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1
Pilot Project of Poverty Reduction through
Industrial Development in China’s Contiguous
Impoverished Areas in Sichuan Province
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
(Copy for Approval)
Administrative
Organization
Foreign-funded Project Management Center, Poverty
Alleviation and Development office of Sichuan Province
Report Prepared by Institute of Environmental Protection Research of Sichuan
University
GHPZ
YZ No.3248
E4617 V6 REV P
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CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Backgrounds ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Conformity Analysis of Project Construction and Related Industrial Policies and Planning ... 7
1.3 Assessment Basis and Standard .............................................................................................. 21
1.4 Category, Rating, Scope and Period of Assessment................................................................ 40
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................. 47
2.1 Objectives and Investment of Project ..................................................................................... 47
2.2 Composition and Schedule of Project ..................................................................................... 47
2.3 Construction Content and Scale of Construction .................................................................... 48
2.4 Construction Standard of Project ............................................................................................ 53
2.5 Relevant projects and due diligence ....................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENT AND CURRENT SOCIAL SITUATION ................................... 60
3.1 Environmental conditions of the villages covered by the project ........................................... 60
3.2 Economic conditions of counties covered by the project ....................................................... 71
3.3 Natural protection reserves, cultural relics and historic sites in the project area .................... 72
3.4 Present environmental quality condition ................................................................................ 75
CHAPTER 4 PREDICATION AND VALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE OF
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ................................................................................................... 84
4.1 Analysis of Construction Period’s Influence on Environment ................................................ 84
4.2 Analysis of influence on environment during operation period .............................................. 92
CHAPTER 5 IMPACT ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ................................. 101
5.1 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of Planting Project ................................ 101
5.2 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of Breeding Project ............................... 114
5.3 Impact Analysis of Agricultural Product Processing ............................................................ 123
5.4 Resource Carrying Capacity Analysis .................................................................................. 129
5.5 Environment Capacity Analysis ............................................................................................ 135
CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS ............................................................... 138
6.1 “With and Without Project” Analysis ................................................................................... 138
6.2 Comparison and Selection of Irrigation Methods ................................................................. 141
6.3 Comparison of Environmental Impact of Different Planting Patterns .................................. 142
6.4 Comparison of Different Approaches to Dispose Animal Feces from Breeding .................. 145
CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ..................................................................................... 149
7.1 Purpose of Public Participation............................................................................................. 149
7.2 Information Disclosure ......................................................................................................... 149
7.3 Methods and Contents of Public Participation...................................................................... 151
7.4 Results of Public Consultation .............................................................................................. 154
7.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 159
CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...................................................... 160
3
8.1 Environmental management institutions and their responsibilities ...................................... 160
8.2 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................................. 164
8.3 Training Projects on Environmental Protection .................................................................... 201
8.4 Environmental monitoring plan ............................................................................................ 204
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................................................... 207
4
Chapter 1 Overview
1.1 Backgrounds
1.1.1 Project’s Implementation Area and its General Situations
1. Project’s Implementation Area
The Project involves 199 administrative villages of 49 townships of 6 counties of 2
cities (prefectures) in Sichuan Province. The specific implementation areas are shown in
Table 1.1-1.
Table 1.1-1 Project Areas (Cities) and Counties
Areas
Project
Count
y
Project
Townshi
p
Proje
ct
Villag
e
Covered
Househol
ds
Covered
Populati
on
(Person)
Notes (Names of the Project
Towns and Townships)
Liangsh
an Butuo 6 29 7741 29385
Telimu Town, Tuojue Town, Lada
Township, Luogu Township,
Meisa Township
Liangsh
an
Jinyan
g 16 36 8830 35300
Xiangling Township, Mayizu
Township, Taoping Township,
Mufu Township, Pailai Town,
Honglian Township, Lugao Town,
Xiaoyinmu Township, Dexi
Township, Yida Township, Bingdi
Township, Nanwa Township, Siwo
Township, Tugou Township,
Yimohe Township, Rekejue
Township
Liangsh
an Meigu 10 52 11779 45818
Yiguojue Townshipship, Waxi
Township, Longmen Township,
Jueluo Township, Jingyetexi
Township, Nongzuo Township,
Jiukou Township, Luo’eyigan
Township, Lamu’ajue Township,
Bapu Town
Liangsh
an
Zhaoju
e 8 42 9864 47900
Jiefang Township, Sangang
Township, Nidi Township,
Wanchang Township, Saladipo
Township, Sikai Township, Dimo
Township, Liuqie Township
5
Luzhou Gulin 6 20 12498 57458
Shuangsha Town, Mati Township,
Masi Miao Ethnic Township,
Jiaoyuan Township, Baini
Township, Shibao Town
Luzhou Xuyon
g 3 20 10613 45600
Chishui Town, Shuiliao Yi Ethnic
Township, Shiba Yi Ethnic
Township
Total 49 199 61325 261461
2. Project Area’s Characteristics
1) In the project area, there are a large number of poor residents with a high
poverty incidence. There are absolute poverty and relative poverty, region-specific
poverty and poor population, economy-led poverty and knowledge-led poverty, returning
to poverty and new poverty at the same time.
2) The rural human capital is uncompetitive. The residents are of poor physical
conditions, of less vocational education and training, of low capacity and quality, and of
less participation in social activities.
3) The two project counties under Luzhou City are located in the ranges of
Daloushan Mountain and Xueshan Mountain at an altitude of about 700m, while the 4
project counties under Liangshan Prefecture are located in Daliangshan Mountain at an
altitude of more than 2000m. Therefore, the natural environment is harsh with frequent
natural disasters.
4) Since the project villages lack public services, many residents fell into poverty
or relapsed into poverty due to illness and schooling and other issues.
5) With poor infrastructure, the project villages are vulnerable to natural disasters.
6) The large scale industrial development is suffocated because the farm produce
are within several varieties, with low technology content and extensive management.
7) The narrow-minded farmers lack self-development ability and awareness to
make innovation.
8) The income source is not diversified, the market information acquisition is not
smooth, the sale channel for agriculture is narrow, and product brands are not well
established.
1.1.2 Project Implementation and Administrative Units
In accordance with the innovation in administrative requirements and farmer
organization in the Project, the project administrative organization is divided into the
project leading system, the project implementation system and the technical support
system.
Sichuan Province sets up a Project Leading Group (whose responsibility could be
taken by the Provincial Leading Group of Poverty Alleviation and Development), while
the Foreign Capital Project Management Center of the Province is responsible for the
organization and implementation of the Project. The cities (prefectures) and counties
involved in the Project set up a Leading Group (which could be taken by the Leading
Groups of Poverty Alleviation and Development at city, prefecture and county levels),
6
while the Foreign Capital Project Management Centers at city, prefecture and county
levels are responsible for the organization and implementation of the Project. All project
townships and towns set up project work stations. Villages set up Project Implementation
Teams or Farmer Professional Cooperatives which organize farmers to implement and
manage the projects for industry-based poverty alleviation. In sum, a top-down
organization and administration network is formed to guarantee the smooth
implementation of the Project.
1.2 Conformity Analysis of Project Construction to Related Industrial Policies and
Planning
1.2.1 Conformity of the Project to Industrial Policies
According to the Catalogue for Guiding Industry Restructuring (2011 Version)
(Amendment) (issued by Order No. 9 of the National Development and Reform
Commission, amended on February 16, 2013), the Component “Livestock and Poultry
Breeding” under the Project belongs to Article 5 Development and application of
technologies for the standardized breeding of livestock and poultry on a large scale, Item
1 Agriculture and Forestry, Category 1 Encouragement; the Component “Agriculture
Development” belongs to Article 2 Construction of agricultural product bases and Article
8 Selection, breeding, breed conservation, and development of the fine varieties of
animals and plants (including wild animals and plants); biological seed breeding; and
production, processing, storage, and appraisal of seeds, Item 1 Agriculture and Forestry,
Category 1 Encouragement; the Component “Food Processing” belongs to Article 32
Storage and transport, preservation, processing and comprehensive utilization of products
from agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, Item 1 Agriculture and Forestry,
Category 1 Encouragement; the Component “Water Conservancy Engineering” belongs
to Article 23 Farmland water conservancy facilities construction (irrigation and drainage
channels, sluice gates, pump stations and so on), Item 2 Water Conservancy, Category 1
Encouragement; the Component “Road Construction” belongs to Article 12 Rural roads
construction, Item 24 Highway and Road Transport (including Urban Passenger Traffic),
Category 1 Encouragement; no technologies, equipment or raw materials which are
restricted and to be eliminated are involved during the construction and operation of all
Components.
The Project is not stipulated by the Catalogue of Restricted Uses of Land (2012
Version) and the Catalogue of Prohibited Uses of Land (2012 Version) issued by the
Ministry of Land and Resources and the National Development and Reform Commission.
Therefore, the construction of the Project conforms to the industrial policies and land
policies of China.
7
1.2.2 Conformity of the Project to Related Planning
Table 1.2-1 Conformity with the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China
Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project Conform
or Not
the
Twel
fth
Five
-Yea
r
Plan
for
Nati
onal
Eco
nom
ic
and
Soci
al
Dev
elop
men
To accelerate
the
development
of modern
agriculture
the development of facility agriculture will be sped up,
the standardized production of garden crops, such as
vegetables, fruits, teas, flowers and plants, will be
promoted. The livestock husbandry will be promoted
with a higher proportion of output value. Agricultural
industrialization will be impelled, and the processing
industry and distribution industry for agricultural
products will be supported to make the agricultural
production and operation professional, standardized and
intensified at a large scale.
The project area is equipped with favorable
environment and prominent resource advantages.
The Project focuses on plants including forage
grass, potato, sweet orange and other fruits, and
livestock including cattle and sheep. At the same
time, counterpart infrastructure is developed to
facilitate the agricultural industrialization in this
area.
Yes
To accelerate
the
innovation in
agricultural
science and
technology
Integrated innovation and wide application of science
and technologies will be promoted in efficient
cultivation, disease prevention and control, agricultural
water-saving and other fields. Agricultural
mechanization is accelerated to integrate agricultural
machinery with agriculture.
Green control measures are adopted in the Project
to prevent insect diseases. Mechanical operation
and scientific training are adopted in animal
husbandry and crop farming to develop the
agricultural science and technology in this area.
Yes
To perfect the
socialized
agriculture
service
The capacity building of agricultural public services will
be enhanced, and the public service agencies of all
townships or the area will be improved and perfected,
including popularization of agricultural techniques,
During the implementation, public services are
promoted through planning to set up cultivation
cooperatives, creating information distributing
platforms for products, registering green goods,
Yes
8
t of
the
Peo
ple’s
Rep
ubli
c of
Chi
na
system disease prevention and control for animals and plants,
and quality supervision of agricultural products.
establishing products storage and trading markets.
To
consolidate
and increase
household
business
income
Farmers will be encouraged to optimize the planting and
breeding structure, to improve their production,
operation and economic benefits. Through agricultural
industrialization and new rural cooperatives, farmers
will reasonably share the incremental benefits during
product processing and circulating. Particular measures
will be adopted for the local conditions to develop
high-efficiency agriculture with characteristics.
Farmers’ economic income is increased through
various strategies, such as cultivation under forest,
combination of retail cultivation and cultivation
villages, cultivating sweet oranges, walnuts and
potatoes in accordance with local conditions , and
agricultural cooperatives.
Yes
To strengthen
the rural
infrastructure
Water conservancy works for farming, rural roads, rural
electrification for new villages, and the small
hydropower for fuel project will be fully constructed.
The Project involves the construction of rural
roads, production shortcuts and water conservancy
infrastructure. The Project improves the rural
investment environment for better rural
development.
Yes
To
comprehensi
vely promote
the rural
environment
Diffused pollution caused by pesticides, chemical
fertilizers, agricultural films will be governed, and
pollution prevention will be fully promoted in livestock
and poultry breeding.
During the implementation, green prevention and
control are promoted, farmers receive trainings to
reasonably utilize pesticides and chemical
fertilizers. In allusion to livestock and poultry
pollution and ecological damage, forage grass
planting and effective pollution prevention
measures are raised to alleviate the diffused
pollution.
Yes
Table 1.2-2 Conformity with the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of Sichuan Province
Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project Conform
9
s or Not
the
Twel
fth
Five
-Yea
r
Plan
for
Nati
onal
Eco
nom
ic
and
Soci
al
Dev
elop
men
t of
Sich
uan
Prov
ince
To improve
the
development
conditions for
agricultural
and rural
areas
Farmland infrastructure, the rural drinking water safety
project, rural roads, rural information infrastructure will
be reinforced. A new round of construction will be
implemented for the rural electric network
transformation project, rural traditional markets, and
cold-chain logistics.
In the Project, new rural roads and production
shortcuts, water conservancy infrastructure,
trading places for agricultural products and
livestock, storerooms for agricultural products will
be constructed. It is significant to improve the
rural investment environment and the rural
industrial development.
Yes
To develop
modern
agriculture
with great
efforts
Cultivated land and basic farmland will be strictly
protected to stabilize food production. Relying on the
advantages of agricultural resources, the featured
profitable agriculture, such as potato, fruits and tea, will
be developed with great efforts. The animal husbandry
will be stably developed, and the standardized
large-scale cultivation of livestock, poultry and aquatic
products will be promoted. To develop ecological
agriculture, pollution-free agricultural products, green
food, organic food, and agricultural products with
geographical indications will be developed. Farmer
cooperatives and the leading enterprises in agricultural
industrialization will be supported to improve the
industrialized operation. At the same time, the
agricultural science and technology and the
comprehensive services will be improved.
The basic construction under the Project does not
occupy any basic farmland. The forage grass and
fruit forests will be mainly planted in the wild
grass ground this area, no fertile farmland
involved. Since the Project is located in the
Wumeng Mountain Region, the industrial
large-scale development could be driven by the
existed development foundation for the
agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry this
region. At the same time, the Project aims to
develop green products, featured brands and
specialty industries, and goes beyond the regional
market through industrial training and agricultural
cooperatives.
Yes
To accelerate
the
construction
The planning and construction of new villages will
be enhanced. The comprehensive improvement of the
rural environment will be intensified with proposals of
In order to produce green products, in the Project,
green prevention and control measures and
technical training are intensified, the pollution
Yes
10
of modern
new villages
scientifically utilizing chemical fertilizers, pesticides
and agricultural films. More efforts will be made to
prevent the pollution caused by large-scale cultivation of
livestock and poultry.
prevention and control plan on plant diseases and
insect pests is put forward, reasonable utilization
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is advocated.
Meanwhile, practical pollution prevention and
control measures are raised for the large-scale
cultivation of livestock and poultry.
To help
farmers
increase their
income
The policies to strengthen agriculture and benefit
farmers will be put into practice in an all-around way.
With intensified vocational skills and trainings, farmers
will have higher income, wider income channels in a
sustainable and rapid way.
Through the rural infrastructure construction, the
Project promotes the regional industrialization and
the regional economy, helping farmers increase
income and become better off.
Yes
To accelerate
the
development
of minority
areas, old
revolutionary
base areas
and
poverty-stric
ken areas
In accordance with the overall goal that an all-round
well-being will be achieved within the province by
2020, the leapfrog development in minority areas and
the accelerated development in old revolutionary areas
and poverty-stricken areas will be carried forward with
great efforts, with the infrastructure construction,
people’s livelihood improvement and featured industry
development as the priorities.
Located in the Wumeng Mountain Region which
is an old revolutionary area, minority area and
poverty-stricken area, the Project invests more
economic inputs on the poverty-stricken area to
facilitate the social development in the
poverty-stricken area through the infrastructure
construction and the large-scale development of
featured industries.
Yes
11
Table 1.2-3 Conformity with the Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020)
Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project Conform
or Not
Outlin
e for
Devel
opme
nt-ori
ented
Pover
ty
Reduc
tion
for
China
’s
Rural
Areas
(2011-
2020)
Targets and
Tasks
By 2020, the targeted people of poverty
alleviation shall have abundant food and
clothing, and enjoy compulsory education,
basic medical care and housing. To narrow
the expanding development gap, the
increase of per capita net income in the poor
areas shall exceed the national average, and
the indicators of the major fields in the
public service shall be approaching to the
national average. The basic farmland and
water conservancy for farmland, the
featured advantageous industries, drinking
water safety, and transport are the top
priorities among the tasks of poverty
alleviation.
The following are the overall goals of the Project: Farmers’
specialized cooperatives covering poor households will be
set up in the contiguous poor areas with special difficulties.
With supports, the market-oriented cooperatives will, on the
basis of the local natural conditions and resources, develop
featured advantageous industries which are efficient,
ecological, and high-value. Great efforts will be made to
extend and perfect the industrial chains, and to increase the
share-cropping proportion for the average profit in the
industrial chain. A stable foundation will be built for poor
household to increase their income, and “two
transformations” will be achieved as poverty-stricken
villages transform into well-off villages in the new rural
areas, and poor households transform into well-off
households. At the same time, the pattern for the
industry-based poverty alleviation and the innovative
mechanism for the industry-based poverty alleviation will be
explored in the contiguous poor areas with special
difficulties.
Yes
Targeted
Scope
The major targets in the poverty alleviation
are the rural population having labor
The 6 counties covered by the Project are all determined by
the state as regional counties in the Wumeng Mountain Yes
12
capacities under the standards of the poverty
alleviation, and the priorities are given to the
contiguous poor areas with special
difficulties (including the Wumeng
Mountain Region), key counties and poor
villages.
contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. In these
counties, poor residents are of a large number, the poverty
incidence is high, the infrastructure is outdated, and so the
counties are vulnerable to natural disasters. In addition, the
industrial products are of single variety, low technology and
extensive management.
Industry-base
d poverty
alleviation
Featured industries, poverty alleviation
supported by science and technology,
educational and cultural causes will be
developed. Infrastructure, public health,
population service management, and social
security will be improved. Furthermore,
energy and ecological environment
construction will be emphasized.
Through conditional grants, the Project pays the farmers’
specialized cooperatives in the project areas to intensively
develop 7 local leading industries at a standardized large
scale, including sweet orange, walnut, konjac, potato and
sheep. The Project assists the specialized cooperatives in
registering green trademarks, guiding the logistics market,
processing market and trading market, extending the
industrial chain and achieving the environmental pollution
improvement in the project implementation.
Yes
Social
Poverty
Alleviation
and
International
Cooperation
Fix-point poverty alleviation will be
strengthened, cooperation between the east
and the west will be promoted in the poverty
alleviation, and enterprises and all sectors of
society will be mobilized to participate in
the poverty alleviation and learn from the
theories and practices of the international
community. Projects on poverty reduction
will be carried out to share experiences and
facilitate the poverty reduction.
The project fund consists of two parts, the loan from the
World Bank and the fiscal fund for poverty alleviation from
the government. The cooperation with the World Bank not
only introduces the fund for the poverty alleviation, but also
has a demonstration effect. The cooperation could guide
more international financial institutions to focus on the
poverty issue in China and make investments on the poor
areas. Then the current under-investment could be resolved.
At the same time, benefited from the cooperation, China
could learn from the international experiences and practices
on agricultural industrial development and farmer
Yes
13
organizations, and explore the new system, new mechanism
and new pattern with Chinese characteristics for the
industry-based poverty alleviation on the basis of the local
conditions in the poor areas.
14
Table 1.2-4 Conformity with the Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for Sichuan Province’s Rural Areas (2011-2020)
Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project
Confo
rm or
Not
O
utlin
e for
Dev
elop
men
t-ori
ente
d
Pov
erty
Red
ucti
on
for
Chi
na’s
Rur
al
Area
s
Targ
ets
and
Task
s
By 2015, the problem of food and clothing will be
stably resolved for the targeted people of the
poverty alleviation, and the number of poor
residents will be largely reduced. By 2020, the
targeted people of poverty alleviation shall have
abundant food and clothing, and enjoy compulsory
education, basic medical care and housing. To
narrow the expanding development gap, the
increase of per capita net income in the poor areas
shall exceed the provincial average, and the
indicators of the major fields in the public fields
shall be approaching to the provincial average.
The goal of building a well-off society will be
achieved at the same time as the whole province
as poverty-stricken villages transform into
well-off villages in the new rural areas, and poor
households transform into well-off households.
The construction of new villages, featured
industries, public services, capacity promotion and
infrastructure are the top priorities among the
tasks of poverty alleviation.
The following are the overall goals of the Project: Farmers’
specialized cooperatives covering poor households will be set up in
the contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. With supports,
the market-oriented cooperatives will, on the basis of the local
natural conditions and resources, develop featured advantageous
industries which are efficient, ecological, and high-value. Great
efforts will be made to extend and perfect the industrial chains, and
to increase the share-cropping proportion for the average profit in
the industrial chain. A stable foundation will be built for poor
household to increase their income, and “two transformations” will
be achieved as poverty-stricken villages transform into well-off
villages in the new rural areas, and poor households transform into
well-off households. At the same time, the pattern for the
industry-based poverty alleviation and the innovative mechanism
for the industry-based poverty alleviation will be explored in the
contiguous poor areas with special difficulties.
Yes
Targ the Four Regions (including the Qinbashan The 6 counties covered by the Project are all determined by the state Yes
15
(201
1-20
20)
eted
Scop
e
Mountain Region, the Wumengshan Mountain
Region,the Daliangshan Mountain Yi Ethnic
Region, the Xiaoliangshan Mountain Yi Ethnic
Region, the Tibetan Region ) determined by the
State and the Province is the main battlefield for
the provincial poverty alleviation. Poverty
alleviation and development shall be well carried
out in key counties and places where poor villages
are concentrated.
as regional counties in the Wumeng Mountain contiguous poor
areas with special difficulties. In these counties, poor residents are
of a large number, the poverty incidence is high, the infrastructure is
outdated, and so the counties are vulnerable to natural disasters. In
addition, the industrial products are of single variety, low
technology and extensive management.
Indu
stry-
base
d
pove
rty
allev
iatio
n
Featured industries, poverty alleviation supported
by science and technology, educational and
cultural causes will be developed. Infrastructure,
public health, population service management, and
social security will be improved. Furthermore,
energy and ecological environment construction
will be emphasized.
Through conditional grants, the Project pays the farmers’
specialized cooperatives in the project areas to intensively develop 7
local leading industries at a standardized, intensive and large scale,
including sweet orange, walnut, konjac, potato and sheep. The
Project assists the specialized cooperatives in registering green
trademarks, guiding the logistics market, processing market and
trading market, extending the industrial chain and achieving the
environmental pollution improvement in the project
implementation.
Yes
Soci
al
Pove
rty
Alle
viati
on
and
Fix-point poverty alleviation will be strengthened,
cooperation between the east and the west will be
promoted in the poverty alleviation, and
enterprises and all sectors of society will be
mobilized to participate in the poverty alleviation
and learn from the theories and practices of the
international community. Projects on poverty
reduction will be carried out to share experiences
The project fund consists of two parts, the loan from the World
Bank and the fiscal fund for poverty alleviation from the
government. The cooperation with the World Bank not only
introduces the fund for the poverty alleviation, but also has a
demonstration effect. The cooperation could guide more
international financial institutions to focus on the poverty issue in
China and make investments on the poor areas. Then the current
under-investment could be resolved. At the same time, benefited
Yes
16
Inter
natio
nal
Coo
perat
ion
and facilitate the poverty reduction. from the cooperation, China could learn from the international
experiences and practices on agricultural industrial development
and farmer organizations, and explore the new system, new
mechanism and new pattern with Chinese characteristics for the
industry-based poverty alleviation on the basis of the local
conditions in the poor areas.
17
Table 1.2-5 Conformity with the Regional Development and Poverty Alleviation
Plan for the Wumeng Mountain Region (2011-2020)
Plan Planning Contents Contents under the Project
Confo
rm or
Not
(2011
-2020
)
R
egion
al
Devel
opme
nt
and
Pover
ty
Allevi
ation
P
lan
for
the
Wume
ng
Planning
Scope
The 38 counties (cities, prefectures) in the
adjacent areas of Sichuan Province, Guizhou
Province and Yunnan Province, including 13
counties in Sichuan Province, 10 counties (cities,
prefectures) in Guizhou Province and 15
counties (cities and prefectures) in Yunnan
Province. And the 13 counties in Sichuan
Province are Xuyong County, Gulin County,
Muchuan Counties, Mabian Yi Autonomous
County, Puge County, Butuo County, Jinyang
County, Meigu County, Zhaojue County, Xide
County, Yuexi County, Leibo County and
Pingshan County.
The 6 counties covered by the Project are all determined by the
state as regional counties in the Wumeng Mountain contiguous
poor areas with special difficulties, including Xuyong County,
Gulin County, Butuo County, Jinyang County, Meigu County,
Zhaojue County. In these counties, poor residents are of a large
number, the poverty incidence is high, the infrastructure is
outdated, so the counties are vulnerable to natural disasters. In
addition, the industrial products are of single variety, low
technology and extensive management.
Yes
Develop
ment
Goals
By 2015, the poor people shall be halved, and
the mechanism and system in favor of poverty
alleviation, coordinated development between
environment and population shall be initially
formed. By 2020, the targeted people of poverty
alleviation shall have abundant food and
clothing, and enjoy compulsory education, basic
medical care and housing.
The following are the overall goals of the Project: Farmers’
specialized cooperatives covering poor households will be set
up in the contiguous poor areas with special difficulties. With
supports, the market-oriented cooperatives will, on the basis of
the local natural conditions and resources, develop featured
advantageous industries which are efficient, ecological, and
high-value. Great efforts will be made to extend and perfect the
industrial chains, and to increase the share-cropping proportion
Yes
18
Moun
tain
Regio
n
(2011
-2020
)
for the average profit in the industrial chain. A stable
foundation will be built for poor household to increase their
income, and “two transformations” will be achieved as
poverty-stricken villages transform into well-off villages in the
new rural areas, and poor households transform into well-off
households. At the same time, the pattern for the industry-based
poverty alleviation and the innovative mechanism for the
industry-based poverty alleviation will be explored in the
contiguous poor areas with special difficulties.
Industria
l
Develop
ment
On the basis of market orientation and resource
advantages, pillar industries with characteristics
will be developed. Industry transfer will be
carried out by adjustable measures, industrial
parks will be promoted towards intensive
development, industrial structure will be
optimized, and circular economy will be
developed. An industrial system featured with
regional characteristics will be shaped to
accelerate the regional economy.
Based on the combination of long-term and short-term goals,
reasonable industry selection is made. The long-term industrial
development of the project area is fully taken into account,
while the project households will increase their income and get
rid of poverty in a short term. In the selection and development
of industries, both farmer income and ecological conservation
are taken into account. Effective measures are taken to prevent
water and soil loss and desertification, and real effects are
achieved in geological disaster prevention. After integrated
comparison, 7 varieties, namely, sweet orange, walnut, white
konjak, potato, Liangshan medium wool, Meigu goat and beef
cattle, are selected as pillar industries.
Yes
Improve
ment in
the rural
condition
s for
basic
To raise rural residents’ living standard,
substantial efforts will be made to improve the
production and living conditions in rural areas,
and develop small-size towns and villages.
Priorities are given to “improving the rural
production and living conditions”, “improving
In the Project, rural roads will be constructed and hardened,
water conservancy facilities will be built, and modern green
agriculture, such as drop irrigation, green prevention and
control, will be developed. Besides, counterpart cattle
insemination centers, counterpart farmer markets and trading
markets will be established to improve the rural conditions for
Yes
19
producti
on and
living
the living environment” and “developing
small-size towns and villages”.
production and living.
Employ
ment and
the rural
human
resource
develop
ment
The employment structure will be adjusted to
broaden employment channels and improve
employment services. Training resources of all
types will be integrated, and vocational skill
training will be enhanced to improve the quality
of rural workers and fully develop rural human
resources.
During the project construction, local labor will play a leading
role, so the Project will promote the local employment. During
the project implementation, through capital investment,
trainings, seminars and other methods, the local people will be
mobilized, the local employment will be promote, and farmers’
income will be increased.
Yes
Ecology
Construc
tion and
Environ
ment
Protectio
n
The priorities are given to protecting natural
forest resources, returning farmland to forest or
grassland, treaingt stony desertification,
conserving aquatic resources, fostering
protection forest and treating water and soil loss.
The core areas are the key ecological function
areas where limitations are imposed on
exploration, and nature reserves where
exploration is forbidden. These limitations and
bans are determined by state and provincial main
functional areas. Combined with disaster
prevention and reduction and tackling climate
change, ecological construction and
environmental protection are enhanced to build
ecological safety barriers for the upper reaches
of the Yangtze River.
No basic farmland will be occupied in the project construction.
Forage and fruit will be planted on wild grass ground without
competing for fertile farmland which could, to some extent,
relieve the regional water and soil loss and desertification.
During the project implementation, green prevention and
control, and farmer training will be promoted; pesticides and
chemical fertilizers will be reasonably utilized; forage planting
and effective pollution prevention measures are put forward to
relive diffused pollution. For nature reserves, practical
management measures are proposed in the project design,
construction, operation and maintenance.
Yes
20
1.3 Assessment Basis and Standard
1.3.1 Laws and Regulations
1) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Protection (effective
on December 26, 1989);
2) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Appraising of Environment Impacts
(effective on September 1, 2003);
3) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Pollution
From Environmental Noise (effective on March 1, 1997);
4) Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of
Atmospheric Pollution (effective on September 1, 2000);
5) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water Pollution Prevention and
Control (amended and effective on June 1, 2008);
6) Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of
Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (effective on April 1, 2005)；
7) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water and Soil Conservation
(amended and effective on March 1, 2011)
8) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Flood Control (effective on January 1,
1998);
9) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Forestry (amended and effective on
April 29, 1998);
10) Law of People’s Republic of China on Land (effective on January 1, 1999)
11) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water (effective on October 1,
2002);
12) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Cleaner Production Promotion
(effective on January 1, 2003);
13) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Land Administration (effective on
August 28, 2004);
14) Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife (amended
and effective on August 28, 2004);
15) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Cultural Relics Protection (effective
on June 29, 2013);
16) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Urban and Rural Planning (effective
on January 1, 2008);
17) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Grassland (amended and effective
on December 28, 2002);
18) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Animal Husbandry (effective on July
1, 2006);
19) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agriculture (effective on March 1,
2003);
20) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Animal Epidemic Prevention
(effective on January 1, 2008);
21) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Desert Prevention and
21
Transformation (effective on January 1, 2002);
22) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agricultural Product Quality Safety
(effective on November 1, 2006);
23) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Food Safety (effective on June 1,
2009);
24) Law of the People's Republic of China on Conserving Energy (effective on
April 1, 2008);
25) Law of the People's Republic of China on Circular Economy Promotion
(effective on January 1, 2009).
1.3.2 Rules and Regulations on Environmental Protection
1) Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental
Protection (effective on November 29, 1998);
2) Regulations on the Impact Assessment of Planned Environment (effective on
October 1, 2009);
3) Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Water Pollution Prevention and
Control Law of the People's Republic of China (effective on March 20, 2000);
4) Regulations on Scenic and Historic Areas (effective on December 1, 2006);
5) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China
on Water and Soil Conservation (effective on August 1, 1993);
6) Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Wild Plants Protection
(effective on January 1, 1997);
7) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China
on Land Administration (effective on January 1, 1999);
8) Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland (effective on January 1, 1999);
9) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of People’s Republic of China on
Forestry (effective on January 29, 2000);
10) Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of People’s Republic of China on
Cultural Relics Protection (effective on July 1, 2003);
11) The List of Wild Animals of National Priority Protection(Effective on January
14, 1989);
12) Decision of the State Council on Several Issues Concerning Environmental
Protection (GUOFA No. 31 [1996])
13) Decision of the State Council on Implementing the Scientific Outlook on
Development and Reinforcing Environmental Protection (GUOFA No. 39
[2005])
14) Administrative Provisions on the Pollution Prevention of Drinking Water Source
Reserves (amended version on December 22, 2010);
15) the Lists of State Protected Wild Plants (the First List) (August 4, 1999);
16) Several Opinions on Enhancing the Project Environmental Protection
Administration in the Large-scale Development for the Western Region
22
(GuoHuanFa No. 4 [2001]);
17) Notice for Environmental Impact Assessments on Environmental Noise During
the Construction of Highways, Railways (Including Light Rails) and Other
Projects (GuoHuanFa No.94 [2003])
18) The Temporary Act of Environmental Impact Assessment of Public Participating
(GuoHuanFa [2006] No.28)
19) Classified Administration Catalogue of Construction Projects Environmental
Impact Assessment (October 1, 2008)
20) Catalogue for Guiding Industry Restructuring (2011 Version) (Amendment)
(issued by Order No. 9th
of the National Development and Reform Commission,
amended on February 16, 2013)
21) National Eco-Functional Regionalization (Ministry of Environmental Protection
of the People’s Republic of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Public
Announcement No.35 2008)
22) Several Opinions on the Implementation of the Most Rigid Cultivated Land
Protection System in Road Construction (JiaoGongLuFa [2004]164)
23) Opinions on Further Implementations of Basic Farmland Protection (GZF
[2005]No.196)
24) Circular on Further Standardization of the Environmental Impact Assessment
(GuoHuanBan[2002]No.88, effective in 2002)
25) Notice on Further Strengthening of the Protection of Separated Drinking Water
Sources (GuoHuanBan [2010] No.132)
26) Technology Guidelines on Contiguous Pollution Control and Treatment in Rural
Areas (trail) (March, 2012)
27) Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Pesticides (No.
326 Order of the State Council of the People's Republic of China)
28) Guidelines on Safety Application of Pesticides (GB/T8321.1～8321.7)
29) Regulations on the Administration of Grass Seeds (No.5 Amendment, Ministry
of Agriculture, 2013)
30) Regulations on the Implementation of the Food Safety Law of the People's
Republic of China (No. 557 Order of the State Council of the People's Republic
of China)
31) Regulations on Forest Pest and Disease Control of the People’s Republic of
China (December 18, 1989)
32) Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland (January, 1999)
33) Opinions on Strengthening Protection of Ecological Environment in Rural
Areas (Ministry of Environmental Protection, November 1999);
34) Provisions on Strengthening Township Enterprises’ Work on Environmental
Protection (Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture,
National Planning Commission, National Economy and Trade Commission,
March 1997);
35) Classified Catalogue for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction
Projects (October 1, 2008);
36) Guidance Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring (amended in 2013);
23
37) Announcement on “ Requirements on Compiling Abridged Environmental
Impact Assessment Reports of Construction Projects” (Ministry of
Environmental Protection, No. 51, 2012), August 15, 2012;
38) Circular on Issuing and Implementing “Catalogue for Limiting Land-use
Projects (2012)” and “Catalogue for Banning Land-use Projects (2012)”, May
23, 2012;
39) Circular on Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact
Assessment of Construction Projects Funded by International Financial
Organizations (Ministry of Environmental Protection, National Planning
Commission, Ministry of Finance, People’s Bank of China, June 1993);
40) Circular of the State Council on Issuing and Distributing the Comprehensive
Program of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction under the “Twelfth
Five-year Plan” (GUOFA [2006] No. 26, August 31, 2011);
41) Circular on Further Strengthening the Environmental Impact Assessment
Management and Controlling the Environmental Risks (HuanFa [2012] No. 77);
42) Circular on Strengthening the Risk Prevention and Environmental Impact
Assessment Management (HuanFa [2012] No. 98)
43) Opinions of the State Council on the Emphases of Environmental Protection
(GUOFA [2011] No. 35);
44) Circular on Strengthening River Pollution Prevention and Control (HuanFa
[2007] No. 201)
45) Approval of the State Council for the Air Pollution Prevention and Control in
Key Areas under the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” (GUOHAN [2012] No. 146)
46) Circular on Issuing and Distributing “Air Pollution Prevention and Control in
Key Areas under the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’” (HuanFa [2012] No. 130)
47) Announcement on Releasing the Modification of “Standards for Pollutants
Discharged by Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002)”
(Announcement No. 21 by State Environmental Protection Administration in
2006);
48) Opinions on Strengthening Industrial Water Conservation (GuoJingMaoZiYuan
[2000] No. 1015);
49) The National Outline of Ecological Environmental Protection (GUOFA [2000]
No. 38);
50) Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China on the
Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife (effective on March 1, 1992);
51) Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China on the
Protection of Aquatic Wildlife (effective on March 1, 1992);
52) Regulations for the Planning and Construction of Villages and Towns (Order No.
116 by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China);
53) Regulations for the Conservation of Famous Historic and Cultural Cities,
Towns and Villages (Order No. 524 by the State Council of People’s Republic
of China);
54) Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Sustainable Development of
Animal Husbandry (GUOFA [2007] No. 4);
24
55) Circular on Further Promoting the Pilot Environmental Supervision of
Construction Projects (HuanBan [2012] No. 5);
56) Instructions on the Pilot Compulsive Liability Insurance for Environmental
Pollution (HuanFa [2013] No. 10);
57) Circular of the State Council on Issuing and Distributing the Air Pollution
Prevention Action Plan (GUOFA [2013] No. 37);
58) Guidelines for the Government Information Publicity on the Environmental
Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (Trial) (HuanBan [2013] No. 103);
59) Circular of the State Council on Issuing and Distributing the National Principal
Functional Area Planning (GUOFA [2010] No. 46);
60) Letter of the State Council on the Division of Quarantine of Fruits, Flowers,
Chinese Medicinal Materials and Other Plants (GuoBanHan [1997] No. 19);
61) Measures for the Administration of Production Permits on Feedstuff and Feed
Additives (Amended Order No. 5 by the Ministry of Agriculture);
62) Regulations for the Administration of Breeding Stock and Poultry of People’s
Republic of China (Order No. 153 by the State Council).
1.3.3 Local Regulations and Rules on Environmental Protection of Sichuan Province
1) Regulations on Environmental Protection of Sichuan Province (Amended on
September 24, 2004)
2) Implementation Measures of Law of the People's Republic of China on
Appraising of Environment Impacts of Sichuan Province (Effective on January 1,
2008)
3) Regulations on the Protection of Drinking Water Source of Sichuan Province
(Effective on January 1, 2012)
4) Implementation Measures of Land Administration Law of the People's Republic
of China of Sichuan Province (Effective on December 10, 1992)
5) Regulations on the Protection of World Heritage of Sichuan Province (Effective
on April 1, 2002)
6) Implementation Measures of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the
Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution of Sichuan Province
(Effective on September 1, 2002)
7) Regulations on the Administration of Tourism of Sichuan Province (Effective on
July 24, 2003)
8) Implementation Measures of Water Law of the People's Republic of China of
Sichuan Province (Effective on July 1, 2005)
9) Circular on Strengthening the Protection of Drinking Water Sources by the
Sichuan Provincial People’s Government (CHUANFUHAN No.58, 2006)
10) List of Special Protected Wild Animals of Sichuan Province (March 12, 1990)
11) List of Newly Included Special Protected Wild Animal of Sichuan Province
(CHUANFUFA No.37, 2000)
12) Detailed rules of the Protection of Basic Farmland of Sichuan Province
25
(CHUANFULNG No.77, 1996)
13) Circular of the Delimitation of Urban Centralized Drinking Water Source
Protecting Area From Sichuan Provincial People’s Government office
Department (CHUANBANHAN No.26, 2010)
14) Regulations on the Protection of Scenic Area of Sichuan Province (Effective on
August 1. 2010);
15) Regulations for the Solid Waste Pollution Prevention of Sichuan Province
(Effective on January 1, 2014);
16) Regulations for the Administration of Nature Reserves in Sichuan Province
(Effective on January 1, 2014);
17) Circular of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Issuing and
Distributing the Implementation Regulations for the Air Pollution Prevention
Action Plan of Sichuan Province (FuFa[2014] No.4);
18) Circular on Further Strengthening the Environmental Supervision of the Source
Reserves of Drinking Water Sources (ChuanHuanFa [2014] No. 54);
19) Circular on Implementing the Regulations for the Protection of Drinking Water
Sources of Sichuan Province (ChuanHuanBanFa [2012] No. 69);
20) Circular on Issuing and Distributing the “Sichuan Province Implementation
Plan under the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’ for Air Pollution Prevention in Key
Areas” (ChuanHuanFa [2013] No. 99);
21) Circular of the General Office of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province
on Strengthening Haze Pollution Prevention (ChuanBanFa [2013] No. 32);
22) Measures for Preventing the Exhaust Pollution by Motor Vehicles in Sichuan
Province (Effective on March 1, 2013);
23) Measures for Administrative Responsibility Investigation of Environmental
Pollution Accidents in Sichuan Province (Effective on April 1, 2005);
24) Measures for Hazardous Waste Pollution Prevention in Sichuan Province
(Effective on January 1, 2014);
25) Measures for the Administration of Radioactive Contamination Prevention in
Sichuan Province (Effective on March 4, 1999);
26) Circular on the Pollution Prevention and Emission Reduction of Large-scale
Livestock and Poultry Industry (NanFuBanFa [2014] No. 36);
27) Opinions on Implementing the Pollution Prevention Regulations for
Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Cultivation (NanShiHuan [2014] No. 102);
28) Opinions on Strengthening Environmental Protection and Enhancing
Environmental Comprehensive Treatment in Urban and Rural Areas
(ChuanHuanFa [2011] No. 58);
29) Circular of the Sichuan Environmental Protection on Further Strengthening the
Construction and Administration of the Contiguous Environmental Improvement
Program (ChuanHuanFa [2014] No. 88);
30) Rural Environmental Comprehensive Improvement Demonstration Program of
Sichuan Province (2012-2014);
31) Interim Procedures for Rural Contiguous Improvement Demonstration Program
of Sichuan Province.
