Improving School Improving School NutritionNutrition

Gloria Bowman, Ph.D. student

Walden UniversityPH 8165-1

Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrelll

Spring, 2009

Expected Learning Outcomes:

Statistics regarding childhood obesity rates

Dietary Guidelines Ways to improve the health

and well-being of students

BackgroundBackground

Obesity among children between the ages of Obesity among children between the ages of 6-11 has risen from 6.5% in 1980 to 17% in 6-11 has risen from 6.5% in 1980 to 17% in 2006. (CDC, 2008)2006. (CDC, 2008)

Obesity among the age group of 12-19 has Obesity among the age group of 12-19 has risen from 5% to 17.6% from 1980 to 2006. risen from 5% to 17.6% from 1980 to 2006. (CDC, 2008)(CDC, 2008)

Under 40% of children and adolescents follow Under 40% of children and adolescents follow the U.S. dietary guidelines for saturated fat the U.S. dietary guidelines for saturated fat consumption. Only 21% of high school consumption. Only 21% of high school students eat fresh fruits and vegetables five or students eat fresh fruits and vegetables five or more times a day (CDC, 2008) more times a day (CDC, 2008)

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April 06, 2009 from 06, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summarhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summary.htmy.htm

Benefits of a Healthy Benefits of a Healthy Diet Diet

Helps maintain growth and developmentHelps maintain growth and development Helps prevents obesity, dental caries, eating Helps prevents obesity, dental caries, eating

disordersdisorders Healthy diet may be associated with success Healthy diet may be associated with success

in schoolin school Prevents chronic diseases later in life and Prevents chronic diseases later in life and

establishes healthy eating habits (CDC, establishes healthy eating habits (CDC, 2008)2008)

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Health Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April 06, 2009 from Retrieved on April 06, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/http://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summary.htmsummary.htm

2005 Dietary Guidelines for 2005 Dietary Guidelines for AmericansAmericans

Include a variety of foodsInclude a variety of foods Incorporate physical activityIncorporate physical activity Eat grains, vegetables, and fruitsEat grains, vegetables, and fruits Consume a diet low in fat, including Consume a diet low in fat, including

saturated fats and cholesterolsaturated fats and cholesterol Moderate intake of sugar, salt, and Moderate intake of sugar, salt, and

fat (CDC, 2008) fat (CDC, 2008)

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April 06, 2009 from 06, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summarhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summary.htmy.htm

2005 Dietary Guidelines for 2005 Dietary Guidelines for AmericansAmericans

In 1998, Dietary Guidelines In 1998, Dietary Guidelines were not being met in the age were not being met in the age groups of children and groups of children and adolescents 6-11 and 12-19. adolescents 6-11 and 12-19.

Gender was showed a Gender was showed a difference in eating patterns. difference in eating patterns. Girls were at a little higher Girls were at a little higher percent of achieving those percent of achieving those guidelines than boys, but the guidelines than boys, but the figures did not exceed 35% figures did not exceed 35% (CDC, 2008). (CDC, 2008).

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April 06, 2009 from 06, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summarhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summary.htmy.htm

How do we improve these How do we improve these statistics?statistics?

Beginning in the schools, students K-12 may Beginning in the schools, students K-12 may begin a nutrition education course tailored to begin a nutrition education course tailored to their age.their age.

School breakfasts and lunches that meet School breakfasts and lunches that meet dietary guidelines. dietary guidelines.

Healthy snacks should be provided such as Healthy snacks should be provided such as fresh fruit stands. This would be a better fresh fruit stands. This would be a better opportunity to include fruit servings daily, and opportunity to include fruit servings daily, and eliminate vending machines with soda and eliminate vending machines with soda and candy.candy.

Lessons and homework may be sent home to Lessons and homework may be sent home to include the family in nutrition decisions.include the family in nutrition decisions.

The ResearchThe Research There has been much research in There has been much research in

regards to improving the health of our regards to improving the health of our children. Typically the targets are children. Typically the targets are improving diet and incorporating improving diet and incorporating physical education.physical education.

What are children looking for as far as What are children looking for as far as diet?diet? The food needs to taste good.The food needs to taste good. The food needs to look good.The food needs to look good. They need to be hungry for their meal. They need to be hungry for their meal.

(Roseman and Niblock, 2006) (Roseman and Niblock, 2006) Roseman, M., & Niblock, J. (2006, January). A Culinary Approach to Healthy Roseman, M., & Niblock, J. (2006, January). A Culinary Approach to Healthy Menu Items: Middle School Students' Opinion of School Lunch and Lunch Menu Items: Middle School Students' Opinion of School Lunch and Lunch Decision Factors. Decision Factors. Journal of Culinary Science & TechnologyJournal of Culinary Science & Technology, , 55(1), 75-90. (1), 75-90. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.

The Research The Research

This middle school study included This middle school study included new items such as fruits, Caesar new items such as fruits, Caesar salads, Cobb salad, fruit and veggie salads, Cobb salad, fruit and veggie dipping cups, side saladsdipping cups, side salads

Students chose the fruit plate and Students chose the fruit plate and fruit dipping cups over other items fruit dipping cups over other items (Roseman and Niblock, 2006).(Roseman and Niblock, 2006).

Roseman, M., & Niblock, J. (2006, January). A Culinary Approach to Healthy Roseman, M., & Niblock, J. (2006, January). A Culinary Approach to Healthy Menu Items: Middle School Students' Opinion of School Lunch and Lunch Menu Items: Middle School Students' Opinion of School Lunch and Lunch Decision Factors. Decision Factors. Journal of Culinary Science & TechnologyJournal of Culinary Science & Technology, , 55(1), 75-90. (1), 75-90. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.

