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Mike Fidanza, Ph.D.
Pennsylvania State University
Reading, Pennsylvania, USA
Improve Product Application
Methods for Golf Course Turf,
part 1
Slovenian Greenkeepers Association
Grand Hotel Primus Ptuj, Slovenia
28 November 2012
Maximizing Disease Control
Potential Reasons for
Disease Control Failures …or, opportunities to improve product performance
• Fungicide Resistance
• Sprayer Calibration and Sprayer Equipment
• Application Water-Carrier Volume
• Targeting the Pathogen
• Preventive versus Curative Applications
• Selecting a Nozzle
• Non-Target and Environmental Concerns
• New Fungicide Restrictions
• Other Factors
Maximizing Disease Control
Potential Reasons for
Disease Control Failures …or, opportunities to improve product performance
• Fungicide Resistance
Fungicide Resistance
= Sensitive Isolate
= Resistant Isolate
Prior to site-specific fungicide treatment.
Courtesy of Dr. H. Wetzel III
Tee-2-Green, Hubbard, OR
= Sensitive Isolate
= Resistant Isolate
After first site-specific fungicide treatment.
Courtesy of Dr. H. Wetzel III
Tee-2-Green, Hubbard, OR
Fungicide Resistance
Courtesy of Dr. H. Wetzel III
Tee-2-Green, Hubbard, OR
= Sensitive Isolate
= Resistant Isolate
After second site-specific fungicide treatment.
Fungicide Resistance
Courtesy of Dr. H. Wetzel III
= Sensitive Isolate
= Resistant Isolate
After third site-specific fungicide treatment.
Tee-2-Green, Hubbard, OR
Fungicide Resistance
Fungicide Resistance
• Tactics for Minimizing the Risk of the Development of
Fungicide Resistance:
Proper fungicide timing of application.
Proper application of fungicide products.
Use fungicides in an integrated disease
management program.
Integrate proper cultural management techniques
to reduce disease severity.
Fungicides –
What’s Important to Know • Knowledge of turfgrass disease / turfgrass management.
• Knowledge of fungicide products.
– Chemistry and other fungicide information (i.e., resistance issues).
– Product label.
– Research-based information.
nucleus
nucleic acids
mefenoxam
general cell
constituents
cell membrane
cell wall microtubules
benzimidazoles
mitochondria
strobilurins / flutolanil /boscalid
DMI / dicarboximides /
propamocarb / PCNB
fludioxanil
polyoxins
chlorothalonil
fungicide
6 cellular targets
12 MOA
* * *
* * * * * *
*
* * *
* * * * * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
*
* *
* * *
* * * * * *
* * *
* * *
* * * * * *
* *
* *
Slide courtesy Dr. Rick Latin, Purdue University
active ingredient
metabolic target
Lock and Key
• A fungicide is designed to bind to a certain site (target) in the fungus.
• It must fit exactly, like a lock and key.
• Once the fungicide binds to its target, it interferes with the metabolic function of the target process.
Maximizing Disease Control
Slide courtesy Dr. Rick Latin, Purdue University
Multi-site
compounds
Chlorothalonil
Mancozeb
Thiram
Site-specific compounds
Turf Fungicides
Azoxystrobin
Fluoxastrobin
Pyraclostrobin
Trifloxystrobin
Propiconazole
Triadimefon
Myclobutanil
Triticonazole
Metconazole
Polyoxin-d
Mefenoxam
Thiophanate-
methyl
PCNB
Chloroneb
Iprodione
Vinclozolin
Fludioxanil
Propamocarb
Flutolanil
Boscalid
Slide courtesy of Rick Latin, Purdue University
Turfgrass Fungicides -
“Fungicide Familes”
Copper / Bordeaux mixture
Organomercuries
Dithiocarbamates
Benzimidazoles
Dicarboximides
Triazoles
Phenylamides
Pyrimidines
Strobilurins
…Others
Strobilurus tenacellus
Order of
Discovery
Fungicides
• Commonly Used and Important Component For Managing Turfgrass Diseases (with Cultural Practices)
• Preventive & Curative Control Options
• Recent Years: – Reduced Efficacy of Fungicides
– Microbial Degradation of Fungicides
– Resistance Issues
– Restrictions on Application Rates and Intervals or Removal Altogether
Maximizing Disease Control
Potential Failures:
Fungicide Resistance
• Pathogens Have Developed Resistance To: – Benzimidazoles
• Example: Thiophanate Methyl
– DMI/Sterol Inhibitors • Example: Propiconazole
– Dicarboximides • Ipriodione
– Phenylamides • Mefenoxam
– QoI (Stobilurins) • Azoxystrobin
Maximizing Disease Control
Potential Failures:
Fungicide Resistance
• Diseases With Known Resistance
– Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)
– Pythium Blight (Pythium spp.)