26
1.3.4 Technical Standards of Environmental Impact Assessment
1) Technical Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment — General
Programme(HJ2.1-2011)
2) Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment — Atmospheric
Environment(HJ2.2-2008)；
3) Technical Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment — Surface Water
Environment (HJ/T2.3-93)；
4) Technical Guidelines For Noise Impact Assessment(HJ2.4-2009)
5) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment - Groundwater
Environment (HJ610-2011)
6) Technical Guideline For Environmental Impact Assessment — Ecological
Impact(HJ19-2011)；
7) Technical Guidelines For Environmental Risk Assessment on
Projects(HJ/T169-2004)
8) Quality Standard For Ground Water(GB/T14848-93)；
9) Emission Standard of Environment Noise For Boundary of Construction Site(G
B12523-2011)；
10) Technical Specifications To Determinate the Suitable Areas For Environmental
Noise of Urban Area (GB/T157.1690-94)；
11) Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996)；
12) Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996)；
13) Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996)
14) Environmental Quality Standards For Surface Water(GB3838－2002)；
15) Standards For Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005)；
16) Environmental Quality Standard For Noise (GB3096-2008)；
17) Technical Code on Soil and Water Conservation of Development and
Construction Projects (GB50433-2008)；
18) Control Standards For Soil and Water Loss on Development and Construction
Projects (GB50434-2008)；
19) Technical Specifications For Pollution Treatment Projects of Livestock and
Poultry Farms (HJ497-2009)；
20) Technical Standard of Preventing Pollution For Livestock and Poultry Breeding
(HJ/T81-2001)；
21) Management Measures of Preventing Pollution For Livestock and Poultry
Breeding (Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2001)；
22) Technical Requirement For Non-Hazardous Treatment of Animal Manure(NY/T
1168-2006)；
23) Technology Code For Land Application Rates of Livestock and Poultry
Manure(GB/T25246-2010)；
24) Technology Code For Environment Quality and Sanitary Control In Livestock
27
and Poultry Farms(NY/T1167-2006)；
25) Regulations on Scaled Livestock Cultivation Pollution Control (the State
Council Order No.643)
26) Local Agricultural Standards of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture—Meigu
Sheep (DB5134/T185-2009)
27) Implementation Rules for the Epidemic Prevention Regulations of Domestic
Livestock and Poultry (Order No. 10 of Ministry of Agriculture in 1992);
28) Regulations for Major Animal Epidemic Emergencies (Order No. 450 by the
State Council);
29) Regulations for Administration of Veterinary Medicine (Order No. 404 by the
State Council);
30) Regulations for Administration of Feedstuff and Feed Additives (Order No. 609
by the State Council);
31) Feeding Standards of Mutton Sheep (NYT 816-2004);
32) Hygienic Standards of Excrement Hazardous-free Treatment (GB7859-87);
33) Code of Epidemic Prevention for Feeding Beef Cattle (NYT 5151-2002);
34) Technical Specifications for Hygienic Operation in Circulating Animal Products
(SBT10395-2005);
35) Circular on Issuing and Distributing “Disposal Methods of Animals Dying of
Disease or Dysoemia (Trial)” (NongYiFa[2005] No. 25);
36) Circular on Releasing “Technical Policy for Hazardous Waste Pollution
Prevention” (HuanFa [2001] No. 199);
37) Directory of National Hazardous Wastes (Order No. 1 of the Ministry of
Environmental Protection);
38) Catalogue of Medicines Forbidden in Feedstuff and Drinking Water for Animals
(Announcement No. 176 of the Ministry of Agriculture);
39) Specifications for Usage of Feedstuff and Medicine Additives (Announcement
No. 168 of the Ministry of Agriculture);
40) Pollution Control Standards for the Storage Sites and Disposal Sites of General
Industrial Wastes (GB18599-2001);
41) Environmental and Hygienic Standards for Construction Sites (JGJ146-2004);
42) Technical Specifications for Environmental Pollution Control in Livestock and
Poultry Farms (NYT1169-2006);
43) Technical Specifications for Sterilization of Livestock and Poultry Farms
(DB31T432-2009);
44) Veterinary Medicine Code of the People’s Republic of China and Guidelines of
Veterinary Medicine (2010);
45) Quality Standards of Veterinary Medicine by the Ministry of Agriculture (2006);
46) Quality Standards of Imported Veterinary Medicine by the Ministry of
Agriculture (2006);
47) Specifications of Veterinary Medicine (1992);
48) Hygienic Standards of Feeds (GB13078.2-2006);
49) Good Agricultural Practices (GB/T 20014.7-2008);
50) Pollution-free Food Usage Guidelines for Livestock and Poultry Feeds and Feed
28
Additives (NY 5032-2006);
51) Pollution-free Food Quality of Drinking Water for Livestock and Poultry (NY
5027-2008);
52) Pollution-free Food Quality of Processing Water for Animal Products
(NY5028-2008);
53) Pollution-free Food Management Standards for Mutton Sheep (NY T
5151-2002);
54) Design Specifications for Methane Projects in Large-scale Livestock and
Poultry Farms (NYT1222-2006);
55) Biological Safety Disposal Regulations for Diseased Animals and Diseased
Animal Products (GB16548-2006);
56) Environmental Quality Standards for Livestock and Poultry Farms (NY/T
388-1999);
57) Technical Guidelines on Environmental Safety Application of Chemical
Fertilizer (HJ555－2010);
58) Farmland Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Edible Agricultural
Products (HJ332－2006)；
59) Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Farmland of Greenhouse
Vegetable Production (HJ333－2006);
60) Standards for Organic Fertilizers (NY 525－2002);
61) Standards for Organic-Inorganic Compound Fertilizers (NY481－2002);
62) Standards for Organic-Inorganic Compound Fertilizers (GB18877－2002).
1.3.5 Policies and Guidelines of World Bank
1) Operation Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment(OP 4.01)；
2) Operation Policy 4.04 — Natural Habitat(OP4.04)；
3) Operation Policy 4.09--Pest Management (OP4.09)；
4) General Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines(EHS Guidelines);
5) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock
Production
6) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines For Annual Corp Production
7) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines For Food and Beverage
Processing
1.3.6 Project Schematization and Technical Documents
1) The Twelfth Five-Year Plan For National Economic and Social Development of
The People’s Republic of China
2) The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan For National Economic and Social
Development of Sichuan Province
3) Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas
(2011-2020)
4) Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for Sichuan’s Rural Areas
(2011-2020)
29
5) Regional Development and Poverty Alleviation Plan for the Wumeng Mountain
Region (2011-2020)
6) The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) for National Economic
and Social Development of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture
7) The Walnut Industry Development Plan of Gulin County (2013-2020)
8) The Environmental Protection Plan of the “12th Five-Year Plan” of Gulin
County (2011-2015)
9) The Prevention and Cure Plan of the Water Pollution of Gulin River
(2011-2020)
10) The Livestock Industry “12th Five-Year Plan” of Zhaojue County
11) The General Planning Report of State-Level Natural Reserve of Rare and
Special Fish of Upstream Yangtze River
12) Feasibility Study Report on the Sichuan Province Demonstration Pilot Project
of China’s Poor Areas Industry-based poverty alleviation and Development.
13) Technical Standards of “Demonstration Pilot Project of China’s Poor Areas
Industry-based poverty alleviation and Development” of Sichuan Province
(Sichuan Provincial Poverty Alleviation office, Foreign funded Project
Administration Center, September, 2013)
14) World Bank Phase Six Poverty Alleviation Project Environmental Impact
Assessment Outline
1.3.7 Assessment Standard
According to the environmental functional district planning and the specific location
of the project area, quality standard and emission standard are selected for all
environmental elements. The assessment is implemented in accordance with the
environmental standard recognized by the regional environmental protection bureaus (in
accordance with the industrial emission standard if any).
1. Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water
1) Quality standard: the water body in the assessment area is evaluated according
to the Category III Standard in the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water
(GB3838-2002). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-1.
Table 1.3-1 Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (Extract)
Unit: mg/L (except pH)
Item pH COD BOD5 DO Petrol
eum NH3-N
Potassium
Permanganate
Index
Category III
Standard 6～9 20 4 ≥5 0.05 1.0 6
2) Emission Standard: the Project is located in rural areas. Currently, there is no
any sewage treatment facilities except for septic tanks. In the Project, the wastewater in
the construction period is utilized in the farm irrigation after the primary treatment. The
cultivation wastewater in the operation period is pre-treated and utilized in farmland
irrigation. The wastewater from the orange commercialized production line and white
30
konjak processing plant, and sanitary wastewater may be treated on the basis of the
specific situations and counterpart environmental protection facilities. Where there are
treatment facilities provided by wastewater treatment stations, the Primary Standard in
the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) is adopted for the
assessment, where there is no wastewater treatment station, Standards for Irrigation
Water Quality (GB5084-2005) is adopted for the assessment.
Table 1.3-2 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (Extract)
Unit: mg/L (except pH)
Item
pH COD BOD5
Animal
and
Vegetabl
e Oil
Petroleu
m NH3-N SS
Primary
Standard 6～9 100 20 10 5 15 70
Table 1.3-3 Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (Extract)
Unit: mg/L (except pH)
Crops pH COD BOD5
Water
Temper
ature
Number of Fecal
Coliforms (per 100ml) SS
Water
Farming
5.5~8.
5
150 60 35 4000 80
Dry
Farming 200 100 35 4000 100
Vegetabl
e 100
a,60
b 40
a,15
b 35 2000
a,1000
b 60
a,15
b
Note: a. processed, cooked and peeled vegetables; b. uncooked vegetables, melons and
herbal fruits
2. Ambient Air Quality Assessment Standards
1) Quality Standard
The ambient air quality in the project area is evaluated according to the Secondary
Standard in the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012) and the maximum
allowable concentration of hazardous substance in residence districts set in the Sanitary
Standard for Industrial Enterprise Design (TJ36-79). The related standard values are
shown in Table 1.3-4.
Table 1.3-4 Assessment Standards for Current Ambient Air Quality
Unit: ug/m3
Assessment
Factor
Daily
Average
Hourly
Average
Maximum
Allowable
Concentration/
once
Note
31
SO2 150 500 /
GB3095-2012
Secondary Standard in
GB3095-2012
NO2 80 200 /
GB3095-2012
Secondary Standard in
GB3095-2012
PM10 150 / /
GB3095-2012
Secondary Standard in
GB3095-2012
TSP 300 / /
GB3095-2012
Secondary Standard in
GB3095-2012
H2S / / 0.01 TJ36-79
2) Emission Standard
The project emits exhaust gases according to the Secondary Standard in the
Emission Standards for Odor Pollutants (GB14554-1993) and the Secondary Standard in
the Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297- 1996). The specific
standard values are shown in Table 1.3-5.
Table 1.3-5 Project Emission Standards of Air Pollutants
Unit: mg/m3, the odor concentration is dimensionless
Pollutant
Maximum Allowable
Emission Concentration
(Organized, 15m Exhaust
Funnels)
Concentration Limits on
Unorganized Emission
Standard
Concentration
(mg/m3)
Rate (kg/h) Monitory
Points
(mg/m3)
Concentrati
on (mg/m3)
SO2 550 2.6 Maximums
outside the
Boundary
0.40 GB16297-199
6
Secondary
Standard
NO2 240 0.77 0.12
TSP 120 3.5 1.0
Ammonia / 4.9
Boundary
Concentrati
on
Limits
1.5
GB14554-199
3
Secondary
Standard
Sulphuret
ed
Hydrogen
/ 0.33 0.06
Odor
Concentra
tion
/ 2000 20
The trading market of the project is equipped with a dining zone. The dining hall
emits lampblack according to the Emission Standard of Cooking Fume (Trial)
(GB18483-2001). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-6 and Tale 1.3-7.
32
Table 1.3-6 Emission Standard of Cooking Fume (GB18483-2001)
Scale Division of Catering Businesses
Scale Small Scale Middle Scale Large Scale
Number of Standard Kitchen
Ranges ≥1, <3 ≥3,<6 ≥6
Gross Power of the Kitchen Ranges 1.67 ,<5.00 ≥5.00,<10 ≥10
Gross Projected Area of the
Exhaust Hoods (m2)
≥1.1,<3.3 ≥3.3,<6.6 ≥6.6
Table 1.3-7 Maximum Allowable Concentration of Cooking Fume and Minimum
Removal Efficiency of Cooking Fume Cleansing Facilities
Scale Small Scale Middle Scale Large Scale
Maximum Allowable
Concentration of Cooking Fume
(mg/m3)
2.0
Minimum Removal
Efficiency of Cooking Fume
Cleansing Facilities (%)
60 75 85
3. Environmental Quality Standard for Noise
1) Quality Standard
Since the Project is located in rural areas, the acoustic environment is evaluated as
the Category II Standard in the Environmental Quality Standard for Noise
(GB3096-2008). The specific standard values are shown in Table 1.3-8.
Table 1.3-8 Assessment Standards for the Current Quality of Acoustic Environment
Unit: dB (A)
Period
Standard Daytime Nighttime
Category II in
GB3096-2008
60 50
Emission Standard: During the construction period, the noise emission is evaluated
according to the standard set in Table in the Emission Standard of Environment Noise for
Boundary of Construction Site (GB12523-2011). The standard is shown in Table 1.3-9.
Table 1.3-9 Emission Standard of Environment Noise for Boundary of Construction Site
Unit: dB (A)
Daytime Nighttime
70 55
During the operation period, the noise is evaluated according to the Emission
33
Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008). The specific
standard values are shown in Table 1.3-10.
Table 1.3-10 Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary
Unit: dB (A)
Period
Standard Daytime Nighttime
Category II in
GB12348-2008 60 50
4. Quality Standard for Ground Water
The ground water in the project area is evaluated according to the Category III
Standard in the Quality Standard for Ground Water (GB/T14848-93). The specific
standard values are shown in 1.3-11.
Table 1.3-11 Assessment Standards for the Current Quality of Ground Water
Standard Category Item Standard Value
Quality Standard
for Ground Water
(GB/T14848-93)
Category III
pH 6.5～8.5
Permanganate Index ≤3.0g/L
Gross Hardness ≤450mg/L
Ferrum ≤0.3mg/L
Manganese ≤0.1mg/L
Sulfate ≤250mg/L
Chloride ≤250mg/L
Nitrate ≤20mg/L
Nitrite ≤0.02mg/L
Fluoride ≤1.0mg/L
Arsenic ≤0.05mg/L
Mercury ≤0.001mg/L
5. Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding
1) Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding
Currently, the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding
(GB18596-2001) is carried out for the pollutants discharged in livestock and poultry
breeding. The range of application has been clearly specified in the Discharge Standard
of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB18596-2001) that “this Standard is
applicable for the pollutant discharge in all intensive livestock and poultry farms and
feeding zones across China, as well as the pollutant discharge during environmental
impact assessments, environment protection facility design, completion acceptance and
after operation”. The scale classification of livestock and poultry farms and feeding zones
applied in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding
(GB18596-2001) is shown in Table 1.3-12 and Table 1.3-13.
Table 1.3-12 Scale of Intensive Livestock and Poultry Farms (Counted as
Amount on Hand)
34
Category
Classification
Pig
(over 25kg)
Chicken Cattle
Laying
hen Dorking Adult cow Beef cattle
Class Ⅰ ≥3000 ≥100000 ≥200000 ≥200 ≥400
Class Ⅱ 500≤Q＜3000 15000≤Q
＜100000
30000≤Q
＜200000 100≤Q＜200 200≤Q＜400
Table 1.3-13 Scale of Intensive Livestock and Poultry Feeding Zones (Counted
as Amount on Hand)
Category
Classification
Pig
(over 25kg)
Chicken Cattle
Laying hen Dorking Adult cow Beef cattle
Class Ⅰ ≥6000 ≥200000 ≥400000 ≥400 ≥800
Class Ⅱ 3000≤Q＜6000 100000≤Q
＜200000
200000≤Q
＜400000 200≤Q＜400 400≤Q＜800
Note: Q represents the quantity.
The beef cattle demonstration zones (12 cattle per zone) and the household feeding
of sheep (20 sheep per household at most) are the largest scale in this Project. Both are
smaller than the minimum feeding scale of farms and feeding zones applied in the
Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB18596-2001).
According to site investigation, there are many farm fields in the project areas. Therefore,
the wastewater is applied for fertilizer irrigation in fields after collection and
fermentation treatment. In line with the disposal directions of wastewater, the wastewater
in feeding is emitted according to the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality
(GB5084-2005); while the solid wastes in feeding is decomposed to be organic
fertilizers.
The EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production of World Bank has specified
the emission standards for the wastewater in livestock and poultry feeding. For the
convenience of wastewater supervision during the project operation, a comparison was
carried out between the EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production and the
Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005). The result is shown in Table
1.3-14.
Table 1.3-14 Comparison between World Bank Standard and Domestic Standard -
Constituents of Wastewater by Livestock and Poultry Breeding
Pollution
Factors Units
World
Bank
ESH
Guidelin
es for
Poultry
Producti
on
Standards for Irrigation
Water Quality
(GB5084-2005)
Water
Farmi
ng
Dry
Farmi
ng
Vegetabl
es
pH pH 6～9 5.5～8.5
BOD mg/L 50 60 100 40a,15
b
35
COD mg/L 250 150 200 100 a,60
b
TN mg/L 10 / / /
TP mg/L 2 / / /
Oil mg/L 10 / / /
SS mg/L 50 80 100 60a,15
b
Temperature
Increment ℃ ＜3
b
/ / /
Gross Volume
of Escherichia
Coli
MPNa/100
mL 400
/ / /
Note: In the World Bank ESH Guidelines for Poultry Production,
aMPN= Most Probable Number;
bOn the basis of the ambient water quality, the use of the receiving water, the
potential receptor and the assimilation capacity, a mixing zone is scientifically identified.
The temperature increment is measured along the mixing zone.
In the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005),
a. processed, cooked and peeled vegetables;
b. Uncooked vegetables, melons and herbal fruits.
The standard for wastewater emission in the EHS Guidelines for Mammalian
Livestock Production of World Bank is targeted for the wastewater emitted in livestock
and poultry breeding which has been precipitated, biochemically treated, (anaerobically
and aerobiotically ), sterilized and discharged into surface water, so its indicators for
pollution factors are stricter than those in the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality
(GB5084-2005). However, such standard wastewater treatment is unfeasible or
impractical for small scale animal farm or at household level in poverty-stricken rural
area. Therefore, the EHS guidelines’ standard is not applicable in this project. Instead,
China’s standard for (waste)water that can be used in irrigation is more relevant, and it
can be met by simple treatment that is feasible in rural area such as settlement/septic
tank.
According to the site survey, there are a lot of farmland and forest land around
the livestock and poultry breeding project, so the wastewater emitted by the
livestock and poultry breeding could be utilized to irrigate the farmland after
simply being precipitated and anaerobically treated. And the Standards for
Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) is applicable to the farmland irrigation
water which comes from surface water, ground water, treated wastewater emitted
by breeding industry, and wastewater emitted by industry where agricultural
products are raw materials. Since the wastewater emission of the Project, the
regional characteristics of the standard, the strictness of the standard and other
factors are taken into account, the wastewater of livestock and poultry breeding in
the Project is emitted according to the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality
(GB5084-2005).
6. Environmental Standard for Crop Farming
Because water and fertilizers are involved in crop farming, improper irrigation and
fertilization would cause certain environmental pollution. Since there are different water
36
quota standards for crop farming in different regions in China, the Water Quota of
Sichuan Province (Amendment 2010) is the major reference for this Assessment. The
specific indicators for water quota are shown in Table 5.4-1 in the Chapter 5. The
application amount of fertilizers is mainly calculated according to the Emission
Reduction Accounting Rules for the Total Volume of Major Pollutants under the “Twelfth
Five-year Plan” issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The Rules has
specified the annual absorptive capacity of unit land for waster, urine and excrements.
The specific values are show in Section 5.5 Environment Capacity Analysis.
In terms of water quota and fertilizer application, the EHS Guidelines for Annual
Crop Production of World Bank has specified the nutritional requirements of annual
crops and water consumption of certain annual crops. The specific values are shown in
Table 1.3-15 and Table 1.3-16.
Table 1.3-15 Nutritional Requirements of Annual Crops (EHS Guidelines of World Bank)
Annual Crops Nutrition/Yield (kg/100kg)
b
N P2O5 K2O MgO
Cereal 2.30～3.15 0.94～1.37 1.88～3.62 0.30～0.46
Potato and Beetroot
Fodder
0.31 0.10～0.15 0.42～0.79 0.02～0.11
Corn Fodder 0.38 0.14 0.70 0.08
Alfalfa and Violet
Alfalfa 0.80 0.16 0.70 0.08
Mixture of Green
Forage 0.40 0.14 0.60 0.05
Note: a Polish Code of Good Agricultural Practice, Institute of Soil Science and Plant
Cultivation. 1999;
b appropriate amounts of byproducts
Table 1.3-16 Water Consumption of Specific Annual Crops (EHS Guidelines of World
Bank)
Annual
Crop
Water
Requirement of
Crop b (mm,
during the entire
growth phase)
Typical Yield and Efficiency a
Corn 500～800
Under irrigation conditions, the better productivity is
6-9t/hm2 (10%-30% moisture included). The water
utilization efficiency of economic yield varies
according to the types, ranging from 0.8kg/m3 to
1.6kg/m3.
Sorghum 450～650
High yield could be achieved when 3.5-5t water is
irrigated in each hectare (12%-15% moisture included)
37
the water utilization efficiency of economic yield
ranges from 0.6kg/m3 to 1.0kg/m
3.
Potato 500～700
Under irrigation conditions, for the crop whose growing
period is 120 days in temperate zone and subtropical
zone, the better yield is 20-35t fresh tubers per hectare,
and 15-25t per hectare in tropical zone. The water
utilization rate of economic yield by the fruit containing
70%-75% water is calculated as 4-7kg/m3.
Wheat 450~650(High
Yield)
Under irrigation conditions, the better yield of wheat is
4-6t/hm2 (12%-15% moisture). The water utilization
rate of economic yield is among 0.8-1.0 kg/m3.
Note: a FAO (2002a).
b FAO AGL (1991).
Due to the different measurements, there is no comparability between the EHS
Guidelines for Annual Crop Production of World Bank and the Water Quota of Sichuan
Province (Amendment 2010). Therefore, the Water Quota of Sichuan Province
(Amendment 2010) is adopted to assess the irrigation water standards in this Project. The
EHS Guidelines for Annual Crop Production of World Bank specifies the amount of each
nutritional element for fertilizers, while the Emission Reduction Accounting Rules for the
Total Volume of Major Pollutants under the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” issued by the
Ministry of Environmental Protection takes the absorptive capacity of unit land as the
quota standard rather than the usage quota of fertilizers, therefore, there is no
comparability between them. After comprehensive consideration, the Emission Reduction
Accounting Rules for the Total Volume of Major Pollutants under the “Twelfth Five-year
Plan” issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection is adopted as the usage
standards for fertilizers in the Assessment.
7. Environmental Standard for Food Processing Industry
Food processing in the Project mainly involves the orange commercialized
production (waxing, packaging and storing), and primary processing of white konjac (dry
konjac slice processing, finish machining and purified powder powder).
According to the EHS Guidelines for Food and Beverage Processing of World Bank,
the particulate matters emitted by the food processing industry shall not exceed 50mg/m3
under standard conditions, which is stricter than the emission limits on particulate
matters (namely TSP<120 mg/m3) in the Secondary Standard in the Integrated Emission
Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297- 1996). From the perspective of environmental
protection and long-term development, the environment assessment report suggests
that the particulate matters in exhaust gas should be ≤50 mg/m3, and other pollution
factors are evaluated according to the Secondary Standard in the Integrated
Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297- 1996). The standards of wastewater
emission for food and beverage industries are shown in Table 1.3-19.
Since the investment on the primary processing of orange and white konjac is far
from adequate, there is no improved wastewater treatment facility in the processing
plants in the Project, and the industrial wastewater and the sanitary wastewater are
38
utilized to irrigate farmland after collection and pretreatment. Therefore, the
Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) is adopted for the wastewater
emitted by food and beverage industries.
Table 1.3-17 Comparison between World Bank Standard and Domestic Standard -
Constituents of Wastewater by Food and Beverage Industries
Note: In the World Bank ESH Guidelines for Poultry Production,
aMPN= Most Probable Number;
bOn the basis of the ambient water quality, the use of the receiving water, the
potential receptor and the assimilation capacity, a mixing zone is scientifically identified.
The temperature increment is measured along the mixing zone.
In the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005),
a. processed, cooked and peeled vegetables;
b. Uncooked vegetables, melons and herbal fruits.
The standard for wastewater emission in the EHS Guidelines for Food and
Beverage Processing of World Bank is targeted for the wastewater emitted in
livestock and poultry breeding which has been precipitated, biochemically treated,
(anaerobically treated and aerobiotically treated), sterilized and discharged into
surface water, so its indicators for pollution factors are higher than those in the
Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2005) (except for COD, the indicator
for COD in the World Bank EHS Guidelines is looser than that set in the domestic
Pollution Factor Unit
the ESH
Guidelines for
Food and
Beverage
Processing of
World Bank
Standards for Irrigation Water Quality
(GB5084-2005)
Integrated
Wastewater
Discharge
Standard
(GB8978-1996)
Water
Farming
Dry
Farming Vegetables
pH pH 6～9 5.5～8.5 6~9
BOD mg/L 50 60 100 40a,15
b 20
COD mg/L 250 150 200 100 a,60
b 100
TN mg/L 10 / / / /
TP mg/L 2 / / / /
Oil mg/L 10 / / / 10
SS mg/L 50 80 100 60a,15
b 70
Temperature
Increment ℃ ＜3
b
/ / / /
Gross Volume of
Escherichia Coli MPN
a/100mL 400
/ / / /
39
Standards for Irrigation Water Quality). The Class I Standard set in the Integrated
Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) is applicable for “the wastewater which is
discharged into the Class III Water Areas (except for the designated reserves and swimming
areas) set in the Environmental Quality Standard For Surface Water (GB3838－2002) and the
Class II Sea Area set in the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997).” In this Standard, except
for the indicator for “total volume of suspended solid”, other indicators are stricter than those
in the EHS Guidelines For Food and Beverage Processing of World Bank, and relevant
wastewater treatment systems are needed. However, the Project is located in rural areas,
unequipped with improved wastewater treatment systems, and the investment is
limited. Therefore, the standard set in the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality
(GB5084-2005) is adopted for the processing in the Project.
1.4 Category, Rating, Scope and Period of Assessment
1.4.1 Assessment Category
According to the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of the Environment
Impact Assessment of Loan Projects of International Finance Corporation (SEPA No.
324 [1993]) released by the former State Environment Protection Administration and
other Ministries and the OP4.01: Environmental Assessment under World Bank safeguard
policies, the assessment is divided into three categories on the basis of the degree and
scope of the possible impact on the environment by the proposed project, and the
environmental sensitivity of the project area, shown in Table 1.4-1.
Table 1.4-1 Categories of Environmental impact assessment of Construction Projects
Asses
sment
Categ
ory
Environmental Impact Assessment Content
Categ
ory A
Construction projects which may impose
major negative impacts on the environment
Comprehensive environmental
impact assessment is needed for
this category.
Categ
ory B
Construction projects whose scope and
degree of the negative impacts on the
environment are limited, whose impacts
could be largely reduced and prevented by
advanced technologies and mature
measures.
Generally, comprehensive
environmental impact assessment
is not needed, but special
environmental impact assessment
or environmental impact analysis
is needed according to the
characteristics of the project and
the environmental elements.
40
Categ
ory C
Construction projects which have no or
little negative impacts on the environment.
Only reference procedures for
environmental protection
management are needed for this
category, instead of environmental
impact assessment or
environmental impact analysis.
Based on the nature, scale, impact degree and the environmental characteristics of
the Project, the Project is determined as Category B, for its impact on the surrounding
environment is short-term, not significant, and reversible.
1.4.2 Assessment Factor
1. Environmental Impact Recognition
In accordance with the characteristics of the Project and the regional environment,
the integrated recognition of the environmental impact elements is shown in the
following table.
Table 1.4-2 Integrated Recognition of the Environmental Impact Elements
Period Construction Project Environmental Impact
Co
nstr
ucti
on
Per
iod
Prepar
ation
Period
Arranging the
construction site,
building construction
roads and so on.
Make traffic troubles for residents.
Make air dusty and roads muddy, impact air
quality and landscape.
Waste slags drain by earth rock excavation.
Disturb residents’ work and life.
Constr
uction
Period
Building plants and
offices
Impacts imposed by land occupation, waste
slags, construction roads and sites on the
ecological environment.
Noise, dust, wastewater and solid waste
emitted to the environment.
Road construction
Impacts imposed by land occupation, waste
slags, construction roads and sites on the
ecological environment.
Noise, dust, wastewater and solid waste
emitted to the environment.
Seedling base and
cultivation
Destroying cultivated land and vegetation.
Water loss and soil erosion.
Op
erat
ion
Per
iod
Negati
ve
Impact
Seedling base and
cultivation
Diffused pollution caused by the application
of pesticides and fertilizers.
Roads Noise, vehicle exhaust
Breeding
Pollution caused by excrements of livestock
and poultry
Demand of breeding for grassland
Odor
Processing workshops the “three wastes” including noise and
wastewater
41
Period Construction Project Environmental Impact
Positiv
e
Impact
Seedling base and
cultivation
Transforming the current structure of
economic crops, and increasing farmers’
income
Optimizing the current tillage methods, and
reducing environmental pollution and
ecological impact
Roads
Improving the regional traffic for residents,
and optimizing the village structure
Improving the regional investment
environment for sustainable development
Breeding
offering quality organic fertilizers for
breeding
Optimizing the breeding houses for efficient
treatment of excrements
Processing workshops
Initial processing of economic crops for
income increase
Generally speaking, the environmental pollution of the Project is mainly caused
by the wastewater, solid waste and waste gas from excrements of livestock and
poultry, partially caused by the “three wastes” from road noise and workshops. The
Project has negative impact mainly on the natural ecological environment (including
land utilization, water loss and soil erosion, animals and plants), partially on the
social environment (including residents’ trips, traffic, landscape, and social economy).
According to the environmental impact and characteristics of the Project, the
qualitative relationships for environmental resources in various periods are shown in
Table 1.4-3.
Table 1.4-3 Recognition and Screening Matrix for Environmental Impact Assessment of
the Project
Peri
od
Project
Activities
Impact
Degree
Ecological
Environment
Physical-Chemical
Environment
Social and Economic
Environment
Land
scap
e
Gree
nery
Resi
dent
s’
Live
s
Wate
r and
Soil
Cons
ervat
ion
No
ise Air
Surf
ace
Wate
r
Soli
d
Wast
es
Ind
ustr
y
Loca
l
Econ
omy
Publ
ic
Tran
sport
Emp
loy
ment
Serv
ices
Impact Degree -Ⅰ -Ⅱ -Ⅱ -Ⅲ -Ⅲ -Ⅱ -Ⅰ -Ⅰ +Ⅰ +Ⅱ +Ⅲ +Ⅲ
Initi
al
Peri
od
Preparatio
n -Ⅲ -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -2 -3 -1
Cons
truct
ion
Workshop
s and
offices
-Ⅲ -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -1 -1 +3 +3 -2 +3
42
Peri
od
Project
Activities
Impact
Degree
Ecological
Environment
Physical-Chemical
Environment
Social and Economic
Environment
Land
scap
e
Gree
nery
Resi
dent
s’
Live
s
Wate
r and
Soil
Cons
ervat
ion
No
ise Air
Surf
ace
Wate
r
Soli
d
Wast
es
Ind
ustr
y
Loca
l
Econ
omy
Publ
ic
Tran
sport
Emp
loy
ment
Serv
ices
Peri
od
Subgrades -Ⅲ -2 -3 -2 -3 -2 -1 -1 -1 +3 +3 -2 +3
Land
Consolida
tion
-Ⅰ -2 -1 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3 -1 +3 +3 -2 +3
Material
Transport -Ⅰ -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -1 +3 +3 -3 +3
Oper
ation
Peri
od
Transport -Ⅰ -2 -1 +3 +1 -3 -2 -1 -1 +3 +3 +3 +3
Planting +Ⅱ +2 +3 +2 +3 +1 +2 -1 +1 +1 +3 +2 +3
Breeding -Ⅱ -2 -1 +3 -2 -1 -2 -2 -3 +1 +3 +3
Processin
g
Workshop
s
-Ⅰ -1 +2 +1 -2 -1 -2 -1 +3 +3 +3
Note: 1) Single Impact Recognition reflects a certain project activity’s impact on a
certain environmental factor, and the impact is recognized by the following marks: +:
positive; -: negative; 1: marginal; 2: common; 3: major. 2) Integrated (Accumulated)
Impact Recognition reflects a certain project activity’s integrated impact on all
environmental factors, or a certain environmental factor’s integrated impact on all project
activities, and its judgment as an assessment factor. The impact is recognized by the
following marks: I: marginal; II: common; III: major.
During the construction period, except for the permanent environmental impacts
imposed by roads, workshops and offices and other project activities, other impacts are
temporary. The major factors for environmental impact include the ecological
environment, water and soil conservation, the social environment, the water environment,
the acoustic environment and the air environment.
The environmental impact during the operation period is permanent. The major
factors for environmental impact include the acoustic environment, the water
environment, the air environment, the ecological environment and the social and
economic environment.
2. Assessment Factor Screening
Based on the recognition of the environmental impact, the environmental
sensitivity along the Project and the analysis of the mutual impacts, the assessment
factors for all environmental factors in the Project are shown in the following table.
Table 1.4-4 Factors for Environmental Impact Assessment
43
Environmental
Factor Current Assessment Factor Forecast Assessment Factor
Acoustic
Environment
Equivalent Sound Level (Ld, Ln)
in Daytime and Nighttime
Equivalent Sound Level (Ld, Ln) in
Daytime and Nighttime
Sur
fac
e
Wa
ter
Surface Water
Environment
pH,SS,COD,BOD5,ammonia
nitrogen
pH,SS,COD,BOD5,ammonia
nitrogen
Sanitary
Wastewater in
Construction
Sites
/ pH,CODcr,BOD5,SS
Production
Wastewater in
Mixing
Stations
/ pH,CODcr,SS,Petroleum
Ground Water
pH, gross hardness, sulfate,
nitrite, Permanganate Index,
ammonia nitrogen
pH, gross hardness, sulfate, nitrite,
Permanganate Index, ammonia
nitrogen
Atmosphere SO2,NO2 ,PM10,H2S,NH3 CO,NO2,PM10,SO2,H2S,NH3
Solid Waste
Household garbage, excrements
of livestock and poultry, straw
planting
Construction Period: building
debris, household garbage of
workers
Operation Period: household
garbage, excrements of livestock
and poultry, straw planting
Eco
logi
cal
En
vir
on
me
nt
Animals and
Plants
Plants, terrestrial animals, aquatic
organism
Plants, terrestrial animals, aquatic
organism
Land
Utilization the current land utilization
Land occupation, land utilization
pattern, agro-ecology
Water Loss
and Soil
Erosion
Erosion intensity, erosion
acreage, reasons of water loss and
soil erosion
Changing the acreage of earth
surface, reducing the acreage of
water facilities, the volume of
water and soil loss, the harm of
water and soil loss
Soil the current soil quality Pollution to the soil caused by
pesticides and fertilizers
Landscape Rural and urban landscape Rural and urban landscape
Social
Environment
Impact
Acreage, population, production
value, mineral resources, tourism
resources, industry, agriculture,
transportation
Population size and structure,
living quality, re-development,
land occupation
1.4.3 Assessment Rating
The rating for the project assessment is shown in Table 1.4-5.
Table 1.4-5 Rating of Special Subjects
Special
Subject Rating Gist
44
Ecologica
l
Environm
ent
Category
III
According to the Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact
Assessment Ecological Impact (HJ19-2011), the Project involves
a wide scope and diverse ecological types, but because rural
households are the main body, the development intensity is not
adequate. The land for road building is allocated on the basis of
public opinions village by village, no land acquisition involved.
Environm
ental
Noise
Category
III
According to the Technical Guideline for Environmental Noise
Impact Assessment (HJ2.4-2009), the functional zone of acoustic
environment in the Project belongs to the standard zone of
Category 1 and Category 2, the noise increment of sensitive
targets within the assessment scope is below 3dB (A) (excluding
3dB(A)), and there is no major change in the affected
population.
Surface
Water
Environm
ent
Category
III
The wastewater discharge sources in the Project are mainly the
processing plants of sweet orange and white konjak, and the
diffused pollution caused by breeding. According to the
Technical Guidelines For Environmental Impact Assessment —
Surface Water Environment (HJ/T2.3-93), the emission of
wastewater <1000m³/d, the pollutants are not permanent, the
water quality parameters whose concentration shall be predicted
<7, the complexity of wastewater is “simplicity”, and the rating
is tertiary.
Ground
Water
Category
III
In the Project, breeding, irrigation and fertilizer application have
impacts on ground water, but no ground water is taken for use.
According to the Technical Guidelines for Environmental
Impact Assessment - Groundwater Environment (HJ610-2011),
the Project belongs to Category I. The antifouling capacity of the
aeration zone is “medium and strong”. The water-bearing
stratum of the construction site is labelled as “medium”. There
are no mass ground waters or water sources for households in
the Project area, so the Project is labelled as “insensitive”. And
wastewater discharge is of “small volume”. The complexity of
water is “simplicity”. According to the Guides, the Project is
rated as tertiary.
Ambient
Air
Category
III
The roads and breeding project in the Project generate exhaust
gas and odor. The underclass rural roads are located in remote
areas. Family breeding, instead of large-scale farm, is adopted.
According to HJ2.2-2008, Pmax<10% or D10%< the minimum
distance from the pollution source to the plant boundary. Impact
on the atmosphere is rated as Level 3.
1.4.4 Assessment Scope
The assessment scope of the Project is shown in Table 1.4-6.
Table 1.4-6 Assessment Scope
45
Environme
nt Factor Assessment Scope
Ecological
Environme
nt
Taking the intact border of climate unit, hydrological unit, ecological unit,
geological unit involved in the affected areas of the Project as reference
border.
Acoustic
Environme
nt
During the construction period, the area within 200m around the
construction site; during the operation period, the area within 200m from
the road centerline and sensitive points; for the food processing project, the
area within 200m around the construction site; for the livestock and poultry
breeding project, the area within 200m around the breeding house.
Water
Environme
nt
The surface wasters and ground waters involved in the Project.
Ambient
Air
The area within 200m from the road centerline and sensitive points; for the
food processing plant, the area centering on the plant whose diameter is
5km; for the livestock and poultry breeding project, the square area
centering on the breeding houses whose side length is 5km.
Social
Environme
nt
The counties, towns and (municipal and county) regions directly or
indirectly affected by the project components. The infrastructure, resources
and scenes in the area within 200m from the road centerline.
1.4.5 Assessment Period
Based on the annual investment arrangements, the project size and the available
domestic counterpart funds, the Project will be completed in 5 years. The assessment
period includes the construction period and the operation period, 5 years for each.
Among the impacts on the surrounding environment in the construction period,
the ecological ones are long-term while other “Three Wastes” are temporary. Impact
analysis is mainly carried out in this period. The impacts on the surrounding
environment in the operation period, which are long-term, varied with the specific
process flow, the generation and emission of pollutants, and the treatment and
disposal of pollutants. Therefore, the operation period will be emphasized.
46
Chapter 2 Project Overview
2.1 Objectives and Investment of Project
2.1.1 Objectives of Project
The project aims to develop specialized cooperatives in contiguous poor areas to
support poverty-stricken rural families. The project support cooperatives to develop
market-oriented, competitive industries with high added-value based on local natural
resources. It also plans to extend industrial chain and increase farmers’ share of average
profits in the total along the industrial chain, lay the foundation for farmers to increase
income, transform poverty-stricken villages into new well-off ones and elevate poor
families into wealthy ones, thus developing a new innovative and industrialized poverty
alleviation mechanism.
2.1.2 Investment of Project
The total estimated investment is 600 million yuan, including 552 million yuan
(92%) in basic cost and 48 million yuan (8%) in financial cost and budget reserves.
The total investment consists of 386 million yuan (64.59%) for the development
project of modern industrial value chains, 145 million yuan (24.21%) for the public
infrastructure and service project, 1.8 million yuan (0.30%) for the research and
promotion of the industrialized poverty alleviation mechanism, 17.37 million yuan (2.9%)
for the management, supervision and assessment project, and 48 million yuan (8.00%)
for financial cost and budget reserves.
2.2 Composition and Schedule of Project
Given the situation of the project areas, the project designs, the operation mode, the
principles for industry selection and the future industries developed by the project, the
project can be divided into 4 sub-projects: the modern industrial value chain development
project, the public infrastructure and service support project, the industrialized poverty
alleviation research and promotion project and the management supervision and
evaluation project.
The construction period of the project will be 5 years. The project will begin in
November, 2014, and end before December, 2019. The construction of office facilities
and office buildings will complete in the first and the second year, and the rest of the
project will be finished in 5 years. According to the investment arrangement of the
project, 18.31%, 25.45%, 24.30%, 20.62% and 11.32% of the project will be finished in
each year respectively.
47
2.3 Construction Content and Scale of Construction
The total investment of the project will be 600 million yuan, in three sub-projects:
the agricultural pillar industry project, the industrial added-value increment project (the
farm product processing project), the infrastructure project and other management
projects. 80% of the investment will be spent on agricultural development and
infrastructure. The allocation of investment and the construction content is shown in
Table 2.3-1.
Table 2.3-1 Construction Content and Investment Allocation
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total investment
(%)
1.Public Infrastructure Project 13042.52 21.74
1.1 Road construction 8993.24 14.99
Place of
project Name of project Standard of construction
Scale of
construction
Butuo
County
Renovating village
roads The standard of roads within the
village and the standard of roads
between villages are the same. The
speed limit of the village roads is
15km/h, the width of subgrade is
4.5 meters, the width of the running
lane is 3.5 meters, and the
pavement is composed of
clay-bound gravel(level is lower
than the concrete pavement). The
general minimum radius of the
horizontal curves is 15 meters, the
ultimate minimum radius is 10
meters. The maximum longitudinal
gradient is 9%, the minimum length
of slope is 60 meters. The minimum
radius of the vertical curve is 200
meters, the minimum length of the
vertical curve is 20 meters. The
design load of the road is of Class
II.
The pavement width of the roads
for production is 120cm,. On slopes
the roads are equipped with stairs,
which are 15-20 cm tall and 35-45
26.14 km
Jinyang
County
Building new village
roads
15 km
Renovating
boulevards
8 km
Renovating village
roads
10.4 km
Roads for production 13.74 km
Meigu
County
Building new village
roads
5.84 km
Renovating
boulevards
6.6 km
Renovating village
roads
5 km
Roads for production 25.92 km
Zhaojue
County
Building new village
roads
8.85 km
Renovating
boulevards
12 km
Renovating village
roads
13.08 km
Roads for production 53.4 km
Xuyong
County
Building new village
roads
18 km
Renovating village
roads
30.61 km
48
Roads for production cm wide. The pavement is made of
cement and used for walk only.
69 km
Gulin
County
Building new village
roads
39.38 km
Renovating
boulevards
34.45 km
Renovating village
roads
10 km
Roads for production 104.4 km
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
1.2 Water Conservation
Project 3821.24 6.37
Place of
project
Farmland water
conservation project Standard of construction
Scale of
construction
Jinyang
County
60 m3.
pools
200m3reservior: the radius is 4.5m,
the depth is 3.5m, the total volume
is 222 m3.
. The wall is 0.25m thick,
the base plate is 0.25 m thick, the
top plate is 0.18m thick.
The irrigation canals are built with
30×30 cmC15concrete blocks. The
canal wall is 0.12 m thick, the
bottom is 0.1m thick.
The irrigation station is powered by
second class load power supply.
The net lift is 300meters.
51
PEΦ40 irrigation
pipelines 30km
PEΦ63irrigation
pipelines 6km
Meigu
County
60 m3.
Pools 50
200 m3.
Pools 2
PEΦ40 irrigation
pipelines 155km
PEΦ63 irrigation
pipelines 10km
PEΦ90 irrigation
pipelines 5km
Gulin
County
60 m3.
Pools 403
Irrigation canals 17km
Irrigation stations 4
PEΦ40 irrigation
pipelines 50km
Xuyong
County
60 m3.
pools 85
200 m3.
Pools 6
drop irrigation 3
Irrigation canals 65km
Irrigation stations 5
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
1.3Market facilities 228.04 0.38
Place of Market facility Standard of construction Scale of
49
project construction
Xuyong
County Farm product market
The market covers an area of
1500m2, including 1000m
2 for the
trading hall, 300m2
for the office
building,50m2
for toilets,150 m2 for
loading platforms.
1
Jinyang
County Livestock market
The market covers an area of
130m2, including 60 m
2 for the
trading hall, 20m2
for toilets,50 m2
for loading platforms. It is also
equipped with fair balances and tea
rooms.
1
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
2.Agricultural Pillar Industry
Project 37625.53 62.72
2.1Food crops 4600.02 7.67
Place of
project Content and Scale of construction
Butuo County 923.98ha of potato fields
Zhaojue
County 100 ha of virus-free potato breeding base, 990.88ha of potato fields.