Salad Bars in SchoolsSalad Bars in Schools

Another study had been conducted to Another study had been conducted to evaluate salad bars in schools.evaluate salad bars in schools.

Salad bars increase fruit and Salad bars increase fruit and vegetable intakevegetable intake

Beware salad bars may introduce Beware salad bars may introduce foods with a high fat such asfoods with a high fat such as Salad dressingsSalad dressings Bacon bitsBacon bits Cheese (Schmidt and McKinney, 2004) Cheese (Schmidt and McKinney, 2004)

Schmidt, S., & McKinney, P. (2004, December). Fruits and Vegetables Schmidt, S., & McKinney, P. (2004, December). Fruits and Vegetables Offered in School Lunch Salad Bars Versus Traditional School Lunches. Offered in School Lunch Salad Bars Versus Traditional School Lunches. Family Economics & Nutrition ReviewFamily Economics & Nutrition Review, , 1616(2), 3-11. Retrieved April 16, (2), 3-11. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.2009, from Academic Search Premier database.

Improving Salad Bars in Improving Salad Bars in SchoolsSchools

Most of the schools did Most of the schools did not have low fat not have low fat choices with each of choices with each of the menu items that the menu items that were high in fat.were high in fat.

Some suggestions Some suggestions might be to replace the might be to replace the cheese with a lower fat cheese with a lower fat version as well as the version as well as the salad dressingssalad dressings

Lean meats may be Lean meats may be added to the salad bar added to the salad bar to create a balanced to create a balanced meal (Schmidt and meal (Schmidt and McKinney, 2004) McKinney, 2004)

Schmidt, S., & McKinney, P. (2004, December). Fruits and Vegetables Schmidt, S., & McKinney, P. (2004, December). Fruits and Vegetables Offered in School Lunch Salad Bars Versus Traditional School Lunches. Offered in School Lunch Salad Bars Versus Traditional School Lunches. Family Economics & Nutrition ReviewFamily Economics & Nutrition Review, , 1616(2), 3-11. Retrieved April 16, (2), 3-11. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.2009, from Academic Search Premier database.

Sample Breakfast MenuSample Breakfast Menu

Sample menu from a local school

West Carrollton Schools. School Lunch Menu 2008-2009. Retrieved on April 10, 2009 from http://www.westcarrolltonschools.com/uploaded_files/Schnell%20Lunch%20Menu%202008-2009.pdf

Improvements To The Improvements To The MenuMenu

Whole grain Whole grain bagelsbagels

OatmealOatmealLow sugar Low sugar cerealscereals

Low sugar Low sugar meal meal replacement replacement barsbars

ConclusionConclusion Proper nutrition for school aged children is Proper nutrition for school aged children is

recommended in the home and at school.recommended in the home and at school. Through education and offering plenty of Through education and offering plenty of

choices to fulfill dietary guidelines, schools choices to fulfill dietary guidelines, schools may improve the diet of the children may improve the diet of the children attending and educate to form long lasting attending and educate to form long lasting habits.habits.

Improvement in diet and physical Improvement in diet and physical education may improve the possibility of education may improve the possibility of not developing chronic disease later in not developing chronic disease later in adulthood. adulthood.

ReferencesReferences Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Health

Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on Topics: Nutrition School Health Guidelines. Retrieved on April 06, 2009 from April 06, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/sumhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyYouth/nutrition/guidelines/summary.htmmary.htm

Roseman, M., & Niblock, J. (2006, January). A Culinary Roseman, M., & Niblock, J. (2006, January). A Culinary Approach to Healthy Menu Items: Middle School Students' Approach to Healthy Menu Items: Middle School Students' Opinion of School Lunch and Lunch Decision Factors. Opinion of School Lunch and Lunch Decision Factors. Journal of Culinary Science & TechnologyJournal of Culinary Science & Technology, , 55(1), 75-90. (1), 75-90. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.database.

Schmidt, S., & McKinney, P. (2004, December). Fruits and Schmidt, S., & McKinney, P. (2004, December). Fruits and Vegetables Offered in School Lunch Salad Bars Versus Vegetables Offered in School Lunch Salad Bars Versus Traditional School Lunches. Traditional School Lunches. Family Economics & Nutrition Family Economics & Nutrition ReviewReview, , 1616(2), 3-11. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from (2), 3-11. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.Academic Search Premier database.

Further ReadingFurther Reading Story M. Guest editorial. The third School Nutrition Story M. Guest editorial. The third School Nutrition

Dietary Assessment study: findings and policy Dietary Assessment study: findings and policy implications for improving the health of US children. implications for improving the health of US children. Journal of the American Dietetic AssociationJournal of the American Dietetic Association [serial [serial online]. February 02, 2009;109(2):S7-13. online]. February 02, 2009;109(2):S7-13.

CDC reports improved school nutrition. CDC reports improved school nutrition. Clinical Clinical Nutrition InsightNutrition Insight [serial online]. August [serial online]. August 2008;34(8):12-12. 2008;34(8):12-12.

Sherry J. An evaluation of elementary school nutrition Sherry J. An evaluation of elementary school nutrition practices and policies in a southern Illinois county. practices and policies in a southern Illinois county. Journal of School Nursing (Sage)Journal of School Nursing (Sage) [serial online]. [serial online]. August 2008;24(4):222-228. August 2008;24(4):222-228.

Helpful Websites:Helpful Websites: http://www.schoolnutrition.org/http://www.schoolnutrition.org/ http://www.mypyramid.govhttp://www.mypyramid.gov http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/