– Gray Leaf Spot (Pyricularia grisea)
– Anthracnose Basal Rot (Colletotrichum
cereale)
– Others?
Maximizing Disease Control
Maximizing Disease Control
Population
VGC
CCC
FLDFR
MNCN
HTR
1
HTR
2LO
I
OHP
OKL
PNO
SHN
STN
BOS1
BOS2
BOS3
WCC
WEB
WPG1
WPG2
WHL
EC
50
(E)
(µg
a.i. m
L-1
)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Exposed Populations – Iprodione
90
75 Mean
25
10
Outlier
Median
Calibration
Maximizing Disease Control
ground speed
nozzle type and
nozzle output
water carrier volume
nozzle spacing and
boom height pressure
Maximizing Disease Control
How Often Do You Calibrate
Your Sprayer?
Maximizing Disease Control
Why calibrate your sprayer?
● Maximizes the value of pesticides / plant protection products.
● Insures the proper label (and legal) application rates.
● Minimizes turfgrass injury or phytotoxicity.
● Minimizes disease control failure or reduction in disease control.
● How often to calibrate?
…minimum of once per year, or
more often depending on use?
Some things to consider with sprayer calibration:
● …are all nozzles alike?
● …check for blockage of the nozzles / nozzle screen.
● …check the seating of the ball check valve (nozzle components).
● …check other mechanical and electronic functions of your sprayer.
● …check the mechanical operation of your fertilizer spreader.
● …do you keep accurate pesticide /fertilizer application records?
The last piece of equipment to come into contact
with plant protection products before being
distributed onto the turfgrass target area.
Effective fungicide coverage is important … don’t let incorrect sprayer calibration be the reason for poor fungicide placement.
Maximizing Disease Control
Don’t forget …
equipment maintenance and repair
Fairways – 1 gal/1000 sq ft (~43.5 gal/A) (400 L/ha)
Greens – 2 gal/1000 sq ft (~87 gal/A) (~800 L/ha)
Application Water Volume
Maximizing Disease Control
Application Water Volume
Coverage
1 gal water/1000 sq ft
equivalent to
12 ml water per 1 sq meter
Note: 1 teaspoon = 5 ml
Maximizing Disease Control
Application Water Volume
Coverage
1 gal water/1000 sq ft
equivalent to
12 ml water per 1 sq meter
Note: 1 teaspoon = 5 ml
Maximizing Disease Control
= 25 ml
Targeting the Pathogen
• Foliage
• Crown/Stembase
• Roots
Maximizing Disease Control
Targeting The Pathogen
• Foliar
– Improve Fungicide Coverage
• Stembase and Crown
– Apply In High Water Volumes
• Roots or Underground Tissues
– Apply and Immediately Water-In
Maximizing Disease Control
What About A Fungicide’s
Phytomobility? • Penetrant - Systemic
– Upward & Downward Movement
• Penetrant - Acropetal – Upward mobility at point of contact
• Penetrant - Localized – Enters Plant, minimum movement
• Contact – Surface Coverage Key, No Penetration
Maximizing Disease Control
Chemical (Fungicide) Options
for Fairy Ring Control:
•cultural practices, especially aeration
•soil surfactant
•fungicide
•post-appl. irrigation
Classic example of a cross-section of fairy ring in turf.