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
2.2Commercial crops 11390.71 18.98
Place of
project Content and Scale of construction
Jinyang
County
100ha of fields to plant fine white konjak
391.89ha of white konjak fields and 56 rotary cultivators
Meigu
County
1000 ha of walnut fields
398.88 ha of fields to plant high-grafting walnut
Short-term income increment project: 37ha of papaya fields and raising
61338 chickens
Gulin County 1773.24 ha of walnut fields
521.58ha of sweet orange gardens
Xuyong
County
2.5 ha of fine sweet orange breeding base
653.67ha of sweet orange gardens
200 ha of high-grafting sweet orange gardens
Short-term income increment project: 600 ha of chili fields and 100 ha of
watermelon fields
Number/Content Estimated investment(10 Proportion in the
50
thousand yuan) total
investment(%)
2.3 Forage grass Planting and
Processing Equipment 1445.43 2.41
Place of
project Content and Scale of construction
Butuo County 1110.64 ha of forage grass and 15 sets of processing equipment
Jinyang
County 183.09 ha of forage grass and 22 sets of processing equipment
Meigu County 1470.37 ha of forage grass and 20 sets of processing equipment
Zhaojue
County 331.15 ha of forage grass and 80 sets of processing equipment
Xuyong
County 1000 ha of forage grass
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
2.4 Cattle Breeding 5683.55 9.47
Place of
project Content and Scale of construction
Butuo County
The project plans to raise 3715 cows and 106 bulls, build 15 improved
breeding centers. The cows and bulls will be raised by individual
households, 2 for each.
3715 breeding houses will be renovated into brick-structure byres. The
headroom of the byres is 3-3.5m. Each byre is equipped with troughs,
cattle beds, defecation ditches and feeding channels. The cattle are kept in
captivity; the space for each cattle is 4.62 m2(4.2×1.1).
Xuyong
County
The project plans to raise 2500 cows and 240 bulls and build 20 improved
breeding centers. The bulls are raised in feed lots on a large scale. Every
feed lot covers 1 mu, each breeding house covers 100 m2 and can
accommodate 20 bulls. The feed lots are equipped with water storage
pools, silage pools, disinfecting tanks, duty rooms and biogas digesters.
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
2.5 Sheep Breeding 9593.24 15.99
Place of
project Content and Scale of construction
Jinyang
County
14720 Liangshan semi-fine wool sheep and 700 rams will be raised by
individual families, each individual family can raise at most 20 sheep.
1000 breeding houses will be renovated, the leak of the house is 50cm
above the ground. Each breeding house will cover an area of 40m2, and has
another 30m2
of space.
51
Meigu
County
10500sheep will be raised by individual families, each individual family
can raise at most 20 sheep. 3823 breeding houses will be renovated into
standard breeding houses. The standard of renovation is the same with that
of Jinyang County.
Zhaojue
County
24800 Liangshan semi-fine wool sheep and 625 rams will be raised by
individual families, each individual family can raise at most 20 sheep.
5000 breeding houses will be renovated into standard breeding houses. The
standard of renovation is the same as that of Jinyang County.
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
2.6 Green Prevention and
Control Project 346.12 0.58
Purchasing pest and disease monitoring devices, moth traps, mobile sprayer, yellow
sticky boards, solar insecticidal lamps and biological pesticide.
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
2.7 Rural Cooperatives 4095.17 6.83
Place of project Standard of construction Scale of
construction
Butuo County Offices, desks and office facilities
will be installed to facilitate
cooperative management and
industrial training. Each office will
cover an area of 100m2
29 places, 2900m2
Jinyang County 17 places,1700 m2
Meigu County 10 places,1000 m2
Zhaojue County 8 places,800 m2
Gulin County 20 places,2000 m2
Xuyong County 21 places, 2100 m2
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
1.6 Product storage and
Market Facilities 471.29 0.79
The project plans to build fruit fresh-keeping storehouses, collection spots of major
products, nodal points of major products and livestock trading areas.
Two fruit fresh-keeping storehouses will be built in Gulin County and Xuyong County
respectively. The area of the storehouses will be 500 m2. R23 refrigerants will be used in
the storehouse.
23 collection spots of major products will be built, each covering 130 m2. The collection
spot will be equipped with a 60 m2 trading hall, 20m
2 flushing toilets and loading
platforms.
7 nodal points for major products will be built, each covering 300 m2. The points will be
designed as single-floor buildings with color-steel structures.
The livestock trading areas will cover 130 m2, including a 60 m
2 trading hall, 10 m
2
flushing toilets and a 50 m2 loading platform.
52
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan)
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
3.Farm Product Processing
Projec 600.2 1
Place
of
projec
t
Scale of
construction
Technological process
Xuyo
ng
Count
y
1 pocessing
line of
sweet
orange
The factory will cover 2000m2 and adopts mechanical classification
or photoelectric classification production lines with a capacity of 8
tons/h. The automatic production line can transport, deliver, wash,
stove, polish, examine, classify, process and wrap fruits.
Processing of fresh fruit: preliminary selection (selection, washing,
soaking,classification)-prestore-processing-precooling-wrapping-deliv
ery
Processing of stored fruit: preliminary selection (selection, washing,
soaking,classification)-prestore-store-processing-precooling-wrapping
-delivery
Gulin
Count
y
1 processing
line of
sweet
orange
Jinya
ng
Count
y
1 processing
factory of
white
konjak
Main devices: white konjak roaster, grinder, purification machine.
Processing ofwhite konjak corms into dry white konjak slices: white
konjak corms-removal of
sprouts-washing-drying-peeling-slicing-roasting(blenching)-inspectio
n-wrapping-finished product
Processing of dry white konjak slices into flavor powder:
sizing-grinding-separation-screening-inspection-wrapping
Processing of flavor powder into micro powder: flavor
powder-grinding-screening-wrapping.
Number/Content Estimated investment(10
thousand yuan
Proportion in the
total
investment(%)
4 Other Management Projects 8731.75 14.55
Research and promotion of the industrialized poverty alleviation mechanism, subsidies
for cooperative market development, contract/agricultural insurance pilot projects,
cooperative training, information disclosure, industry upgrading, management and
assessment of project supervision
Total 60000 100
2.4 Construction Standard of Project
For common standard, refer to Table 2.3-1. This chapter focuses on the standards for
relevant facilities that have a large impact on environmental pollution, prevention and
control.
2.4.1 Standard of the market construction project
53
1. Excrement and urine collection facilities
Excrement and urine collection pools will be built in livestock trade areas.
Livestock urine will be collected in the pools, treated and used for farmland irrigation.
Temporary dung storage yard (A hold, with a brick inner wall will be dug in the yard; the
inner wall is plastered with cement and lime to prevent leakage) will also be built to store
and ferment dung. The excrement and urine collection pools must stay away from ground
water.
The volume of the excrement and urine collection pools should comply with the
Rules on the Discharge Reduction of Major Pollutants of the 12th
Five-year Plan issued
by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. According to the rules, the wastewater and
livestock urine used for agricultural production must be collected in rain-proof and
impermeable pools. Generally, a collection pool should be able to contain over two
months’ output of wastewater and livestock urine (at least 0.3m³ per hog). The livestock
excrement used for agricultural production must be stored in a rain-proof and
impermeable storage yard and cleaned at intervals. Generally, the volume for every ten
hogs is 1 m³; the volume for every bull or every two cows is 1 m³; the volume for every
2000 broilers or every 500 laying hens is 1 m³.
2. Public toilet in the trading markets
The toilets are all flushing toilets and equipped with septic tanks. Sewage is
collected, fermented and then used as fertilizer. The scale of toilets is based on specific
surroundings of the markets.
2.4.6 The standard and requirements of the breeding project
1. The design of sheep breeding houses
Sheep houses should be built in dry places with sound drainage. There should be flat
and open place for exercises on the south, the houses should be close to grazing land,
water and forage reserve and be reasonably arranged according to the distribution of
sheep flock. Because the climate in the project area is cold, the breeding houses are low
breeding houses with interspaces. The interspaces are 50 cm above the ground; the area
of the breeding house is about 40 m2
with open windows. The breeding houses of Meigu
sheep are multi-storey buildings, the sheep beds are made of wood battens, the distance
between adjacent battens is 20-30mm. The space for each ewe is 2.5-4m2. The breeding
houses are 3m tall, the sheep beds are 0.5m above the ground. Outside each breeding
house is a 30m2
area for sheep to move around. There are drainage ditches near the
breeding houses. Collection pools are established outside of breeding houses for
temporarily collecting sheep excrement.
The sheep are raised in breeding houses and open spaces. Different amounts of
forage are provided in different growth stages of the sheep. Measures should also be
taken to prevent diseases and keep the environment clean.
3. The requirements of cattle breeding houses
In villages that breed cattle, the breeding areas should be concentrated. Each
breeding area covers 667 m2, its amount of livestock on hand is 20, and its production
54
capacity is 40 cattle a year. For individual households that breed cattle, each household
raises 2 cattles and each breeding house covers 20m2.
1) Design principles
The breeding houses should be durable, clean, environmentally-friendly cool in
summer and warm in winter and easy to manage; the structure should be simple. People
and cattle, unpolluted and polluted roads, rain and sewage, excrement and urine are
separated. The wastewater and urine is collected in the collection pool, treated and
discharged into the farmland; the dry cow dung is collected, fermented outside the
breeding houses and applied to the farmland.
2) Site selection
The breeding houses should be built in the down-wind place in the residential area;
they should be at least 5m away from residential buildings. The site should have access
to water, electricity and roads, and it should be high, leeward, dry and flat. It should have
adequate supply of clean drinking water and a sound system of pollution discharge. There
must be appropriate plants to handle the excrement.
3) The design of concentrated breeding houses
Each breeding house contains two rows of cattle beds, the total number of cattle
beds is 20, 10 beds in a row. The area of a breeding house is 100m2. Between the two
rows is a 1.8m-wide aisle. On both sides of the aisle are feeding troughs, the troughs are
60 cm wide and 25 cm deep, the outer edge is 70 cm high, the inner edge is 45 cm high.
The internal surface of the trough is plastered with cement mortar, the bottom is a
tile-like groove. There is a 1.1m-high guard bar on top of the troughs to prevent cattle
from escaping from the cattle beds. The cattle beds are 1.7m long and 1m wide, high in
the front and low in the back, its slope is 2.0%. Behind each bed there is a ditch to
discharge excrement. The ditch is 30cm wide and 10-25cm deep. The ditch is tiptilted,
covered by a 40cm*40cm clay plates. The leaks on the plates are 2.5 cm wide. There is
an 1-meter-wide aisle behind the ditch for cleaning up the excrement.
Subsidiary facilities such as pools, biogas digesters, silage pools, disinfection rooms,
duty rooms and ferment pools are built. The volume of a pool is 60m3, the volume of a
silage pool is 40 m3, the area of a disinfection room is 5 m
2 , the area of a duty room is 15
m2.
Each breeding house is also equipped with an electronic spray disinfection machine
and a chaff cutter with a capacity of 2-5 tons an hour. The silage pools,40 m3each, are
built of cement, shale bricks and fine stone powder. The silage pools should be firm,
windtight and equipped with an awning.
The urine of cattle is collected in the collection pool, treated and then used as
irrigation water. The excrement is collected and fermented in the provisional tank (a pit
digged on the ground with brick-covered and cement-plastered inner walls) in the
breeding area, and then used as fertilizers.
4) The design of cattle breeding houses in individual households
The cattle breeding houses in individual households are half-open or closed brick
buildings, the height is 3-3.5m, the space for each cattle is 4.62m2(4.2×1.1). The breeding
houses are equipped with troughs, cattle beds and ditches. The slope of the cattle beds is
1～1.5% so that urines can separate from dung.
55
The dung pool is used to store dung. It is usually built downwind in the north of the
residential buildings. It is built of bricks, and its walls are plastered with cement and
lime.
The urine collection pool is used to collect urine through the ditch. The urine is
fermented and used for irrigation. The collection pool is plastered with cement, and its
volume is 10～20m3.
The ceiling of the cattle breeding house is built of color steel with
thermal-protective coating. The wall is built of shale bricks. The walls are plastered with
cement mortar. There are windows (1.4m*1.2m) at the height of 1.4 m. The distance
between adjacent windows is 4m.
2.5 Relevant projects and due diligence
2.5.1 Similar projects in progress
According to research reports about the project, this poverty alleviation project
covers several areas including livestock breeding, agricultural production, farm product
processing and infrastructure development. If the villages covered by the project have
already carried out similar projects, there will be resource competition, redundant
construction, a waste of funds and environmental problems. After checking the villages,
similar projects that are in progress or planned are shown in Table 2.5-1. There are no
such projects in Xuyong, Gulin and Zhaojue.
56
Table2.5-1 Similar projects that are in progress/ planned
Place
of
project
Name of project Content of
construction Scale of construction
Period of
project Coverage
Whether
there are
conflicts or
not
Jinyang
County
white konjak
plantation
project
Subsidizing
farmers
0.4million yuan in subsidies for white
konjak plantation
2013
Already
completed
All rural families
engaged in
amorphophallus
albus plantation
Already
completed ,
no conflicts
Semi-fine wool
sheep breeding
project
Renovating
breeding houses
0.6 million yuan in subsidies for the
renovation of 200 sheep breeding houses
2013
Already
completed
The whole
county
Already
completed ,
no conflicts
Butuo
County
Potato
protospecies
subsidy project
Subsidizing
virus-free potato
protospecies
Investing 1 million yuan in the
plantation of virus-free potatoes. The
total planted area of potatoes is 10000
mu (100yuan/ mu), the total output of
potatoes is 13000 tons.
2013
Already
completed
Clusters of
virus-free potato
protospecies
production bases
featuring
standardized
production
Already
completed ,
no conflicts
Heifer
International
husbandry
development
project
Developing cow
breeding
Investing 0.75 million yuan to support
100 households that raise cows. Each
household raises 1 cow. The project will
be rolled out gradually.
2013-2015 Luo’en Village,
Le’an Town
There are
regional
limitations
but forage
grass of the
project
county is
adequate,
Industrialized
poverty
alleviation
Raising cattle and
renovating
breeding houses
Investing 4.9 million yuan to support
527 households that raise cattle. Every
household raises 1 Simmental cow and
2010-now
Weizhiluo
Village, Wadu
Village, Jizhi
57
promotion
project
renovates 30 m2 of the breeding houses. Village and other
4 villages
which leads
to no
conflicts to
this project.
Meigu
Count
Meigu sheep
breeding base
The sheep farm
for 10000sheep,
the
comprehensive
building, feed
mills,
slaughterhouses,
product
processing
factories,organic
fertilizer
production
factories,
vermiculture
factories,
production
exhibition centers
and product
libraries.
The sheep farm for 10000 sheep covers
200 mu, including 7500 m2
of breeding
houses and 15000 m2
of open space.
The sheep breeding center: The area of
breeding houses is 4800m2, the area of
open space is 7000m2.
The comprehensive building covers 10
mu. Its building area is 2000m2.
The sheep feed mill covers 20 mu, the
building area of its plants is 1500m2, the
area of storehouses is 2000m2, the area
of silos is 10000 m3, and the area of the
fodder plantation center is 1000mu.
The packinghouse has a capacity of 0.3
million animals, the area is 150mu, it is
equipped with processing workshops,
freezers and storehouses.
The vermiculture factory covers 70
mu.
The organic fertilizer production
factory covers 10 mu, the production
capacity is 50000 tons/year.
The product libraries cover 15mu.
July,
2014-December,
2019. The
project is at the
preliminary
planning stage.
Bapu Town
The project
is at the
preliminary
planning
stage, and
has strong
regional
specialities.
The forage
grass is
adequate. If
we can
strengthen its
infrastructure
for better
water source
utilization,
then, it has
no conflicts
to this
project.
58
Other relevant anti-pollution facilities.
59
As is shown in Table 2.5-1, the sheep breeding base of Meigu County is an
industrial chain that integrates sheep breeding, pasture planting and livestock processing.
It is crucial to developing large-scale breeding and sheep butchery, building relevant
environmental-friendly facilities and facilitating large-scale development of all industries.
Forage grass and water are likely to compete with this project for resources. The project
is now being planned and it does not overlap with the poverty alleviation project.
According to the preliminary plan of the sheep breeding base project, the following
measures will be taken to settle forage undersupply: 1. Optimizing the feed crop structure
and developing the forage industry. 2. Developing and utilizing new types of forage
(mainly crop straw) to ensure adequate and balanced supply. 3. Promoting silage corn to
improve forage production. 4. Promoting the silage corn straw feed technology. 5.
Utilizing the idle land and the open forest land to plant forage. 6. Provide supportive
policies and technological assistance for the forage production industry. The
above-mentioned measures can ensure adequate forage supply and avoid conflicts against
this project. The Meigu sheep breeding base project will involve livestock slaughtering
and processing, so it will require large amounts of water. According to the Balance of
Water resources in Meigu County (see Chapter 5.4 Analysis of Water Resource Carrying
Capacity) of this project (Phase Six of the Poverty-alleviation Project), there is a balance
between water supply and demand in Meigu County, and if the County is to carry out the
sheep breeding base project, it must solve the problem of water undersupply.
2.5.2 Analysis on the Upstream and Downstream Firms Related to the Project
According to field research, the project is carried out in remote villages where
infrastructure is weak, large-scale industry is backward and raw material is still the main
product. There are no complete production lines(from planting raw and auxiliary
materials to processing and selling products). Therefore, there are no upstream and
downstream firms related to the project.
After the sheep breeding base in Meigu County is complete, it will form an
industrial chain that integrates the processing and cold storage of livestock products; the
industrial chain will also become a downstream industry of the project. the sheep
breeding base of Meigu County is been planned and not at the feasibility stage, so no
appraisal on environment impact has been carried out. Before the sheep breeding base
project begins, Meigu County must ensure water supply for livestock processing.
Currently, wastewater is treated in the SBR (sequencing batch reactor) wastewater
treatment system; livestock excrement and leftover materials of the livestock processing
factory are used to produce fertilizer; protective measures, such as sound insulation and
shock absorption are taken to reduce noise. If environmental protection measures are in
place, secondary pollution can be prevented.
60
Chapter 3 Environment and Current Social Situation
According to the poverty alleviation plan and the local environmental conditions,
the project areas are located in southwest Sichuan province, including Xuyong and Gulin
in Luzhou City, Zhaojue, Meigu, Butuo and Jinyang in Liangshan Prefecture.
3.1 Environmental conditions of the villages covered by the project
3.1.1 Environmental conditions of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture
1. Geographical position and traffic
Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the southwest of Sichuan
province. It is surrounded by the Jinsha River to the south, the Dadu River to the north,
Sichuan Basinto the east and the Hengduan Mountainsto the west. It is between
100°15′～103°53′ east longitude and 26°03′～29°27′ north latitude. It borders Yibin
and Leshan in the northeast, Ya’an and Ganzi in the north, Panzhihua in the south and
Yunnan province in the east, north and west. The area of the prefecture is 60400 square
kilometers.
2. Landform
The landform of the prefecture is varied. The terrain is high in the northwest and
low in the southeast. Mountains, valleys, plains, basins and hills interlace each other.
The highest place, the Langiqaduoji Peak, is 5958m above sea level; the lowest place,
the Dayandong Jinsha River valley, is only 305m above sea level. The height gap is
5653m.
3. Climate
The maximum accumulated temperature is 6979℃, the minimum accumulated
temperature is 4086℃ , the average temperature is 14-17 ℃ . The climate has
three-dimensional climate characteristics. The prefecture is in the subtropical monsoon
climate zone where seasons of rain and drought are contrasting. In winter it is dry and
warm, sunshine is abundant; in summer it is cool and rainy. The average rainfall is
1000-1100mm, the average annual sunshine duration is 2000-2400 hours, and the
frost-free season can last 230-306 days.
The capital of the prefecture, Xichang, is 1500m above sea level with an average
temperature of 16.9℃. In Xichang winter is warm and summer is cool.
4. Water resources
There are many rivers in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, all of which belong
to the Yangtze River system. There are 145 rivers with a coverage of more than 100
square kilometers, 11 of which covers more than 1000 square kilometers. There are also
23 inland freshwater lakes such as Qionghai, Horse Lake and Lugu Lake. The prefecture
is rich in geothermal water, there are 51 springs.
61
Picture 3.1-1 Distribution of counties covered by the project
62
5. Animal and plant resources
There are 5 classes, 40 orders, 100 families and 661 species (subspecies included) of vertebrates in the prefecture, including 9 orders,
25 families and 87 species of beasts(39.5% of the provincial total) and 18 orders, 49 families and 442 species of beasts(63.2% of the
provincial total). There are also various precious plants, such as davidia involucrate, davidia involucrata baill var. vilmoriniana(dode)wange,
ginkgo biloba, oaks, erythrophloeum ferdii, taxus chinensis, cinnamomum mairei and emmenopterys henryi.
3.1.2 Environmental conditions of Xuyong County
1. Geographical position and traffic
Xuyong County is located in the south of the Sichuan Basin, on the ranges of the Wumeng Mountains. The county is between
105°03′-105°40′east longitude and 27°42′-28°31′ north latitude. It borders Huizhou province and Gulin County in the east, Guizhou and
Yunnan in the south, Xingwen County of Yibin City in the west and Naxi and Hejiang in the north.
2. Landform
Xuyong County is located in the north of the Wumeng Mountains. In the county there are steep mountains and infertile soil. Karst
landform is prevalent. The landform types are the low mountain landform and the medium mountain landform. The county is high in the
Southeast and low in the Northwest. The highest place, the Luohan Forest, is 1902m above sea level; the lowest place, the Jiangmen valley,
is only 247m above sea level.
3. Hydrology
Xuyong County is rich in water resources, and has favorable conditions for water conservancy projects and hydropower projects. There
are 42 rivers in the county, with a total annual average runoff volume of 2.116 billion m³. The major rivers are the Chishui River and the
Yongning River. The Chishui River is a tributary of the Yangtze River in the upper range, it is located in the contiguous areas of Yunnan,
Guizhou and Sichuan, then it passes Chishui City and Hejiang County and merges with the Yangtze River. The length of the river is 523 km,
the drainage area is 20400 square kilometers. The annual runoff volume of the Chishui River is 10.1 billion m³. the maximum is 17.38
billion m³, and the minimum is 6.14 billion m³. The hydroelectric potentiality is 1.27 billion Kw. The Yongning River is located in Luzhou
City of Sichuan, it originates from the border between Xuyong County and Yunnan province, and then it travels through Naxin District of
Luzhou City, and merges with the Yangtze River. The length of the river is 152km.
4. Climate and meteorological conditions
Xuyong County is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone where there is abundant rainfall and less sunshine. The project area,
which is in the upper region of the Chishui River is located in the dry-hot valley climate zone where the three-dimensional climate is
obvious and temperature difference is large between day and night.
5. Soil
The project area covers 201.51 square kilometers, including 3221 hectares of farmland, 11664 hectares of forests and 3357 hectares of
uncultivated land (2789 hectares of which are exploitable). The total sown area in the project area is 8437 hectares, 3602.9 hectares of which
are for cash crops. The multiple crop index is 2.5.
6. Biological resources
Xuyong County has been recognized as the home to forests. It is a fast-growing and high-yielding timber base. There are more than
140000 hectares of forests in the county, 33000 hectares of which are bamboo forests. The forest coverage rate is 45.2%, and the total
volume of standing timber is over 5.55 million m³ There are also other plants and animals, such as silkworms, beef cattle, flue-cured tobacco,
tea, amorphophallus, sweet oranges, ponkans, apples, peaches, plums, pomelos, loquats and cherries.
3.1.3 Environmental conditions of Gulin County
1. Geographical position and traffic
Gulin County is located in the south of the Sichuan Basin, east to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It borders Dafang, Jinsha, Renhuai,
Xishui and Chishui in the south, the east and the north, and Xuyong in the west. It is an important hinge in southern Sichuan and northern
Guizhou, and is in the center of the golden triangle of China’s wine industry. The county covers 3184 square kilometers and consists of 26
villages. The total population is 0.85 million. There are 26 ethnic minorities residing in the county, making it one of the settlements of ethnic
minorities.
2. Landform
Gulin is located in the dry areas of the Chishui River, in the Yangtze paraplatform Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan-Hubei Daloushan
down-warping folded belt, and in the joint part of South Sichuan East-West direction structure and North Guizhou Huaxia Structure. The
lowest elevation of the area is 400m, the highest is 1492m, and the area is high in the south and low in the north. The landform type is Karst
landform, which is severely desertified.
3. Hydrology
Gulin is in the drainage area of the Chishui River. The Chishui River is a tributary of the Yangtze River in the upper range. The Chishui
River enters Gulin in Mati Village, and leaves in Taiping Village. The river runs through 15 villages (1935 square kilometers) including Mati,
Taiping,Erlang, Masi, Jiaoyuan, Baini, Shuangsha, Yongle and Gulin. The project area is in the upper middle range of the Chishui River, and
there are several tributaries in the area such as the Mati River, the Baisha River and the Caiban River. The county is rich in high-quality
water resources,
4. Climate and meteorological conditions
The project area is located in the upper range of the Chishui River, the climate type is the dry-warm valley climate, and the temperature
gap is wide. In planning areas below the elevation of 700m, the annual average temperature is 18.6℃, the annual rainfall is 620-750mm, the
annual accumulated temperature is 6300℃. The annual sunshine duration is 1560 hours, the frost-free season lasts 350 days. In planning
areas above the elevation of 700m, there is less rainfall and enough sunlight. The annual rainfall is 750.6mm, the annual evaporation is
1379.2mm, the sunshine duration is 1170.3 hours. The annual average temperature is 17.9℃.
5. Soil
The soil in the project area is fertile and rich in minerals, and organic matters account for 1.0-2.5% of the soil. Most soil is sandy loam;
some is yellow earth, purple soil and yellow brown soil transformed from weathered Triassic limestone. The PH value of the soil is 6.0-6.7,
and the soil is abundant in minerals.
6. Biological resources
63
Gulin has many cash crops, such as flue-cured tobacco, Chinese medicine, tea and other cash trees. Gulin is an important flue-cured
tobacco production base; At the same time, Gulin’s sheep, Southern Sichuan cattle and swine have great market potential. In the forests in
Gulin, there are over 157 families and 250 species of arbors and shrubs, including national first and second-class protective plants such as
alsophila spinulosa, davidia involucrata, metasequoia, chestnut trees, tulip trees and Chinese yew trees. There are over 100 species of wild
animals and 430 species of birds, including national first and second-class protective animals such as clouded leopards, black bears, blue
sheep, flying foxes, boars, wild oxen, river deer and pangolins.
3.1.4 Environmental conditions of Zhaojue County
1. Geographical position and traffic
The Zhaojue County is located in the southwest of Sichuan, east to Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. The county is in the center of
the Daliang Mountain, locatedbetween 102°22′04″-103°19′48″ east longitude and 27°45′26″-28°21′18″ north latitude. It is 95.28km long
from the east to the west and 66.15km long from the north to the south. Zhaojue borders Meigu and Leibo in the east, Jinyang, Butuo and
Puge in the south, Xichang, Xide in the west and western Vietnam in the north. The area of the county is 2699 square kilometers, the total
population is 251000.
2. Geology and Landform
The project area is located in the Wumeng Mountains. The lowest elevation of the project area is 2100 meters, the highest is 3100
meters. The county is high in the west and low in the east, there are various terrains in the county, such as the low mountain, the medium low
mountain, the medium mountain, the basin, the terrace, the flood land and the proluvial fan. The mountain plateau, which accounts for 89%
of the total area, is the main form of terrain.
3. Hydrology
The rivers in Zhaojue County belong to the Jinsha River system. There are 11 rivers with a drainage area of more than 100 square
kilometers. The total amount of water resources is 2.665 million m, the total water area is 3759 hectares, 3215.4 hectares of which is
exploitable.
4. Climate and meteorological conditions
The climate type of the project area is the typical three-dimensional climate. The temperature gap is wide, the multi-year average
temperature is 10.9℃. The valleys are dry. There are frosts, spring droughts, hail and flood in the middle of the region, and frosts and heavy
snow is high places. The annual sunshine duration is 1865 hours, 52.9% is in summer. The total radiation in Zhaojue is 116.89 kcal/0.01km²
per year.
5. Soil
The area of the county 277833 hectares, the project area covers 55211 hectares. In the project area, the total area of farmland is 4182
hectares, the total area of forests is 25257 hectares (45% of the total land area), the total area of water area is 178 hectares (0.03% of the total
land area), the total area of uncultivated land is 911 hectares(0.02% of the total land area). The soil is extremely infertile, most rural
households live at the mercy of the elements. The farmland on slopes whose gradient is higher than 35° accounts for more than 92% of the
total.
6. Biological resources
The county is rich in wild plants. 65 families and 132 species of medicine plants grow in the county, and the standing stock of wild
medicine plants is 1,875,727 kg.
3.1.5 Environmental conditions of Meigu County
1. Geographical position and traffic
Meigu County is located in the southwest of the Sichuan, northeast of Liangshan Yi Atonomous Prefecture. The county is between
102°53′—103°21′east longitude and 28°02′—28°54′ north latitude. It borders Leibo County and Mabian County in the east, Yuexi County
and Ganluo County in the west, Zhaojue County in the south and Ebian County in the north. The county is 94.8 km long from the south to
the north, and 46.4 km from the east to the west. It covers 2573 square kilometers and governs 36 towns and 292 administrative villages.
The total population is 255000. 100% of the rural population is of the Yi ethnicity. The county is a key county for national poverty
alleviation, with a huge poverty-stricken population.
2. Landform
Meigu County is located between Hengduan Mountains and the southwestern Sichuan basin. There are medium and low mountains.
The medium mountain is the main terrain in the county, with deep rivers and parallel mountains. The geologic structure is Sichuan-Yunnan
south-north structure. In the east lies the Liangshan fold-and-thrust belt, where there are many folds and faults. The anticline of the folds is
compact, and the syncline is wide. The highest elevation is 4042 meters (Dafengding), the lowest is 640 meters(Magu Village, Leyue County)
and the elevation gap is 3402 meters.
3. Hydrology
There are 159 rivers and streams in the county, 7 of which have a drainage area of more than 100km2, and a total length of 287 km. The
rivers belong to two river systems: the Meigu River , the Lianzha River and the Liutong River belong to the Jinsha River system, and the
Wahou River belong to the Min River system. The annual runoff volume is 2.9 billionm³, the total estimated hydroelectric potentiality is
910,100kw, 578200 kw of which can be exploited.
4. Climate and meteorological conditions
The average elevation of Meigu County is 2200 meters, the climate type is low latitude plateau climate, with three-dimensional climate
characteristics and four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11.8℃, the annual total sunshine duration is 1790.7 hours.
Rainfall is abundant, the average amount of precipitation is 817.8mm(over the past 40 years), but the precipitation is higher in the north and
lower in the south with uneven distribution. In the county winter can last 135 days, and the frost free period last 248 days on average.
Natural disasters frequently occur in the county, including hail, windstorm, debris flows, droughts, frosts and low temperature.
5. Soil
The farmland of Meigu County covers 18051 hectares, 7.02% of the county’s total area, with 0.072 hectares per person on average. The
64
sown area of food crops is 21727 hectares, 75.68% of the total sown area of crops. The area of natural grassland is 77651 hectares, 30.19%
of the county’s total area; the total area of grassland is 105226 hectares, 40.9% of the county’s total area.
6. Biological resources
Meigu County is rich in wild animals and wild medicinal materials. There are 187 species from 62 families of wild animals, including 5
national first -class protective species such as the panda, and 27 national second-class protective species such as the macaque, the red panda
and the golden pheasant. There are 103 species of wild medicinal materials, including gastrodia elata, fritillaria and cordyceps sinensis. The
county is abundant in forest resources, there are 150 species, 65 categories and 50 families of arbors, such as cedars, pine trees, poplar trees
and birches. The forest coverage rate is 34.5%, but the distribution of forests is uneven: forests are concentrated in Wahou and Hongxi, in
other words, there are more forests in the north and in mountainous areas than in the south and in valleys.
3.1.6 Environmental conditions of Butuo County
1. Geographical position
Butuo is located in the middle of the Daliang mountain, in the southeast of Liangshan Prefecture. The county is between
102°43′-103°04′ east longitude and 27°16′-27°56′ north latitude, and is 114 km away from Xichang. It borders Zhaojue County, Puge
County, Ningnan County, Jinyang County, and Qiaojia County. It is separated from Quaihua County, Yunan Province by Jinsha River. The
total population is 138000, 130000 (94%) of which are of the Yi ethnicity. The county is a farming-pastoral county in cold highland areas.
The area of the county is 1685 square kilometers. The county has 3 towns, 27 townships, 190 administrative villages (34 of them are key
poverty reduction villages).
2. Geology and Landform
The county is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with interlaced mountains and streams. The highest place, the Abuzelu
Mountain, is 3891m above sea level; the lowest place, the confluence of three rivers, is 540m above sea level. 80% of mountainous areas are
higher than 2000m above sea level. The terrain of Butuo, Xixihe and Tuojue is comparatively flat. The medium low mountains and the
highland account for 89% of the total area, and the low mountains and the valleys account for 11%.
3. Hydrology
The total amount of water resources is 1.732 billion m³. There are 7 rivers with a drainage area of more than 10 km2: the Jinsha River,
the Xixi River, the Jienlada River, the Aizhiriwo River, the Nigu River, the Jiangji River and the Juesa River. The length of the Aizhiriwo
River is 22.16 km, its water-collecting area is 173 km2, the river fall is 1860m. The length of the Niluoyida River is 32.2 km, its
water-collecting area is 361 km2. The length of the Jiaoyi River is 18.45 km, its water-collecting area is 234 km
2, the river fall is 1916m.
4. Climate and meteorological conditions
Butuo County is in the subtropical climate zone. The annual average temperature is 10.69℃, the highest temperature is 29.7℃, the
lowest is -12.4℃ in a year, the number of days in which the temperature is lower than 10℃ is 295, the frost-free period lasts 201days. The
annual sunshine duration is 1991.4 hours, the annual amount of precipitation is 1119mm, the annual amount of evaporation is 1776mm. In
the county sunshine and rainfall are abundant, the dry and wet seasons are distinct, the annual temperature range is small, the daily
temperature swing is high.
5. Soil
The total area of the project area is 23919 hectares, including 3684 hectares of farmland, 2447 hectares of forests, 7704 hectares of
grassland (6471 hectares of which is exploitable), 1297hectares of water area (594 hectares of which is exploitable), 5800 hectares of
wasteland (4600 hectares of which is exploitable) and 2988 hectares of land for other uses. There are 11 soil categories in the counties such
as red earth, yellow brown earth and dark brown earth.
6. Biological resources
The forests in Butuo are dry evergreen broad-leaf forest and Daliangshan forests. There are four vegetation regions: below the elevation
of 1000m, the grass is the main vegetation, the vegetation coverage is more than 60%, the total vegetation area is 202380 mu; between the
elevation of 1000m and 1800m, the evergreen broad-leaf forests are the main vegetation; the vegetation coverage is 55%, the total
vegetation area is 480660 mu； between the elevation of 1800m and 2600m, the broad-leaf forests and coniferous forests are the main
vegetation; the total vegetation area is 1163715 mu, and land erosion is severe, as the vegetation coverage remains lower than 40% of the
total area; between the elevation of 2600m and 3891m, the coniferous forests and shrubs are the main vegetation; the vegetation coverage is
50%, the total vegetation area is 683055 mu. The arbor species include Yunnan pine trees, high mountain pine trees, firs, spruces; shrub
species include azaleas and pinus yunnanensis.
3.1.7 Environmental conditions of Jinyang County
1. Geographical position
Jinyang County is located in the southwest of the Sichuan, east of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It is on the northern side of the
lower range of the Jinsha River, between 102°56′30″-103°30′20″east longitude and 27°22′10″-27°57′41″ north latitude It is 215 km away
from Xichang, the capital city of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture.
2. Geology and Landform
The county lies in the transitional area from the Liangshan plateau landform to the southwest mountain landform. On the northern side
is the Liangshan plateau landform, the land is flat and vast, the elevation is more than 2100m and the relative height difference is small; on
the southern side is the southwest mountain landform, there are steep cliffs, the height difference can be as big as 1500-2000m. The terrain is
high in the west and the north, and low in the east and the south，with mountains 1000m to 4000m above sea level as the main landform.
There are many micro terrains in the area, such as the flatland, the tableland, the low mountain, the medium low mountain, the medium
mountain, the high mountain, the highland and the hummocky plateau. The flatland and the tableland only account for 0.24% of the total
area.
3. Hydrology
65
There are 23 rivers in the county, 5 of which have a water-collecting area of more than 100 square kilometers, they are the Jinyang
River, the Xixi River(the border river of Jinyang and Butuo), the Dengchang River, the Niluoyida River, the Weishiluoda River.
The annual amount of precipitation is 802 mm, the average diameter depth is 560.6mm, and the total runoff volume is 802.067 million
m³. The diameter depth is 444 mm and the runoff volume 705.52 million m³, when P=75%. The runoff of volume is the Xixi River is
724.775 million m³, and the total water volume 1.43059 billion m³.
4. Climate and meteorological conditions
The climate of the county is unique, as it is the subtropical monsoon climate with different climate at different altitudes for the feet to
the tops of the mountains. In the project area the annual average temperature is 15.7℃, the annual amount of precipitation is 788mm, the
annual accumulated temperature is 251℃, the sunshine duration is 1521.28 hours, the frost free period lasts 310 days, the lowest
temperature is -4℃.In the project area sunshine is abundant, moisture is low, in spring it gets warm early, in autumn and winter
solar-thermal resources are rich.
5. Soil
The total land area of the county is 162671 hectares, including 15939 hectares of farmland, 82500 hectares of forests, 55086 hectares of
grassland, 646 hectares of forests returned from farmland, 5800 hectares of water area, 2200 hectares of wasteland and 500 hectares of land
for other uses.
The total area of the project area is 18969 hectares, including 4661 hectares of farmland, 5303 hectares of forests, 7538 hectares of
grassland (5300 hectares of which is exploitable), 217 hectares of water area (110 hectares of which is exploitable), 1100 hectares of
wasteland and 150 hectares of land for other uses.
6. Biological resources
There is a wide range of species of wild animals in the county. There are 30 animal species that are most common, such as bears, deer,
blue sheep, musk deer, golden monkeys, lynx, hedgehogs and so on. There are also 30 bird species that are most common, such as golden
pheasants and tragopan temminckiis. The reptiles in the county include pangolins, pythons, adders and cobras. There are also national
first-class protected animals such as golden monkeys, serows, lynx, golden eagles and takins.
There are 357 species, 85categories and 76 families of trees in the county. In terms of forest resources, natural forests account for
73.91% and planted forests account for 26.09%. The commercial tree species include firs, pine trees, birches and camphor trees. The trees of
economic value include tung trees and walnut tree.
66
3.2 Economic conditions of counties covered by the project
The project covers Xuyong County and Gulin County of Luzhou City, Butuo County, Jinyang County, Zhaojue County and Meigu County
of Liangshan Prefecture. The economic condition of each county is shown in Table3.2-1.
Table 3.2-1 Economic conditions of counties covered by the project
Place of
project
Total
population
(10000)
Rural
population(%)
Total area
(hectare)
Population density
(person/km2)
Per-capita
farmland
area
(mu/person)
The proportions of
the three industries
in GDP
(The primary
industry:the
secondary
industry:the tertiary
industry)
Per-capita
income of
farmers(yuan)
Per-capita
income of
poor
families(yuan)
Xuyong
County 72.11 84.69 297680 242 0.76 1:2.06:1.3 5413 4318
Gulin
County 85.21 89.74 318365 268 0.74 1:3.75:1.29 5734.69 3563
Butuo
County 18.21 92.42 173227.95 105 1.74 1.02:2.28:1 4112 2307
Jinyang
County 19.28 93.26 162671 119 1.24 1.1:2.52:1 4075 2796
Zhaojue
County 30.09 71.32 277833 108 1.06 1.64:1:1.42 4297 2965
Meigu
County 25.51 84.28 257239 99 1.06 1.25:1.01:1 3981 3872
67
3.3 Natural protection reserves, cultural relics and historic sites in the project area
According to investigation, there are two natural protection reserves near the project area: the Dafengding National Natural Protection
Reserve and the Baicaopo Provincial Natural Protection Reserve and National Nature Reserve for Rare Fish at the Upper Reaches of Yangtze
River. The statistics are shown in Table 3.3-1, there are no cultural relics in the project area.
Table 3.3-1 Natural protection reserves, cultural relics and historic sites in the project area
Name Location
Area
(hectare
)
level
Protection
targets
Goals
Time of
establishme
nt
Regulator Distance from
the project area
Dafengdin
g National
Natural
Protection
Reserve
In Wahou District,
Dafengding, between
Meigu county and Mabian
County.
Geographic
position:102º52′-103º20′e
ast longitude,
28º30′-28º50′north
latitude.
50655
national
natural
protectio
n reserve
Rare and
endangered
species such
as pandas,
davidia
involucrate
and larix
mastersiana
Comprehensivel
y developing
and managing
the reserve,
carrying out
education
campaigns and
supportive
projects to
protect pandas,
golden moneys
dove trees and
the ecological
system.
Developing the
management
system,
scientific
1978
Administratio
n of
Dafengding
National
Natural
Protection
Reserve
The buffer
zone of the
reserve is 2-5
km away from
Gutuo Village,
Yideamo
Village, Erma
Village, Waxi
Village, Laluo
Village,Dalaam
o Village and
Nimu Village
of the Yiguojue
Township
68
research
capacity and
economy of the
reserve and
people’s
awareness of
ecological
conservation,
and building the
reserve into one
that enjoys
coordinated
development
with local
communities.
Baicaopo
Provincial
Natural
Protection
Reserve
In Gaofeng Village and
the northeast of Jinyang
County.
Geographic position:
103°7′12″-103°26′06″east
longitude,
27°42′36″-27°57′36″north
latitude.
25597.4
provincia
l natural
protectio
n reserve
The wetland
ecological
system and
rare and
endangered
species such
as forest
musk deer,
gnus,
black-necke
d cranes
and golden
Protecting the
wetland and
biodiversity
within the
reserve.
Reducing water
and soil loss,
protecting the
water resources
of the Yangtze
River and
meeting
2006
Administratio
n of Baicaopo
Natural
Protection
Reserve
2 km away
from the
project area in
Xiangling
township
69
eagles people’s daily
needs.
National
Nature
Reserve
for Rare
Fishes at
the Upper
Reaches of
Yangtze
River
The Reserve covers
Sichuan Province, Yunnan
Province and Chongqing
Municipality, located
between 104°9′ and
106°30′ east longitude,
and 27°29′ and 29°4′
north latitude.
This area includes 1.8km
under the axis of Xiangjia
Dam, Jinsha River,
353.16km of Yangtze
River, Masangxi,
Chongqing, 90.1km from
Yuebo Minjiang River to
the estuary of Minjiang
River, and 628.23km from
the source to the estury of
Chishui River
The
Reserve
covers a
reach of
1162.61
km and
an area
of
33174.2
13
hectares
National
Nature
Reserve
Rare fishes
and their
habitat.
