporation10
A candidate of effective display method - KARAOKE
There was a small school near the river.
Summary of the participants’ comments
Karaoke-like indicator is liked by most users
Two main comments on karaoke feature: - Makes it easier to follow the characters with their
eyes (similar to tracing a line with their fingers) - Easier to understand the meaning of the
sentences. (Easier to combine the words and corresponding sounds.)
ID Display method
A Karaoke
B Karaoke
C Karaoke
D Karaoke
E No need to read aloud
F (Other)
G Karaoke
I Karaoke
J Karaoke
1 Read Out Loud2 Colored Overlay3 Line Height
©2009 IBM Corporation11
2: Colored Overlay The Stardust spacecraft ison a mission to collectinterstellar dust and samples from comets.
Summary of the participants’ comment
One of the most preferred functions
It was significantly more effective than
interviewees expectations
Two main comments are: 1) Stabilizes how the characters look – irritation
decreased with lower contrast 2) Makes words clearer - characters are crisper and sharper and seem to float
*Participants A&C choose 2 colors:1 - Japanese2 – English
ID Do you need it? color
A Yes 1:yellow
2:light blue
B No
C Occasionally 1:red
2:light blue
D Yes yellow
E Occasionally yellow
F Yes yellow
G Yes yellow
I Yes yellow
J Occasionally yellow
1 Read Out Loud
2 Colored Overlay3 Line Height
©2009 IBM Corporation12
3: Line Height
Summary of the participants’ comment
Easier to follow the sentences with their eyes
Reduces confusion with neighboring lines
Easier to grasp the shapes of words
Easier to see stable word shapes
•We did not enhance this parameter, but are just reporting selected comments.
Launche
d i n 1999 ,t he St a r dus t
ID Do you need it? Ratio
A Occasionally 200%
B Yes 400%
C Yes 300%
D Occasionally 170%
E Yes 300%
F Yes 170%
G Yes 500%*
G Yes 170%
H Occasionally -
spacec r a f t is on a mi ss on to co l lec t
i nte r s tel lar dus t and samp les f ro m come ts
1 Read Out Loud2 Colored Overlay
3 Line Height
©2009 IBM Corporation13
corresponding functions
read out loud
Does the reading out loud function
substitute for phonetic processing?
The reading out loud function seems to
have a positive influence on visual
processing and word recognition.
Visible?
Meaning?
Visual System
Phoneme System
Word Recognition System
Semantic System- general knowledge- reasoning- concept formation- vocabulary
Sentence Comprehension Process (*1)
*1) Sally E. Shaywitz, Reading Disorders, Nikkei Science, Feb.1997.
[kuh aoh tuh]
cat
a furry animal that has a long tail and sharp claws.
c a t
contents eye
Adaptation of adequate model for our assistive functions. (1) Phoneme System
Considerations - 1
©2009 IBM Corporation14
Adaptation of adequate model for our assistive functions. (2) Visual system
Considerations - 2
corresponding functions
Colored Overlay
Irlen Syndrome?
Line height
Visual System
Phoneme System
Word Recognition System
Semantic System- general knowledge- illation- concept formation- vocabulary
Sentence Comprehension Process (*1)
*1) Refer to : Sally E. Shaywitz, Reading Disorder ,NIKKEI SCIENCE , Feb.1997.
[kuh aoh tuh]
cata furry animal that has a long tail and sharp claws.
c a t
contents eye
©2009 IBM Corporation15
Demonstration
©2009 IBM Corporation16
Assessment of efficacy
1: Purpose: To study the efficacy of ATs.2: Metrics: Reading speed and fluency.3: Functions: ATs they selected.
ID Reading speed Improve-ments
Variation (seconds)
ATs
C 7% 2.7 Colored overlay
D 21% 7.7 Ruler
F 3% 1.0 Colored overlay
G 20% 8.7 Magnify & Ruby
J 11% 8.2 Colored overlay
without AT(s)
with AT(s)
38.8
36.1
36.829.1
37.3
36.3
43.3
34.671.3
63.1
©2009 IBM Corporation17
Conclusion
Conclusion
We improved some of the functions in IBM Easy Web Browsing
(EWB), which was developed for people with limited vision and senior
citizens, to help LD users.
We evaluated the efficacy of the functions.
Our conclusions:
- ATs are certainly helpful, though their needs vary widely.
- The top 3 functions were:
1: Reading out loud, 2: Colored overlays (yellow), and 3: Line
height
- Their reading speed was better with the ATs
The users wanted more flexible customizations and combinations of the ATs.
©2009 IBM Corporation18
Conclusion
To next stage…
Why are certain ATs effective? How are brains working?
⁃ The functions still need improvements.
⁃ We want a highly customizable UI programming framework.
⁃ User modeling would support fast and easy individual adaptations.
©2009 IBM Corporation19
The Most Impressive Comment
The ease of access level for Web browsing is
directly connected to the quality of life.
Therefore this factor influences one's thinking of
whether to become pessimistic or optimistic for
the inevitable stage of aging.
Mail from 6 Sep. 2008
©2009 IBM Corporation20
Q & A
©2009 IBM Corporation21
Thank You Very Much!
contact: [email protected]
20, Mar, 15:30- 17:00, demonstration of EWB for LD at #270
©2009 IBM Corporation22
Other functions
ruler Underline. It helps to follow the line with their eyes.
Magnifi-cation
Line space is wider with magnification, but the recognition of the characters becomes difficult.
Furigana (JapaneseOnly)
Furigana will help to read however improvements are needed for allocation and coloration.
Word separating(JapaneseOnly)
Word separating allows easy word recognition by separating Japanese characters.
Colour Change
Colour change has the same effect as coloured overlay
ふ じ さん
富 士 山 富 士 山
岸に小さな学校がありました。
岸に 小さな 学校が ありました
There was a little school near the riverThere was a little school near the river
Since discovering her own daughter's
struggle with reading and Irlen Syndrome
Since discovering her own daughter's
struggle with reading and Irlen Syndrome
Since discovering her own
daughter's struggle with reading
and Irlen Syndrome
©2009 IBM Corporation23
Evaluators of the pilot study
Corresponding table between reading problems and AT
IDReading Problems Read Out
LoudKARA
-OKE
Colored Overlay
Line Height
A Unfocused / Cause irritation Occasionally Yes Yes Occasionally
BRepeating same line /
Weak comprehensionYes Yes No Yes
C Blurring / Cause irritation Yes Yes Occasionally Yes
D Blurring / Windy sentences Occasionally Yes Yes Occasionally
E Collapsed characters No No Occasionally Yes
FOverlapping words
Cause irritationYes Yes Yes Yes
GSee double
Flow of words whirl aboutYes Yes Yes Yes
H Weak comprehension Occasionally - - -
IWindy sentences / Overlapping words
Yes Yes Yes Yes
JSlow oral reading
Cause irritationYes Occasionally Occasionally Occasionally
©2009 IBM Corporation24
1: Purpose: To study the efficacy of ATs.2: Metrics: Reading speed and fluency.3: Functions: ATs they selected.
ID Reading speed Improve-ments
Variation (seconds)
ATs
A 25% 14.2 Colored overlay
B 24% 21.0 Line Height
E 19% 6.5 Line Height
without AT(s)
with AT(s)
56.4
42.2
86.065.0
34.6
28.1
©2009 IBM Corporation25
Assessment of efficacy
Assessment pages