Shantz and Pemiesel, 1917
- cultural practices • aerify area to be treated
• irrigation/water - wet soil profile (root zone)
- do not allow soil to dry out
• other practices (i.e., reduce thatch, improve fertility, etc.)
– apply soil surfactant • alleviate hydrophobic soil conditions
• minimize negative impact of wet/dry cycles
• apply surfactant first, followed-by fungicide
• OR, apply surfactant + fungicide (tank-mix)
– apply fungicide • attempt to control the fungal pathogen
• 1000 to 1500 L water-carrier/ha
• post-application irrigation (> 5 mm ) … “rinse” into the turf
– repeat if necessary (…case-by-case basis)
Fairy Ring Fungicide/Surfactant Program
Examples of fungicide/soil surfactant use
for fairy ring control in turfgrass.
(treated)
(untreated)
(treated)
(untreated)
Fairy ring type I on Cynodon sp. green in Florida, USA; preventive applications (FR = Lycoperdon).
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
untreated flutalonil 50WP (fungicide)
+
polymeric polyoxyalkylenes
(proprietary Aquatrols
soil surfactant, 19 L/ha)*
Tota
l n
um
ber
of
typ
e I
fair
y r
ings
per
pu
ttin
g g
reen
.
*surface applied in 805 L water carrier ha-1 in Oct, Nov, Dec 1996; evaluated Mar 1997.
Fairy ring type II on Agrostis sp. fairway (FR = Agaricus).
flutalonil 70WP + Revolution flutalonil 70WP
Revolution
Note: Treated two times at 28-day interval in July 2003 (symptom reduction observed in July 2004).
Note: Revolution applied at 19 L/ha; flutalonil applied at label use rate; water-carrier 1600 L/ha.
Fairy ring type II symptoms on Agrostis sp.
0
10
20
30
40
Heritage Heritage
+ Rev
Heritage Heritage
+ Rev
Insignia Insignia
+ Rev
Insignia Insignia
+ Rev
Check
% P
lot
Are
a T
yp
e-I
Fair
y R
ing
800 1600 800 1600
Products: Heritage 0.75 kg ai/ha, Insignia 0.5 kg ai/ha; Revolution 19 L/ha.
FR = Agaricus.
Lolium sp. Fairway – Pennsylvania, USA, 2006.
L water/ha:
0
10
20
30
40
Heritage Heritage
+ Rev
Heritage Heritage
+ Rev
Insignia Insignia
+ Rev
Insignia Insignia
+ Rev
Check
Agrostis sp. Green – California,USA, 2005.
800 1600 800 1600
Products: Heritage 0.75 kg ai/ha, Insignia 0.5 kg ai/ha; Revolution 19 L/ha.
FR = Bovista.
L water/ha:
% P
lot
Are
a T
yp
e-I
Fair
y R
ing
0
10
20
30
40
Heritage Heritage + Revolution Revolution Untreated
% P
lot
Are
a T
yp
e-I
Fair
y R
ing
Products: Heritage 0.75 kg ai/ha; Revolution 19 L/ha; appl. in 1600 L water/ha.
FR = Agaricus.
Lolium sp. Fairway – Pennsylvania, USA, 2006.
2 WAT 4 WAT
DryJect with water attachment; 1600 L water/Ha appl. at 20,000 kPa.
Fairy Ring - Summary
•cultural practices
•soil moisture status
- irrigation/water use
- soil hydrophobicity
- soil surfactant use
- minimize impact of wet/dry cycles
•fungicide use
- aeration
- soil surfactant use
- water-carrier volume
- post-appl. irrigation
- preventive/curative
Mike Fidanza, Ph.D.
Pennsylvania State University
Reading, Pennsylvania, USA
Improve Product Application
Methods for Golf Course Turf,
part 2
Slovenian Greenkeepers Association
Grand Hotel Primus Ptuj, Slovenia
28 November 2012
Selecting a Nozzle
Maximizing Disease Control
Crop Production
Maximizing Disease Control
XR and XRC TeeJet Turbo TeeJet
AI TeeJet (Air Induction)
TurfJet
Raindrop
TwinJet
Nozzle Types
Turbo TwinJet
“hollow cone” spray pattern
“flat fan”
spray pattern
ConeJet
With the application of plant protection products through a sprayer, how often do you replace
or change the nozzles?