There are 2
species of
fish are at
national
protection
level,
namely
paddlefish
and
Acipenser
dabryanus,
and 1
species of
fish at
second
national
protection
level,
namely
Myxocyprin
us asiaticus.
There are
In order to
protect the
diversity of
fishes at the
upper reach of
Yangtze River
and the natural
ecosystem in
this area,
fishery
resources
should be
utilized in a
reasonable and
sustainable way.
Impact due to
human activities
such as
water-power
projects and
economic
causes should
be mitigated for
saving
endangered
2005
Sichuan
Province,
Guizhou
Province,
Yunan
Province,
Chongqing
Municipality
and relevant
cities,
counties have
set up
managing
bureaus
(divisions,
stations) in
the protection
area.
Water source
for irrigating
sweet oranges
at Shuiliao
Village,
Xuyong Town
70
66 kinds of
fish that
only live at
the upper
reach of
Yangtze
River
species in this
area.
71
Picture3.3-1 Division of Functional Zone and Plan of National Nature Reserve for Rare Fishes at the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River
72
Picture 3.3-2 The function partition map of the Dafengding National Natural Protection
Reserve
3.4 Present environmental quality condition
3.4.1 Ambient air quality
1. Evaluation criterion
The project area is located in the Class II ambient air quality district, so the
executive standard is the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard
(GB3095-2012).
2. Evaluation methods
The ambient air quality is evaluated with a standard index method. The formula
used is:
/i i oi
P C C
Notes: Pi ——the standard index of evaluation factor i;
Ci ——the measured concentration of evaluation factor i, mg/m3;
Coi——the evaluation criterion of the evaluation factor, mg/m3.
The value of Pi reflects the pollution gravity of pollutants. If Pi<1, then the
concentration of pollutant i does not exceed the standard; otherwise, it exceeds the
standard.
3. Evaluation results
The ambient air quality monitoring result is shown in Table 3.4-1.
Table 3.4-1 The monitoring data of the ambient air quality in Xuyong County
Unit:mg/m3
Project township（Yiguojue Township）
Project township（Vaxi Township）
73
monitoring point
monitoring project
monitoring data
evaluation
criterion
Floor 7, east of
Yongning
Road
Fuli hotel Hourly average
concentration
SO2
Range of
monitoring
value
0.094～0.099 0.023～0.097
0.50 over standard
rate % 0 0
Single quality
index 0.188～0.198 0.046～0.194
NO2
Range of
monitoring
value
0.074～0.087 0.065～0.078
0.20
over standard
rate % 0 0
Single quality
index 0.37～0.435 0.325～0.39
PM10
Range of
monitoring
value
0.105～0.113 0.079～0.097
0.15(daily average) over standard
rate % 0 0
Single quality
index 0.700～0.753 0.527～0.647
According to the monitoring results, the average hourly values of PM10. SO2and
NO2 in downtown Xuyong County meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality
Standard. The project area is in the rural areas in Xuyong County where the tertiary
industry is the main form of industry. There are no factories or mines in the area, and the
air quality can meet the Class II Standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard
(GB3095-2012).
Table 3.4-2 The monitoring data of the ambient air quality in Gulin County
Unit:mg/m3
monitoring point
monitoring project
monitoring data evaluation
criterion
2011 2012 daily average
concentration
SO2
Range of
monitoring
value
0.017~0.036 0.033~0.056 0.15
74
over standard
rate % 0 0
Single quality
index 0.113～0.240 0.220～0.373
NO2
Range of
monitoring
value
not detected not detected
0.08
over standard
rate % —— ——
Single quality
index —— ——
PM10
Range of
monitoring
value
0.079~0.101 0.097~0.123
0.15 over standard
rate % 0 0
Single quality
index 0.527～0.673 0.647～0.820
According to the monitoring results, the average hourly values of PM10. SO2 and
NO2 in downtown Gulin County meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality
Standard（GB3095-2012）. The main pollutants in Gulin County are dust, soot and
exhaust gas, and the gravity of pollution differs in different places and seasons. The
project area is in the rural areas in Xuyong County where the tertiary industry is the main
form of industry. There are no factories or mines in the area, and the air quality can meet
the Class II Standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012).
Table 3.4-3 The monitoring data of the ambient air quality in Liangshan Prefecture
Unit: mg/m3
county
monitoring
point
monitoring project
atmospheric
temperature(℃)
SO2 NO2 PM10
Butuo
County
Temuli
Town
19.3 0.020 0.011 0.084
evaluation criterion（daily average） 0.15 0.08 0.15
single quality index 0.133 0.138 0.56
Meigu
County
Bapu
Village
15.7 0.024 0.014 0.094
Niuniu
Dam
16.2 0.025 0.017 0.084
evaluation criterion (daily average) 0.15 0.08 0.15
single quality index 0.160～0.167 0.175～0.213 0.560～
0.627
Zhaojue Nanping -- 0.013～0.031 0.016～0.024 0.121～
75
County Village 0.135
（TSP）
evaluation criterion (hourly average) 0.50 0.20 0.3(daily
average)
single quality index 0.026～0.062 0.08～0.12
0.403～
0.45
Jinyang
County
Taoping
Town
--
0.014～0.041 0.016～0.020
0.189～
0.205
（TSP）
evaluation criterion (hourly average) 0.50 0.20
0.3(daily
average)
single quality index 0.028～0.082 0.08～0.10
0.63～
0.683
According to the monitoring results, the average daily (原文 P58)values of PM10.
SO2and NO2 in the air in Temuli Town, Bapu Town and Niuniuba of Butuo Town all meet
the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012); the average
hourly values of TSP, SO2and NO2 in the air in Nanping Town and Jinyang County all
meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012).The
monitoring point can represent other places in the project area, so the air quality in the
project is excellent and meets the Class II Standard of the Ambient Air Quality
Standard(GB3095-2012).
3.4.2 Survey and evaluation of the surface water environment
1. Evaluation criterion
According to the letter from the environment bureau, the executive standard of the
water environment is the class III standard of the Environmental Quality Standard
for Water(GB3838-2002).
2. Evaluation method
Water environment is evaluated with the standard index method. The evaluation
method is as follows:
,
,
i j
i j
si
CS
C
Notes: jiS , ——the standard index of evaluation factor j of section i;
jiC , ——the monitored concentration of evaluation factor j of section i, mg/L;
siC ——the evaluation criterion of evaluation factor j; mg/L.
The standard index of pH value is calculated with the following formula:
76
,
7.0
7.0
j
pH j
sd
pHS
pH
7.0
jpH
,
7.0
7.0
j
pH j
su
pHS
pH
7.0
jpH
Notes: ,pH jS ——the standard pH index of section j;
jpH ——the estimated pH value of section j;
supH . sdpH ——the upper and lower limit of the pH evaluation criterion.
3. Result of evaluation
According to the class III standard of the Environmental Quality Standards for
Surface Water(GB3838-2002), the evaluation of water quality is:
Water quality in Butuo County is excellent. Only the total nitrogen index of
Meisa Village is 74% higher than the standard. Preliminary analysis indicates that it is
because of the abuse of chemical fertilizer and the unorderly discharge of wastewater and
excrement.
All indexes but the total nitrogen index of Meigu County meet the class III standard
of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). The total
nitrogen index exceeds the limits because of the abuse of chemical fertilizer and the
unorderly discharge of wastewater and excrement.
Water quality in Xuyong, Gulin, Jinyang and Zhaojue is excellent, and it meets class
III standard of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002).
According to the inspection results, the water quality in Xuyong section of Chishui
River reaches the class III standard. The major matters influencing water quality are
ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus.
77
Table 3.4-4 Surface Water Quality Inspection Result of Villages(Unit :mg/L)
Pla
ce
of
Pr
oje
ct
monitori
ng
section
wat
er
tem
per
atur
e
p
H
dis
sol
ve
d
ox
yg
en
perm
anga
nate
index
CO
D
BO
D5
am
mo
nia
nitr
og
en
tot
al
ph
osp
hor
us
tot
al
nitr
og
en
cop
per zinc
flu
ori
de
sele
niu
m
arse
nic
merc
ury
cad
miu
m
hex
ava
lent
chr
omi
um
plu
mb
um
cya
nide
vol
atil
e
phe
nol
petr
ole
um
fecal
colifo
rm
Cl
ass
III
sta
nd
ar
d
All are
peak
values
except
that of
dissolve
d oxygen
6~
9 ≥5 6 20 4 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.01 0.05
0.000
1
0.00
5
0.0
5
0.0
5 0.2
0.0
05
0.0
5
Bu
tuo
Le’an
County
17.
5
7.
91
7.1
9 0.5 — 1.1
0.0
1
0.1
13
0.4
4
0.0
045
0.0
033
0.0
6
0.00
025
0.00
009
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
016
0.00
4
0.0
02
0.0
03 5400
Bu’er
County
16.
5
7.
87
8.4
5 0.5 — 0.8
0.0
61
0.0
25
0.4
9
0.0
045
0.0
033
0.1
3
0.00
025
0.00
044
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.00
4
0.0
02
0.0
03 1800
Luogu
County 17
6.
94
7.9
6 0.5 — 1.1
0.1
23
0.0
92
0.1
9
0.0
045
0.0
033
0.0
4
0.00
025
0.00
009
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.00
4
0.0
02
0.0
03 2200
Meisa
County
16.
5
7.
86
8.4
5 0.5 — 0.9
0.0
48
0.0
74
1.7
4
0.0
045
0.0
033
0.1
9
0.00
025
0.00
023
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.00
4
0.0
02
0.0
03 1300
M
eig
Luo’eyig
an
18.
5
8.
09
8.1
7 0.5 — 1
0.0
39
0.0
07
6.1
3
5.5
29
0.0
033
0.3
1
0.00
025
0.00
009
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.0
04
0.00
2
0.0
03 2200
78
u County
Nongzuo
County
17.
5
8.
06
8.1
2 0.73 — 1.2
0.0
59
0.0
23
1.0
9
5.2
45
0.0
033 0.5
0.00
025
0.00
009
0.000
005
0.00
02
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.0
04
0.00
2
0.0
03 3500
Longme
n County 18
8.
1
8.1
7 0.97 — 1
0.0
37
0.0
14
0.3
81
0.0
045
0.0
033
0.1
9
0.00
025
0.00
009
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.0
04
0.00
2
0.0
03 3500
Lamuaju
e County
17.
5
7.
72 7.9 0.56 — 0.8
0.0
35
0.0
15
4.4
55
0.0
045
0.0
033
0.2
1
0.00
025
0.00
022
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.0
04
0.00
2
0.0
03 1300
Jueluo
County
19.
5
7.
78 8.2 0.65 — 1.2
0.0
34
0.1
02
4.3
8
5.5
79
0.0
033
0.1
9
0.00
025
0.00
198
0.000
005
0.00
021
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.0
04
0.00
2
0.0
03 2800
Yiguojue
County 18
8.
09 8.4 0.61 — 0.8
0.0
28
0.0
25
0.8
93
5.7
26
0.0
033 0.2
0.00
025
0.00
009
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.0
04
0.00
2
0.0
03 2400
Jiukou
County
18.
5
7.
9 8.4 0.48 — 1.4
0.0
94
0.0
1
2.6
9
5.6
76
0.0
033
0.7
2
0.00
025
0.00
191
0.000
005
0.00
01
0.0
04
0.0
01
0.0
04
0.00
2
0.0
03 2400
Xu
yo
ng
Chishui
River
Huixiang
County
20.
4
7.
58
8.0
3 1.6 — 0.65
0.5
38
0.1
4 — — —
0.1
0 — — — — — — — —
0.0
4 1400
Chishui
River
dam
21.
4
7.
41
8.8
3 1.75 — 2.00
0.5
86
0.1
1 — — —
0.1
2 — — — — — — — —
0.0
3 1300
Gu
lin
Jianzhus
anfengtia
n
13.
9
7.
15
8.4
3 1.26 — 1.00
0.1
38
0.1
2
0.7
3 — —
0.2
0 — — — —
0.0
07 — — — — —
Taipingd
u
14.
3
7.
29
8.1
1 1.84 — 0.92
0.1
65
0.0
7
0.8
4 — —
0.2
0 — — — —
0.0
11 — — — — —
Jin Jinyang 17. 7. 8.2 1.15 8.3 0.67 0.2 0.1 0.4 — — 0.1 — — — — — — — — — 4000
79
ya
ng
River 2 74 1 79 16 65
Zh
aoj
ue
Sanwan
River
15.
7
7.
94
8.0
5 1.04
9.0
5 0.95
0.3
3
0.1
01
0.5
42 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
80
3.4.3 Survey and assessment of the acoustic environment
According to the letter from the environment bureau, the executive standard of the
acoustic environment is the class II standard of the Environmental Quality Standard for
Noise (GB3096-2008).
Table 3.4-5 Ambient Noise Inspection Result of Villages
Place observation point
monitoring projects
dB(A)
(GB3096-2008)Class II
standard
24h average Daytime
dB(A) Night dB(A)
Butuo
County
Temuli County 43.1 60 50
Meigu
County
Papu Town 42.6 60 50
Niuniuba 44.9 60 50
Average 43.75 60 50
Place observation point monitoring projects
dB(A)
(GB3096-2008)Class II
standard
Daytime Night Daytime
dB(A)
Night dB(A)
Jinyang
County
Luojie Village 48.6 38.6 60 50
Taoping Village 44.8 35.8 60 50
Zhaojue
County
Nanping Village 48.2 43.1 60 50
Chengbei Village 43.3 37.2 60 50
Gulin
County
County 54.0 46.7 60 50
Xuyong
County
County 53.3 45.8 60 50
The project areas are all in rural areas. There are little traffic and no large-scale
factories in the project areas. The ambient noise quality meets the class II standard of the
Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008).
81
Chapter 4 Predication and Valuation of Environmental
Influence of Infrastructure Projects
Infrastructure projects include road construction, water conservancy construction,
warehouse and market facility construction, production equipment, construction of office
building and industry upgrading, etc. The construction and operation period will cause
adverse effect on the surrounding natural and social environment.
4.1 Analysis of Construction Period’s Influence on the Environment
4.1.1 Analysis of Linear Construction Projects’ Influence on the Environment
Linear construction projects include road construction and irrigation channels. Road
construction has long route and covers large area, hence causing greater pollution
problem. Therefore, the analysis focuses mainly on road construction.
Road construction includes new road building and road renovation (road broadening
and hardening). 87.07 km of village roads are constructed; 61.05 km of roads connecting
villages are hardened with cement; 95.23km of village roads are hardened; and 266.46
km of pavements for production are constructed. Their proportions are 17.79%∶
11.98% ∶ 18.68% ∶ 52.27%. Newly constructed and expanded roads meet the
requirement of tractor road, used for transportation and commuting. These roads will
harden and expand the existing roadbed (i.e. completed area). These roads will be built in
remote mountainous areas, where existing ones are narrow, serve people and livestock,
and are often straight lines covering the shortest distance. When building these roads,
people did not consider conditions for selecting sites such as geology and risks.
Therefore, based on those conditions, the route of new roads should be redesigned
instead of covering existing roadbed completely. Pavements for production serve in
agricultural park for walk.
4.1.1.1 Analysis of construction process and its pollution
Road construction projects include road hardening and new road building. Road
hardening requires redesigning of the roadbed and the road width. It only uses the
existing road-side corridors, which adopts the same procedure as new road building.
Water conservancy projects are mainly used for irrigation.
The environmental influences that linear construction projects have are mainly on
the eco-environment. Then they cause temporary influences on the surrounding
environment, generating construction noises, liquid waste, dust, solid waste, etc.
The graph below shows the construction activities and their influences on the
environment.
82
Graph 4.1-1 Procedure of linear construction projects and corresponding pollution
4.1.1.2 Prediction and valuation of construction period’s influences on the ecological
environment
Construction period’s influences on ecological environment is represented by the
project body occupying and dividing land, which can change the function of land, reduce
the area of arable land, vegetation cover rate and area of forest, and increase the pressure
on land use along the construction. The filling of roadbeds, the digging of irrigation
channels, and the construction of borrow pits and spoil grounds damage ground
vegetation and topography. As a result, soil erosion might happen within a certain area
during a certain period of time, and soil fertility and crumb structure might be changed.
The construction activities harm the original ecological environment, imposing adverse
influence on flora and fauna’s growing, distribution, habitat and activities.
1. Analysis of land occupation’s influence
(1) Land occupation’s influence on agro-ecology
The ecosystem which mainly consists of farmland, forest and grassland within the
construction area will give way to the construction for road and irrigation channel. As a
result, the original function of the land will be partly or even completely lost(原文是丧
失 P63), affecting local agricultural production. Since linear projects occupy land in
strips, the transverse influences are narrow, and therefore projects will not cause
fundamental changes to the agricultural production pattern in the area. In addition, since
the proposed road is located in rural areas, circumvention of fertile farmland helps reduce
the influence on agriculture. Irrigation channels can be built along ridges to avoid fertile
land.
The income of farmers whose farmlands happen to be on the path of projects will be
83
affected. To deal with this, local governments are supposed to coordinate, and increase
unit land yield by technical training.In addition, upon the time of construction, farmers
can utilise the economic belts along the road, and irrigation channel will improve the
irrigation situation. As the urbanisation process and the adjustment of agricultural
structure continue, farm production will be transformed into specialty agriculture and
high-tech agriculture, and even developed into secondary and tertiary industry, greatly
boosting rural economy. With local governments and related departments’ help to provide
job training, more jobs will be created and income will hence be improved. In this way,
lives of people who formerly engage in agriculture production will be improved without
being effected by the occupation of land.
(2) Analysis of land use
Road and irrigation channel will permanently occupy farmland; therefore all
agricultural production functions of the occupied farmland will be deprived, causing loss
to agricultural production in the project area. But road serves every industry and
produces direct economic benefits. It will improve transportation condition, cut transit
time and transport costs, enhance road safety and goods circulation, and strengthen ties
with outside world. When the road is complete, the role of occupied land is also changed,
with its economic value improved, because it will promote economic development along
the road. With the emergence of tertiary industry and new industry, employment rate
along the road will be improved.
Irrigation channel is also an infrastructure project, which is of great significance to
improve agricultural production and achieving scale development.
From the angles of both occupying areas and their social-economic benefits, linear
projects wield limited influence to land resources. But as a non-renewable resource,
land’s agricultural value is irreplaceable. Therefore when planning the construction, we
should occupy as less farmland as possible: earthwork’s influence should be kept at bay,
and the amount of earth borrowed and discarded should be reduced as much as possible.
2. Influence on vegetation
Main vegetation types valuated along the project are masson pine formation,
Chinese fir formation, holm oak forest, phyllostachys pubescens formation, alpine bushes
and meadow, etc. artificial vegetation include sweet orange tree, walnut tree, apple tree,
pear tree, grapefruit tree, etc.
Vegetation along the linear projects will be damaged. Since the construction harms
vegetation habitat and deprives individual organism of growing environment, the
influence is irreversible. Based on the research, vegetation under direct influence is crops,
scrubland and grassland.
Spoil ground and construction site (including pioneer road, work yard, material yard,
etc.) occupy land temporarily, but they destruct vegetation directly, reduce biomass and
therefore affect biodiversity. In addition, since pioneer roads are needed to connect
construction sites, ill management of these roads may lead to obvious destruction of
arborous layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer, causing absence of layer in the plant
community. The significant changes in the vertical structure of plant community directly
affect the succession. But the damage caused by temporary occupation is restorable.
3. Influence on terrestrial animal
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Lives of amphibian, reptile and bird are disturbed directly by the damage to habitat,
noise produced by construction machines and constructors, and land occupation by
material yard. The construction of cutting and temporary construction site partly damage
environment, but this is just short term influence and the habitat for amphibian could be
restored rapidly. As long as the construction does not affect bird’s habitat and breeding
ground, bird population and their living environment along the project will not be
affected. When the project is complete, emigrated animal will gradually return to their
original habitat as vegetation is restoring, ecological environment is improving and
human disturbance is decreasing.
4.1.1.3 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on surface water
During the construction period, pollution caused to surface water along the project
mainly includes wastewater from precast yard and mixing station and domestic
wastewater.
Wastewater produced during construction mainly occurs in the process of concrete
mixing, such as wastewater produced by washing gravel aggregate, flushing oily sewage,
maintenance of construction machine and precast component, and floor washing. The
main pollutant is SS, with concentrations of 3000~5000mg/L. Therefore interception
drainage and temporary settling pond are needed. Wastewater in construction sites should
undergo the process of centralized collection, settling and separation of suspended
substance. Recycled water should be reused as much as possible, and the settled
suspended substance should be routinely dealt appropriately.
If the proposed project is near residential area, then camp building is not necessary.
When constructors rent houses, their domestic wastewater is discharged into the drainage
system of the residential area, and therefore there will be no new source of wastewater.
During the peak of construction period, there are about 50 constructors. If the amount of
domestic wastewater is calculated by 0.08m3/d, then the total amount of domestic
wastewater of this project is 4m3/d. If it is dealt inappropriately, wastewater will pollute
nearby water body. The main pollutants are NH3-N, SS, COD AND BOD5, etc. The
domestic wastewater can be processed in septic-tank and then can be used as fertilizer for
farmland and woodland.
4.1.1.4 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on groundwater
Since there will be no tunnel operation, construction of road and irrigation channel
is a non-pollution ecological project.
Road construction areas are mainly in mountainous regions where groundwater is
deep. Therefore the construction has little impact on groundwater. Only in areas where
high fill and deep cut are needed, groundwater may gush out, causing declining of
groundwater level in some areas and changing the distribution of groundwater. During
the construction period, the potential source of pollution for groundwater is maltreatment
of construction waste, oil contamination, wastewater and slurry. According to on-site
inspection, the main source of drinking water in construction area is ponds on hillside,
and therefore the construction will not affect local residence’s drinking water.
4.1.1.5 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on air
Pollutant will be produced during the process of earthwork, filling of embankment,
material transportation, mixing and paving, reducing air quality. During construction
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period, main air pollutants are dust and stive, which are mainly caused by earthwork,
open or ill-enclosed asphalt concrete mixing, transportation, operation in slag yard and
main construction sites, as well as road construction machine’s operation on unpaved
roads.
During construction period, applying water to control dust 4~5 times per day can
reduce dust by 70%. Table 4.1-1 is the experiment result of applying water to control dust
on construction sites. It is easy to see that watering 4~5 times per day is an effective dust
control measure, which can narrow the range of influence of TSP down to 20~50m.
Table 4.1-1 Experiment result of sprinkling water in construction sites
Distance (m) 5 20 50 100
Average hourly
levels of TSP
(mg/m3)
No water
applied 10.14 2.89 1.15 0.86
Water applied 2.01 1.40 0.67 0.60
According to similar monitoring on the TSP of dirt, concrete mixing station, when
road mixing method is applied, TSP level in places 50 meters away from the road is 1.00
mg/m3. TSP level in places 50 meters away from the material yard and site for mixing
lime and soil is 8.90 mg/m3; 100 meters away, 1.65 mg/m
3; 150 meters away, almost 0
mg/m3.
To reduce air pollution along the project, the locations for lime and soil field and
concrete mixing site should be carefully chosen. They should maintain a distance of at
least 200 meters from residential areas, and fencing measures should be applied if
necessary.
4.1.1.6 Prediction and valuation of construction’s influence on acoustic environment
1. Characteristics of construction noise
1) Various of construction machine are used, and different machines are used
atdifferent stages. Construction machines vary even at the same stage, which makes noise
produced by road construction unpredictable.
2) The types of noise source of different equipment are different – some are vibratory,
some are bursting, and some are pulsating, but all cause great effect on humans. Since the
frequency of some equipment (such as mixer) is low and the noise is hard to fade away,
people are easily agitated by it. Though all the noises of construction machines are loud,
but their sound levels are quite different, with some reaching 90 dB(A).
3) Different from fixed noise source, noise sources in construction sites can be both
fixed and mobile. That’s because machines are outdoors and they are movable within a
certain period of time, which extends the scope of noise pollution. But compared with
mobile noise source, construction noise is confined in a smaller area.
4) Construction equipment has limited range of influence, therefore noise produced
by construction equipment can be seen as point acoustic source.
2. Prediction methods
Noise produced by construction machines can be calculated by the following
formula:
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LrrLL 0101 /lg20
Li – sound levels in places ri away from noise source (dB(A))
L0 – sound levels in places r0 away from noise source (dB(A))
△L—decrement caused by other factors (dB(A))
Composition sound levels of all noise sources in predicted points can be calculated by the
following formula:
n
i
L
TP
piL1
1.010lg10
3. Analysis on strength of noise sources and range attenuation of construction
noise
If range attenuation are considered, construction machine of single purpose
(excluding pile driver) should be located 50 meters away in the daytime and 200 meters
away at night, so as to meet the standards regulated in Noise Standards in Construction
Sites (GB12523-2011).
As the project takes place in rural area, the influence on surroundings is limited. To
maintain normal lives in residential areas and teaching in schools along the line, noise
control measures must be taken in sites near residential areas.
Noise in irrigation channel construction is relatively low, with sound levels ranging
from 60 dB(A) to 80 dB(A). In addition, the construction mainly takes place in areas near
farmland with few environmental sensitive sites. Therefore, after necessary control
measures are taken, the influence can be kept at low levels.
4.1.1.7 Prediction and valuation of solid waste’s influence on environment during
construction period
Solid waste of this project mainly comes from three sources: construction waste
after demolition, spoil produced from embankment, and household waste. These wastes
are not industrial solid wastes.
1. Analysis of construction waste’s influence on environment
Building wastes include demolition waste and construction waste. Construction
wastes are mainly rubble, concrete, mortar, pile head and packaging material. Since in
this project road construction takes place in rural areas where residential areas are
scattered, there will not be many demolition operations. If demolition wastes are stacked
on construction sites, it will not only affect construction, but also will be dust source in
windy conditions.
2. Analysis of spoil’s environment impact
Excavation is needed during embankment and irrigation channel construction, and
therefore spoil and waste rock are produced. If they are dealt inappropriately, heavy
rainfall will make a large quantity of water and soil flow into water body nearby,
blocking drainage way and burying farmland. Therefore fencing measures should be
taken around temporary spoil yard according to the requirements of water and soil
conservation, reducing soil’s exposure to rainfalls.
3. Analysis of influence of household waste in construction area on environment
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The amount of household waste generated during the construction period is 20 kg/d.
If wastes are collected and transported to township waste treatment plants, no adverse
impact will be imposed on local environment.
4.1.1.8 Analysis of influence on nearby social environment during construction period
1. Influence on traffic of existing roads during construction period
Road hardening operation has a large influence on traffic of existing roads.
Construction should be performed section by section and half of road at one time and
pass should be restricted, according to project preparation and construction process. If
construction organization needs to divert or shunt traffic, it must report its safety and
traffic plans for major sections to related village committee office or township office in
advance. After coordination and arrangement, as well as approved by related offices,
local people’s governments announce the plans on media or notice board. For sections
affected by construction, special personnel should be appointed to maintain smooth
traffic and at the same time keep the order of construction. They should also help traffic
police maintain good traffic and ensure safely pass. These above measures will minimize
the influence.
2. Influence on irrigation system
After years of intensive farming, a systematic irrigation facilities or natural channels
have been formed along the project. Road construction should maintain the original
system intact. For those damages already done, measures should be taken. Through
culvert, scientifically side ditch, intercepting dike and drainage ditch design, put outlet
entrances on the parapet, this project will basically keep the original irrigation system,
ensuring unobstructed irrigation channels and normal lives for local people.
3. Influence on power and telecommunications facilities
Route selection should avoid power and telecommunications facilities. Otherwise,
construction organization should consult with telecommunications and power
departments before dismantling. After related authorities announced the new route, the
local power supply and telecommunications will not be affected.
4. Influence of occupying land
The proposed project takes place at rural areas, and road construction is a
long-distance linear project. Therefore part occupation of forest and farmland is
unavoidable. In this project, roads connecting villages and within villages are 104km,
production shortcuts are 261.8km, other roads are built on original roadbed, and
irrigation channels are distributed along balks. For households whose farmlands are
occupied by construction, they will receive new farmland by redistributing the village’s
farmland. As the average land loss is trivial after the readjustment, and households who
lose farmlands will be compensated, the influence of occupying land can be effectively
eased. In some sense occupying land can upgrade the structure of labor and lifestyle.
Generally, living standards of households whose farmlands are lost will not be reduced.
5. Possible influence on cultural relic
Based on the situation of townships and villages along the project, the project will
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not touch any cultural relic protection site at any level, and there are not relic protection
sites on both sides of the project. Therefore the project will not affect any relic protection
site. But considering the possibility that new relics might be found during construction,
once relics are found during construction, any operation should be halted and protection
measure must be taken, and construction organization should actively cooperate with
local cultural relic offices.
4.1.2 Analysis of non-linear project’s environmental influence
Non-linear projects mainly include offices, processing workshops, pump station,
housing, and market, etc. The influences of building these facilities are similar:
ecological environment damage, water and soil erosion and “three wastes” of
construction. The situation resembles that of road construction and hence there will be no
further elaboration. But water conservancy project include pump station and considering
the near distance between pump station and rivers, pump station’s influence will be
analyzed solely.
4.1.2.6 Analysis of solid waste’s influence during construction period
Solid wastes during construction period mainly include soil and rock, construction
waste and household waste of constructors.
1. Soil and rock
At the initial stage of construction, excavation is needed. The project can use the
throw of terrain to avoid high-fill and deep-cut. The excavated soil can be reused for land
levelling in later plantation projects. Excavated rocks can be used for bedding of
channels and ditches. There will be no permanent soil and rock yard. Soil and rock are
only stack indoors temporarily, to avoid dust in windy or arid conditions and water and
soil erosion in rainy conditions.
2. Construction waste
Demolition will produce scraps of construction material. Recyclable wastes should
be sorted and recycled (scrap iron, scrap steel, and packaging material can be sold to
salvage station; waste bricks can be used for road bedding); unrecyclable wastes should
be transported to appointed construction waste yard. Construction organization should set
up temporary waste yard and perform sealing process to the storage facility.
3. Constructors’ household waste
During the peak of construction period, there are about 30 constructors. If the
amount of household waste is calculated by 0.4kg/person/d, then the total amount of
household waste of this project is 12kg/d. After collection and sending to village’s
garbage yard as well as treatment by related local offices, no environmental influence
will be made.
4.1.2.7 Analysis of pump station’s influence on Chishui River region
1. The influence of soil and water erosion and its spreading
This project’s pump station is located in Chishui River region of Xuyong County
and Gulin County. Construction area is near the river, therefore the possibility of
polluting a large area after the construction area exposing to heavy rainfalls remains high.
The surface runoffs produced by heavy rainfalls scour away surface dust, construction
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sand and rock, and rubbish. The muddy water would carry away a large quantity of sand
and soil, soil nutrient, cement, oil and other surface solid wastes. Should the wastewater
be left untreated, it would flow into Chishui River. This will not only cause the ecological
damage to Chishui River and its surrounding ground, but also carry a lot of sand, soil and
pollutants into the river, affecting the water quality and increasing the sediment.
2. Influence of construction wastewater and solid waste
Wastewater produced in the project comes from concrete mixing and pouring,
maintenance, water sprinkling, construction equipment cleaning and domestic wastewater.
The main pollutants contained in the water are pH, SS, CODCr, and oil, etc. Since
constructors hire residence building as their accommodation, their wastewater can be
treated by septic tank and used for fertilization. The polluting factors in domestic
wastewater are CODCr and BOD5.
If the wastewater is directly discharged into Chishui River region, then it will cause
pollution to regional water quality.
4.2 Analysis of influence on environment during operation period
4.2.1 Analysis of linear projects’ influence
Linear projects include road and irrigation channels. Since irrigation channels will
basically produce zero pollution after completion, our focus is on road operation.
4.2.1.1 Prediction and valuation of ecological influence during operation period
The proposed road construction will completely change the function of occupied
land, changing farmland and forest into construction land. For vegetation damaged in
temporarily occupied land, it will restore naturally or restore by artificial vegetation, and
gradually become secondary vegetation compared with vegetation prior to occupation.
The secondary vegetation on cut-over land has inferior quality compared with native
vegetation, but considering the land occupied temporarily is relatively small, the
influence to the entire region is limited.
NOx, HC, etc. are other pollutants from car emissions. Main crops along the project
are rice, vegetables, potato, etc. According to Principles and Methods of Valuating
Environmental Pollution, we can know about the effect on crops growing and production
after chronicle exposure to nitrogen dioxide. When nitrogen dioxide level is 2 mg/m3,
rice will not be affected; when the level is above 2 mg/m3, the production of wheat might
be affected. The roads to build are mainly in rural areas, and therefore the traffic is light.
The levels of NOx in places 40 meters from the roads are less than 2 mg/m3, lower than
the secondary standard in Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012).
Therefore the influence from vehicle emissions on rice, vegetables and other crops
is limited.
Roads in rural areas can promote the economic development along them and
improve the local traffic and transportation, which provide favorable conditions for
introducing advanced agricultural technologies, optimizing plantation’s configuration and
increasing crop yields and farmer’s income. In this way, the way of utilizing land can be
upgraded.
4.2.1.2 Prediction and valuation of influence on surface water during operation period
90
Water pollution during operation period only happens when rainfalls form surface
runoffs and carry pollutants away.
When the road construction is complete, as the traffic increases by year, vehicle
emissions, oil spill and other hazardous substance depositing on roads will increase as
well. When rainfalls wash them away and carry into water body, the water quality will be
affected.
Rainfall intensity, duration, frequency, traffic, road width and other factors will
affect the forming of surface runoffs.
When the construction is complete, surface runoffs formed by rainfalls mainly carry
away SS, petroleum pollutant, organic pollutant, etc. Since the project takes place in rural
areas, where traffic is relatively light, the amount of SS, petroleum and other
vehicle-related pollutants is small. During the initial stage of rainfall, the levels of SS and
petroleum pollutants are high in the runoff, but the levels will drop quickly as the rainfall
continues. 20 minutes after rainfalls, pollutants will be basically washed off the road and
when the levels drop the influence on surrounding surface water and soil is limited.
4.2.1.3 Prediction and valuation of influence on air quality during operation period
1. Determining the polluting source
The main source of air pollution during operation is vehicle exhaust and the dust
caused by trucks’ ill-containment of goods that can cause particulates.
2. Analysis of air pollution’s influence
When the project is complete, road dust will be reduced. But within the operation
period, dust and exhaust caused by vehicles will cause air pollution to a certain extent,
with main pollutants being CO, NOx, THC and TSP. The amount of pollutant emission is
in proportion to traffic, and related to the types of vehicle and conditions of vehicle.
When the traffic increases, the amount of exhaust such as NO2 will also increase.
According to our prediction based on statistics from similar roads, when the proposed
project handle the maximum amount of vehicles, the daily levels of NO2 and TSP in
areas 5 meters away from road shoulders can meet the secondary standard in Ambient Air
Quality Standard. Considering that areas sensitive to pollution are generally located 10
meters away from the road shoulders, our result is that the levels of NO2, TSP and CO
will not exceed the standards during operation period.
4.2.1.4 Prediction and valuation of influence on acoustic environment during operation
period
1. Characters of influence on acoustic environment
Noise source is mainly traffic noise, which includes engine noise, noise caused by
exhaust system, friction between wheels and road surface, and noise caused by vibration
which is depended on road conditions. According to the result of Test of Traffic Noise
Source, the sound levels of different types of vehicles at different speeds are list on Table
4.2-1.
Table 4.2-1 Sound Levels of Different Types of Vehicles at Different Speeds
Section Types of
vehicle Formula
Average
speed(km/h)
Average sound
level Lw, I(dB)
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Section Types of
vehicle Formula
Average
speed(km/h)
Average sound
level Lw, I(dB)
The road to
be built
Small 12.6+34.73lgVS 15 53.5
Middle 8.8+40.48lgVM 15 56.4
Large 22.0+36.32lgVL 15 64.7
2. Predictions of noise’s influence
The project is located in rural areas; hence there is no noise source such as factories.
The acoustic environment along the project can meet the secondary standard in
Environmental quality standard for noise (GB3096-2008). During the operation, the
noise level is related to the traffic and vehicle types. Considering the project taking place
in rural areas, the traffic is light, the design speed is low, and there is almost no traffic at
night. The number of areas sensitive to noise pollution is small. In addition, walls and
ridges can reduce the effect of noise pollution. Therefore, the traffic noise has a limited
effect on sounding areas that are sensitive to noise. Otherwise, measures such as
installation of sound-proof windows and building green belt can help meet the required
standards.
4.2.1.5 Prediction and valuation of solid waste’s environmental influence during
operation period
Since the project takes place in rural areas, solid wastes mainly come from
spill-over from truck load, and sand and soil carried by vehicle wheels. If they are treated
inappropriately, it might cause visual blight, air pollution, and even spread disease and
harm people’s health. To prevent this, road cleaning staff should clean the road routinely
and collect the waste to waste-treatment plants for further treatment, so as to avoid
polluting water body in rainy conditions.
The project also generates positive effect on environment. Since the roads are
upgraded from unsurfaced roads to cement roads, solid wastes caused by breaking road
surface are largely reduced.
4.2.1.6 Prediction and valuation social influence during operation period
1. Economic benefits
The infrastructures such as water and electricity supply, road and
telecommunications are weak. Most village-level roads are accessible in good weather,
but inaccessible in bad weather. Some villages are even unconnected by roads, making
the exchanging of production material and transportation of products quite difficult and
impeding the local economy. After the road is completed, the unsurfaced roads will be
upgraded and transportation be improved, which is beneficial to the construction and
improvement of road network covering all villages. It will also boost the economic
development along the roads, accelerate the integration of rural and urban areas, realize
the utilization of resources allocation and complement different industries, strengthen the
economic and cultural ties between different regions, and promote the work of poverty
reduction.
2. Effects on people’s lives and health
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To a certain degree this project will increase the quality of lives for local residence.
But the traffic will inevitably affect residences that live along the road. Construction
vehicles might occupy existing roads, affecting local people’s traveling. Dust caused by
construction vehicles might affect local people’s rest and local school’s teaching. The
discharge of wastewater, domestic waster and production waste might affect the quality
of nearby water body. Constructors’ behaviors can also affect local people’s ordinary
lives. The most affected during the construction period are residential areas and schools
along the project. Therefore measures should be taken by related construction
organizations to ease the adverse influence.
4.2.1.7 Analysis of environmental risks
The roads to build are main channels to connect related villages, playing their roles
in rural transportation. The environmental risks during the operation period are emergent
leak of fertilizer, pesticide and other hazardous substances in transportation. Once the
leak happens, serious pollution might happen in a certain area, causing environment risks
to local communities.
1. Risks recognition
Through the analysis on the nature, amount and location of the proposed project,
and apart from adverse environment influences in normal conditions, the construction
and operation still contain potential risks. After our determining and valuating on the
possible ecological and environmental damages, we found that the main risks lie in the
following areas:
(1). The collapse of roadbed slope
The excavation of roadbed and embankment filling may damage the vulnerable
conditions of slope. Rainfalls can also make the foundation instable and therefore make it
likely to slide during construction and operation period. Our experience shows that even
relatively complete measures such as slope guarding and strengthening are taken, heavy
rainfalls can also render them ineffective by causing the upper foundation sliding.
(2). Overturning accidents’ influences on water body and soil during operation
period
Normally, main hazardous substances transported are pesticide and fertilizer.
Environment risks happen when traffic accident or violation of related regulations on
hazardous materials transportation occur, causing transported hazardous material leaking,
exploding or combustion. Once the accidents happen, serious pollution will happen
within a short time and in a large area, causing harm to local environment and loss of
national property.
Pollution caused by traffic accident mainly happens when vehicles travel over
bridges or near waters. Main pollution types are:
a) When petrol, diesel and engine oil are spilled and discharged into nearby waters
and soil;
b) When accident happens to vehicle carry dangerous chemicals and chemicals
leak into nearby waters and soil;
c) When accident happens on bridge and vehicle falls into river with its cargo.
2. Grading environmental risks
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According to Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects,
the project itself contains no hazardous substance and hazardous source, and risks are
caused by external factors. Therefore the project’s environmental risk is Grade II.
3. Analysis of environmental risk
Since the project takes place in rural areas, the design speed is low and traffic is
light. Therefore the possibility of traffic accidents is slight; the possibilities of leaking,
exploding and combustion caused by traffic accidents are more slight; and the possibility
of polluting waters along the line by turning-over and falling into riving is even slighter.
4.2.2 Analysis of non-linear project’s environmental influence during operation
period
4.2.2.1 Analysis of construction process and corresponding pollution
Non-linear projects include trade market, pump station, office of agricultural
cooperative and warehouse. During the operation period, trade market can produce
pollution such as wastewater, animal excrement, odorant, and household waste. Pump
station generates noise pollution. Agricultural cooperative generates household waste and
wastewater. The analysis can refer to that of trade market. Storage that poses serious
environmental risks is mainly cold storage for fruit (fresh orange). The potential risks are:
noise, air pollution and environmental hazard caused by refrigerant spill. The analysis of
noise is similar to the analysis of noise in trading market. The cold storage uses R23
refrigerant, which is a kind of HFC instead of ODS (ozone-depleting Substances). Since
it is ozone-friendly, it is internationally recognized and widely used and recommended as
refrigerant. Here the focus of this chapter is on the environmental influence of trade
market and the environmental hazard caused by refrigerant
spill.
Table 4.2-1 Operation Pollution Analysis
4.2.2.2 Analysis of noise’s environmental influence
When the project is complete, the noise pollution is mainly traffic noise, business
noise, livestock noise and machine noise.
1. Analysis of household noise
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The noise source is office and entertainment noise. The source is weak and the noise
is not consecutive. The influence can be controlled through improving property
management.
2. Analysis of business noise
Trade market includes farmers market and commercial areas, which generate part of
the business noise when operating. Noise can be controlled through measure like
reasonable layout of shops, reasonable distance from residence houses, green belt and
strict regulations. At the same time, if the project includes commercial development such
as entertainment items, then the noise generated by the newly built commercially
operating cultural services must be strictly controlled, and they can only be put into
service when corresponding noise reducing measures are taken.
3. Analysis of the influence of vehicle noises on the environment
Measures can be taken to reduce noises generated by vehicles: prohibiting honking
in ground parking lots, avoiding frequently restarting and idling engine, and regulating
parking orders.
4. Analysis of machine noise
When the project is complete, main noise sources are water pump, draught fan,
outdoors air conditioning units. Their noise levels are around 65-90 dB(A). The noise can
be effectively controlled by choosing quite equipment, taking noise reducing measures,
and sound insulation. As buildings can block some sound, there is nearly no influence on
the surrounding environment.
5. Livestock noise
Livestock noise is non-consecutive, and its noise levels are around 70-80 dB(A).
4.2.2.3 Analysis of influence on water environment
When the trade market is completed, wastewater mainly comes from commercial
and agricultural water use and animal urine from commercial and agricultural markets.
Currently, the location of trade market is still uncertain, and its surrounding areas lack
corresponding infrastructures. Therefore it is advised that water treatment facilities
should be built according to market scale in different places. For small trade market that
discharges a small quantity of wastewater and borders farmlands and forests, wastewater
can be used for irrigation after treatment in septic tank. The water used for irrigation
should meet the requirement stipulated in Standards for Quality of Irrigation Water
(GB5084-2005). For large trade market that discharges huge amount of wastewater and
lacks condition for irrigation, related department should build wastewater treatment plant.