5%
72%
18%5%
Never
Once a year
Twice per year
Three or more times per year
With the application of plant protection products through a sprayer, do you...
68%
32%
Use the same nozzle foreverything
Use different nozzles ornozzle-type depending on theproducts applied
With the application of plant protection products through a sprayer, do you...
41%
59%
Use the same water carriervolume for everything
Use different water carriervolumes depending on theproducts applied
Maximizing Disease Control
Applying a Product
• Chemists and biologists
examine how the chemical
can best be applied to the
target pest, disease, or
weed
• The product may need to be
applied in different ways
(foliar vs. root uptake, water
carrier volume, adjuvants,
nozzle types, etc…)
Maximizing Disease Control
Nozzle Selection
Nozzles control the: • Rate
• Uniformity
• Coverage
• Safety of product application
Nozzles: a major factor in determining
product placement onto the turf
Maximizing Disease Control
Nozzle Selection
• Factors to consider for nozzle
performance: nozzle type, size, condition,
boom height, boom orientation and spray
angle, and spacing along the boom
Maximizing Disease Control
Nozzle Selection
• Other factors to consider for nozzle “selection”:
turfgrass disease (and target of pathogen),
preventive vs. curative approach, fungicide MOA
Maximizing Disease Control
Nozzle Selection
• Common errors that affect accuracy
wrong boom height, misaligned nozzles on
boom, worn nozzles, and different-sized
nozzles used together on the same boom
Maximizing Disease Control
Factors Affecting
Nozzle Output
• Pressure
• Size of hole in tip (orifice)
• Viscosity of spray solution
Maximizing Disease Control
Droplet Size and
Spray Quality
Maximizing Disease Control
Laser
Maximizing Disease Control
Comparative Size
Symbol Relative Size Comparative Size Atomization
VF Point of Needle
(25 microns)
Fog
F Human Hair
(100 microns)
Fine Mist
M Sewing Thread
(150 microns)
Fine Drizzle
C Toothbrush Bristle
(300 microns)
Light Rain
VC Staple
(420 microns)
Rain
EC #2 Pencil Lead
(2000 microns)
Thunderstorm
Cutting Droplet Size in Half = 8
Times the Number of Droplets
500
Microns
250
Microns
250
Microns
250
Microns
250
Microns
250
Microns
250
Microns
250
Microns
250
Microns
Maximizing Disease Control
Droplet Size Classifications
Evolution of droplet size classification:
(accumulative volume and VMD, specific to a certain micron size)
BCPC standards
• Five classifications based on standard
nozzle protocol
Development of ASAE standard
• ASAE S572 AUG99 (Spray Nozzle Classification by Droplet Spectra)
• Uses a standard set of nozzles provided by ASAE
• Six droplet size classification categories
Maximizing Disease Control
VMD
• Volume Mean Diameter
• VMD = droplet size where …
½ of volume has droplets >
the VMD, and ½ the volume in
droplets < VMD
Maximizing Disease Control
1/2 of spray volume = larger droplets
VMD
1/2 of spray volume = smaller droplets
Maximizing Disease Control
Category Symbol Color Code Approximate
VMD (0.5)
Very fine VF Red <150 microns
Fine F Orange 150 – 250
Medium M Yellow 250 – 350
Coarse C Blue 350 – 450
Very coarse VC Green 450 – 550
Extremely
coarse
XC White >550
Droplet Size Categories
*All nozzles produce a range of droplet sizes.