Wastewater can only be discharged after treatment.
Since kitchen wastewater contains oil, it should be treated after oil removal. For
animal excrement, the dry and the wet should be separated before treatment. Animal
wastewater can be collected through pipes and poured into a septic for fermentation, and
then used for irrigating and fertilizing farmland, Septic should be seepage-proofing and
sealed, to avoid influence and contamination on sewage caused by odor
4.2.2.4 Analysis of influence on air quality
When the market is completed, waste gases are mainly vehicle exhaust in parking
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lots, cooking fume, and odorant in animal housings and dumps.
1. Cooking fume
Cooking fumes in market are mainly produced by restaurants. To meet environment
protection standards, tunnels should be preserved in restaurant buildings, and all cooking
fumes must be discharged in higher levels after treated and cooled by high-efficient
filters. The fume level after treatment is 1.6 mg/m3, lower than the 2 mg/m
3 standard
regulated in Emission Standard of Cooking Fume (GB18483-2001). All restaurants must
install cooking smoke purification devices and have tunnels on roofs according to the
requirements stipulated in Technical Guidelines for Environmental Protection in
Catering Sector (HJ554-2010) issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The
distance between outlets for cooking fumes and buildings sensitive to fumes should meet
related standards in Technical Guidelines for Environmental Protection in Catering
Sector (HJ554-2010).
During current construction stage, tunnels for fumes should be preserved on roofs
and exhaust ducts should not be scattered and should be located in special well.
2. Analysis of the influence of odorant on the environment
During the transportation of waste, perishable organic wastes give out odors when
decomposing. The main influence on the environment is odor. Odorants are gases that
irritate olfactory organs and cause displeasure, according to national standards.
Excrement in livestock and poultry market and animal housing give out odors
(mainly NH3 and H2S) because of animal excrement. They are uncontrolled emission
from low and surface source. In addition, since animal housing in markets are for
temporary use, odor production is non-consecutive. Odor can be effectively mitigated by
reasonably plan of livestock trading market, green belt around breeding houses and better
ventilation of the houses
3. Vehicle exhaust
The amount of vehicle exhaust is small, and it can be further reduced by measure
such as strengthening traffic regulation and reducing idling engine. The traffic within the
project area is light and the current environment is good. Therefore vehicle exhaust will
not cause regional air pollution after dispersing into the air.
4. Waste gas in farmers market
Waste gases in farmers market are mainly fishy smells from aquatic products and
smells caused by rotting fruits and vegetables. To reduce the influence on surrounding
environment, solid waste must be cleaned away in time, sanitary control should be
strengthened, and natural ventilation should be complemented by artificial ventilation.
4.2.2.5 Analysis of solid waste’s influence
When the market is completed, solid wastes are mainly household wastes produced
by staff and customers, kitchen waste and animal excrement.
1. Household waste
Household wastes should be bagged and transported to waste collection pools, and
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then transported to refuse landfills in nearby townships. To reduce the influence of odors,
waste collection pools should be sealed and transported to dumps in time. Special
personnel should be appointed to clean and spray disinfectant. In addition, office waste
may contain toner and used batteries which should be collected separately, so as to avoid
soil and groundwater pollution by heavy metals.
As for kitchen waste and waste fat and oil generated in restaurants, the treatment
should meet related standards in Technical Guidelines for Environmental Protection in
Catering Sector. Kitchen waste should be handled by qualified organizations.
2. Animal excrement
Animal excrement gives out odor, breeds pets and pollutes the air. If it is not treated
in time, it will become paste-like substance and easily erode into soil when meeting water.
Rainfalls’ washing will generate leachate, which contains pollutant of high concentration
and can easily flow into surface water and erode into soil and groundwater.
Animal excrement should be dealt in time and appropriately. Temporary stock
dumps should be built at downwind areas away from residential and office areas. A
canopy should cover the dump and impermeable layer should be put in place
underground (concrete be compacted below and cement be plastered on the surface).
Special personnel should be appointed to collect excrement from market. When
excrement is fermented, then it can be used for fertilization on farmland and forest.
Disinfectant should be sprayed upon the dump routinely. The location of the dump
should be away from places sensitive to pollution such as surface waters and residential
areas.
4.2.2.6 Analysis of environmental risks of operating fruit storehouse
In this project, the main body of the fruit storehouse is made of steel plate coated
with polystyrene, and the door is made of 100 mm thick of polyurethane. The lowest
temperature can be kept at 5 °C. R23 is chosen as the refrigerant.
During the operation, possible environmental risks include: ① fire caused by
mal-operation; ② poisoning caused by refrigerant spill.
(1) Characters of fire in cold storage
① The fire is fierce and the flames develop both horizontally and vertically. The
storehouse consists of vertical and chimney-like hollow walls. The insulating layer is
made of inflammable material such as cork, fibreboard, plastic and polyurethane, making
flames spread quickly horizontally and vertically.
② Since the combustion is not obvious, it’s hard to recognize fires. When fires
occur in insulating layer, the combustion is concealed within the wall, making it hard to
notice from outside.
③ The combustion generates great amounts of smoke and high temperature,
making firefighting difficult. The number of doors is limited, and doors and staircases are
easily engulfed by flames and dense smoke.
④ The combustion generates various toxic gases or even explosive gases. In most
cold storage, incomplete burning because of limited amount of air generates CO, and the
burning of insulating material like foams and plastic generates toxic gases. When dense
amount of refrigerant gushes out from tubes and then meets flames, explosion occurs.
To prevent fire, daily management should be strengthened. Special personal should
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be assigned to perform safety check routinely. According to requirements of fire
prevention, fire protection and warning devices should be installed appropriately and
checked routinely to guarantee their normal operation. Through making contingency
plans on fire protection, firefighting works can be arranged at the first time.
(2) Refrigerant spill
This project chooses R23 as the refrigerant. R23 is also known as HFC-23, which is of
low toxicity. The hazards of exposing to it include headache, nausea and vomiting. It is
anaesthetising and non-inflammable. It decomposes after heating and gives away highly
toxic smoke (hydrogen fluoride).
The reasons for spill include: equipment failure and mal-operation. To prevent spill,
main measures should be taken: strengthening daily management; when spill occurs,
personal should be evacuated quickly from contaminated areas to upwind and the spill
source should be sealed immediately; during daily maintenance of refrigeration
workshop, protective measures should be taken (such as gas mask, and protective gloves
and coveralls) in case of emergency.
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Chapter 5 Impact Analysis of Agricultural Activities
5.1 The Prediction and Assessment of Environmental Impact of Planting Project
In the Project, the planting industry mainly aims to expand the agricultural products
with special characteristics and replant improved varieties. The crops include sweet
orange, walnut, potato, white konjak, forage grass, and some short-term crops for
under-forest planting, including chili and watermelon. This Chapter will analyze the
environmental impacts imposed by major varieties through analyzing their growth
periods.
5.1.1 Analysis of the Entire Planting Process
1. Site Selection for Planting
Since crops grow in specific environment, it is especially important to select
suitable land to plant them. Planting areas covered in this projects are mainly reclaimed
land, forest land and grassland, that is, to organize (including building protection slopes,
ridges, and weeding ) existing lands. The project will not cultivate virgin land or involve
ecological forest.
(1) Site Selection for Sweet Orange
Sweet oranges are planted in Xuyong County, Gulin County and the drainage basin
of the Chishui River. The planting area consists of the step zone and the gentle slope
along the river valley. At an altitude of 300m to 700m, the terrain is spacious. The
gradient is between 5° and 20°. In order to avoid water and soil loss, it is forbidden to
reclaim wasteland for planting when the gradient is more than 25°. The pH value of soil
is among 6.5 and 7.5, and the organic content is between 1.% and 2.5%. Since the soil
there is developed into by purple sandstone, the texture is of sandy loam with rich
minerals, and the permeability of the soil is favorable. Therefore, the ecological
environment in this area is fairly good with distinctive climate and edaphic conditions,
without any industrial pollution sources. Furthermore, the planting area is adjacent to the
drainage basin of the Chishui River, so the area receives adequate rain and enjoys
convenient irrigation.
(2) Site Selection for Walnut
The walnut planting area is located in Gulin County and Meigu County, distributed
among the dry land, mesa, valley, village side and wasteland in the mountainous region at
an altitude of 700m to 1300m. It is forbidden to reclaim wasteland for planting when the
slope steepens. With an annual average temperature of 12℃ to 17℃ and annual average
rainfall of 754mm, the area enjoys deep and wet soil and cool climate, suitable for walnut
planting. The seedling base is located in the flat ground by the road, which is convenient
for transport and irrigation.
(3) Site Selection for Potato
The potato planting area is located in Zhaojue County and Butuo County. In
Zhaojue County, 80% of growing area centers on alpine region at an altitude of 1800m to
2600m, where the annual average temperature is among 8℃ and 13.6℃, the annual
rainfall is among 800mm and 1200mm, and the frost-free season is among 200 days and
250 days. During the period between April and August which is the growing period for
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potato, there is basically no frost in the area, the monthly average temperature is among
16℃ and 20℃, and the relative air humidity is among 70% and 85%. Therefore, this
area is the optimal ecological zone for potato. The planting area this time is located in
gently hillside fields at a slope of 5 to 18. The conventional crop types and farming
practices are transformed this time to alternatively grow potato. Therefore, the land
resources are sufficiently utilized, soil hardening is avoided, and soil fertility is
maintained.
(4) Site Selection for White Konjac
The konjac planting area is located in the rural areas of Jinyang County.
Microenvironment in partial shade where the air humidity is relatively higher in partial
shade is appropriate for konjac planting. Relay cropping is usually adopted for konjac (in
corn and green pepper farmland). The land where soil layer is deep with loose sandy
loam is proper for konjac. Before planting konjac, the farmer shall spread 25kg of
unslaked lime and 2kg of copper sulfate on the soil surface, and scarifies the soil. Or, the
farmer disinfects the soil and farmyard manure through spraying 70% Dexon 500 times
diluted liquid on the planting trench before he sows seeds. Relay cropping is adopted in
areas at an altitude of below 2000m, while unnecessary in areas at an altitude of 2000m
above sea level
(5) Site Selection for Forage Grass
According to the site investigation, the project areas are suitable for forage grass,
and forage grass is not demanding for growth conditions. The major forage grass that will
be planted includes vicia villosa, ryegrass, trifolium repens, alfalfa and so on. Forage
grass will be planted in areas which are not suitable for economic crops, vacant fields in
winter, open forest, barren land and some areas under forests. Though forage planting is
not demanding in site selection, farmers shall pay attention to reaping periods and
reaping height. To avoid water and soil loss, the forage grass shall not be reaped field by
field.
(6) Site Selection for Sichuan Papaya
The Sichuan papaya is mainly planted in Longmen Township of Meigu County. In
the planting areas, sunlight is sufficient, soil is fertile, climate is moist, water is well
drained away, and the soil is neutral or alkalescent. The papaya could also be planted in
the foot margins along fields, hilly land, areas in front of or behind houses.
(7) Site Selection for Chili and Watermelon
Chili and watermelon planting in Xuyong County are short-term programs to
increase income. During the preliminary phase of economic forest planting, chili and
watermelon are interplanted under economic forest to fully utilize land resources.
In sum, the habits and characteristics of crops shall be taken into account in the site
selection for agricultural planting projects. As a result, the planting areas shall meet the
climate requirements of the crops. To avoid water and soil loss, it is forbidden to reclaim
wasteland for planting when the gradient is more than 25°. At the same time, large-scale
reclamation and operation shall be avoided in the selected planting areas. The land only
needs leveling, so ecological damage or water and soil loss could be reduced.
2. Potato and White Konjac Planting
Since both potato and white konjac belong to tuber crops, their planting procedures
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are similar. The planting process of potatoes is introduced as a key example, as the
following:
① Land preparation
The land shall be deeply plowed for 0.3m to 0.5m in winter, and shallowly plowed
once in early spring. Rocks and sundries shall be cleared away, soil blocks be smashed
into pieces, and the soil surface be leveled.
② Seed selection
Detoxified breeder’s seeds of high-yield, disease-resistant and mid-late-maturing
improved varieties, such as Potato 97 and Potato 14, are selected and planted.
③ Sowing Specifications
Ridge tillage is adopted, each 1m (2/3m + 1/3m) at a spacing of 1/3m. 4000 to 4400
seedlings are planted per mu (667m2).
④ Base Fertilizer Application
More base fertilizer shall be applied with less additional fertilizer. According to this
principle, 1000kg of farmyard manure, 50kg of special compound fertilizer for potato,
and 5kg of urea are applied per mu (667m2). They should be mixed fully and stored in
stack retting sealed with thin film a week or more before applying. In time of sowing, the
mixture should be applied in small holes near the plant and covered with laminated soil.
The whole potato should be planted (attention to the distance between the potato and
fertilizer), and buried with soil to form a ridge. Twin-row of low or flat ridges will be
formed when this is completed
⑤ Field Management
After the seedlings emerge, 10kg of urea shall be added. The land shall be shallowly
plowed once to loosen the soil and hoe weeds. From the budding time to the booming
time, farmers shall shovel the soil, plough the furrow and earth up in wide furrows. Wide
furrows shall be 3cun-4cun-wide, 6cun-7cun-deep. The high middle part with two low
sides is convenient for drainage. The two rows and high ridge are beneficial for
tuberization and pest prevention.
⑥ Harvest
At the mid-late term of July, potatoes could be harvested when the plants stop
growing and the above-ground parts turn yellow and withered. The farmer shall carefully
dig to avoid injuring potatoes. Then the potatoes shall be aired on the fields for a proper
time, placed in the shade to dry, bagged according to size, and stored for sale. The
potatoes shall be indoor covered and kept warm, or cover and stored in cellars.
The potato planting procedures are shown as follows:
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Chart 5.1-1 The Entire Potato Planting Process
3. Seed Breeding of Economic Fruit Forest
Seed breeding refers to the process where quality seeds are selected and planted, and
quality seedlings are provided for farmers after elaborate planting, grafting and
cultivation. The breeding of fine varieties are much alike, that is to select appropriate
land as nursery garden, and produce offspring seed through preparing soil, growing
seedlings and management. The cultivating of fine walnuts are studied as an example.
(1) Nursery Preparation
① Land Preparation: The entire land shall be carefully and deeply plowed for
more than 40cm. The soil acidity shall be improved with more organic content and
fertility.
② Seedbed: High seedbed shall be adopted. The bed surface shall be 15cm - 20cm
higher than the footpath. The bed is 1.2m wide, and the footpath is 25cm - 35cm wide.
While the length depends on the specific terrain.
③ Soil Disinfection: 5KG of Canker-stop and 7.5KG of carbendazol per hectare
shall be sprayed to disinfect the soil and kill bugs.
(2) Rootstock Breeding
New seeds shall be collectively cultivated in the nursery bed. The farmer shall check
the budding once a week.
(3) Grafting
① Scion: The scion shall be derived from the parent farm or original seedlings of
fine varieties, with the quality certificate, the quarantine certificate and the fine variety
certificate.
② Grafting: Budding grafting shall be adopted. The scion shall be planted into
nutrition bucket at once after grafted.
Farmers Seeds
organic fertilizer
Water, chemical
fertilizer, pesticides
Leveling the
land
Selecting fine
varieties, sowing
seeds
Applying fertilizer,
hoeing weeds,
preventing pests and
diseases
Harvest
Water and soil
loss, vegetation
deterioration
Diffused pollution
caused by fertilizer
and pesticides
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The variety breeding procedures of seedlings are shown as follows:
Chart 5.1-2 Variety Breeding Procedures of Seedlings
4. Economic Fruit Forestry Planting
Economic fruit forestry planting refers to the entire process consisting of seedling
purchase, land preparation, planting and fruit picking. Sweet orange and walnut are
perennial economic crops, and their fruits are the final benefits. Their planting
procedures are similar, but the sweet orange is more demanding in irrigation, pest and
disease prevention. Therefore, this EIA introduces the planting procedures of sweet
orange as an example.
1. Digging Filed Planting Pits and Applying Base Fertilizer
In the planned planting area, 570 seedlings shall be field planted per hectare (38
seedlings per mu). The planting points are marked by lime at a seedling spacing of
3.5mx5m. A cylindrical pit, whose diameter is 1m, depth is 0.8m, shall be dug around the
field planting point. Each pit shall be applied with base fertilizer (farmyard manure +
phosphatic fertilizer), including 50kg of farmyard manure, 2kg of oil cake and 2kg of
biological organic bacterial manure. These fertilizers shall be divided into 3 layers and
applied in the field planting pit, then the soil shall be treaded down. The upper layer shall
be parallel and level with the earth’s surface. Finally, a 20cm - 30cm-high bun-shaped
mound shall be heaped with surface soil on the upper layer, prepared for field planting.
2. Seedling Purchase, Field Planting
Container seedlings of the first-class Newhall navel orange are selected. The
seedling shall be transplanted into the backfilled pit with a soil ball but without the
container. The soil ball shall be covered and pressed by surface soil. Furthermore, the
seedling shall be adequately watered.
3. Post-Planting Management
① Nutrient and Water Management: The seedlings shall be properly irrigated and
applied with fertilizer, according to their growth and growth time.
Farmers Farmers,
fertilizer
Water, fertilizer,
pesticide
Infrastructure Nursery
preparation
Rootstock
breeding
Grafting
Water and soil loss,
vegetation
deterioration, dust and
noise caused by
construction
Water and soil loss,
vegetation
deterioration,
diffused pollution by
pesticides
Diffused pollution
by fertilizer and
pesticides
The cut twigs
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② Pest and Disease Prevention: Pests and diseases shall be prevented on the basis
of forecasts, including mites, Papilionidae, auripenne, scaleinsect, leaf miners,
anthracnose and dark mildew.
③ Seedling Management: The annual and biennial seedlings shall be timely
pinched for new shoots. The crown shall be enlarged as much as possible. Clustered
branches and diseased branches shall be removed to cultivate a skeleton branch. The
skeleton branch shall develop into all directions. In the fruiting period, in order to harvest
high yield, the vegetative growth shall be adjusted, and the reproductive growth shall be
balanced.
④ Other Management: In the production tree management, supplementary
pollination, flower and fruit protection, and manual fruit thinning shall be adopted in the
flower season; the band-girdle technique shall be adopted to protect fruits; the fruit
bagging technique and the overlay technique shall be adopted to improve the fruit
products. The fruits shall be picked and collected in proper time, packaged in different
classes and transported to the market.
Chart 5.1-3 Planting Procedures of Sweet Orange and Walnut
5. Forage Grass Planting
Forage grass planting consists of the following steps: ① preparing seeds and soil;
② determining the time, quantity and method of sowing; in accordance with the local
climate and soil structure, various crops are planted in different seasons to ensure the
maximum output; ③ irrigating the forage grass, applying fertilizers and preventing
pesticides; ④ reaping and storing forage grass.
1. Seed Selection
Vicia villosa is selected as the annual grass, while perennial ryegrass, trifolium
Farmers, organic fertilizer
Digging field planting
pits, applying base
fertilizer
Water and soil loss,
vegetation deterioration,
diffused pollution caused
by chemical fertilizer
Seeding purchase,
field planting
Applying fertilizer,
preventing pests and
diseases, cutting twigs
Harvest
Water, chemical
fertilizer, pesticides
Chemical fertilizer,
diffused pollution
caused by pesticides,
damaged branches
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repens and alfalfa are selected as the perennial grass.
2. Sowing Quantity
4kg – 4.5kg of seeds of vicia villosa are planted per mu, 1.5kg of seeds of perennial
ryegrass per mu, 0.3kg – 0.5kg of seeds of trifolium repens per mu, and 2kg – 2.5kg of
alfalfa per mu.
3. Irrigation and Fertilizer Application
Organic fertilizers, such as fermented excrements, are mainly adopted. Organic
fertilizers shall be nutrition-balanced to ensure the healthy growth of plants with other
chemical fertilizers. Methods of topdressing include spreading fertilizers over fields, in
furrows and in small holes, spraying fertilizers, injecting fertilizers with water, and
foliage topdressing. The fertilizers for foliage topdressing shall not be highly
concentrated. To avoid hurting crops, 30g – 70g of microelements shall be applied per
mu.
4. Pest Prevention and Control
“Prevention First, Comprehensive Control” shall be fully implemented in the pest
prevention and control of forage grass. The specific methods include plant quarantine,
agricultural arol, biological prevention and control, chemical prevention and control,
physical prevention and control, and mechanical prevention and control.
5. Reaping
The green grass of ryegrass and Gaodan grass is useful. The fresh grass shall be
reaped for use when the plant height reaches 60cm – 80cm. The excessive grass could be
ensiled or dried. Grass on grassy hills and some planted grass are usually reaped 3 times
or 4 time per year. If grass grows faster under favorable conditions, the reaping times
could be properly increased. Major environmental problems caused by planting forage
grass:① changing the composition of soil and vegetation; ② contamination of fertilizer
and pesticides in the planting area;③ loss of water and soil.
Chart 5.1-4 Process Flow Diagram for Forage Grass Planting
6. Under-Forest Planting
Since the planting spacing is relatively larger, under-forest planting is applicable. In
Farmers
Land preparation
Water and land
loss, vegetation
deterioration
Sowing Fertilizer application,
pest prevention and
control
Water, fertilizers, pesticides
Pollution caused by
pesticides and fertilizers
Field management Harvest
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the Project, the under-forest crops are watermelon and chili. The planting procedures of
potato and white konjac could be taken for reference. To avoid the competition for
nutrition against the economic fruit forest, the under-forest crops shall be planted far
away from the nutrition zone of the economic fruit forest. Meanwhile, weeding and
reaping shall not be carried out in heavy rainy days. And certain rhizomes shall be
reserved in the soil to reduce water and soil loss. They would be removed prior to the
next planting.
6.1.2 Impact Analysis of Water Taking for Planting and Irrigation
The orange planting in Xuyong County and Gulin County involves some lift pump
stations which draw water from the Chishui River and the Caiban River.
The Chishui River originates from Zhenxiong County, Yunnan Province. Its upper
reach is called Yudong. The river runs eastward to the junction of Sichuan Province,
Yunnan Province and Guizhou Province. With the ladder rocks and increased water yield
at the junction, the river is called Bishu River, running across Chishui City, Guizhou
Province, and flowing into the Yangtze River in Hechuan County, Sichuan Province.
According to the actual measurement, the maximum flow reaches 9890m3/s, and the
minimum flow is 33.2m3/s. The annual average runoff volume is 10.1 billion cubic
meters, the maximum is 17.38 billion cubic meters, and the minimum is 6.14 billion
cubic meters. The maximum diversion volume of the Project is about 1.32 million cubic
meters, only 0.013% of the annual average runoff volume of the Chishui River, therefore,
the diversion would not largely reduced the runoff volume of the Chishui River.
Furthermore, the Chishui River is an important waterway, as well as a national nature
reserve for valuable and rare animals and endemic fishes in the upper reaches of the
Yangtze River. To protect the rare animals and endemic fishes of the upper reach, and to
ensure the waterway smooth, the EIA suggest: fishery administration, shipping safety
administration and other administrative departments shall carry out an integrated survey
when diversion ports are arranged, in order to ensure that the diversion project would not
affect the spawning grounds, feeding grounds and wintering grounds, and that the
waterway in the project area is available for shipping.
Originating from the middle part of Guilin County, the Caiban River is collected by
some cavern water from ironworks, running into the Chishui River. Its drainage area is
265km2, length 18km, average flow at the river outlet 3.45s/m
3, annual runoff volume
109 million m3, and elevation difference 480m. Its water is mainly utilized for irrigation,
flood discharge and drinking. Currently, the maximum water diversion of the planting
project reaches about 477112.5m3 from the Caiban River, accounting for only 0.44% of
the annual runoff volume of the Chishui River. Therefore, the diversion of the Project
would not have substantial impact on the flow of the Chishui River.
5.1.3 Impact Analysis of Fertilizer Pollution
1. Current Use of Chemical Fertilizers
In order to facilitate the growth and reproduction of the crops and forests, sufficient
fertilizers are required, including nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potash
fertilizers and compound fertilizers.
The frequently-used fertilizers are:
Organic fertilizers refer to the fertilizers which are turned from fermented manure of
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livestock, poultry and human, and crop residuals. Green fertilizers, which are good to
improve soil, are usually applied as base fertilizers. Organic fertilizers contain abundant
micro-elements, including N, P, K, with less available nutrients, so a large amount shall
be applied.
Nitrogen fertilizer, one chemical fertilizer, includes ammonium nitrogen fertilizer,
nitric nitrogen fertilizer, and amide nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
and urea are used for over 90%, followed by ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate.
This type contains a large quantity of nitrogen. Though it is quick to effect, it is apt to be
leached and transformed. Currently, it is one of the most frequently used fertilizers.
Phosphate fertilizer is a kind of chemical fertilizer. It is made of low-concentration
calcium superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, powdered rock
phosphate. High-concentration ammonium phosphate, concentrated superphoshpate, and
nitric phosphate are rarely used.
Potash fertilizer is a kind of chemical fertilizer. Potassium chloride is most
commonly used, accounting for over 90% of potash fertilizer consumption.
Compound fertilizer, one fertilizer composed by several chemicals. Ammonium
phosphate and diammonium phosphate are commonly used. Compound fertilizers are of
balanced nutrition, convenient for crops to absorb the nutrition.
According to the site investigation, a series of environmental problems are caused,
because the Project is located in rural areas where necessary production and technical
guidance are insufficient. Long-term use of a single fertilizer has made soil hardened,
smothered the edaphon, reduced fertilizer’s utilization rate. However, in order to increase
the crop yield, more fertilizers are utilized in disguised ways. The amount far exceeds the
requirements of normal crops, then a vicious circle is formed.
2. Environmental Problems Caused by Misuse of Fertilizers
The following are the environmental problems caused by misuse of fertilizers.
Firstly, fertilizers have polluted water sources, which cause a shortage of drinking water,
and harms people’s health. Secondly, fertilizers have eutrophicated rivers, lakes and
continental seas. The fertilizer remained in soil is run into waters by rain, as a result, the
eutrophication is exacerbated, aquatic plants flourish, and many ponds, reservoirs and
lakes turn smelly. Furthermore, the increasing nitrogenous and phosphorus contents in
the waters foster an excess of aquatic plants. Thirdly, fertilizers acidulate soil and destroy
its physical property. Once one kind of elements in soil is excessive, the others are less
absorbed by the soil. Consequently, the internal balance of soil is destroyed, so the soil
turns hardened. Fourthly, more toxic components in foods and forage do harm to human’s
health.
5.1.4 Impact Analysis of Pesticide Pollution
1. Current Use of Pesticides
In order to exterminate pests, including injurious insects, mites, fungus, nematodes,
weeds, rodents and molluscs, and to prevent and relieve their destruction to the crops and
economic forests, pesticides need spraying in different periods during planting.
By sources, pesticides are mainly categorized as mineral pesticides, biological
pesticides, and synthetic organic pesticides.
(1) Mineral Pesticides: The pesticides which originate from inorganic compounds
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and oil are called as mineral pesticides. For example, Bordeaux mixture, lime sulphur,
aluminum phosphide, diesel emulsion and oil emulsion.
(2)Biological Pesticides: The pesticides which are developed with biological
resources. Bionts include animals, plants and germs.
① Botanical Pesticides: nicotine, azadirachtin, veratrine, rotenone and so on.
② Microbial Pesticides:
Agricultural antibiotics, including validamycin, abamectin, ivermectin, kasugamycin,
polyoxin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin.
Living microbial pesticides, including fungus (bassiana, Metarhizium), bacteria
(agritol, bacillus subtilis), virus (armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, virus particles,
autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus)
This category of pesticides are less poisonous to human and livestock, pollution free,
safe to crops and insecticidal, therefore, they are promoted for use. However, the sources
are limited, hard to be utilized on a large scale.
(3) Synthetic Organic Pesticides: The pesticides which are artificially compounded
and manufactured by chemical industry. Some of the pesticides are similar compounds
which are compounded or reorganized on active substances of natural products. They are
called biomimetic synthetic pesticides. Their strong effects can be discerned quickly, a
small quantity of pesticides can work, and they can be applied in many areas, adaptable
to various requirements. But they are apt to pollute the environment, unsafe for human
and livestock. And pests are apt to have resistance against the pesticides. For example,
tebuconazole, durban, cyhalothrin, paraquat, kresoxim-methyl and so on.
2. Current Problems in Pesticide Application
(1) Many pesticides are unreasonably utilized. For example, imidacloprid is used
against lepidoptera pests.
(2) The timing and dosage of pesticide application are “extensive”, depending on
farmers’ intuition.
(3) The combination of pesticides is unreasonable. Instead of achieving ideal effects,
it enhances the pests’ resistance to the pesticides.
3. Environmental Problems Caused by Pesticides
(1) Impact on Atmosphere
When pesticides are sprayed, part of them would suspend in air in drops, it is
atmospheric pollution. Generally, 40% of the pesticides would attach to the plants, 1% to
4% would reach the targeted pests, 40% would fall on soil, and the rest 20% would
suspend in air. Among the pesticides in air, 60% would fall on the earth, and 40% would
be directly photolyzed in air.
(2) Most pesticides would fall on the earth. The pesticides attached to the plants
would ultimately fall on the earth by wind and rain. In addition, seed soaking and seed
dressing could help the pesticides directly dip into soil. Herbicides and bactericides are
directly applied in soil.
Pesticides’ pollution on farmland is concerned with the variety and cultivation of
crops. The farmland, which is highly managed with a high multiple cropping index, is of
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more severe pollution because more pesticides are applied. If the Project fails to strictly
select the pesticide varieties, and ignores the control of the dosage, the residual pesticides
would pollute soil, enter the bodies of human and livestock through the food chain, and
do harm to them. Some poisoning incidents would be caused by careless use of pesticides
in production.
80% of pesticide residues are distributed in 0cm-deep to 20cm-deep surface soil.
The concentration of the pesticide residues gradually decreases as the depth increases. It
is hard to detect any pesticide in the 50cm-deep and deeper soil. The current water table
remains 5m to 30m. As the ground water is being exploited, the water table may decline
by about 1m to 4m. Sprinkler irrigation and drop irrigation are adopted by the Project, its
is impossible that a large quantity of irrigation water infiltrates. Therefore, generally,
water-insoluble pesticides or less water-soluble pesticides would not infiltrate or pollute
the ground water of the assessment areas.
5.1.5 Impact Analysis of Pollution Caused by Agricultural Films and Related Plastic
Products
Pesticide plastics include film mulching and the packages of pesticides and fertilizers
Film mulching could raise the ground temperature, conserve the soil moisture. As a
result, crops could be planted in advance, and harvested in advance with an increased
yield. This measure is especially effective in the project areas, because the altitude is high,
the temperature in spring is low, and the growing season is short.
In the Project, films are utilized in the walnut nursery stock base, the sweet orange
top grafting, and pawpaw planting. By estimate, 6.5 tons of agricultural films are utilized
every year. The PVC film and polyethylene film are the most utilized in agricultural
production. The PVC film, due to its better overall property, has been utilized in the
largest quantity for the longest time. The polyethylene film has been promoted in recent
years. Due to its superior performance, an increasing quantity of polyethylene films has
been utilized in production. The usage amount per hectare is 3kg to 37.5kg, and 50% to
80% of agricultural films would be left in soil each year.
In addition, pesticides, chemical fertilizers and seeds are usually contained in plastic
bags and bottles which would be discarded in farmland afterwards. These bags and
bottles are mainly made of PVC which is hard to be degraded by microbes. They result in
plastic pollution together with plastic films.
(1) Harm to Soil Environment
Soil infiltration is the phenomenon that water moves towards the deep soil due to
the gravity. Because the film residuals change or cut interrupts the soil continuity, which
makes more resistance against the gravity water, the gravity water moves downwards
slowly. As a result, the amount of water decreases as the amount of film residuals
increases. Soil water content also decreases, which is less capable to resist drought. What
is worse, soil salinization may be caused. In addition, film residuals affect the physical
property of soil, and restrain crops from growing.
(2) Harm to Crops
Since film residuals affect and destroy the physical property of soil, crops’ roots are
hard to grow. Any soil with film residuals hinder roots’ absorption of water and nutrition.
In addition, blocks of film residuals impede the fertilizer efficiency, and the yields would
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consequently decrease.
(3) Impact on Rural Landscape
Visual pollution is caused. Because film residuals are recycled to a limited extent,
and the recycling methods are not proper, part of film residuals are discarded at edges of
farmland. The film residuals are blown to houses, fields and trees by wind.
(4) Harm to Livestock
The film residuals and forage grass are collected together for livestock. The film
residuals would obstruct esophagus, affect digestion, and even result in death if cattle and
sheep have eaten them.
5.1.6 Impact Analysis of Crop Straws
In this Project, crop straws will be left after the potatoes, white konjak and chili and
other crops are reaped. By measured and calculated, the yield ratio between the potatoes
and their green straws is 1:1.7. In this Project, the planting area of potatoes is 2014.86mu.
if 1500kg of potatoes are produced per mu, 5137.9t/a of green straws will be produced.
Similar to the potatoes, if 750kg of white konjaks are produced, 627.2t/a of green straws
will be produced.
Straws are of large yields but of low combustion value. As rural economy develops,
farmers take less straws as a conventional fuel. In addition, straws are scattered in fields,
so it takes high costs to collect and transport them. And the economic efficiency is low,
the industrialization is under-developed. Consequently, it is hard to deal with surplus
straws. In order to plant in the proper farming season and to save time, farmers usually
burn straws in fields. This disposal method has wasted valuable resources, and resulted in
many social, economic and ecological problems, including air pollution, soil
mineralization, fire disasters and traffic accidents. Therefore, how to deal with crop
straws in a proper way has been a focused issue for the government and society.
5.1.7 Impact Analysis of Ecological System
The Project is located in rural areas. Currently, the land, including arable land,
woodland and grassland, is well covered by vegetation. In the arable land, major crops
include wheat, forage grass and potato. In the woodland, major vegetation includes
cypress, wild shrub and forage grass. The impacts on the ecological system imposed by
planting include land use changes, ecological function changes, changes of landscape and
living environment, and the diffused pollution caused by fertilizers and pesticides.
1. Water Loss and Soil Erosion
The cultivated areas are expanded in the project area. Some wasteland is regulated
and some counterpart roads are constructed in the project area. These actions would
make the earth surface loose and bare, which facilitates water erosion on the earth surface
and wind erosion. During the wasteland remediation, land leveling may block the ditches
for flood discharge. If the planned flood ditches cannot be timely put into use, severe
water loss and soil erosion may be caused when the sections are struck by floods.
During the harvest season, if farmers are not well trained, they may reap forage
grass too frequently or completely. As a result, the earth surface of the forage grass base
may be bare, and water and soil loss may be caused during rainy days. For economic fruit
forests, the functions of the turf covering earth, such as retaining water and protecting
against erosion, shall be taken into account during under-forest planting and weeding.
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Weeding or harvesting on a large scale, which may cause water and soil loss, shall be
avoided.
2. Changes in Land Utilization
The land involved in the Project is farmland or wasteland. Wasteland is remediated
but no new land reclaimed. The land remediation preserves the original advantages as
much as possible. No leveling is operated on a large scale. The original crops planted in
the land are wheat, potato, forage grass and brush and so on. After the Project, sweet
orange, walnut, forage grass and other species are planted. Therefore, only the varieties
of crops are changed. The land utilization has just slightly changed.
After implementation, producing and serving ability of soil can be improved, as its
original characteristics are changed and ripening is sped up through human activities,
including reasonable irrigation, cultivation, fertilization and plantation.
3. Impact on Biological Diversity
Improper introduction of new species may result in massive growth of a single
species, which would ultimately destroy the ecological balance. Therefore, no new
species is involved in the Project, and a single species will not be planted on a massive
scale. Local varieties capable of resisting diseases, such as walnut and Chinese chestnut,
will be planted as far as possible. New species shall be quarantined to prevent plant
diseases and insect pests.
The diversity of the original ecological environment is changed by the Project, as a
result, some single species are planted on a massive scale in regional areas. Single
cropping would reduce the biological diversity of the agroecological system, apt to
induce diseases and pests. In order to control the diseases and pests, an increasing
quantity of pesticides is sprayed more times. This measure would cause pollution to the
environment. At the same time, pesticides would also kill the natural enemies of pests,
then the pests rampantly increase. Consequently, minor diseases and pests turn to be
major ones, then a vicious circle works.
To avoid the negative impact made by single planting, the EIA suggests: the
planting density of row planting should be reduced, and other species should be
implanted.
4. Impact Analysis of Landscape
After the Project is completed, the landscape components and structure of the
assessment area have significantly changed due to the changes of land utilization, which
may result in quality changes of the ecological system in the landscape. Compared with
the present status, the vegetation remarkably changes to diverse types, and the crops
planted in the planting area could be planted on a large scale. In sum, the landscape
changes are beneficial to improve the ecological environment within the areas. At the
later stage, ecological tourist project, such as rural home inns, could be gradually
developed to promote the virtuous, circular and multidirectional development of
ecological agriculture.
5. Impact Analysis of Under-forest Planting
Since the under-forest areas are shady and cool, it is better to plant the
shade-tolerant varieties whose growth cycles are short and plants are low. Under-forest
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planting has the following advantages:
① Since forests could remarkably reduce wind speed and adjust temperature, they
create a suitable environment for under-forest vegetables and fruits. Furthermore, the low
temperature under forests could largely reduce diseases and pests.
② Since forests could well control the illumination intensity and illumination time,
they could mitigate the harm imposed by glare to the under-forest vegetables and fruits,
relieve aging, and improve the quality of vegetables and fruits. Natural fresh-keeping
effect is achieved through the prolonged period for picking and sales.
③ Forests have abundant terpenes (terpenes is a natural hydrocarbon compound
with stronger fragrance and physiological activity) which could kill bacteria. The
negative oxygen ions accumulated in the forests could enhance vegetables’ stress
resistance to the unfavorable environment. Forests also could absorb various poisonous
gases, reduce pesticide residues, purify the environment, and reduce pollution. So forests
are beneficial for pollution-free vegetable planting.
In the Project, the under-forest crops are watermelon and chili. The light saturation
point of chili lies between 30000LUX and 40000LUX. When the light intensity is
overhigh, it is apt for chili to be sunburn or infected by virus. When the light is intensive
at a high temperature in summer, and the ridges are not sealed, an overhigh ground
temperature is very unfavorable for the root development of chili, and the plants could be
easily infected by virus. Therefore, it is beneficial to interplant chili with fruit forests in
open fields in summer. The chili could have a high yield. In the Project, chili and
watermelon are interplanted. After long-term practices, chili and fruit forests are
beneficial for each other’s growth. So it is proper to develop under-forest planting.
Under-forest planting should be guided and implemented by professionals, or the
following environmental problems would be caused:
① The under-forest crops are over-intensively planted, occupying the nutrition for
trees. The nutrition competition prevents fruit seedlings from normally growing.
② Soil nutrients tend to be imbalanced and some disease or pest may multiply in
the orchard if the same match is consecutively interplanted for a long time.
③ If the interplanted crop absorbs too much fertilizer, it would affect the forest’s
development.
④ Under-forest weeding destroys the water-holding capacity of the ecological
system, and ultimately causes water loss and soil erosion.
⑤ In the harvest season of the under-forest crop, large under-forest areas are bare.
Water loss and soil erosion is caused in rainy days and windy days. Soil structure is
destroyed and soil fertility is reduced.
5.2 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of Breeding Project
5.2.1 Breeding Procedures and Pollution Analysis
The Project mainly involves cattle and sheep breeding. There are abundant fodder
and forage resources in the breeding areas, and the local residents have the custom to
breed cattle and sheep. Xuyong County and Butuo County specialize in cattle breeding.
Simmental is their major variety. The breeding method is a combination of household
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breeding and cattle demonstration zones (12 cattle per zone). The feeding method is a
combination of drylot feeding and grazing, but drylot feeding is the major one. Zhaojue
County, Jinyang County and Meigu County specialize in sheep breeding. Their varieties
include Liangshan fine-wool sheep and Meigu sheep. The breeding method is household
breeding (20 sheep at most/household), and the feeding method is mainly drylot feeding.
At the same time, Meigu County also develops under-forest chicken breeding. Only
household breeding is adopted.
The breeding project only involves in fattening livestock, not in slaughtering. The
wastewater caused in breeding mainly consists of urine, excrements of livestock and
water washing the breeding houses. Odor is mainly caused by urine, excrements and
manure mixture for fertilizing. Solid wastes mainly consist of excrements of livestock
and bodies of diseased livestock. Noise is mainly the sounds of livestock.
Changes of land use
Diffused pollution
Fodder planting
Forage grass,
crop straws, etc.
Smash
Batch
Breeding houses and
counterpart facilities
Silage
Cattle and sheep
breeding
Slaughter
Sales
Changes of land use
Ecological impacts
Construction dusts
Construction noises
Construction wastewater
Construction waste slags
Solid
waste
Diseased cattle bodies landfill
Placenta sales or landfill
Forage residues recycled and processed
Medical wastes collected by the
veterinary sector, and treated by
capable organizations
Cattle manure mixed to be
organic fertilizer for farmland
Wastewater Septic-tank Agricultural irrigation
Foul gases Mechanical ventilation, greening, etc.
Noises Landscape barriers
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Chart 5.2-1 Breeding Procedures and Pollution Generation Links
5.2.2 Impact Analysis of Wastewater Pollution
The wastewater caused in breeding mainly consists of urine, excrements of livestock
and water washing the breeding houses.
(1) Washing Water for Breeding Houses
Dry-cleaning method is adopted in the breeding houses. The washing water is
calculated to be 2.26m3/100 cattle·d, and 0.4m
3/100 sheep·d. In the project area, there are
usually 6561 beef cattle and 51345 sheep (newly increased) on hand. The washing water
is calculated as 80% of the total water consumption. Therefore, the washing water is
282.9m3/d m
3/d, and the annual washing water is 103268.3m
3/a.
(2) Livestock Urine
After analogical survey, the urine output of sheep is 3L/per·d. According to the
reference data listed in Table A.2 (the urine output of cattle is 10kg/per·d), Appendix A,
the Technical Specifications For Pollution Treatment Projects of Livestock and Poultry
Farms (HJ497-2009), and the data in Table 2 Pollution Coefficient of Beef Cattle in the
Northwestern Areas (the urine output of 431kg of flattening cattle is 8.32L/per·d),
Handbook of Pollution Producing and Discharging Coefficients for Livestock and
Poultry Industry, the First National Survey on Pollution Sources, based on the specific
conditions of the Project, the body weight of beef cattle and other important factors, the
urine output of beef cattle in the Project is 9kg/per·d, and the urine output of livestock in
the breeding project is 213.1 m3/d, equally 77775.7m
3/a. (原文 P95)
The wastewater in livestock breeding includes livestock urine and washing water for
the breeding houses. The wastewater is of high concentration organics, large quantities of
nitrogen and phosphorus, large quantities of suspended solids, strong odor, high pollution
load. In addition, the wastewater varies with variety, feeding management, climate,
season and other aspects. Dry-cleaning method is adopted to clean excrements in the
Project. The quality of wastewater and its pollutants are shown in detail in Table 5.2-1.
Table 5.2-1 Project Wastewater and Its Pollutants
Type Volume
（m3/a）
Indicator
Pollutants
COD BOD5 SS ammonia
nitrogen
total
phosphorus
Washing Water
for Cattle 43297.4
Concentration
(mg/L) 1800 970 2000 80 20
Output (t/a) 77.9 42.0 86.6 3.5 0.9
Cattle Urine 21552.9
Concentration
(mg/L) 4070 1100 244 300 28
Output (t/a) 87.7 23.7 5.3 6.5 0.6
Washing Water
for Sheep 59970.9
Concentration
(mg/L) 750 400 1200 30.6 6.32
Output (t/a) 45.0 24.0 72.0 1.8 0.4
Sheep Urine 56222.8 Concentration
(mg/L) 4630 3500 200 1320 2640
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Output (t/a) 260.3 196.8 11.2 74.2 148.4
Total 181044 Output (t/a) 470.9 286.5 175.1 86 150.3
The breeding wastewater could be transported manually or through pipes to irrigate
farmland after being collected, precipitated and treated by waste water collecting tanks.
5.2.3 Impact Analysis of Ground Water Environment
In the Project, the water for livestock is supplied by pounds or reservoirs, no ground
water taken. Therefore, the Project has no impact on the groundwater level or ground
water resources. The probable pollution ways may be:
(1) The livestock urine collecting tanks and temporary excrement storage yards are
regarded as temporary storage and treatment facilities. Breaches of impervious barriers of
the collecting tanks, less sealed seams, or broken wastewater pipe and other factors all
may result in leakage of pollutants. Then shallow groundwater is polluted. Though it is
little possibility that pollution is caused this way, it is hard to detect once it happens. And
the pollution and impact are large, so management shall be enhance to avoid.
(2) If prevention and control measures are not proper, percolate may be caused in
the temporary excrement storage yards to pollute groundwater.
(3) In heavy rainy days, if the rain is not discharged in time, the rain containing
toxic matters permeates the ground around the livestock breeding houses, and pollutes
the ground water.
(4) The breeding wastewater is not discharged, utilized for farmland after treatment,
which may have certain impact on the ground water.
5.2.4 Impact Analysis and Prediction of Acoustic Environment
In the breeding project, moo is the main noise source, 75-85dB (A). The noise could
be viewed as a point source. Only the noise attenuated by various distances is taken into
account. The contribution value to nearby sensitive protected targets is figured out and
analyzed. The attenuation model is:
Notes: Lp——the predicted value of construction noise r m away the noise source,
dB（A）;
Lpo——the reference sound level of ro m away the noise source, dB（A）;
ro——Lpothe landmark distance of noise (5m or 1m), m.
△L——Noise decrements after all measures taken, dB（A）.
According to the point source attenuation model, the attenuation of noise by
distance is shown in the following chart.
Table 5.2-2 Predicted Values of Moo at Different Points
Noise Source
Original
Noise
Attenuated Noise dB(A)
dB（A） 10m 15m 20m 40m 60 m
Moo 80 60 56.5 54.0 47.9 44.4
According to the predicted results, if no attenuation is taken into account, the
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contribution value of noise at 10m is 60dB. Since the Project is located in the Category II
areas provided by Environmental Quality Standard For Noise (GB3096-2008), the night
noise may partially exceed the standard if no measure is taken.
5.2.5 Impact Prediction and Assessment of Atmospheric Environment
In the breeding project, odor mainly comes from the breeding houses and manure
mixtures for fertilizing. Livestock urine and excrements mainly produce noxious gases,
such as ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide. The odor would multiply if the urine and
excrements are not cleaned up in time. As a result, foul gases, such as methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl disulfide and dimethylamine would be further produced with massive
mosquitoes and flies. The physicochemical properties of these major gases are shown in
Table 5.2-3:
Table 5.2-3 Physicochemical Properties of Foul Gases
Repugnant Substance Molecular Formula Threshold Value（ppm） Odor Feature
trimethyl amine (COH3)N 0.000027 Smelly fish
ammonia NH3 1.54 Pungent odor
hydrogen sulfide H2S 0.0041 Smelly eggs
skatole sulfate —— 0.0000056 Excrement
The breeding project belongs to household breeding. The largest scale of beef cattle
breeding is 12 cattle/breeding zone, while the largest scale of sheep breeding is 20
sheep/household. According to the survey and investigation by Biological Control
Technology for the Urgent Odor Substances in Large-scale Breeding Farms (Zhang
Kerong, Ye Chengrong), a pig farm breeding ten thousands of pigs emits 15.9kg/h NH3
and 1.45kg/h H2S to the atmosphere. Calculated as the conversion proportion between
pig and other livestock, the largest emission of NH3 by beef cattle breeding zones is
95.4g/h, H2S 8.7g/h, while the largest emission of NH3 by sheep breeding households is
10.6g/h, H2S 0.97g/h.
Since the Project is mostly located in rural areas, the current environment is
favorable. The impact imposed by the odors could be efficiently reduced if the daily
management is enhanced, the breeding houses are kept clean, and the excrements are
timely cleaned up.
5.2.6 Environment Impact Analysis of Solid Wastes
In the breeding project, solid wastes mainly include livestock excrements, forage
residues, collected dusts during forage processing, diseased livestock bodies, etc.
1. Livestock Excrements
(1) Source Intensity Analysis
According to the Technical Specifications for Pollution Treatment Projects of
Livestock and Poultry Farms (HJ497-2009) and the Technical Specifications for
Pollution Prevention of Livestock and Poultry Farms (HT/T81-2001), dry-cleaning
technique is adopted in the breeding houses to clean up excrements. The dry-cleaning
technique separates solid from liquid through reasonable house designs (slope design for
cattle houses, and leak design for sheep houses). Excrements are cleaned manually, the
remnant and urine are running through sewers, entering the wastewater collecting system
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for respective treatment.
The output of cattle excrement is calculated as 12.10kg/(per·day). There are 6561
cattle in the project areas, so the project output of cattle excrements is 79388.1kg/d,
equally 28976.7t/a; while the output of sheep excrement is calculated as 0.8kg/(per·day).
There are 51345 in the project areas, so the project output of sheep excrements is
41076kg/d, equally 1.50×104t/a.
(2) Feasibility Analysis of Livestock Excrement Treatment
Livestock excrement is a kind of important organic fertilizer. Since it contains
vitamin, hormone, enzyme, auxin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, etc., it could facilitate the
growth of crops, enhance their stress resistance against the unfavorable environment. The
phenolic substances decomposed from organic fertilizers could restrain urease and
nitrifier. The organic acid decomposed from organic fertilizers could chelate and
solubilize the insoluble nutrients of soil, activate the potential nutrients of soil, so it could
ultimately raise the effectiveness of insoluble phosphate and microelements. The humus
decomposed from organic fertilizers is a kind of weak organic acid. It integrates with
inorganic colloid in soil to become organic-inorganic colloid compound, which could age
the soil layer, facilitate water-stable granules, and adjust the moisture, fertility, air and
heat in soil. In addition, humus could stimulate seed germination and root growth.
Livestock excrements are manually collected and transported to temporary yards.
The major task of pretreatment is to reduce the moisture, adjust the moisture and the
carbon nitrogen ratio. Sometimes bacteria and enzymes are needed to facilitate the
fermentation process. In the primary fermentation stage, oxygen is supplied to the
accumulation layer when machines turn over the excrements. In the post-fermentation
stage, organics are further decomposed, then the manure mixture for fertilizing is totally
mature. It need turning over once a week, without ventilation.
After the techniques and treatment above, the pathogenic microorganisms and
parasitic ova in the excrements have been killed. Most of organics are broken down into
humus. Part of organics isbroken down into inorganic salt. Then the livestock excrements
are transported to farmland as fertilizers.
The odor in the fermentation process is deodorized by biological materials. In other
words, biological materials, such as effective microbiota, are added into solid excrements
during the fermentation process, for not only deodorization, but also mosquito and fly
prevention. In order to guarantee sufficient fermentation and normal operation in winter,
the manure mixture is as high as 2m. Solid excrements are bagged for fermentation. At
the same time, seepage proofing should be well prepared for the compost. It is suggested
that wastewater ditches should be designed for the temporary yards, and the percolate
should be dumped into the urine collecting tanks for treatment, in order to avoid
polluting soil and ground water.
The “mature compost deodorization” is adopted to get rid of the odor caused in the
fermentation process. In other words, the compost is covered by some mature compost.
Then the odor is prevented from spreading.
The breeding project is located in rural areas, so currently, the economy centers on
agriculture. Livestock excrements are usually regarded as organic fertilizers for farmland.
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(3) Livestock Excrement Stacking and Its Environmental Impact
It is usual that livestock excrements stink, breed mosquitoes and flies, and pollute
the atmospheric environment. If they are not treated in time, they would run off when
mixed with water. It is easy to produce percolate with rain. The high concentration
pollutants contained may run into surface water to pollute ground water and soil.
Therefore, solid wastes should be timely treated in a proper way. Temporary sites
should be set up for solid wastes, equipped with canopies and seepage-proofing measures.
In summer, disinfectant fluids should be regularly sprayed in the sites. The volume of the
excrement sites should be designed in accordance with the Detailed Rules and
Regulations on Emission Computation for Major Pollutants during the Twelfth Five-year
Plan issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
2. Fodder Residues
Collect fodder residues that can be collected and reuse them after processing;
ferment and compost those cannot be collected with livestock excrement.
3. Livestock Dying of Diseases and Newborn Livestock Death
1) Livestock dying of disease
The treatment of livestock dying of disease should strictly follow the requirements
for epidemic prevention and be handled by senior units. Farmers should file all
procedures and certificates related with the dead livestock to facilitate the environmental
protection department’s monitoring and management.
On the premise of zero infectious disease, the death rate of beef cattle is estimated to
be 1‰, namely 7 beef cattle die of disease annually; if the average weight is 0.6t, then all
dead ones add up to 4.2t/a. The death rate of goat is estimated to be 2%, namely 1047
goats die of disease annually; if the average weight is 50kg, then all dead ones add up to
52.3.2t/a. According to the disposal requirements for livestock bodies in Technical
Specifications for Livestock and Poultry Pollution Prevention（HJ/T81-2001）, project
villages are generally unqualified to burn the bodies. Over three secure landfills of
concrete structure should be built, with a depth over 3m, a diameter of 2m and the mouth
sealed. Every time when dead bodies are dumped, a layer of slaked lime thicker than
10cm should be spread; compact with clay and seal after filling to the full.
2) Newborn livestock death
Anoxia, difficult labor, viral diarrhea virus infection of cow and ewe and newborn
livestock’s poor immunity are likely to trigger newborn livestock death. Based on general
breeding cases, calf death rate is about 5%～8% on the premise of strengthened
management. Dead newborn livestock, containing certain harmful germs, is not edible.
Therefore, according to the disposal requirements for dead livestock in Technical
Specifications for Livestock and Poultry Pollution Prevention（HJ/T81-2001）, landfill
treatment is applied to dead newborn livestock.
4. Placenta
After labor, cow and ewe will leave placenta, which consists of amnion, chorion
villosum (also known as dense chorion) and basal decidua.
According to Nutrient Content Analysis of Cow Placenta (China Dairy Industry Li
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Lulong, Liu Yuewen and Yu Xuejun), cow placenta contains a lot of high protein and
amino acid, which are essential for human and also proved to bear healthcare functions
like nourishing vitality, blood and kidney. It also adjusts endocrine, improves immunity,
postpones climacteric syndrome, beautifies the features and removes facial speckles and
age pigment. Therefore, placenta has fairly excellent medical and healthcare functions.
EIA advice: villages concerned should take the initiative to contact local pharmacies or
other purchasers to sell placenta as healthcare products or medicinal materials, increasing
economic benefits and easing environmental pollution as well. If placenta purchasers are
not available, apply landfill treatment following the dead cattle disposal methods.
Placenta should be examined before sale to avoid microorganisms like germs and virus
that are harmful for human.
5. Medical Wastes
Medical wastes, produced from quarantining and treating cattle and goats in the
breeding project, belong to the classification of hazardous waste and should be entrusted
to senior units for treatment.
The project is conducted in rural area where disease prevention and treatment are
practiced in farmers’ house. Medical wastes are discarded randomly and effective
collection and delivery cannot be realized. Collect expired medicine or abandoned
medical instrument at the vet station and transport them to the landfill regularly. Landfill
is generally located in the area which is far from water source and environmental
sensitive spots like concentrated residential area or school. The landfill area, chosen after
serious consideration, is of stable geology, low groundwater level and great
impermeability. However, the treatment is simple and the risk for underground water
pollution and soil pollution is high.
According to Standards for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage
（GB18597-2001） and National Hazardous Waste List, hazardous wastes produced
during the prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry disease belong to HW01
medical waste and should be handled by senior units.
According to the research, medical wastes produced in Xuyong County are
delivered to and handled by Luzhou Baokang Medical Waste Treatment Co., Ltd. or
Luzhou Naxi Wuchen Medical Waste Treatment Center. Medical hazardous wastes in
four counties from Liangshan are handled by Panzhihua hazardous waste treatment
center.
5.2.7 Impact on Soil Environment
Breeding sewage becomes thoroughly decomposed after being pre-processed in
the storage pool and there are still rich nutrient elements like P and N in the sewage.
Using the sewage for agricultural irrigation not only saves fertilizer, but also improves
soil fertility and increases crop yield. Though the irrigation water contains certain
microelements like Calcium and Magnesium, soil is able to assimilate and metabolize
some through its own physical, chemical and biochemical mechanism. Besides, the
irrigation volume is fairly low which won’t exceed soil’s self-cleaning capacity.
Trickle irrigation volume is generally 2～5L/h; the emitter-channel and the
plughole is very tiny, of about 1mm, so jamming is quite common when the water
contains impurities. Even the water is excellent and fairly sophisticated filtering unit is
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employed, jamming is also possible. When breeding sewage is used for trickle irrigation,
major reasons for jamming are:
1) Physical jamming: jamming caused by inorganic or organic suspended matters in
the water;
2) Biological jamming: the passageway is jammed because algae and bacterial slime
enter the trickle irrigation system and multiply.
Following measures are taken to avoid emitter jamming:
1) Install appropriate filtering equipment: if the trickle irrigation water contains
many impurities, precautions should be taken at the inlet of irrigation system; if silt is the
major impurity, choose the combination of centrifugal filter and screen filter as the first
filtering equipment; if organic sludge and algae are major impurities, choose the
combination of dinas filter and screen filter; if the water contains both dinas, sludge and
algae, centrifugal filter, dinas filter and screen filter are needed.
2) Chemical treatment: as to jamming caused by rich organic matter content and
algae, chlorination is advisable. Chlorine, a common fungicide, hydrolyzes in water,
ionizes into chloric acid ion and kills microorganisms. However, the chemical reaction
between soluble chloric ion and non-soluble Fe2O3 in water produces new precipitation,
which turns into the food source for other bacteria, thus increasing the possibility of
jamming. Therefore, chlorine use must be controlled strictly.
3) Anti-jamming measures for emitter: pressure compensation and proper emitter
design.
5.2.8 Analysis of the Impact on Public Health and Environmental Sanitation
Livestock is the host of many pathogenic microorganisms. If there is no effective
precaution or pen cleaning and sterilization, diseases may erupt and spread, endangering
neighboring people’s health. Besides, antibiotic overuse in livestock fodder may lead to
antibiotic residue in meat, which is harmful for consumers.
Infectious disease among goats is divided into acute and chronic, mainly
including anthrax, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, sheep pox, braxy, contagious
ecthyma, lamb colibacillosis, enterotoxaemia, etc.. Some diseases spread among both
animals and people, such as tuberculosis, anthrax and brucellosis. People may be infected
through touching infected livestock’s excretion and excrement or consuming products
made of infected livestock. People may catch the disease indirectly through various
ways.
Dispersed breeding is applied in this project. There is frequent contact between
farmers and livestock, which may infect both sides. The sanitary condition is not good,
either.
The guideline of “precaution outweighs treatment” should be practiced during
breeding. Prevent and eliminate diseases, especially infectious ones and metabolic ones,
thus bringing higher productivity, prolonging durable years and improving economic
benefits of cattle raising.
5.2.9 Analysis of the Impact on Ecological Environment
Feed flocks and herds with food crop straws and apply livestock excrement as
organic fertilizer to the soil to build up fertility, thus developing a virtuous ecological
cycle and facilitating agricultural development.
120
Flocks and herds, classified as ruminants, feed on grass and hence need enough
forage grass to ensure nutritional supply. Before the project, natural meadows were used
as grazing fields by farmers. The meadow was vast in size and productive in grass yield;
according to the research, no sheep ate grass roots or barks and they only did that when
hungry, but the grazing capacity of natural meadows was low. After the project is carried
out, grasses planted by manpower will gradually remove the old grazing pattern; drylot
feeding will protect the environment and improve grazing capacity as well.
Pasture simplicity reduces biological diversity, so seasonal planting is applied to
improve production and lessen disease and insect attack.
5.2.10 Environmental Impact Analysis of Under-forest Chicken Feeding
Under-forest chicken feeding means to plant grass in the fruit-bearing forest and
raise high-quality free-ranging broilers to achieve social, economic and environmental
benefits.
1. Impact of Under-forest Chicken feeding on Forest Plants
Chickens are timid by nature and usually forage around the barton or on relatively
concentrated forest grasslands. Proper grassing in the walnut forest and rotational
free-ranging chicken feeding are beneficial for forest plants because chicken excrement,
the best organic fertilizer, enriches the soil and provides carbon dioxide, fertilizer and
water for plants. Under-forest grassing also improves persimmon trees’ disease-resistance.
The combination of forestry and husbandry brings double benefits for it facilitates tree
growth and maximizes the value of husbandry.
Under-forest chicken feeding mainly makes use of favorable factors like insects and
seeds on the lawn to make the chickens eat less fodder but more insects and seeds.
Therefore, it should be of appropriate density. If the density is too large, the need to add
fodder by manpower will increase the cost; if too small, purposes like vermin exclusion
cannot be achieved. Based on past cases, it is advisable to graze 40 to 50 chickens per
mu.
EIA advice: It is advisable to apply rotation grazing to under-forest chicken raising,
namely dividing the forest land into parts and breeding chickens on them rotationally.
Move to another land after one is used for 3 to 4 days, which facilitates pasture growth
and recovery and reduces the contact between the chickens and their excrement to lessen
parasitic disease and contagions. Meanwhile, grazing in cage and by part is extremely
favorable for sustainable pasture growth and under-forest grassland protection.
There are 61,338chickens in this under-forest raising project and each mu holds 40
chickens on a rotational cycle of 5 days. If the turf recovery cycle is 30 days, 9201-mu
fruit-bearing forest is needed. According to the project design in the second chapter,
Meigu County will develop another 1000-hectare (equal to 15,000mu) walnut forest,
including 409 hectares (equal to 6,135mu) for top grafting, which totally meets the
demand of chicken feeding.
2. Impact of Under-forest Chicken feeding on Forest Animals
Chickens like eating insects, so under-forest chicken feeding will lessen disease and
insect attack, which reduces vermin-exclusion cost and saves fodder as well. Meanwhile,
under-forest free-ranging raising of local chicken also strengthens the chickens’ disease
resistance, develops them into green food and increases farmers’ economic benefits.
121
3. Impact of Under-forest Chicken Feeding on Soil
Compared with traditional farming modes, under-forest chicken feeding is a
no-tillage pattern with many advantages. According to relative researches:
① Zero tillage increases soil moisture and exploitability;
② Zero tillage increases the soil’s microbe diversity and microbe content;
③ Zero tillage increases the soil’s enzymatic activity.
Meanwhile, under-forest grassing also improves the walnut garden’s soil structure,
reduces water and soil loss and increases nutrient content. Besides, chicken excrement,
an excellent organic fertilizer, improves the soil, increases organic matter content and soil
fertility and boosts tree growth. However, negative effects like over grazing and soil
hardening should be avoided.
3. Diffused Pollution of Under-forest Chicken Feeding
Under-forest chicken feeding is of relatively large scale and chicken excrements,
spreading all over the garden, cannot be disposed collectively. Heavy rain is likely to
rush them into surface water body or underground water, thus triggering non-point source
pollution.
5.2.11 Analysis of Breeding’s Impact on National Nature Reserves
Dafengding National Nature Reserve is located in northwest Meigu County. Gucuo
Village, Yideamo Village and Erma Village of Yiguojue Townshipship, and Waxi Village,
Laluo Village, Dalaamo Village and Nimuze Village of Waxi Township in this Project are
all outside Dafengding National Nature Reserve’s buffer zone, 2km to 5km away from
the zone. Baicaopo Natural Reserve is located in Gaofeng Township, northeast areas of
Jinyang County. In this Project, Xiangling Township is outside Baicaopo Natural
Reserve’s buffer zone, about 2 km away from the zone. Disorderly grazing in the project
zone is likely to produce following effects:
① Destroy the reserve vegetation and trigger water and soil loss;
② There are many state-level endangered animals and plants within the reserve and
surging human activities are likely to destroy their living environment.
③ Surging human activities are likely to bring risks like fire.
5.3 Impact Analysis of Agricultural Product Processing
This agricultural product processing includes sweet orange commercialization and
white konjac primary processing.
5.3.1 Processing Technologies and Major Pollution-causing Steps
1. Primary Processing Plants of White Konjac
White konjac primary processing is an indispensable way to transform it from a
subsidiary agricultural product into fine food material, food, raw material of health care
products and non-medical food. Processing methods are classified into dry slice
processing, refining and purified powder processing.
(1) Technology of Processing White Konjac Corm into Dry Slices
Technological process: White Konjac tuber→ removing sprouts and roots→
washing→airing→peeling→slicing→color
122
maintenance→drying→checking→packing→end products.
Cleaning and peeling: remove mud and peel on the surface. It is usually done with
machines now and common machines are cleaning peeler with rotating cylinder and
brushing cleaning peeler.
Slicing: repetitive slicing machine is employed. Fresh white konjac is pressed against
blade with its own weight in the hopper. It is sliced through repetitive blade movement to
facilitate latter airing.
Color maintenance and drying: White Konjac corm contains rich phenol matters and
polyphenol oxidase and is exposed to a large amount of oxygen after peeling. Heating
and roasting are likely to bring browning which will affect the quality of dry slices.
Sulfur dioxide and sulfite are usually employed nowadays to control enzyme reactions in
the corm.
In the drying machine, konjac slices are spread on the distribution plate of vibrated
fluidized bed and hot air enters the bed from below. With the vibration of air velocity and
polarized electrode, konjac slices boil in the bed. Import sulfur dioxide during primary
drying to control browning and stop after 3 to 5 minutes. Keep the temperature between
110℃ to 120℃ for 1 to 2 hours. Sulfur dioxide dosage follows the residue norm of
Konjac powder industrial standard（NY/T494-2002）.
Pollution-causing Steps and Major Influences:
Major pollution includes mechanical noise, solid waste (konjac peel and root,
degenerative and discarded slices and packaging waste), waste water and waste gas (coal
gas and sulfur gas). See the chart for detailed technological processes and pollution
processes.
Chart 5.3-1 Flowchart of processing white konjac corm into dry slices
123
(2) Technology of Processing Dry Konjac Slices into Fine Powder
Technological processes: sorting----smashing and
grinding----separating----screening----checking----end product packaging.
Dry slice sorting: before entering the machine, dry konjac slices are sorted and
graded strictly. Under no circumstance should any foreign matter enter the machine.
Undried and degenerative slices cannot be processed.
Smashing and grinding: smash konjac slices with hammer mill smashing machine.
Starch particles are smashed into powder over 100 mesh while over 90% fine powder
particles remain between 40 to 100 mesh. Besides, the big proportion difference between
fine powder particle and starch particle makes it easy to separate powder through airflow.
Separating: control the front ventilation door opening. With induced air’s wind
pressure and volume fixed, the ventilation door opens a little and wind pressure will
increase, so fine powder is likely to be drawn away by high-speed induced air. If the
ventilation door opens large and wind pressure will decrease, so foreign matters like ash
in the fine powder cannot be removed completely.
Screening: separate smashed konjac fine powder with rapidly rotating screening
machine and grade different products: those under 50 mesh (fairly large particles need to
be smashed again); those between 50 to 100 mesh are ordinary fine powder; those above
100 mesh are inferior powder; fairly large particles under 50 mesh should be grinded
again by grinder.
Checking: check fine powder of different batches and grades in terms of tincture,
Fresh Konjac corms
Removing sprouts and roots Solid waste
Cleaning and peeling Clean water
Cleaning peeler
Solid waste, cleaning sewage
and mechanical noise
Slicing or dicing Repetitive slicing
machine
Solid waste and noise
Color maintenance Coal
Vibrated fluidized bed
Burnt gas, noise and offscum
Drying Coal-fired boiler
Vibrated fluidized
bed
Checking
Burnt gas, noise and offscum
Degenerative Konjac slices
Packaging
Finished products
Full-automatic
packer Waste packaging material and noise
124
water content, viscosity, etc..
End product packaging: three packaging layers are generally required. The inner
layer is thick plastic bag (non-toxic); the interlayer is cloth or kraft bag; the outer layer is
woven bag or small jute bag. Weight is decided by customer and label should be added
when sealing. Packaged products are stacked and stored according to grade. The
storehouse should be dry and ventilated.
Pollution-causing Steps and Major Influences:
① Waste gas produced in this project is mainly dust.
Dust: Konjac slice grinding, separating and screening will produce little dust.
②Noise
Noise sources in this project are mainly hammer mill grinder, draught fan, screener
and full-automatic packer. Noise intensity is about 70～80dB(A).
③Solid waste
Solid waste produced in this project includes degenerative or undried konjac slices
produced during smashing, waste packaging material produced during end product
packaging, sludge produced in the sewage treatment station, little waste engine oil
produced in the machine repair workshop and household garbage produced by
employees.
(3) Fine Powder Refining
Widely-used fine powder (>180 mesh), with short puffing time and dissolving
instantly with water, is the raw material of instant drinks and the additive of other foods.
Its technological processes, pollution stages and major influences are similar to those of
processing dry konjac slices into dry powder.
125
Chart 5.3-2 Fowchart of Processing Dry Konjac Slices into Fine Powder
2. Technical Standards for Sweet Orange Commercialization Processing Line
Mechanical or photoelectric classification commercialization processing lines, with a
handling capacity of 8 tons/h, are applied. Full mechanized, automated and large-scale
production lines with carrying, transferring, cleaning, drying, waxing, full detection,
grading and container production and packaging rolling into one are employed.
Environmental pollutions during operation period include:
① Sewage: sewage is mainly produced during cleaning. Pollution factors are
COD, BOD and little sludge. Pollutant load is fairly low.
② Noise: noise produced during the operation of sweet orange
commercialization processing line, with an intensity of about 70～80dB(A).
③ Solid waste: expired or discarded edible wax, degenerative and inferior fruits,
waste packaging material and waste engine oil produced during repairing.
Konjac slices
Sorting
Smashing and grinding
Separating
Screening
Checking
End product packaging
Dust and noise
Noise and dust
Noise and dust
Degenerative or undried Konjac
slices
Packaging waste and noise Full-automatic packer
Screening machine
Draught fan
Hammer mill smashing machine
Fairly large
particles under
50 mesh
126
Chart 5.3-3 Flowchart of Sweet Orange Commercialization Processing Line
5.3.2 Noise Impact Analysis during Operation Period
L2=L1-klgr=L1-20lgr
Processing workshop noise sources are mainly sweet orange commercialization
processing line, White Konjac fine powder machine, White Konjac roaster, White Konjac
powder purification machine and White Konjac grinder. The noise intensity is about 70～
80dB(A). At present, processing workshop site selection and plane layout are to be
determined; attenuation prediction will be conducted only on the single noise source. The
original intensity value for environmental impact prediction is 80 dB（A）. Following the
recommended pattern in Technical Guide for Environmental Impact Assessment and
Noisy Environment（HJ2.4-2009）, calculate noise grade attenuation value and predict
environmental noise’s contribution value, namely applying the free sound field
transmission pattern:
L2=L1-klgr=L1-20lgr
in which L2——sound level at different distances from the noise source, dB（A）；
L1——the original intensity value of noise source，dB（A）.
r——the distance between the prediction spot and sound source，m；
k——the noise source’s attenuation value in free sound field.
The results are as follows:
Fresh sweet oranges
Clean with water
Brush with detergent
Spray with water
Absorb water
Wax and polish
Dry with hot wind
Select products
Pack and encase
Storage
Cleaning sewage and noise Clean water
Recycle after sedimentation
Detergent
Clean water Cleaning sewage
Clean water Cleaning sewage
Plastic foam roller
Edible wax
Brushing roller
Discarded table vinegar
Hot air Noise
Inferior products
Waste packaging material and
noise
127
Chart 5.3-1 Noise Grade Contribution Value
Distance r(m) 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Leq(dB) 80 66 60 54.0 50.5 47.9 46.0 44.4 43.0 41.9 40.9 40
According to the prediction, noise 40m from the plant boundary meets the
requirements for 2nd
region in Noise Emission Standards for Industrial Enterprises
GB12348-2008 (60db in the day and 50db at night).
As to the processing workshop site selection, noise’s impact on surroundings should
be taken into consideration; dense residential area should be avoided. Besides, to create a
great working environment and to avoid sudden noise, it is required in this EIA that
proprietors strengthen noise source control; measures like applying sound-proof and
noise-reduction wall in the grinding workshop, adding damping cushion to the equipment,
using flexible elbow at the pipe juncture and setting up separation shield should be taken
to minimize equipment operation’s impact on employees and surroundings.
5.3.3 Impact Analysis of Water Environment during Operation Period
Sewage produced in this project mainly includes domestic sewage and cleaning
sewage.
Major pollutants in domestic sewage are COD, BOD5, NH3-N, SS and phosphate.
Domestic sewage is used for farmland irrigation after treated in the plant sewage
treatment station.
Cleaning sewage is mainly wastewater produced during cleaning White Konjac and
sweet orange; major pollutants are SS and COD, respective concentration being 150mg/L
and 80mg/L. The water, meeting dry farming standards in Water Quality Standard for
Farm Irrigation（GB5084-2005）, can be directly used for irrigation in surrounding
farmland and forest land. It is suggested in the EIA that the company set up a 500m3 tank
near the primary processing plant based on local geological conditions to store
one-month-load sewage.
5.3.4 Atmospheric Environment Impact Analysis
During white konjac primary processing in this project, sulphur is used to fumigate
and bleach, 0.5g sulphur for every cubic meter with little SO2 running over; blind coal is
used for roasting during primary processing, which produces some SO2, smoke and dust;
processing dry konjac slices into fine powder and fine powder refining both produce
dust.
SO2 produced during sulphur fumigating and blind coal burning, of fairly low
concentration, is discharged through the 15-m-high exhaust funnel after collected by the
gas-collecting hood, thus producing few influences on the surroundings. To ensure food
security and minimize the impact on environment, EIA advice includes importing
advanced production lines, changing traditional technologies and reducing SO2 residue in
food.
Dust is mainly produced in the workshop that produces konjac fine powder and
refines fine powder. Major and supplementary material charge-in, smashing and
packaging also produce dust. Dust pollution abatement is conducted through collecting
128
dust with cloth dust remover and discharging no pollutant to external environment during
food processing. Cloth dust remover removes 99% of the dust, which is discharged
through the 15-m-high exhaust funnel on the workshop roof. It meets the second-class
PM emission requirement in The Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants
（GB16297-1996）, namely PM emission concentration ≤120mg/m3
and emission
speed ≤3.5kg/h.
5.3.5 Environmental Impact Analysis of Solid Waste
Solid waste produced in this agricultural product processing project mainly includes waste
packaging material, unqualified or inferior products, domestic garbage and mechanical waste.
Waste packaging material: mainly produced during packaging, including paper and
plastic matters. The waste will be classified, collected and then recycled by waste
dealers.
Unqualified and inferior products: mainly include decayed sweet oranges produced
during processing, degenerative Konjac slices and fine powder dust during collection.
Decayed sweet oranges can be used for composting or transported to the landfill as
domestic garbage. Degenerative dry Konjac slices and fine powder dust are fairly
nutritious, but there is no further processing plants in the project area. EIA advice: sell
degenerative dry Konjac slices and fine powder dust to farms as livestock fodder. Dry
Konjac slices and fine powder, of fairly great nutrition, can be directly fed to livestock
after mixed with regular fodder.
Domestic garbage: mainly includes food residue and household refuse. Domestic
garbage is collected, stored and then delivered to the municipal refuse disposal station for
overall treatment. Pigwash is collected by farmers in case of secondary pollution.
Mechanical solid waste: mechanical equipment should be repaired on a regular basis.
Waste engine oil, cotton yarn and waste cutting fluid produced during repairing are
hazardous wastes and should be handled by senior units. Jinyang County’s hazardous
waste is delivered to Panzhihua hazardous waste treatment center; that of Xuyong and
Gulin can be delivered to local plants, with whom the agreement is signed that the waste
is delivered to senior units together with these plants’ garbage.
5.4 Resource Carrying Capacity Analysis
5.4.1 Water Resource Carrying Capacity Analysis
1. Irrigation Water
Irrigation water is the major water consumption in the project area. Irrigated crops
include forage grass, walnut and sweet oranges. Refer to Sichuan Water Consumption
Norms for agricultural irrigation water quota. See chart 5.4-1 for new planting items’
water consumption.
Chart 5.4-1 Agricultural Irrigation Water Consumption
Implem
entation
counties
Prod
uct
name
Quota/(
m3/mu)
Scale/mu Water consumption/
(m3/a)
Water source and approaches
129
Bucuo
County
Forag
e
grass
90
16659.6 1,499,364
Build water storage pool and
irrigation pipeline. Rainfall is
the major water source, so the
storage pool and irrigation
pipeline are used for rainfall
collection.
Jinyang
County 2746.35 247,171.5
Meigu
County 22055.55 1,985,000
Zhaojue
County 4967.25 447,052.5
Xuyong
C 15000 1,350,000
Subtota
l 61428.75 5,528,588
Meigu
County
Waln
ut 40
20983.2 839,328
Build water storage pool and
irrigation pipeline. Rainfall is
the major water source.
Gulin
County 26598.6 1,063,944
Build lift pump station, water
storage pool and irrigation
pipeline. Rainfall is the major
water source.
Subtota
l 47581.8 1,903,272
Gulin
County Swee
t
orang
e
85
7823.7 665,014.5
Build lift pump station, water
storage pool and irrigation
pipeline. Chishui river,
Caiban river and rainfall are
major water sources.
Xuyong
County 12842.55 1,091,616.75
Build lift pump station, water
storage pool and irrigation
pipeline. Chishui river and
rainfall are major water
sources.
Subtota
l 20666.25 1,756,631.25
Total 8,523,476.75
2. Breeding water
Refer to Sichuan Water Consumption Norms for husbandry water quota. See the
chart below for each breeding item’s water consumption:
Chart 5.4-2 Breeding Water Consumption in Each Project Area
Implementation
counties
Product
name
Quota( m3/100/day)
Scale
Water
consumption
(m3/d) Livestock Pen cleaning
130
drinking
Bucuo county Cattle 6 2.26 3821 315.6
Xuyong county Cattle 6 2.26 2740 226.3
Jinyang county Sheep 1 0.4 15420 215.9
Meigu county Sheep 1 0.4 10500 147
Chicken 0.1 / 61338 61.3
Zhaojue county Sheep 1 0.4 25425 356.0
Total water consumption (m3/d) 1322.1
3. Water Resource Balance Analysis
Water is the source of all things on the earth, so water is a key factor in agriculture
and cultivation. Water shortage could prevent crops from growing. If land is still
reclaimed and crops planted under water shortage, the ecological vegetation will be
destroyed, and it is hard for the newly-planted crops to grow. As a result, water loss and
soil erosion are exacerbated.
Shown by the meteorological materials of the project counties, in the project areas,
the amount of precipitation fluctuates between 748mm and 1119mm. Though rainfall is
sufficient, the amount of evaporation is large. The aridity index of Xuyong County is
1.07, the aridity index of Gulin County 1.73, the aridity index of Butuo County 1.59, the
aridity index of Jinyang County 1.73, the aridity index of Zhaojue County 1.48, the
aridity index of Meigu County 1.99. According to the aridity indexes, Xuyong County
and Zhaojue County are classified into semi-humid areas, the other four counties are
semi-arid areas. As a whole, the project areas are engineering areas of water shortage.
Water reservoirs and water pipes are constructed to solve the water problem.
According to the feasibility research report, see chart 5.4-3 for water resource
balance before and after the project. The chart tells that the water resources in the project
areas could generally satisfy the water demands. Xuyong County, Jinyang County and
Meigu County have solved the water shortage through constructing reservoirs and other
water conservancy facilities. Now each county even could have some water surplus. In
sum, this Project has positive effects on improving the current utilization of water
resources.
5.4.2 Forage Grass Balance Analysis of the Breeding Area
To protect the meadow and ensure sustainable husbandry development, grazing
capacity must be controlled to avoid meadow overuse. On the basis of an overall analysis
of livestock scale and forage grass supply in the breeding area, advice can be offered on
current livestock scale. According to the information offered by each implementation
county, forage grass balance analysis is conducted as in chart 5.3-4.
According to the analysis, the meadow in project area meets the demand of livestock
development and new breeding items will not destroy ecological balance.
Xuyong county suffers severe stony desertification, so grazing should be controlled
and apply captive breeding mainly. Current artificial grass meets the demand basically.
Breeding in Meigu County focuses on Meigu goat that gnaws grass roots, which
trigger environmental problems. EIA advice: enhance captive breeding; gradually change
the current pattern of “grazing + captive breeding”; apply rotation grazing by zone;
131
minimize grass waste and save grass.
Zhaojue and Meigu have few artificial forage grass bases currently, so the next step
should be expanding artificial forage grass area and cultivating excellent goats, which not
only improve rural income and boost economic development, but also inherit excellent
stocks and develop local specialties.
132
Chart 5.4-3 Summary Sheet of Water Resource Balance in the Project Areas
Se
ri
al
nu
m
be
r
County
name
Before the project
Solutions
After the project
Resource quantity (ten
thousand m3)
Water demand Surplus
and
deficienc
y
(ten
thousand
m3)
Resource quantity (ten
thousand m3)
Water demand Surplus
and
deficie
ncy
(ten
thousan
d m3)
Water
supply
assuran
ce
rate :
75%
Availabl
e water
Curren
t
diversi
on
Effective
irrigatio
n area
（mu）
Water
consu
mption
(ten
thousa
nd m3)
Water
supply
assuranc
e rate :
75%
Availa
ble
water
Future
diversi
on
Total
Effecti
ve
irrigati
on area
（mu）
Water
consu
mption
(ten
thousa
nd m3)
1 Xuyong
county 374.81 149.924 12.8 20235.9 15.18 -2.38
Build irrigation
works; increase
water resource and
improve water use
ratio.
430 172 33.8 52539 33.10 0.70
2 Gulin
county 306.2 94.8 8.81 20790 13.72 4.91 320.6 109.3 26.61 29723 25.35 1.26
3 Bucuo
county 30 21 30 21 4.91
4 Jinyang
county 13000 9750 6.09 5895 10.70 -4.61 13000 9750 35 7895 31.17 3.83
5 Zhaojue
county 33 25 22 3240 16.2 5.8 33 25 22 4320 21.6 0.4
6 Meigu
county 608540 2785 67.96 29250 78.7 -10.74 608540 2785 968.36 66250 968.3 0.06
Chart 5.4-4 Summary Sheet of Forage Grass Balance in the Project Areas
Serial County Current Livestock Grass Available grass Surplus
133
numbe
r
name livestock
total (goat)
total of this
project (goat)
demand
(ton) Subtotal Artificial
meadow
Natural
meadow Crop straw
Wild grass
ground Others
and
deficiency
（ton）
1 Xuyong
county 45225 13700 180927 203558 105000 7200 40392 15098 35868
22631
surplus
2 Gulin
county —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— ——
3 Bucuo
county 21150 19105 26448 68981 33084 35137 580 180 ——
41533surpl
us
4 Jinyang
county 60000 14654 49048 75960 56000 12310 7650 —— ——
26912
surplus
5 Zhaojue
county 139883 209274 91903 138150 6250 52000 40000 2400 37500
46247
surplus
6 Meigu
county 52641 11000 42003 67198 14038 45766 5414 660 1320
2348
surplus
134
5.5 Environment Capacity Analysis
Livestock urine and pen cleaning sewage contain not only nitrogen, phosphorous
and nitre, but also microelements like calcium and magnesium, which are beneficial for
crop growth. Treated sewage can be used for irrigation, which saves a lot of fertilizer,
increases crop yield, improves soil’s physical and chemical property, enhances soil
fertility, benefits crop growth, saves water resource and reduces pollutant emission,
killing two birds with one stone. The project area is rural land without methane facilities.
Livestock urine and pen cleaning sewage are led to the storage pool through channels and
then used as fertilizer after fermentation.
According to “Sewage and urine for agricultural use” in Accounting Rules for Major
Pollutants Emission Reduction During the 12th
Five-Year Plan issued by the Ministry
of Environmental Protection, rain-proof and impermeable sewage and urine storage pools
should be built. In general, the pool should be big enough to hold sewage and urine
produced in over 2 months (with each pig slaughtered, the pool should be no less
than0.3m3）; explicit sewage and urine disposition or user certificate should be offered.
Generally speaking, annually, sewage and urine consumption on per mu of land is no
more than the waste of 5 pigs (slaughtered), 0.2 beef cattle (slaughtered) and 0.4 cow
(raised).
In general, special urine storage pool and temporary argol storage yard are built in
the project area. They are of brick-concrete structure, with the bottom and wall painted
with cement to avoid seepage. The urine and excrement are fermented, decomposed and
then used as agricultural fertilizer. See chart 5.5-1 for the balance sheet of applying
sewage and excrement to fertilization.
Chart 5.5-1 The summary sheet of applying livestock urine and excrement to fertilization
Implem
entation
counties
Prod
uct
name
Scale Farmland
necessary for
fertilization
(hm2)
Current farmland in
the project area (hm2)
Satisfiabili
ty Current
quantity Added
Bucuo
county
Cattl
e 4230 3821 2684 4830 Satisfied
Xuyong
county
Cattl
e 9045 2740 3929 8437 Satisfied
Jinyang
county Goat 62720 15420 347 4872 Satisfied
Meigu
county Goat 13641 10500 107 4757 Satisfied
Zhaojue
county Goat 84061 25425 487 8046 Satisfied
Breeding is conducted in rural area where major crops grown are paddy, wheat, corn
and potato. During winter, the slack season, farmland can be used to plant forage grass,
holding all sewage and excrement produced by breeding. Besides, the breeding is of
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dispersing type which will not lead to concentrated pollution.
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Chapter 6 Analysis of Alternative Plans
Analysis of alternative plans aims to optimize project design for the sake of
environmental protection by comparing to what extent the impact of different plans will
have on ecological environment and to incorporate eco-friendly components into project
design when recommending projects, thus providing a basis for the scientific
decision-making of project development.
General principles:
1.2Quantitative: For every alternative plan, quantify impact of project
implementation on environment.
2. Comprehensive: Conduct comprehensive analysis from environmental, technical,
economic and social perspectives.
3. Consistent: The selected plan should be consistent with relevant development
planning and standard and with local conditions.