Human hair = 100 microns
Staple = 420 microns
VisiFlo® Color Coding Standard
Turbo TeeJet Nozzles
TurfJet Nozzles
Liquid Capacity Liquid Capacity
Pressure 1 Nozzle Pressure 1 Nozzle
in psi in GPM in psi in GPM
Blue
Orange
Green
Yellow
Violet
40
40
40
40
0.5
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.1
0.6
White 40 0.8
VisiFlo
Color
Coding
VisiFlo
Color
Coding
Gray 40
Brown 4040
40
Red
40
40
1.0
Light
Green1.5
Light Blue
0.3
0.4
Examples:
XR
TeeJet 15 20 25 30 40 50 60
XR8001 M F F F F F F
XR80015 M M M F F F F
XR8002 M M M M F F F
XR8003 M M M M M M F
XR8004 C C M M M M M
XR8005 C C C C M M M
XR8006 C C C C C C C
XR8008 VC VC VC C C C C
XR11001 F F F F F VF VF
XR110015 F F F F F F F
XR11002 M F F F F F F
XR11003 M M M F F F F
XR11004 M M M M M F F
XR11005 M M M M M M F
XR11006 C C M M M M M
XR11008 C C C C C M M
psi
Example:
XR TeeJet Nozzle Type, and
Effect of Pressure on Droplet Size
Flat Fan Spray Application
and Droplet Size
XR TeeJet
(flat fan)
Fine to Medium droplets
TurfJet
(flat fan)
Extremely Coarse droplets
Air-Induction
(flat fan)
Very Coarse droplets
Water-sensitive paper Water-sensitive paper
Water-sensitive paper Water-sensitive paper
Medium Very Coarse*
Very Coarse to
Extremely Coarse
Extremely
Coarse
Dollar spot on a green (creeping bentgrass).
Maximizing Disease Control
Dollar spot control with Daconil Ultrex or Headway.
Appl. Info.: Headway 0.75 fl oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi.
Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi
Creeping Bentgrass (~fairway), 3 reps, RCBD.
Bellewood GC, North Coventry, PA (2006).
July 18, 2006
Fungicide: Droplet Size:* # Inf. Cntrs.
Daconil Fine
Daconil Medium
Daconil Coarse
Daconil Extr. Coarse
Headway Fine
Headway Medium
Headway Coarse
Headway Extr. Coarse
Untreated 18.0 a
*Fine = XR110015; Med = XR11004; Coarse = XR11008; Extr. Coarse = RA8.
QUESTION
What droplet size provided
the best control?
a. Fine
b. Medium
c. Coarse
d. Extr. Coarse
Dollar spot control with Daconil Ultrex or Headway.
Appl. Info.: Headway 0.75 fl oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi.
Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi
Creeping Bentgrass (~fairway), 3 reps, RCBD.
Bellewood GC, North Coventry, PA (2006).
July 18, 2006
Fungicide: Droplet Size:* # Inf. Cntrs.
Daconil Fine 6.3 b
Daconil Medium 0.3 c
Daconil Coarse 1.3 c
Daconil Extr. Coarse 7.0 b
Headway Fine 5.3 b
Headway Medium 0.7 c
Headway Coarse 0.3 c
Headway Extr. Coarse 5.0 b
Untreated 18.0 a
*Fine = XR110015; Med = XR11004; Coarse = XR11008; Extr. Coarse = RA8.
Example of fungicide product (Daconil Ultrex) on surface
of turfgrass leaf blades.
Maximizing Disease Control
Spray Angle
• Actual spray width will be less than theoretical due to gravity|
• Minimum overlap is critical
• Maximum overlap is not
• For most tapered spray patterns, a minimum 30% overlap is recommended
• Be mindful of spray angle collapse when using drift retardants
Maximizing Disease Control
*There must be enough pressure to develop the spray pattern.