6.1 “With and Without Project” Analysis
Table 6.1-1 “With and Without Project” Analysis
Type With-project Without-project
Pros
Road Project:
1. Project consistent with poverty reduction plan
and national industrial policy;
2. Promotes infrastructure building, facilitates
cultural, material and economic exchanges, and
narrows down poverty gap;
3. Improves transport and access to road, and
ensures social stability and harmonious
development.
Planting Project:
1. Increases income: Planting local cash crops
which sell well and produce well and scaling up
industrialized operation to increase local income.
2. Maintains eco-environment: Through land
improvement and planting, reducing human
disturbance on degraded ecosystem (weed-grown
land) and developing a stable artificial
1. No change to land use value (no
occupation of farmland/forest land);
2. Business-as-usual, i.e, no damage to
vegetation, no water/soil loss or other
ecological concerns;
3. No pollution such as fugitive dust,
noise and offscourings;
4. No diffused pollution due to
expansion of planting area;
5. Animal waste and stink are less of a
problem.
6. Sufficient supply of forage grass
and enclosing while herding ensured
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ecosystem.
3. Develops large-scale planting area, adds
beauty to rural landscape, and promotes local
tourist industry.
4. Guides farmers to standardize planting,
increases income out of cash crops, and reduces
use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers through
training.
Animal Husbandry Project:
1. Scales up planting and increases income: In
project implementation area, natural grassland
and artificial forage grass base are immense and
capable of providing enough forage grass, so
implementing the project is good for
development of local animal husbandry industry.
2. Creates a better environment for breeding:
Standardizing building and management of
cowshed and sheepfold, and improving breeding
environment.
3. Enhances management of animal waste and
reduces pollution.
4. Facilitates epidemic treatment, reduces
incidence of disease, and keeps health of breeders
and livestock.
Cons
Road Project:
1. Occupies land, changes how the land is used,
and permanent land occupation has irreversible
impact while temporary occupation reversible;
2. Damages vegetation and causes water/soil loss;
3. Waste water, waster gas and waste residues due
to project execution.
4. Traffic noise and vehicle exhaust during
operation will impact environment.
Planting Project:
1. Inappropriate land improvement and planting
damage existing vegetation, disturb surface soil,
causes new round of soil erosion and water/soil
Road Project:
1. No convenient road, and transport
only by human/livestock, which
increases cost for production and
living;
2. Can’t transport materials out due to
lack of transportation, thus causing
economic backwardness;
3. Damaged roads and increased
fugitive dust emissions threaten
surrounding environment;
4. Poor traffic conditions prone to
traffic accidents, causing economic
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loss, and pollutes the environment;
2. Land improvement changes how the land is
currently used;
3. Diffused pollution caused by inappropriate use
of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and agricultural
films.
Animal Husbandry Project:
1. Increased pollution intensity and coverage due
to scaled up livestock breeding;
2. Prone to vegetation damage and water/soil loss
if free-ranging was to be continued;
3. Not enough water for some mountain villages.
loss and pollution.
Planting Project:
1. Project implementation area is vast
yet scarcely populated with land
wasted or crop production low, so
economic benefit is limited and land
resources wasted;
2. Degraded waste land is ill-managed
and rock mass is highly likely to
degrade into bare rocks;
3. Diffused pollution due to ineffective
guidance on planting and overuse of
pesticides.
Animal Husbandry Project:
1. The project implementation area is
vast and scarcely populated with
sufficient supply of forage grass, but
due to a lack of funding, the scale of
animal husbandry is small, which is a
waste of resource;
2. Regional environment is seriously
polluted due to ill-design of animal
housing and non-execution of dry
dejecta collection technology
3. Human health is endangered due to
ineffective disease prevention
mechanism.
Anal
ysis
During project implementation, scientific and appropriate land improvement technology,
planting approach, management plan and breeding technology can contribute to a better
infrastructure, regional ecological environment, increased output of cash crops, livestock
inventory and household income, and a scale-up of planting area.
Implementing project might lead to land occupation and pollution. Therefore, it is
reasonable to adopt environmental-friendly measures, enhance pollution control and
reduce environmental effect of project. Moreover, pollution can be avoided if “3 wastes”
problems were emphasized and solved. Conclusion: Pros outweigh cons, so in the long
term, project implementation is recommended.
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6.2 Comparison and Selection of Irrigation Methods
1. Traditional Irrigation Methods
The project is located in rural areas where traditional irrigation methods are often
utilized. Traditional methods allow water to infiltrate soil through surface by gravity and
capillary action, so it is also called gravity irrigation technique. By infiltration approach,
traditional methods can be divided into border irrigation, furrow irrigation, basin
irrigation and flood irrigation.
1) Border irrigation: The field is divided into a number of bays or strips. The water
is applied to the top end of the bay, and moves along the slope by gravity to soak soil.
2) Furrow irrigation: Furrow irrigation is conducted by creating small parallel
channels along the field length in the direction of predominant slope. Water is applied to
the top end of each furrow and flows down the field under the influence of capillary
action. Compared to border irrigation, furrow irrigation will not damage soil structure
near crop root or cause surface hardening. It can also reduce losses of soil evaporation
and is particularly suited to broad-acre row crops.
3) Basin irrigation: The field to be irrigated is divided into many units which
maintain a certain level of water during irrigation and infiltrate soil under the influence of
gravity. This method is commonly used in the production of rice.
4) Flood irrigation: Flood irrigation is an irrigation technique in which a field is
essentially flooded with water which is allowed to soak into the soil to irrigate the plants
under the influence of gravity. This type of irrigation is extensive, unevenly-distributed
and wasteful.
Basin irrigation and flood irrigation are two often used irrigation methods in project
area.
2. Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation is an irrigation method that allows water to drip slowly to the roots of
plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of
valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water
slowly to the plant, so soil directly under emitter is saturated, but soil elsewhere is not.
The water is distributed and diffused by capillary tension.
3. Comparison and Determination of Irrigation Methods
See Table 6.2-1 for pros and cons of two plans.
Table 6.2-1 Traditional Irrigation v.s Drip Irrigation
Type Traditional Irrigation Drip Irrigation
Pros 1; Convenient, no need of professional 1. It can save water, fertilizer,
labor, reduce manure loss,
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maintenance;
2. Low investment, and material savings
at initial stage;
3. No need of daily maintenance.
increase use efficiency of plants,
and reduce pollution;
2. Keep soil structure and form
appropriate soil, water, fertilizer
and heat environment;
3. Reduce use of manure and
pesticides, improve quality of
farm produce and realize
production and income increase.
Cons
1. Waste of water due to evaporation;
2. Likely to contaminate underground
water;
3. Loss of manure mixed with water,
which is polluting and input-demanding;
4. Uneven distribution of water;
5. Likely to cause soil erosion, hardening
and soil structure damage.
1. Likely to cause blockage and
require daily maintenance;
2. Irrigation can only soak part of
soil, which might limit growth of
roots.
Analysis
Project area is water-scarce, so developing drip irrigation can save water,
realize output and income increase, reduce use of manure and pesticides, and
promote green agricultural development.
Conclusion: Drip irrigation can save water and pesticides, align with
regional status, and reduce diffused pollution. Despite higher investment
in the outset, drip irrigation can bring long-term benefits, thus is the
method we recommend.
6.3 Comparison of Environmental Impact of Different Planting Patterns
6.3.1Comparison and Selection of Planting Patterns
Planting pattern of this project is compared with traditional planting pattern in this
section. Factors to be compared include selection of planting fields, land clean-up and
preparation approach, intensity of economic fruit-bearing forest, planting pattern,
fertilization and irrigation, and prevention of plant diseases and insect pests, etc. See
Table 6.3-1 for specifics.
Table 6.3-1 Comparison of Different Planting Patterns
Factor Planting Pattern of This Project Traditional Planting
Pattern
Wild Clean-up wild grassland in blocks or in bags, Existing vegetation is
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grassland
clean-up
and keep to original terrain and landscape as
well as native grass belt in
ecologically-vulnerable area or area with big
slopes to reduce water and soil erosion and soil
nutrient loss, and protect biological diversity.
basically damaged, and
original sloping fields
changed to flat fields,
which will likely cause
water and soil erosion
and loss of soil nutrients
and endanger
biodiversity.
Land
Preparatio
n
Walnut and orange: Cave-shaped land
preparation, i.e. To dig caves along contour
line; Konjac: Deep plowing before winter; deep
tillage and ditch preparation after spring;
Potato: deep plowing before winter; shallow
plowing to break up surface after spring. All
methods can keep grass belt or slope-protection
forest by building ridges and cofferdams.
Sloppy land is not suitable for reclamation or
planting.
All-out reclamation and
strip soil preparation are
adopted, which will
disturb 30%-100% of
land, damage vegetation
and lead to water and
soil loss.
Seed
Selection
There are bases established for nursery-grown
plants and fine breeds in project area. Seeds
that are resistant to plant diseases and insect
pests that would yield great output are selected.
Varieties vary greatly;
low disease resistance;
low unit output.
Planting
Density
Orange row spacing 3.5×5m; Walnut 3×5m;
Konjak’s row spacing is 4 or 6 times the size of
the bulb; Wide and narrow row spacing digging
and ridging for potatoes, which are grown in 3
ridges with 0.9-1 foot spacing and 4,000 to
4,400 tubers in each ridge; Sichuan papaya row
spacing 1×1.1m, with every acre planting 600.
Those methods can ensure great lighting and
nutrient supply, form a reasonable and stable
tree-bush-grass structure and improve
disease-resistance and output.
A lack of professional
guidance; high planting
density; sufficient
supply of nutrients and
lighting; low output and
disease resistance.
Planting
Pattern
For walnut, chicken can be raised alongside.
For orange, in the preliminary stage, water
melon, hot pepper and other crops that can
increase income in the short term can be
planted alongside with forage grass. For potato,
crop rotation can be adopted.
Raising chicken under forest can reduce
incidence of plant diseases and insect pests,
thus reducing cost of pest control, saving
fodder and increasing income. Additionally, it
can improve soil, increase organics and activity
Extensive planting of a
single crop and heavy
reliance on such a
monotonous planting
structure will easily lead
to plant diseases and
insect pests, low disease
resistance, and reduced
synergy between crops
and species.
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of enzymes.
Inter-planting under forest can improve soil
structure of fruit-bearing forest, reduce water
and soil erosion, increase nutrients in the soil,
and reduce incidence of plant diseases and
insect pests.
Crop rotation is good for balanced consumption
of nutrients in the soil. Meanwhile, it can
reduce damages caused by diseases, pests and
weeds accompanying crops.
Fertilizatio
n
Fertilization through field guidance, soil
monitoring and plant nutrient diagnosis that
targets content of soil nutrients and life cycle of
plants is adopted. An appropriate amount of
organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is
applied to prevent diffused pollution.
Soil is not fertilized in a
targeted way because of
little awareness of
agricultural and
chemical fertilizer,
leading to a waste of
resources and diffused
pollution.
Conclusion Recommended Not Recommended
6.3.2 Green Pest Control v.s Traditional Pest Control
The project is carried out in rural areas, where traditional pest control methods such
as crop-dusting are utilized. The project advocates green pest control techniques for
planting project. Now we will compare advantages and disadvantages of the two plans.
Table 6.3-2 Traditional Pest Control v.s Green Pest Control
Type Traditional Pest Control Green Pest Control
Pros
1. Convenient and require no
professional training;
2. low requirements on funding and
equipment initially;
3. Effective pest control can be
achieved very quickly.
1. A combination of ecological and
biological control techniques, resulting
in maximum efficiency;
2. Low residue, thus little damage to
human health;
3. Reduced use of pesticides can help
abate diffused pollution;
4. Sellable green food is thus
developed, which is consistent with
national industrial policy and will
contribute to income increase.
Cons 1. Overuse of pesticides might easily
cause diffused pollution and
1. Huge initial investment;
2. Extensive training and
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contaminate surface water,
underground water and air;
2. Pests have a greater chance of
developing antibodies due to
long-term overuse of pesticides, so
pest control will be ineffective and
wasteful, and even cause a vicious
circle.
3. It puts distinctive local products at a
competitive disadvantage.
popularization are required as
implementation in small areas is not
effective enough.
Analy
sis
Project implementation area is located in poor villages where orange, potato and
walnut are distinctive local products. Through green pest control, which is
consistent with national policy to develop green food, those competitive green
products can break into a wider market. And green pest control can also help
abate diffused pollution of pesticides, thus contributing to a better environment.
Conclusion: Green pest control can realize sustainable agricultural
development, adapt to regional status, and reduce diffused pollution.
Despite higher investment in the outset, it entails long-term benefits, so it is
recommended.
6.4 Comparison of Different Approaches to Dispose Animal Feces from Breeding
Breeding in this project is divided into household breeding and concentrated
breeding. See Table 6.4-1 and Table 6.4-2 for different approaches to dispose animal
feces.
Table 6.4-1 Comparison of Fecal Disposal Approaches
Used in Household Breeding
Pile-up of
Waterlogged
Compost
Hydraulic Pressure
Household Biogas
Digester
Wet-Dry Separation for
Waterlogged Compost
Technique
Overview
Put straws in the
breeding houses,
and feces will fall
directly onto
straws. Turn over
straws regularly
and wait until the
feces are tight and
mature before
Feces, urine, rinse
water-hydraulic pressure
biogas digester (volume
30-100m3)-feed liquid
discharge and regular
sediment shoveling for
manure.
Through cowshed
design, wet-dry
separation of feces and
urine is realized. The
feces and urine go
separately to storage
tank which is then
sealed. When mature,
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carrying outside to
fertilize the field.
manure will be applied
for fertilization and
irrigation, and urine will
be used for irrigation of
farmland.
Applicatio
n Scope
Household
breeding of less
than 5 cows.
Household breeding of
10-25 cows.
Household breeding of
1-10 cow(s).
Pros
1. No need to set
aside a feces
storage tank; feces
are stockpiled
within stables,
which can save
space;
2. No need of
wet-dry separation,
which saves both
manpower and
materials.
1. No need of wet-dry
separation because all go
directly to biogas
digester, which saves
both manpower and
materials;
2. Make resource out of
wastes, and methane can
provide small amount of
energy;
3. Relatively big scale of
disposal.
1.Wet-dry separation in
the outset, which can
reduce amount of rinse
water;
2.Wet-dry separation is
conducive to
microorganism
fermenting, which is also
good for compost;
3.Low cost as
anti-permeability
treatment for storage
tank is all that required;
4.Highly adaptive to
environment;
5.Feces can be used
directly to fertilize soil
after becoming compost,
and urine can be used to
irrigate soil after
fermenting. Fertilization
operation is flexible.
Cons
1. Stinky and affect
surrounding
environment;
2. No wet-dry
separation, so
manure could not
be fully absorbed
by plants, which
can easily cause
diffused pollution;
3. Long cycle of
stockpiling might
generate
microorganisms
1. Biogas digester is
demanding on material
input and environment
conditions; small scale of
breeding and low
temperature will cause
slowed reaction of biogas
digester, thereby
lowering methane gas
production;
2. Daily maintenance is
required;
3. Huge investment and
heavy burden on poor
Anti-permeability for
feces and urine storage
tank is very important.
If ill-handled,
underground water and
soil might be easily
contaminated.
145
and germs, and
with long-term
contact with
livestock, plant
diseases and insect
pests might occur,
endangering health
of livestock and
human.
households;
4. Huge rinse water
consumption and
increased amount of
sewage for disposal.
Conclusio
n Not Recommended Not Recommended
Recommended
Table 6.4-2 Comparison of Fecal Disposal Approaches
Used in Concentrated Breeding
Large- and Medium-sized Biogas
Digester
Anaerobic plus Aerobiotic Treatment
Technique
Overview
Wet-dry separation → anaerobic
(methane)→ returning to
field/other purposes
Wet-dry-separation→anaerobic
(methane)→aerobiotic
treatment→natural treatment model
consisting of grilling, riffling
collecting tank, wet-dry separation
equipment, hydrolysis acidification
pool, anaerobic reaction pool,
aerobiotic treatment system, natural
treatment system, sludge treatment,
biogas purification, storage and
utilization, etc.
Applicati
on Scope Breeding of 200- cows
Breeding of 500-2,000 cows
Pros
1. Wet-dry separation can reduce
concentration of organics in the
waste water;
2. Concentration of water quality is
low, so compared to
non-wet-dry-separation, the
method requires less land area;
3. Feces and biogas residue are
used for stockpiling compost,
which is a reutilization of
pollutants that will bring high
economic and environmental
1. Effective in disposing waste water
which can be used for irrigation or
discharge;
2. Low requirements on the scale of
surrounding farmland;
3. Reutilization of wastes, and biogas
can be used as fuel;
4. Biogas residue and dry feces can be
used for stockpiling compost, which is
quite effective.
146
benefits;
4. The key is anaerobic biogas
digester, so the investment is
limited and relatively easy to
maintain.
Cons
1. Wet-dry separation will increase
workload and investment;
2. There will be enough land
around the farm to absorb low
concentration biogas slurry and a
certain amount of land for crop
rotation;
3. Polluting factors cannot be
eliminated and waste water serves
limited purposes, and in this case,
only for irrigation and fertilization.
1. Huge investment;
2. High energy consumption, eg.
2-4kmh for 1m3
waste water;
3. High operational cost, eg. RMB2.0
for 1m3
waste water;
4. Lots of equipment requiring
maintenance;
5. Special technicians are needed for
operational management.
Conclusio
n
Recommended (Farms in this
project are relatively small with
capacity of breeding 20 cows, plus
the project is located in rural areas
where enough fields can be
guaranteed, so from economic and
operational point of view, selecting
this method will be useful for
anaerobic treatment of livestock
feces and farmland fertilization.
Not Recommended
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Chapter 7 Public Participation
7.1 Purpose of Public Participation
1. Inform the public of the purpose, scale and location of the project, its
environmental impact during and after, and proposed solutions and measures in order to
win public understanding, support and cooperation. The public has a right to know, and a
right to air opinions.
2. Soliciting experiences and feelings of local people will help us analyze
characteristics of local pollution and status quo of environmental factors, make
environmental impact evaluation more objective, and protect vital interests of local
people;
3. The public is quite aware of resources such as natural environment, social
economy, agricultural ecology and factors of production and living. Through public
participation, environmental protection measures proposed in this evaluation can be
made more relevant and effective.
4. Through public participation, economic, social and environmental benefits of the
project can be harmonized.
7.2 Information Disclosure
During environmental impact evaluation, on-site and website channels are used for
information disclosure.
1. The first disclosure
Information disclosed include: a. Project profile; b. Contact person and contact
information of project undertaker and evaluator; c. Evaluation procedure and task
specifics; d. Scope and major items of public opinion soliciting; e. Time limit of
disclosure; f. Major channels to air opinions or to give feedback.
The first information disclosure was from December 20, 2013 to January 10, 2014.
See Figure 7.2-1 for a screenshot of the disclosure.
2. The second disclosure
After completion, the project draft was published on websites of counties
implementing the project and the environmental impact evaluation draft report was
printed so that local residents could leaf through.
7.2-4 The second information disclosure was from March 26, 2014 to April 15, 2014.
See Figure 7.2-3 and 7.2-4 for screenshot of the disclosure.
148
Figure 7.2-1 the First Online Disclosure (Xuyong County)
Figure 7.2-2 Bulletin Board Disclosure (Masi Miaozu Town, Gulan County)
149
Figure 7.2-3 the Second Online Disclosure (Jinyang County)
Figure 7.2-4 Bulletin Board Full-text Disclosure (Longmen Town, Megu
County)
3. Disclosure Results
No feedback was received during the two disclosures.
7.3 Methods and Contents of Public Participation
7.3.1 Methods of Public Participation
150
The public were involved in the following ways:
a. meetings in project-covered areas;
b. visits to some households in project-covered areas;
c. online disclosure in project-covered counties, and environmental impact report
put on bulletin board and printed for reading in project-covered villages;
d. questionnaires handed out to the public.
7.3.2 Contents of Public Participation
1. Content of Meetings and Visits
Introduction to project implementation items, and pollution problems that may arise
and counteractions. Hear-out to opinions and advices of local people on project
implementation and environmental protection.
2. Content of Questionnaire
20 questionnaires were handed out to each village covered in the program to be
filled out at the end of April (after completion of the second disclosure). See Table 7.3-1
for main contents of the questionnaire (Xuyong County).
Table 7.3-1 Questionnaire of Public (Rural Households) Participation
No. 1 Integrated Value Chain Development Sub-project 1. Cooperatives: a. Build 20 village-level cooperatives and 1 association. Build 21
supporting offices of 2,100 sq. (each 100 sq); office facilities; office furniture; organize
organizational building training, management training, technical training, marketing training
and field trips. Among which: 9 orange cooperatives (including 1 association), 12 beef cattle
professional cooperatives. b. Rural households training. Plan to develop 80 demonstration
households. Among which: 32 grow oranges, 48 breed cows; fruit cultivation technical
training will reach 27,815day/person; livestock breeding technical training 25,000
day/person; vet service will be provided for 5,000 cows.
2. Conditional Grant Support Project: A. Orange cultivation: a. Elite breeding and
breed improvement: 1. Build 1 orange elite breeding base of 2.5 hectares and supporting
infrastructure. 2. Orange top grafting base of 200 hectares; b. Fostering of advantageous
industries: develop 673 hectares of oranges with 3 demonstration parks of 200 hectares
(each 66.7 hectares); c. Short-term income increase project: grow 600 hectares of hot
pepper, and 100 hectares of water melon; d. Primary processing of products: build 1
processing line for orange products; e. Green prevention and control: 3 pest detection
equipment, 66 automatic sprinklers, 270,135 bags of predatory mites, 45,024 aphid-luring
yellow boards, and 66 solar-powered pest-killing lamps; f. Product storage: build 1 fruit
fresh-keeping storehouse; g. Market facilities: build 7 primary storage gathering and
distribution points; h. 9 market expansion grants for cooperatives. B. Beef cattle breeding: a.
Elite breeding and breed improvement: breed 2,500 fertile cows, build 20 cattle breed
improvement cold mating points; b. Fostering of advantageous industries: fatten 240 beef
cattle; c. Production facilities/equipment: grow 1,000 hectares of forage grass, build 12
cowsheds; d. 12 market expansion grants for cooperatives.
3. Public-Private Partnerships: 9 for orange cultivation and 12 for beef cattle breeding.
No. 2 Public Infrastructure and Service Sub-project
1. Public infrastructure: A. Orange cultivation: a. Public transport: build 10 kilometers
of village roads; improve (harden)15 kilometers of village roads; build 49 kilometers of
production shortcuts; b. Water conservancy facilities: irrigation reservoir. 85 reservoirs of
60m3, 6 of 200m
3, 3 for drip irrigation, with each occupying 66.7 hectares; build 65
151
kilometers of irrigation canal; build 5 type-2 small pump stations for irrigation
(capacity<100 kilowatts); c. Market facilities: build 1 farm produce trading market. B.
Breeding of beef cattle: a. Public transport: build 8 kilometers of village roads; improve
(harden) 15.61 kilometers of village roads; build 20 kilometers of production shortcuts.
2. Public service: A. Tutors at cooperatives: hire 5 tutors with each serving 5 years;
tutors will give training to 115 person-times; hire 5 persons for operational management of
5 years. B. Product market information platform: build a website and maintain 5 years. C.
Industrial improvement: design 1 product package and get certification for a green farm
produce.
The environmental impact during project implementation includes diffused pollution
and soil pollution of crop farming, waste water and solid waste like feces arising out of
breeding, and noise and flue gas coming from village roads. Through careful designing,
adjusting fertilization and pesticide sprinkling, controlling livestock and poultry scale,
regularizing animal waste disposal and maintaining green belts, we aim to reduce adverse
impact of the project on environment. As required by laws and regulations, public opinions
and suggestions should be sought in the process of evaluation. Now please fill out this
questionnaire for public participation. Thank you for your cooperation!
Name Gender Age
Education
Junior college/secondary
technical school+□
High school□
Junior high□
Primary school□
Primary school-□
Professio
n
Official□ Worker□ Farmer□
Self-employed□ Others□
Tel Nationalit
y
Employer/ho
me address Village, Town, County
Questions (Please tick “√” when you agree with the answer)
1. Are you aware of the project?
□Yes □A little □No
2. If Yes, where do you learn the information?
□Government disclosure □Telecast/Newspaper □Website □Others
3. In your opinion, what are the major possible impact of the project on environment (You
may choose more than one options):
□Mechanical noise □Solid waste □waste waster
□Construction fugitive dust □Water and soil loss □Ecological damage
4. In your opinion, what is the biggest environmental impact?
□Water environment □Atmospheric environment
□Ecological environment □Acoustic environment
5. In your opinion, how the project will affect local economic growth?
□Very beneficial □So-so impact □Little impact □No impact
6. In your opinion, how will the project affect your personal and family life?
□Positive impact □Negative impact □Negative but acceptable □No impact
7. What attitude do you have towards the project?
152
□Strong support □Conditional support □I don’t care □Objection
8. In which way do you want to participate in the environmental protection of this project?
□Filling out questionnaire □Interviews □Meetings □Others
9. Please state your other suggestions, opinions and requirements on project development:
7.4 Results of Public Consultation
7.4.1Results of Visits and Meetings
The evaluating entity conducted visits to and meetings with residents in
project-covered counties between November and December of 2013.
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Table 7.4-1 Results of Visits and Meetings
County Time Location/Targe
t
Populat
ion(mal
e/femal
e)
Form Results and Major Opinions
Xuyon
g
County
Dec, 2013 Chahe Village,
Shuiliao Town 8/3 Visit
1. Scale up breeding of beef cattle, increase financial input, and expand development
of this industry;
2. Bureau of Animal Husbandry should enhance technical training, design and build
breeding houses properly so that cow urine and feces can be disposed in a regularized
way.
Dec, 2013
Shuiliao
Village,
Shuiliao Town
10/5 Visit
1. Step up construction of water conservancy facilities and roads and improve
irrigation;
2. Support development of orange commercialization processing line and encourage
implementation of agricultural cooperatives.
Gulan
County Dec, 2013
Yulin Village,
Jiaoyuan Town 20/7
Meetin
g
1. Increase financial input to utilize the local environment and promote industrialized
operation of orange and walnut;
2. Accelerate development of water conservancy projects and improve irrigation;
3. Strengthen basic training for farmers.
Zhaoju
e
County
Dec, 2013
Erdahuo
Village,
Saladipo Town
10/2 Visit
1. Push forward the development of potato elite breeding base and increase output
and disease-resistance function;
2. Enhance technical guidance, and avoid water and soil loss and pesticide-induced
pollution.
Jiefang
Village,
Jiefang Town
5/2 Visit
1. Increase financial input to utilize local forage grass resources and lift residents out
of poverty;
2. Reinforce livestock epidemic prevention and protect properties of local residents.
Meigu
County Dec, 2013
Wagujue
Village, 5/2 Visit
1. Increase financial input and support short-term income increase projects;
2. Standardized design of sheepfold and reduce stinks.
154
Longmen
Town
Butuo
County Dec, 2013
Rijiu Village,
Buer Town 8/3 Visit
Increase financial support, standardize design of cowshed and promote livestock
epidemic prevention.
Jinyan
g
County
Dec, 2013 County
Government 30/10
Meetin
g
1. Increase funding to develop Konjac and introduce processing plants to form
industrial chain and realize sustainable and stable development;
2. Jinyang County is remote, hence roads should be built as soon as possible;
3. Enhance technical training for farmers and enable them to get out of poverty by
starting their own business.
155
7.4.2 Statistical Results of Questionnaires
In total, 3,980 questionnaires were issued with 3,517 returned, which put return rate
at 88.37%.See Table 7.4-2 and 7.4-3 for statistical results.
Table 7.4-2 Profile of Respondents
Age 18- 18-30 31-45 46-60
61+
Population 2 437 1634 1139 305
Percentage
(%) 0.06 12.43 46.46 32.39 8.66
Education Primary
school-
Primary
school Junior high High school
Junior
college/seco
ndary
technical
school+
Population 818 1874 705 105 15
Percentage
(%) 23.25 53.28 20.05 2.99 0.43
Profession Official Worker Farmer Self-employ
ed Others
Population 6 3 3455 10 43
Percentage
(%) 0.17 0.09 98.24 0.28 1.22
Gender Male Female
Population 2,618 899
Percentage
(%) 74.44 25.56
Table 7.4-3 Statistical Results of Questionnaires
N
o. Question Opinion Population
Percentage
(%)
1
Are you aware of the
project?
Yes 2,280 64.83
A little 1,088 30.94
No 149 4.24
2
If Yes, where do you
learn the information?
Government disclosure 2,699 74.15
Telecast/Newspaper 180 4.95
Website 52 1.43
Others 709 19.48
3
In your opinion, what are
the major possible
impact of the project on
environment
Mechanical noise 1,463 30.62
Solid waste 579 12.12
Waste waster 633 13.25
Construction fugitive dust 1,210 25.32
Water and soil loss 457 9.56
156
N
o. Question Opinion Population
Percentage
(%)
Ecological damage 436 9.13
4
In your opinion, what is
the biggest
environmental impact?
Water environment 1,314 36.37
Atmospheric environment 449 12.43
Ecological environment 1,127 31.19
Acoustic environment 723 20.01
5
In your opinion, how the
project will affect local
economic growth?
Very beneficial 3,179 88.11
So-so impact 229 6.35
Little impact 64 1.77
No impact 136 3.77
6
In your opinion, how will
the project affect your
personal and family life?
Positive impact 2,901 81.65
Negative impact 31 0.87
Negative but acceptable 116 3.26
No impact 505 14.21
7 What attitude do you
have towards the project?
Strong support 3,236 89.81
Conditional support 317 8.80
I don’t care 50 1.39
Objection 0 0.00
8
In which way do you
want to participate in the
environmental protection
of this project?
Filling out questionnaire 1,955 53.21
Interviews 474 12.90
Meetings 1,034 28.14
Others 211 5.74
9
Please state your other
suggestions, opinions
and requirements on
project development
1. Start the project as soon as possible, promote scale
operation of special industries and accelerate poverty
reduction;
2. Enhance protection of existing vegetation and
minimize damage to original eco-system;
3. Strengthen environmental protection, enhance
training and education, reduce poverty through science
and technology, and abate pollution induced by project;
4. Reinforce infrastructure in poor areas to promote
industrial development;
5. Transform livestock housing built by farmers and
breeding communities, and enhance bio-safety disposal
of feces.
According to Table 7.4-3, most of local residents are aware of how the project is
implemented and believe that noise and dust are major environmental concerns, but if
environmental protection measures were in place, they can accept the impact on
157
themselves and their families.
The questionnaires reveal that local residents would like to see an early
implementation of the project so that with sufficient funding, local industries can realize
scale development and bring social, environmental and economic benefits. Meanwhile,
environmental protection should be given attention to.
From the questionnaires, we can see that the public is quite supportive of the project,
which lays a solid social foundation for its smooth implementation. At the same time,
project regulating and developing entities should take into account the public’s
requirements and suggestions and incorporate them into environmental protection plans
so that the project would bring enhanced social, environmental and economic benefits
even after implementation.
7.5 Summary
Through meetings, visits, questionnaires, on-site disclosure and online disclosure,
public opinions and suggestions were solicited. According to information gathered, the
public in project-covered areas are aware of the project and support its implementation;
They all believe that the project will be beneficial to local economic growth and improve
surrounding environment; They hope that the project could be implemented as soon as
possible and fulfill both quality and quantity requirement while giving due attention to
environmental protection so that social, environmental and economic benefits can be
brought about soon.
Public participation campaigns facilitated communication, contributed to improved
design of the project, and enhanced effectiveness and operability of environmental
evaluation and solutions; Some concerns of the public were identified so that relevant
authorities could take counter-measures and avoid disputes that might occur during
implementation; People’s right to safeguard their legitimate benefits were supported and
their enthusiasm for monitoring environmental management summoned up.
158
Chapter 8 Environmental Management Plan
Since the Project will cause certain influence to the target area and the surrounding
environment during the construction and operation period, corresponding environmental
protection measures must be carried out to prevent, reduce and mitigate or compensate
environmental impact. Therefore, in order to ensure that environmental protection
measures are effective and the Project’s environment benefit, social benefit and economic
benefit are coordinated, it is a must to make the environmental management plan(EMP).
The environmental management plan is divided into four parts, environmental
responsibility and institutional arrangements, environmental prevention plan,
environmental monitoring and environmental protection training projects.
8.1 Environmental management institutions and their responsibilities
The environmental management of the poverty reduction Project is in the charge of
Sichuan Management center Foreign Invested Poverty Reduction Projects. The
environmental management and supervision organization of the Project’s six target
counties is shown in chart 8.1-1.
Leading Group of
the Project at
Provincial Level
Leading Group of the
Project at Municipal
Level
Leading Group of
the Project at
County Level
Center for Poverty Alleviation
Funded by Foreign Capital at
Provincial Level
Center for Poverty Alleviation
Funded by Foreign Capital at
Municipal Level
Experts hired by the World
Bank outside of the
province
Center for Poverty Alleviation
Funded by Foreign Capital at
County Level
Working Group of the Project at
Town/Township Level
Village Committees Professional Cooperatives for Farmers
159
8.1-1 The chart of environmental management and supervision institution
The related parties in environmental management and their responsibilities are
shown in table 8.1-1。
Table 8.1-1 Environmental management list of Poverty alleviation Project in
Sichuan province
Stage Related party of the Project Environmental responsibilities
Capital Construction Activities
Design and
preparation
period
Owner/Project
management
1.Responsible for the specific design, supervision,
construction, equipment and material purchase,
2.Project bidding and approval, and approval of the
environmental assessment
Designing institutions,
assessment institutions
The designing institution makes engineering survey
and the assessment institutions makes preliminary
environmental impact assessment.
Environmental Protection
Administrations
Checks whether the relevant pollution control
facilities and facilities design can guarantee pollution
discharging standard, etc. according to the
environmental impact assessment report.
County Construction
Bureau, Environmental
Protection Administration,
and Transportation
Administration
To supervise and inspect if the construction
engineering design is reasonable, bidding,
examination and approval, engineering supervision,
safe construction of quality and construction.
Construction
period
Owner/Project
management
1.Supervising the protection measures during the
construction period according to Environmental
Management Plan(EMP).
2.Carrying out the training project during the
construction period on the protection measures
according to EMP
Contractor Specific implementation on mitigation measures
according to EMP.
County Construction
Bureau, Environmental
Protection Administration,
Industrial and Commercial
Administration, Public
Health Bureau, etc.
Supervision the measures on civilized construction,
safety production during the construction period.
Households/ Village
The village committee cooperates actively to
protect the legal rights of the villagers and supervises
the construction.
Operation Operation Institutions 1,Specific implementation of the mitigation
160
period measures according to Environmental Management
Plan.；
2,Completes the operation period of environmental
protection, construction schedule, quality and safety,
3,Take responsibility of organizing the related
environmental monitoring.
4,Make report for the superior office and bank of
implementation regularly.
Environmental Protection
Administration
Conduct and supervise the implementation of the
EMP
Water Resources Bureau,
RTA
Check the operating unit of pollution emissions
regularly. Guides and supervises the implementation
of the "environment management plan" mitigating
actions.
Household/ Village
collectives
1,Complain to the relevant departments if operating
unit has environmental pollution problems, and
supervise the implementation of environmental
protection and pollution control measures.
2,Specific implementation of the mitigation
measures according to the EMP.
Agricultural Activities
Preliminary
designing
period
Owner/Project
management
Capacity building for village officials; arrange public
education sessions on the EMP and the Plan for Pest
Control (PPC);
Environmental
Assessment Department
Study the environmental impacts of the project and
offer advice to improve the plan;
Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry Bureau with its
subordinate plant
protective station
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau:
Facilitate industrial restructuring and optimized
relocation of agricultural resources;
Plant protective station: Monitor pest diseases and
release monitoring results, provide trainings on the
EMP and the PPC;
veterinary station Offer technical training on pests control;
household Participate in project development and management;
Cooperatives Provide sewage disposal facilities;
Villages Collectives Propaganda mobilization;
Operation
period Project management
1.Monitor compliance with the EMP and the PPC;
2.Provide trainings on the EMP and the PPC
3. Conduct environmental monitoring
4. Report to relevant authorities and the World Bank
on project progress
161
cooperatives/manufactur
ers
1. comply with environmental standards by taking
pollution control measures;
2. Introduce new breeds and technologies; offer
technical training and consulting service;
household
Avoid using illegal pesticides and fertilizers;
properly handler domestic garbage; participate in
project development;
Villages Collectives Participate in project development and management;
Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry Bureau with its
subordinate plant
protective station
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau:
Facilitate industrial restructuring and optimized
relocation of agricultural resources;
Plant protective station: organize producing and test
and promote the introduced sprout, fertilizer, farm
chemical and other products; Monitor product
quality and manage and monitor law enforcement
County EPA
Conduct environmental monitoring;
Arrange public awareness campaigns regarding
environmental protection laws and scientific
knowledge;
Department of fruit
farming
Provide technical guidance on standardized and
pollution-free fruit growing;
8.2 Mitigation Measures
In order to minimize or eliminate the negative impact on natural environment and
accomplish the expected environmental benefit of the Project, the following measures
and regulation has been made.
In the process of the environmental protection regulations formulated, lessons from
the Project area or the experience of the domestic similar Projects have been drawn from,
and the regulation is fully comply with the domestic and the relevant laws and
regulations, standards and procedures in the province, with reference to General
Guidance on Environment, Health and Safety, the Guidance of the Environment, Health
and Safety When Raising Mammals, Annual Guidance of the Agricultural Products on
Environment, Health and Safety, and The Guidance on Processing Environment, Health
and Safety of Food and Drinks.
The blight and pest management of the Project will be in the offprint of Plan of
Disease and Pest Management.
162
8.2.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Infrastructure Construction
The Project involves the construction of roads, water conservancy infrastructure, markets, manufacture, animal ranches. Environmental impacts
of these sub-Projects during the construction period have much in common, and so do their mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-1).
Table8.2-1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Infrastructure Construction
St
a
g
es
Major Impacts Mitigation/Prevention Measures
Investmen
t (in 10K
yuan)
Executor Supervisor
C
o
n
st
ru
ct
io
n
p
h
as
e
Soil erosion and
ecological
degradation
1. Construction should be properly sited and scheduled; excavation should
not be carried out on wet seasons. Construction procedure should be
carefully designed so that excavated earth and stones can be transported to
the site and put in use in a timely manner.
2.Disturbed surface should be stabilized before rain; try to minimize the
intervals between transportation, refilling and compaction;
3. Construct drainage channels near the temporary stockpile, and dig
sedimentation tank at the end of the channel so that effluents will slow
down allowing sands and mud to settle.
4. Stockpile should be properly sited and managed; excavated earth and
stones should be refilled as soon as possible to avoid massive soil erosion;
otherwise they should be transported to designated disposal site to prevent
secondary pollution.
5. Combine engineering measures with landscaping and tree planting; the
latter will temporarily preserve the stable surface where activity is planned,
while the former will permanently stabilize soil and prevent erosion;
meanwhile, the ambient environment should be kept tidy and pleasant.
8 contractor
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of water
conservancy,
administrations
of planning and
construction,
department of
public health
163
Dust emission
1. Dust shields of 2.0 m and above should be erected around the
construction sites in the proximity of sensitive receptors; the number of
dust shields should be determined in light of the distance between the site
and the sensitive receptor.
2. Construction materials with fugitive dusts, spoil and other wastes should
avoid exposure to open air.
Strengthen the management of stockpile and spoil storage areas with
frequent watering or covering with tarpaulin;
3. The construction site should be paved if necessary, or sprayed with
dust-suppression chemicals regularly.
4. For unpaved areas, the following measures should be taken: apply
dust-control net or film; Immediately plan vegetation upon completion of
construction; land compaction and watering; regularly spray
dust-suppression chemicals.
5. Install wheel washing equipment or conduct wheel washing manually at
each exit of the works area to prevent trucks from carrying muddy or dusty
substance onto public roads; Do not overload trucks for transporting earth
materials to avoid spilling dusty materials onto public roads; Equip trucks
for transporting earth materials with covers or tarpaulin to cover up the
earthy materials during transport
6. During the construction, the contractor is responsible for sanitary works
in the adjacent roads.
7. Immediately plan vegetation in all temporary land take areas upon
completion of construction to prevent dust and soil erosion.
4 contractor
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of water
conservancy,
administrations
of planning and
construction,
department of
public health
164
Solid waste and
consequent soil
erosion, dust
emission,
surface water
pollution and
vegetation loss
Earthwork and Stonework:
1. The construction should utilize local topography to avoid excessive cuts
or fills.
2. Excavated earth can be used later in re-vegetation and land filling,
whereas stones can be used in ditch building. Surplus spoil should not be
casually piled on farmland or in irrigation channels.
3. Temporary stockpile should be properly sited to be away from sensitive
receptors (rural households) down wind. Apply soil stabilization, such as
covering with plastic film, or erosion control blankets and check dams.
4. Construct drainage channels near the temporary stockpile, and dig
sedimentation tank at the end of the channel so that effluents will slow
down allowing sands and mud to settle.
Construction and Demolition waste:
1. Recyclable waste (ferrous metal, plastic bags and bricks) should be
sorted and reused.
2. Non-recyclable waste should be stored in closed containers and
transported to disposal stations.
3. Temporary disposal site should be watered on a regular basis.
Domestic Garbage:
The garbage will be collected and transported to temporary disposal sites in
the village. On-site burning is strictly prohibited.
3 contractor
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of water
conservancy,
administrations
of planning and
construction,
department of
public health
Surface water
pollution
1. Sewage generated by construction workers, after being treated in septic
tanks, can be used for irrigation and fertilization. Discharging without
treatment is strictly prohibited；
2. Wastewater in the ditch should be pumped into sedimentation tanks;
3. After settling out of solids the upper clear liquid will be recycled for
spraying the construction site (dust control), and the waste residue in the
2 contractor
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of water
165
tank will be cleared and transported to designated landfills. Oil-containing
wastewater will require the installation of oil-water separators before the
sedimentation tank.
conservancy,
administrations
of planning and
construction,
department of
public health
Ground water
pollution and
decline of water
level
1. Closely monitor land level in nearby areas; once building settlement is
observed, groundwater pumping and the construction should be halted
immediately.
2. Construction site should be kept clean; sewage and solid waste should
not be discharged or dumped into the ditches.
3. Storage facilities for fuels, oil, asphalt material, and chemicals will be
within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and
cleanup installations
4. Prevent domestic sewage from seeping into the soil;
5. Construction should be scheduled outside flooding seasons so that to
reduce its impact on groundwater.
10 contractor
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of water
conservancy,
administrations
of planning and
construction,
department of
public health
Noise pollution
1. Avoid construction between 2200 and 0600 hours. However, recognizing
that road construction occasionally would require some works to be
conducted at night to take advantage of less road traffic or to avoid
worsening day time traffic conditions, night time construction work should
prevent using high sound power level equipment and nearby residents
should be notified of such night time activities well beforehand.
2. Use noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers and
deflectors at sensitive receptor sites. When schools and clinics are in the
neighborhood, try to schedule high-noise construction on weekends or
5 contractor
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of water
conservancy,
administrations
of planning and
166
holidays.
3. Optimize the construction plan by minimizing noise pollution; In the
tendering, noise-reduction measures should be listed as part of the
construction planning and be specified in the contract.