Maximizing Disease Control
Maximizing Disease Control
Maximizing Disease Control
XR and XRC TeeJet Turbo TeeJet
AI TeeJet (Air Induction)
TurfJet
Raindrop
TwinJet
Nozzle Types
Turbo TwinJet
“hollow cone” spray pattern
“flat fan”
spray pattern
ConeJet
Nozzle Nomenclature
Numbering system for TeeJet nozzles:
110°
11004
0.4 gpm at 40 psi
} }
Maximizing Disease Control
TeeJet Spray Booklet
www.teejet.com
Spray Coverage
Excellent
Poor
Raindrop (Extremely Coarse)
XR TeeJet (Fine to Coarse)
TurfJet (Extremely Coarse)
Turbo TeeJet (Medium to Very Coarse)
Air-Induction (Very Coarse)
Drift Control
Excellent
Poor
Raindrop
XR TeeJet
TurfJet
Turbo TeeJet
Air-Induction
AI/AIC TeeJet (Air-Induction Nozzle)
• Advantages
– Good coverage
– Uses Venturi-air technology
– Drift control
• Even at very high pressure
– Works best at >40psi
– Canopy penetration
• Disadvantages
– Not useable at low pressures (<30 psi)
– Wear tolerance
AI TeeJet
Spray Solution
Air
Air
Spray Solution
Very Coarse droplet size
Droplet “shatters” ~medium(?) to coarse droplet size
AI TeeJet
AI TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)
• Yellow moisture sensitive paper turns blue when moisture comes in contact with it
• Excellent coverage
Example of AI TeeJet nozzle spray pattern.
XR and XRC TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)
• Advantages – Small droplet size =
good coverage – Useable at low
pressures • 15-60 psi
• Disadvantages
– Drift – Wear Tolerance – Drops may not
penetrate turf canopy at lower spray pressures.
• Yellow moisture sensitive paper turns blue when moisture comes in contact with it
• Excellent coverage
XR and XRC TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)
TurfJet (Wide Angle, Flat Fan Spray Pattern)
• Advantages
– Very large droplets = low drift
– Wide-angle pattern
– Wear tolerance
– Good pattern at low pressure
• 25-75 psi
• Disadvantages
– Large droplets = poor, inconsistent coverage
• Yellow moisture sensitive paper turns blue when moisture comes in contact with it
• Fair to poor coverage
TurfJet (Wide Angle, Flat Fan Spray Pattern)
Turbo TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)
• Tapered edge wide angle flat spray pattern
• Large, rounded internal passage to minimize clogging
• Larger droplets for less drift
• Wide pressure range 15-90 psi
Turbo TeeJet AI Nozzle (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)
Raindrop Nozzle (Hollow Cone Spray Pattern)
• Advantages
– Wide, upright pattern
– Large droplets = low drift
– Wear tolerance
• Disadvantages
– Very large droplets = poor coverage
– Inconsistent coverage
– Easily damaged
• Yellow moisture sensitive paper turns blue when moisture comes in contact with it
• Fair to poor coverage
Raindrop Nozzle (Hollow Cone Spray Pattern)
Hollow Cone Nozzle Spray Distribution Pattern
Effective fungicide coverage is important.
Research Results
Dollar spot in creeping bentgrass.
0
10
20
30
0.5 1 2 4 Untr.
Gal Water Volume/1000 sq ft
Do
lla
r S
po
t
(# In
fecti
on
Cen
ters
) RA8
Penn State, 2005.
Daconil Ultrex 82.5WDG @ 1.8 oz/M – Creeping Bent.
0
10
20
30
40
0.5 1 2 4 Untr.
Gal Water Volume/1000 sq ft
Do
lla
r S
po
t
(# In
fecti
on
Cen
ters
) AI TeeJet
Penn State, 2006.
8.3.06
c
b b
a
b
Daconil Ultrex 82.5WDG @ 1.8 oz/M – Creeping Bent.
0
10
20
30
40
0.5 1 2 4 Untr.
Gal Water Volume/1000 sq ft
Do
lla
r S
po
t
(# In
fecti
on
Cen
ters
) XR TeeJet
Penn State, 2006.
8.3.06
c bc
b
a
bc
Daconil Ultrex 82.5WDG @ 1.8 oz/M – Creeping Bent.
More Research Results
Brown patch (Rhizoctonia blight) in creeping bentgrass.
Rhizoctonia blight control with Heritage TL. Appl. Info.: Heritage TL 1.0 fl oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi. Creeping Bentgrass (~fairway), 3 reps, RCBD. Bellewood GC, North Coventry, PA (2006).
Nozzle Type --- % Rhizoctonia blight (7 DAT on 7.18.06) ---
AI TeeJet (very coarse) 1.3 b Turbo TeeJet (coarse) 1.0 b XR TeeJet (medium) 1.3 b TurfJet (extr. coarse) 7.0 b RA8 (Delavan) (extr. coarse) 8.3 ab Untr. 15.0 a
Fisher’s Protected LSD: (P<.05)
Nozzle Wear and Replacement
• When do I need to replace my tips? • Wear rates depend on:
– Tip material (stainless steel, polymer, ceramic) – Chemicals used – Operating pressure – Care used when cleaning
• When measured flow rates are 10% over nominal flow rate, then it’s time to replace them
Buy enough nozzles, plus one extra …
Nozzle Wear
New Flat-Fan Nozzle
Worn Nozzle
Improperly Cleaned
Spray Pattern Check
Damaged
Nozzles Worn Nozzles New Nozzles
Recommendations – Choosing the Right Nozzles
• Choose a flat-fan spray pattern for uniformity.
• Medium to coarse droplet size the best.*
*Air-Induction nozzle included.
• Maintain a spray pressure of 30 to 60 psi
(200 to 400 kPa).
• Avoid extremely large droplet sizes.
– Fungicides are not distributed effectively under low water volumes.
– Avoid raindrop (~hollow cone) nozzles.
Not Recommended for Fungicide Applications
Nozzle Types Recommended for Fungicide Applications
XP BOOMJET NOZZLE
Unique orifice geometry provides uniform spray
distribution in a wide-coverage boomless nozzle
Pre-orifice nozzle design creates larger droplets
•Large droplets reduce drift and
environmental risks
•Increased coverage as a
boom extension nozzle
•Sprays difficult
to treat areas not
accessible with
spray booms
UNIFORM SPRAY
DISTRIBUTION
DROPLET SIZE - LABEL
<< acidic << >> alkaline >>
neutral = 7
Pesticides and pH •Water carrier pH. •Spray solution pH. • Most pesticides stable at pH 4 to 6. • Some pesticides “decompose” pH > 7. -alkaline hydrolysis -loss of pesticide efficacy -examples: -Dylox insecticide (half-life 4 days in pH 8.0) -common with organophosphates and carbamates -Polyoxin D (Endorse) fungicide -Thiophanate methyl (Cleary’s 3336) -…others? • Refer to product MSDS sheet for pH stability information.
Example of a pH meter.
May June July Aug pH: 6.5 7.2 7.8 8.5
Example of water pH from a golf course in Southeastern Pennsylvania:
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
pH 5 - 6 pH 6 - 7 pH 7 - 8
Irrigation Water pH Ranges
Nu
mb
er
of
Go
lf C
ou
rse
(n =
35)
*Applied Turfgrass Science (online).
Irrigation Water Quality Survey, 2005*. (Southeastern Pennsylvania)
0
10
20
30
40
50
5 7 9 Untr.
Water Carrier pH
Do
llar
Sp
ot
(# In
fec
tio
n C
en
ters
)
Rutgers, creeping bentgras (~green), July 19, 2007.
c c b
Thiophanate Methyl 50WP @ 2 oz/M
b
a
ELECTRIC NOZZLE SHUT-OFF
• New shut off for individual
nozzles
• Fast acting 12V solenoid
• Immediate on/off control
• Ideal for use with GPS
GPS
TECHNOLOGY
SWATH GUIDANCE
INFORMATION
BOOM SECTION CONTROL
System can use
boom section
valves or
individual electric
nozzle shut-off’s
DATA AND
MAPPING – On-screen field review allows
operator to review field for skips prior
to departing
VARIABLE RATE APPLICATION
Typically used for
applying lime,
fertilizer and
micronutrients at
varying rates
based upon soil
sample analysis
VR GRANULAR APPLICATOR
GPS AUTOMATIC STEERING