4. Sites for concrete-mixing plants and similar activities will be located at
least 1 km away from sensitive areas such as residences and schools; if not,
noise-control measures should be taken and machinery maintenance be
conducted on a regular basis; relevant rules need strictly implementing.
6. The Project owner, the contractor and the traffic management authorities
should enhance coordination to avoid traffic congestion; Speed limits and a
ban on car horns will be imposed at night; Transport and haulage routes
will be selected to reduce disturbance to villages or townships.
7. Occupation health should be taken seriously; rotating shifts should be
arranged for construction workers to allow hearing restoration; no one
should be doing noise-intensive work at all time. Meanwhile, machinery
should be operated with care. Workers should wear earplugs and helmets
while working near noisy PME, especially during piling works.
construction,
department of
public health
Impact on social
environment
Traffic:
1. Construction vehicles should follow the designated route, and should be
washed clean before entering township roads. Cargo prone to leakage or
spillage should be stored in closed containers.
2. Overloaded mud-carrying vehicles are banned from entering the roads;
3. Traffic coordinators should be stationed at one-way lanes, exit and
entrance of construction sites to prevent traffic congestion. Warning signs
should be placed at road turns, slopes and narrow lanes to ensure safety.
4. Residents will be informed in advance through media of the road
construction activities, given the dates and duration of expected disruption,
4 contractor
department of
public
transportation,
department of
cultural
resources,
department of
public
administration,
department of
167
as well as contingency plans (e.g. limited access).
5. Clear signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public,
warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous
materials, excavations etc. and raising awareness on safety issues.
6. Night light should be installed in the affected road sections to reduce the
risk of traffic accident.
Land resources:
1. Associated Projects, such as land clearance and landscaping, should be
carried out once the main Project is concluded.
2. Farmland temporarily occupied should be restored upon completion.
3. Implement policies on land acquisition and resettlement so that residents’
standards of living will remained unchanged;
public health,
Impact on
Cultural relics
Field investigation did not discover the presence of physical cultural
resources within the assessment area. Should buried artifacts of
archaeological significance be uncovered during the construction stage
within the Project areas, construction will be stopped immediately,
protection will be stopped and excavation will be carried out through
the coordination with local authorities of cultural relic protection.
Vegetation
damage and
ecological
impact
Agricultural resources
1. Reduce temporary land occupation through careful planning.
2. Train construction workers to be environmentally aware. Timbering is
strictly prohibited.
3. Farmland temporarily occupied should be restored upon completion;
policies on land acquisition and resettlement, as well as on industrial
restructuring should be implemented so that residents’ standards of living
will remain unchanged.
10 contractor
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments
168
4. The constructor should control the amount of occupied land. The amount
of land used for road, raw material storage and pre-production should be
considered based on the work schedule. The constructor should use
deserted land as much as possible so as to avoid occupying farmland.
Effective measures should be taken to avoid the pollution of farmland.
After the construction is finished, the temporarily occupied land should be
restored according to the contract.
Terrestrial plants:
1. Construction facilities and camps should not be sited in highly
productive woodland or farmland; construction access roads and permanent
roads should not traverse woodland either.
2. Construction activities should be limited within the acquired land;
temporary land occupation should be keep at a minimum level; wild
grassland should be first considered before farmland and woodland.
3. Restoration is the major vegetation protection measures. The restoration
of vegetation should be in conformity with features of local climate.
Following technical aspects deserve attention: reserve the cultivated soil of
the permanently and temporarily occupied forest land; collect and reserve
the surface soil of the permanently occupied forest land and use it to other
land that is barren so as to plant trees; reserve the cultivated soil before
construction, and after the construction is finished, clear the land, cover the
land with cultivated soil, and restore the trees.
4. Ecological monitoring should be carried out in both construction and
operational phases; the contractor should maintain fire risk monitoring on
construction sites, and conduct an investigation on endangered tree species
in the affected area. Any case in question should be reported to forestry
authorities before protective measures are taken.
169
5. Construction activities that may cause forest fire should be under
intensive monitoring; workers are forbidden from using fire in the open air.
Terrestrial animal:
1. Improve environmental awareness of the workers; wildlife hunting is
banned;
2. Construction should not take place at dawn, at noon, or at dusk；
3. Strengthen management of sewage, solid waste and dust emission with
the aim to preserve animal habitats.
4. Ecological rehabilitation should be carried out upon completion to
minimize the impact on animals.
Aquatic animals:
1. Water-related construction work should be avoided; if unavoidable (like
bridge pier Project), construction should be outside the breeding seasons
(from March to July) for fish.
2. Stockpile should be kept away from water bodies, and at places that are
not subject to rainstorm runoff; If it is near the bridge, an open trench
should be dug and retaining wall built. Construction materials should be
covered with plastic films in the event of rain.
3. Ecological rehabilitation should be carried out to minimize the impact of
vegetation loss on aquatic animals.
4. Properly organize construction procedure and machinery; promote
necessary eco-friendly publicities to construction workers.
5. Industrial and domestic wastewater should not be discharged into
adjacent water bodies until being properly treated.
Landscape
1. According to slope rate, local climate and geological conditions, choose
extensive irrigation grass plants that can adapt to the local natural
170
conditions;
2. Slope reinforcement can be decorated with lattice beam and anti-slide
pile, so that it will be both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
3. For the key sections of the slope, relief patterns can be added to retaining
wall as demonstration of local culture.
8.2.2Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Road Subproject
Apart from those in Table 8.2-1, the road subproject requires some special mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-2).
Table8.2-2 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Road Subproject
St
a
g
es
Major Impacts Mitigation/Prevention Measures
Investmen
t (in 10K
yuan)
Executor Supervisor
pl
a
n
ni
n
g
Land occupation
and
water-related
work
Route selection:
1. The route selection should fully utilize local geometry to avoid defective
sectors and follow codes of practice to guarantee proportionality. The route
should serve to attain fast and smooth travelling laterally, gentle
sloping longitudinally, as well as a stable and economical cross-section;
2. Comprehensive management of farmland, river, forest and road;
3. Try to use the original road corridor and reduce incremental land
occupation;
4. Avoid unnecessary demolition；
5. Facilitate long-term development；
6. Avoid sensitive receptors like schools and clinics；
Include in
design
charges
and not
calculated
individuall
y
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township
and villages
of the
Projects
Administration
of planning and
construction,
administration
of land
resource,
department of
forestry,
department of
water
conservancy,
171
7. Avoid water reserve；
8. Avoid deep excavation.
Disposal site selection:
1. As the Project is in rural area with plenty of valleys, spoil disposal sites
should be set up on both riversides to prevent across-the-river
transportation of spoil.
2. Spoil disposal sites should not be located in landslide-prone areas.
3. In order to reduce the area of pathway during construction and
transportation, there shouldn’t be a huge elevation difference between the
slag dump and the roadbed;
4. Spoil disposal sites should be set up on flat land. Spoil surplus should be
calculated section by section based on the amount of cut and fill.
5. Spoil disposal sites must be designed and operated to minimize impacts
and maximize land stability.
6. In principle, the transportation distance between disposal sites should be
5 to 10 km, so that there will be sufficient number of disposal sites within
each section of the road; meanwhile, soil erosion caused by soil
transportation will also be limited.
7. Earth and stone excavated in temporary construction should be removed
promptly and transported to the nearest disposal site.
8. Spoil sites should be kept at a safe distance from adjacent buildings and
infrastructures. Special care should be taken when there are villages or
water conservancy facilities in the downstream;
9. Spoil sites should not encroach on natural reserves, scenic spots, or
water reserves and any other sensitive receptors.
10. During the period of active spoil disposal at a site, interception
drainage channels will be established to protect the site from surface
department of
public
transportation
172
runoff.
11. In order to facilitate rehabilitation of these sites, topsoil will be
stripped, stored safely, and used to cover the surface of the dump on
completion of activities at that site. Local grass and shrub species will be
planted.
o
p
er
at
io
n
Surface runoff
1. A sound drainage system should be set up; strengthen maintenance of
subgrade slopes and ditches；
2. Road surface should be swept regularly;
3. Effluents should be properly channeled and should not be discharged
into fishponds or drinking water sources.
3
County and
Township
highway
administrati
on
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of water
conservancy
department of
public
transportation
Car exhaust
1. Road surface should be dusted regularly.
2. Build green belts on the roadsides to absorb exhausts.
3
County and
Township
highway
administrati
on
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
department of
public
transportation
Traffic noise
1. Install soundproof windows and ventilation at predicted sensitive sites;
sensitive receptors that do not meet standards should be regularly
monitored afterwards, and according to the results, follow-up measures
6
County and
Township
highway
County EPAs,
township
environmental
173
should be taken.
2. Land on bother side of road should be carefully planned. No residential
building, schools, hospitals should be sited within noise distances unless
noise-control measures are taken.
3. Keep the road the good conditions.
administrati
on
protection
departments,
department of
public
transportation
Environmental
risks (e.g. traffic
accident)
1. Continuous crash bearers should be erected on both sides of the bridge
to prevent car falling into the river.
2. Clear signs will be placed at bridge sides, warning people against
over-speed driving or overtaking, and raising awareness on safety issues.
3. Speed limit signs should be added at accident-prone area.
4. Drivers and managerial staff in charge of hazardous goods transportation
are required to study relevant legal documents and follow technical
guidelines on traffic safety.
5. In line with the Law on Road Traffic Safety of the PRC,an emergency
plan should be laid out to specify on the duties and mandates of relevant
agencies; the selection of technical processes; the distribution of devices
and equipment; the coordination and transportation of human and physical
resources; dynamic monitoring of accidents;
5
County and
Township
highway
administrati
on
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
department of
public
transportation
8.2.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Water Conservancy Subproject
Apart from those in Table 8.2-1, the water conservancy subproject requires some special mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-3).
Table 8.2-3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Water Conservancy Subproject
Stag
es
Major
Impacts Mitigation/Prevention Measures
Investmen
t (in 10K
yuan)
Executor Supervisor
174
plan
ning
landscap
e
Water tank should be designed in view of environmental and aesthetic
considerations so that it will match the style of surrounding buildings and green
belts. This will create better visual impact necessary for future tourism
development. Include in
design
charges
and not
calculated
individuall
y
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township
and villages
of the
Projects
Administration
of planning
and
construction,
department of
land resources,
department of
water
conservancy,
department of
forestry,
county EPA
Land
slide or
soil
erosion
1. Choose the proper technical process according to the results of geology and
topography investigation;
2. Try not to occupy farmland or forests.
175
const
ructi
on
Pollutio
n of
Chishui
Rriver
reaches
1. To protect local water quality, sewage pits and/or temporary primary sewage
treatment plants, including at least settlement and oxidation ponds, will be set
up. The recycle water can be used in dust-suppression or vegetation planting.
The volume of settle ponds should meet the need construction activities.
Machinery or vehicle washing in the river reach is strictly prohibited.
2. Sewage generated by construction workers should be treated in septic tanks
before discharging into farmland.
3. The contractor will ensure proper storage and disposal of wastes and will
encourage reuse and recycling to minimize residual waste. Wastes will be stored
away from water bodies and will be regularly hauled to a suitable landfill site.
Appropriate waste storage containers will be provided, and agreements will be
signed with local villages for waste disposal through village facilities.
4. The Project should have a rational schedule for construction activities.
Massive excavation and stockpiling should not be conducted in rainy weather or
during summer. Besides, interception drainage should be built on the riverside to
prevent surface flows. Sludge will then be conveyed to sedimentation tank for
future use. Also required are permanent soil stabilization measures, such as
landscaping upon completion.
5. Arrange public awareness campaigns for construction workers regarding
environmental protection laws and regulations.
5 contractor
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments
oper
ation noise Apply noise-absorbing material on the walls of the pump station; Adopt
noise-control measures for machinery 2
manager of
the pump
station
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments
176
8.2.4 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Non-linear Project
Apart from those in Table 8.2-1, the non-linear Project requires some special mitigation measures (see Table 8.2-4).
Table8.2-4 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of the Non-linear Project
Stag
e
Major
Impact Mitigation/Prevention Measures
Investmen
t (in 10K
yuan)
Executor Supervisor
Plan
ning Odor and
sewage
1. Livestock markets should be located downwind away from sensitive
receptors, and isolated from other markets.
2. Residential or entertainment areas should not be set up in its proximity,
3.Given the big human traffic, associated facilities should be made available,
such as public toilets, oil-retaining tanks, septic tanks, temporary waste dumps,
etc.
Include in
design
charges
and not
calculated
individuall
y
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township
and villages
of the
Projects
Administration
s of planning
and
construction,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry,
department of
land resources,
department of
forestry
Ope
ratio
n Noise
Residential noise:
Strengthen property management；
Commercial noise:
1.Optimize the layout of the market to keep enough distance from residential
areas; apply soundproof materials inside the buildings; planting trees on the
outskirt to absorb noise；
2. Enact stringent rules to reduce noise generation;
3. Any proposed Project for cultural and entertainment purposes is required to
adopt noise-reduction measures, and permission is only granted after it passes
the examination.
4
Property
managemen
t of the
commercial
area
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
department of
public health,
department of
sanitation,
industrial and
177
Car noise:
1. Ban the use of car horns at the parking site; avoid frequent acceleration or
deceleration, and low-speed driving；
2. Maintain order on parking site.
Machinery noise:
1. All noise sources except air conditioners should be installed in the basement.
2. Install noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers and deflectors,
in the rooms；
3. Air conditioner is the main source of noise. Selecting low-noise air
conditioner, installing damping spring damper in the footstand of air conditioner
and water pump, installing crankshaft damper, installing single/double sphere
flange rubber flexible joint in the watertube, using sound proofing materials like
acoustic carpet to help tube deal with sound, and installing silencer in key noise
parts, all the above measures are to lower the impact that noise caused to
ambient environment.
Livestock noise:
1. Feed livestock promptly to prevent them from growling with hunger;
2. Equip the ranch with soundproof doors and windows.
commercial
bureau
wastewat
er
1. Oil and grease contained in catering sewage, should be removed before
further treatment; the liquid and solid in animal excrements should also be
treated separately.
2. Since locations of the markets have not been finalized and associated
facilities are yet to be established, the EIA suggests that sewage disposal should
be carried out in light of the conditions of each market. When the market is
small and happens to be surrounded by vast farmland or woodland, the sewage,
after being treated in septic tanks, can be used for irrigation and fertilization
provided that it meets the "Irrigation Water Quality Standards" (GB5084-2005);
5
Property
managemen
t of the
commercial
area
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
department of
public health,
department of
sanitation,
178
otherwise a sewage disposal station should be built in the area. industrial and
commercial
bureau
Air
pollution
Cooking Smoke:
1. Centralized flues should be reserved in buildings with dining areas so that
cooking fume and exhaust gases can be emitted from the roof after the cooling
and degreasing process in purification devices.
2. The distance between discharge outlets and surrounding buildings should
reach the standards listed in Specification for Environmental Protection of
Catering Trade (HJ554-2010).
Odor:
1. Set up garbage disposal sites; sanitary workers would be employed to clean
these sites and spray disinfectant regularly; garbage should be transported to
municipal garbage station as soon as possible to prevent odor generation and
escaping;
2. Outside livestock markets trees and shrubs should be planted to form a
multilayer shelter belts;
3. Manure should be cleaned up promptly; ranches should be dusted regularly;
4. Use deodorants;
5.Enhance ventilation in temporary storage sites; Improve the process control of
excrement treatment and transportation;
Car exhausts:
Strengthen traffic management; avoid low-speed driving;
Odor from markets:
1. Combine artificial ventilation with wind；
2. Remove solid waste off site regularly; strengthen sanitary inspection.
8
Property
managemen
t of the
commercial
area
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
department of
public health,
department of
sanitation,
industrial and
commercial
bureau
179
Solid
waste
Domestic garbage:
1. Domestic garbage should be collected and regularly transported to garbage
disposal sites in neighboring townships;
2. Garbage should be stored in closed containers and the latter should be
disinfected by special personnel to prevent the odor escaping from within；
3. Used batteries and Toner Cartridges should be separated from other garbage
lest heavy metals contaminate soil or underground water；
4. In line with Technical specifications for Catering Environment, kitchen waste
and used grease should be handed over to qualified organization for disposal or
local farmers to feed livestock.
Livestock excrements:
See requirements on excrements collection, temporary storage and
transportation in the animal husbandry Project.
5
Property
managemen
t of the
commercial
area
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
department of
public health,
department of
sanitation,
industrial and
commercial
bureau
8.2.5 Impacts and Mitigations Measures of Agricultural Project
Table 8.2-5 Impacts and Mitigations Measures of Agricultural Project
stage Major
Impacts
Mitigation/Prevention Measures Investmen
t (in 10K
yuan)
Executor Supervisor
Loca
tion
selec
tion
Soil
erosion
caused by
improper
Soil erosion:
1. Investigation and research should be thoroughly conducted before
construction begins; ensure that there will be enough water for agricultural
use;
5
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
180
land
cultivation
2. Law on Water and Soil Preservation of the PRC should be strictly enforced
to prevent and punish behaviors that damage ecological environment;
3. The Project should begin by building farmland shelterbelt or retaining
original slope protection, before moving on to the development of farmland.
The aim is to mitigate the impact of soil erosion;
4. The Project should be take into account the regional hydro-geological
conditions, keep proper slope so as to reduce soil erosion;
5. During the farmland planting, slope protection should be partially retained
and overgrazing is forbidden.
6. Areas with a steep slope (more than 25 degrees) must not used to grow
crops.
7. Instruct the farmers planting fodders, cut the grass at proper time according
to the varieties of grassland, restrict the times of regional climate features, and
cut different sections of grassland at each time, so as to avoid exposing the
land surface.
8. In planting in the forest, reserve a certain area of grassland when weeding,
so as to avoid soil erosion.
9. In harvesting the crops grown in the forest, protect the slope or harvest the
crop batch after batch, so as to prevent the land surface from being exposed.
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
l protection
departments,
administratio
ns of
agriculture
and
husbandry
Gro
wing
seedl
ings
Pollution
due to the
use of
agricultura
l
membrane
s,
biodiversit
Pollution due to the use of agricultural membranes
1. Lift membranes at proper time: lifting the membranes before harvesting
instead of after harvesting; sunny days just after the first rain in the year or
mornings are the most proper time, because the soil is wet and thus the residue
of membranes in the soil can be reduced;
2. Coordinate manual ways and mechanical ways in lifting the membranes, so
as to reduce the residue: lifting the residue of membrane by hand or rakes, and
use lifting machine when turning and flattening the soil, before sowing seeds
181
y and after harvest. Both methods are effective.
3. Optimize farming systems: enhancing crop rotation system, so as to reduce
the average coverage per unit surface of membranes and reduce the pollution
caused by residue;
4. Retrieve plastic packages (of seeds and pesticides), and strictly forbid users
from dumping them.
Biodiversity：
In order to avoid the reduce of biodiversity of the bio-system as well as the
damage by insects which caused by single cropping, lower the planting density
of parallel row planting, so that other species can grow better, meanwhile,
carry out typical farmland management patterns such as planting in the forest,
raising chicken in the forest as well as crop rotation and interplant.
Impact caused by interplanting
1. Generally intercropped area should be kept two meters way from the trunks,
or at least outside the vertical projection line of the canopies so that the two
species would not compete for nutrients to the detriment of their growth;
2. Avoid relay intercropping of the same plant, as it will lead to imbalance in
soil nutrients or the spread of a particular pest disease;
3. Plants for intercropping should be conducive to soil fertility, relatively free
from pest diseases and profitable. Ideal options include peanuts and soybeans.
Farm
land
mana
geme
nt
Impacts
caused by
irrigation,
pollution
caused by
the use of
chemical
Irrigation:
1. Fishery management and ship safety authorities should be consulted when
deciding the layout of irrigating gate to ensure that the water diversion project
will not affect the habitat of aquatic animals as well as the fairway of passing
ships.
2. Promote water-saving technologies such as micro-irrigation to reduce water
consumption;
3
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments,
administratio
182
fertilizers,
pollution
due to the
use of
pesticides
3. Optimize the use of water resources in the irrigation area;
4. Rationalize the distribution of irrigating water by considering crop water
requirement, soil moisture content as well as the precipitation pattern; Water
distribution accuracy should be higher than 95%; Prevent overexploitation of
groundwater due to excessive irrigation, which often leads to deep seepage
and groundwater pollution;
5. Conduct maintenance on a regular basis to ensure all irrigation facilities are
in good conditions.
6. Improve crop density so as to reduce soil exposure, control moisture
increase and the desalting process.
7. Drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation should be adopted instead of flood
irrigation. Avoid frequent watering on the same patch of soil.
Fertilizers:
1. Encourage the use of organic fertilizer and reduce the loss of fertilizer,
which can effectively improve soil fertility and crop safety;
2. Crops and forest trees, fruit trees and legume crops, green manure crops
should go through inter-planting and rotation, and reducing fertilizer use,
improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer;
3. The combination of chemical fertilizer with farm manure can improve crop
nutrition, improve soil fertility and reduce costs as well as pollution;
4. According to the crop and soil conditions, fertilizers containing N, P, K
should be used in proportion; at the same time pay attention to the reasonable
application of microelement fertilizer;
5. Before fertilization, overall consideration should be taken over the nutrient
content, solubility, acidity as well as its side effects in order to give full play to
the economic benefits of fertilizer;
6. Before fertilization, tests should be conducted regarding soil properties such
township and
villages of
the Projects
ns of
agriculture
and
husbandry
183
as organic matter, nutrient condition, texture, acidity so as to select the
appropriate fertilizer varieties and determine reasonable fertilizing method;
7. Improving fertilizer technology, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer.
Section should follow a "accused of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium"
principle, the second is to improve the fertilization methods, focus on
promotion of nitrogen fertilizer technology, deep concentration fertilization
technology such as phosphate fertilizer on seedling root, as well as in soil for
crops in fertilizer fertilization technology, vigorously promote soil testing
balanced fertilization and nutrient diagnosis of new scientific and rational
fertilization technology, such as fertilizer.
Pesticides
1. Select pest-resisting seeds and seedlings, and quarantine the seeds and
seedlings before planting them so as to prevent blights from spreading;
improve pest-resisting capabilities through cultivating measures; and use
physical methods (removing infected plants, trapping the pests, light seduction
for the pests, etc.) to deal with blights so as to reduce or avoid the use of
pesticides;
2. Value physical methods, paying more attention to prevention and adopting
comprehensive ways to preventing pests, enhance the testing and reporting of
blights and pests, and launch large-scale researches to find the developing
trend of pests and advantageous breeding, so as to adopt proper prevention and
dealing countermeasures;
3. Reduce the use of chemical pesticides, advocate biological, agricultural and
comprehensive prevention measures, recommend low-toxic pesticides, control
the use of medium-toxic pesticides, and forbid the use of high-toxic pesticides;
4. Use low-toxic and low-residual pesticides, and forbidding the use of
pesticides on the List of Pesticides Forbidden and Restricted by the State;
184
5. Monitor blights and pesticides so as to provide scientific evidence for the
prevention and treatment;
6. Promote green prevention and reducing the use and residue of pesticides by
more training and more advanced equipment
Harv
est
Impact
causes by
straws
1. Collect the straws and adopt comprehensive technologies to use them.
Convert the straws of potatoes and other crops into fodders. Burning is
banned.
2. Implement technological instruction and support of using straws as
resources.
3
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments,
administratio
ns of
agriculture
and
husbandry
8.2.6 Mitigation measures for Pollution Caused by Animal Rearing Projects
Table 8.2-6 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Animal Rearing Projects
Stag
es
Major
Impacts Mitigation/Prevention Measures
Investmen
t (in 10K
yuan)
Executor Supervisor
Desi
gn
and
Stench
and
impacts
1. The Projects must not be built in the core area and buffer area of reservoir
of drinking water sources, scenic spots and nature reserves
2. The Projects must not be built in populous area, such as living areas,
Include in
design
charges
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
Urban-rural
planning and
construction
185
locat
ion
selec
tion
on surface
water
industrial areas, business districts, tourist regions and areas near hospitals,
schools and research institutions.
3. On poultry and livestock rearing farms, pollution treatment Projects should
keep a certain distance from production and living areas for the sake of
sanitary protection, and these Projects should be located on the leeward side of
the predominant wind direction of production and living areas;
4. Build urine and feces storage pools for household rearing, and the pools
should be equipped with impervious layer; Build anaerobic biogas digesters
and feces dumps for rearing farms, and the storage pools and urine treatment
facilities should be at least 400m away from surface water.
5. Design barns according to the requirements of feces dry collection so as to
reduce the use of water for washing; separate feces solid from urine liquid to
facilitate pollution treatment.
and not
calculated
individuall
y
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
administrations
,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry,
land and
resources
administrations
, forestry
administrations
Oper
ation
Impacts
on water
environme
nt
1. Waste liquid should reach due standards after treated by urine storage pools
or anaerobic biogas digesters, and then can be transported by human or tubes
to the farmland for irrigation; evaluators suggest building waste liquid storage
pools near the farmland in order to facilitate irrigation;
2. The surroundings of the Projects should be equipped with adequate
farmland or forest to hold waste liquid;
3. When the treated waste liquid is used for irrigation, flood irrigation is
forbidden, and drip irrigation or sprinkling irrigation should be used to avoid
diffused pollution of soil and surface water; in addition, frequent irrigation of
one section of farmland in a short time should be avoided.
2
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
Impact on
groundwat
er
1. When the treated waste liquid is used for irrigation, drip irrigation or human
irrigation should be used, and excessive irrigation of per unit land should be
avoided.
2. Design a proper layout of drainage tubes or ditches, the tubes should be
1
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
186
built with corrosion-proof PVC, and the interfaces of tubes should be sealed,
so that the sewage can be removed timely
3. Use cement in barns, fertilizer digesters, urine storage pools, and the bottom
of ditches, enhance impervious layers, and regularly check the floor of
production areas and the tightness of drainage tubes, so as to prevent sewage
from leaking. Based on the standards of cement constructions, the
compression resistance, water resistance and anti-freeze ability should reach
the design requirements. The wall should be vertical and smooth, and the
cement near wet-joints should be thick. The thickness of the protective layer
should conform to related standards: before the wall of the pool is cemented,
the construction joint should be roughened and cleaned. The joint between
cement sections should be impermeable.
4. The floor of fertilizer digesters should be built with strong, impermeable
and corrosive-resisting materials, and should be equipped with wainscot to
block the leakages and devices for collecting the leakages.
5. Using dry collection to treat feces and remove feces timely. Equip the
temporary dumps with special constructions, washing and disinfection devices
and drainage ditches. The ditches should be connected with the drainage
network, so as to prevent leaching liquid of solid waste from infiltrating into
soil and groundwater.
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
Noises
made by
cows
1. Avoid populous communities when choosing location for rearing farms, so
as to prevent noises from harassing residents.
2. Feed cows at proper time and with proper fodder, so as to avoid large-scaled
noises due to the cows’ hunger;
3. Adopt necessary sound insulation measures in the barns, such as installing
sound-proofing doors and windows.
2
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
187
township and
villages of
the Projects
and husbandry
Impact
due to the
stench
1. Build more green areas. Plant bushes and trees by the roadsides in rearing
farms and tall trees such as eucalyptus at the border of the farms, so as to form
a multi-layer protection forest to mitigate the impact of stench.
2. Well manage the source of stench. Remove the feces timely, regularly clean
the barns, and improve the ventilation equipment in the barns; enhance the
process control and clean management of feces and urine storage pools, so as
to reduce the storage time of feces; and adopt isolation measures such as seal
cover and negative pressure.
3. Use deodorants. Use straws and compound microorganism bacterium agent
to make fodder.
2
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
Impact
due to
livestock
feces
Storage and transportation measures:
1. Set up specific temporary dumps equipped with awning and impervious
layers, and spray disinfectant. The volume of the dump should be designed
based on Specific Rules on Accounting the Major Pollutant Emission and
Discharge Reduction During the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period.
2. In transportation, the bottom of the vehicle should be equipped with
leak-proof pads, so as to prevent secondary pollution caused by percolating
liquids. Cover the top of the vehicle with canvas to avoid spilling and negative
effects on rural landscape. Choose proper time and route to reduce the impact
on environment and the life of people who live near the route.
Treatment:
Make fertilizers with the feces, and after these fertilizers reach due standards,
apply them to farmland.
3
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
188
Impact
due to
livestock
dead from
sickness
1. Farmers must check their livestock every day and report to vets if they find
dead livestock; and if sick livestock is still curable, they must be treated under
the instruction of vets.
2. All livestock dead from sickness must not be sold, eaten or dumped
randomly.
3. Animals dead from sickness and their wastes must be sent to inspection
packed in feedbags with inner membrane, and their barns must be disinfected
by spraying disinfectants.
4. Livestock dead from normal diseases must be sent to vet’s office to be
inspected through autopsy or chemical measures; if suspected cases of deadly
infectious diseases are found, they must be timely reported to personnel who
are in charge, and submitted to local veterinary inspection agencies to be
confirmed.
5. Local veterinary inspection agencies should assist farmers to deal with the
bodies of dead livestock. For suspected cases of deadly infectious diseases and
suspected cases of zoonotic diseases, autopsy is prohibited, and the bodies of
dead livestock must be deeply buried.
6. Cased of dead livestock must be registered and filed, autopsies of the body
of dead livestock must be recorded.
7. Since this Project is in rural areas, and the rearing farms are scattered, it is
not feasible to burn the bodies of dead livestock. Therefore, landfill is adopted.
More than two landfill wells must be set for this Project, and each time after
the bodies are dumped into the wells, the wells must be filled by a more than
10-cm deep slake lime layer, and the wellbore must be filled and concreted
with clay.
4
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
Impact
due to
Target villages of the Project should contact local pharmacies or other buyers
to sell the placentas as healthcare product or drug ingredients to raise income 1.5
Provincial,
prefectural
County EPAs,
township
189
placenta
of cows
and mitigate pollution. If the villages are not able to find buyers, they can deal
with the placentas through landfill according to the treatment of cows dead
from sickness. Before the placentas are sold, they must be inspected in case
that they might carry bacteria or virus, so as to avoid possible harms to human
health.
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
Impact
due to
medical
wastes
According to the Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage
(GB18957-2001) and National List of Hazardous Waste, the hazardous wastes
produced by disease control in this Project belong to HW01 category, and
should be submitted to qualified institutes to treat. Hazardous wastes in
Xuyong County are treated by Luzhou Baokang Medical Wastes Treating
Company or Luzhou Naxi Wuchen Medical Wastes Treating Centre. Wastes in
Si County of Liangshan Prefecture are treated by Panzhihua Hazardous Wastes
Treating Centre.
5
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
Impact on
human
health
caused by
infectious
diseases
Routine prevention
1. Separate rearing areas from living areas. Disinfect barns and choose
efficient and bland medicine. Use 2% NaOH solution or 0.5% peroxyacetic
acid solution to disinfect.
2. Strictly restrict non-production personnel to entering production areas. If
they have to enter, they should wear coverall, special shoes and hat, and
should be disinfected.
3. Rearing staff should accept at least one physical examination each year. If
one has got infected with diseases that harm human being or cows, he or she
10
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry,
public health
190
should be transferred from the current post, so as to prevent the spread of
diseases.
4. Keep the barns clean, flat, dry and free of pollutant (brick, stone, cinder,
waste plastic bags, etc.)
5. Check the hoof in each spring and autumn. Treat the cows with disease in
hoofs or limbs timely. In season when epidemics happen frequently, spray 5%
copper sulfate solution over hoofs each week to reduce the incidence of
diseases. Pay attention to the situation of high risk cow groups.
6. Sperm of the cows with genetic defects in terms of hoof and limb diseases
must not be used for breeding.
7. Regularly examine the components of different fodders, and check, adjust
and balance the diet, especially when the incidence of hoof disease is higher
than 15%.
8. Regularly inspect the goats to prevent brucellosis. Each year, randomly
select 2% RPBT to inspect brucellosis. Vaccinate the goats in a planned and
organized way so as to control infectious disease.
9. Regularly eliminate pests through combined ways of spraying, oral taking
and injection.
Emergency control measures when infection breaks out
1. Immediately set up a disease control task force, confirm the infection and
report to senior departments as soon as possible.
2. Rapidly isolate the infected livestock. For serious infectious diseases,
immediately separate isolated areas with tapes, and disinfect people and
vehicle in and out of the isolated area as well as the polluted environment. If
no more case appears within two incubation periods after the last infected
animal fully recover or was slaughtered, the isolated areas can be removed
after comprehensive disinfection and the permission of senior departments.
the Projects offices
191
3. Adopt comprehensive control measures to infectious livestock and livestock
within the isolated areas. The measures include: urgent vaccination, antibiotic,
specific therapy of hyper-immune serum, chemical therapy, auxiliary therapy
of improving physical condition and physiological function.
4. Deal with the bodies of livestock dead from infectious disease strictly
according to disease control regulation.
5. When major infection breaks out, strictly implement the relative provisions
in Regulation on Handling Major Animal Epidemic Emergencies and
Technical Specification on Handling Highly Pathogenic Bird Flu Infection
Impacts
on
ecological
environme
nt
1. Properly restrict grazing and encourage pen-rearing. Currently the artificial
fodder can meet the demand.
2. On the current basis, enlarge the scale of pen-rearing of Meigu goat, and
gradually change the current “pastureing+pen-rearing” pattern. At the same
time, adopt rotational grazing so as to reduce waste and save the surface of
pastureland.
3. Due to the scarce supply of artificial fodder for Zhaojue and Meigu goat,
the next priority should be enlarging the planting area of artificial fodder, and
breeding better varieties of goat, so as to not only raise farmers’ income and
prop up local economy, but also develop good varieties and create local
features.
4. Feed cows and goats with straw, and the livestock’s waste can be used as
organic fertilizer, so as to make farmland more fertile. In this way, a benign
ecological cycle can be formed, which is conducive to agricultural
development.
5. Planting the graze in a single pattern may diminish ecological diversity.
Therefore, promote seasonal planting, which can increase production and
reduce blights and pests.
2
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
192
Impacts
on
ecological
system
and
diffused
pollution
caused by
forest-fee
ding
chicken
1. Adopt rotational grazing, dividing the forest land into several sections and
alternately raising chickens on each section. After raising chickens in one
section for 3~4 d, turn to the next section. This model helps the recovery and
growing of graze and forest, and reduces the opportunities for the chickens to
touch their feces, so as to prevent parasitic and infectious diseases. It is also
conducive to the sustainable use and protection of graze on forest land.
2. Adopting rotational grazing is to avoid excessive accumulation of feces and
impacts on the soil’s absorption and consumption ability.
3. Control the scale of forest-feeding chicken Project based on the feces
consumption ability of per unit land.
4. Construct ridges at the border of forest, so as to prevent early rains from
carrying feces to other areas and causing pollution.
1.5
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
township
environmental
protection
departments,
administrations
of agriculture
and husbandry
Impacts
on Nature
Reserve
1. Roll out awareness education in communities close to Dafengding Nature
Reserve, so as to raise residents’ awareness on the importance of the Nature
Reserve.
2. Organizing lectures. Launch skill training in these communities, such as
lectures on fodder and herbal medicine planting, so as to enlarge income
resources and raise the residents’ living standard.
3. Increase local financial support and improve rural infrastructure, so as to
facilitate the communication with other regions and enlarge income resources.
4. Build fences at the border of the Nature Reserve and set warning signs to
prevent livestock from entering.
5. Expand the planting area of fodder and promote related technologies to
ensure the balance of fodder among regions. Encourage pen-rearing and
gradually prohibit pasturing.
1.5
Provincial,
prefectural
and county
poverty
reduction
centers,
targeted
township and
villages of
the Projects
County EPAs,
administrations
of husbandry,
Administration
of Dafengding
Nature
Reserve
8.2.7 Mitigation Measures for Pollutions Caused by Product Storage and Agricultural Product Processing
Table 6.5-5 Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Product Storage and Agricultural Product Processing
193
Stag
es
Major
Impacts Mitigation/Prevention Measures
Investmen
t (in 10K
yuan)
Executor Supervisor
Desi
gn Waste gas
and noises
1. Select location with convenient traffic and sound electric system, so as to
facilitate transportation and sales.
2. Evade populous communities when selecting location, so as to prevent the
waste gas and noises from harassing residents.
3. Eliminate or reduce the occupation of farmland and forest.
Include in
design
charges
and not
calculated
individuall
y
Target
township and
villages of
the Projects,
designers
planning and
construction
bureaus, land
and resources
administratio
ns, forestry
administratio
ns, industrial
and
commercial
administratio
ns
Assembly line of commercialized orange
Oper
ation
noise
1. Apply sound insulation measures to walls of workshops with high-noise
equipment.
2. Choose low-noise equipment which is cost efficient.
3. Add shock absorber and insulation shield to noisy equipment and use
flexible bends at tube interfaces, so as to reduce the sources of noise.
5 Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments
Water
pollution
As the waste cleaning water has simple components, 70% of such waste water
can be reused after precipitated, and the rest 30% can be treated together with
domestic sewage through digestion tank and used for irrigation.
1 Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
194
departments
Air
pollution
The Project is equipped with refrigerators. To protect the environment, it is
banned to use refrigerants which the state orders to eliminate or which will
seriously damage the ozone layer, such as R-12. Recommended refrigerants
include Freon 23 (R-23), liquid ammonia, etc.
1.5 Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments
Solid
waste
Waste packing materials
After classification, these materials are withdrawn by recycling centers.
Defective products
1. Collect the defective fruits and use them to produce fertilizers. Random
dumping is banned.
2. Waste edible wax should be collected and withdrawn by its producer.
Domestic garbage
Domestic garbage is collected and temporarily stored. Then it is treated by
municipal dumps. Sewage and wastes from the dining hall of the Project are
collected and treated by farmers so as to avoid secondary pollution.
Solid waste from machine repairing
Machine and equipment of the Project should be regularly repaired, and thus
produce waste oil, waste cotton and waste cutting fluid. All these are
hazardous wastes and should be treated by qualified agencies. The Project can
sign agreements with local factories or garages, so as to join them to have the
solid waste to qualified treated by qualified agencies.
3 Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments
Environm
ental risks
caused by
fires and
Fire:
1. Enhance routine management and designate staff to regularly inspect the
refrigerator;
2. The design of the refrigerator should meet the fire control requirements.
10 Companies/m
anufacturers
Fire control
administratio
ns at county
level
195
leaks of
refrigerant
Properly deploy fire alarms and extinguishers, and regularly inspect these
facilities.
3. Enhance the management of the electrics in refrigerators
4. Formulate emergency plans and train the employees.
Leaks of refrigerant
1. Enhance routine management and timely address the problems with
refrigerators.
2. In case of leaks, evacuate people to the upwind of direction, and
immediately cut off the source of leak.
3. In routine repairing of the refrigerant workshop, equip the staff with
protection facilities (coverall, gloves, masks, etc.) to respond to emergencies.
4. Formulate emergency plan.
White konjac primary processing factory
Oper
ation
noise
1. Apply sound insulation measures to walls of workshops with high-noise
equipment.
2. Choose low-noise equipment which is cost efficient.
3. Add shock absorber and insulation shield to noisy equipment and use
flexible bends at tube interfaces, so as to reduce the sources of noise.
5 Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments
Water
pollution
As the waste cleaning water has simple components, it can be treated together
with domestic sewage through digestion tank and used for irrigation. 1
Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments
Air
Pollution
1. SO2 generated by sulfur smoldering and burning anthracite coal is absorbed
by gas collecting skirt, and then after its components reach the standard, it is 10
Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
196
emitted through the 15-meter high vent on the roof.
2. Based on the technological process, install vents near the equipment for
lifting, dropping, transferring raw materials and equipment that is likely to
generate dusts. Thus the dusts and pollutants can be absorbed into
dust-collecting bags through the vent. In this way, 99% of dusts can be
removed, and the bags can be cleaned by compressed air. The whole dust
removing network is in negative pressure, so as to prevent the dusts from
rising. The collected dusts can serve as fodder.
3. Apply seals to the interfaces of equipment and tubes, so as to prevent dust
from leaking.
township
environmenta
l protection
departments
Solid
waste
Waste packing materials
After classification, these materials are withdrawn by recycling centers.
Defective products
1. Defective products mainly are rotten orange and dry konjac slices. They can
be collected and used as fertilizers. Random dumping is banned.
2. Waste edible wax should be collected and withdrawn by its producer.
Domestic garbage
Domestic garbage is collected and temporarily stored. Then it is treated by
municipal dumps. Sewage and wastes from the dining hall of the Project are
collected and treated by farmers so as to avoid secondary pollution.
Solid waste from machine repairing
Machine and equipment of the Project should be regularly repaired, and thus
produce waste oil, waste cotton and waste cutting fluid. All these are
hazardous wastes and should be treated by qualified agencies. Hazardous
waste in Jinyang County is treated by Panzhihua Treating Center of Hazardous
Waste
3 Companies/m
anufacturers
County
EPAs,
township
environmenta
l protection
departments
197
8.3 Training Projects on Environmental Protection
8.3.1. Purpose
The target groups of training are Project managers on all level, farmers and
cooperatives engaged in the Projects. They will be trained on know-how and skills
related to environmental management, so that they can understand positive and negative
environmental influences caused by the Project, the measures in Environmental
Management Project, and relative skills. Therefore, they can implement environmental
protection policies precisely and carefully.
Based on different target groups, the training is divided into three levels: managers
(including provincial, prefectural, county and township level), professionals (including
construction technicians, construction supervisors and agricultural technicians), farmers
and workers.
8.3.2 Training plan
Environmental training will be conducted at the beginning of the Project, and will
be integrated with other activities instead of being conducted individually. It should be
ensured that all the participants fully understand their responsibilities concerning the
environment, the reason for implementing environmental management monitoring plan,
and this plan’s role in the Project, long-term economic development and human health.
Awareness training should include Project managers and farmers engaged in the
Project, so as to help them better understand the environmental impact evaluation,
environmental management monitoring plan, and this Project’s positive influence on
their livelihood. The detailed plan is indicated in Table 8.3-1.
198
Table 8.3-1 Training project on environmental protection
Target group Content Number of
participants
Duration
(days)
Expenditure
(in 10K
yuan)
Heads of
poverty
reduction
offices of
prefecture and
county level,
managers,
technicians
Understanding and applying the laws, regulations, environmental standards and rules
of World Bank and the Chinese government to related aspects of the Project
5 each
county, 30
in total
5 4.5
Environmental management and mitigation measures, including positive and negative
performance of the Project, rules of environmental protection, organization,
implementation and supervision of environmental management, etc.
Principles, plans and implementation of comprehensive management of blights and
pests, quantity and usage of pesticides
Environmental monitoring plan and implementation, including setting monitoring
sites, selecting monitoring factors and deciding monitoring frequency
Heads of
poverty
reduction
offices of
township level,
managers,
technicians
Rules of environmental management and protection, including positive and negative
performance of the Project, impacts on environment and mitigation measures
2 each
township,
102 in total
4 8.16
Comprehensive management plan on blights and pests and its implementation
Environmental monitoring plan and implementation, including setting monitoring
sites, selecting monitoring factors and deciding monitoring frequency
Heads of
poverty
reduction
offices of target
villages,
managers,
Rules of environmental management and protection, including positive and negative
performance of the Project, impacts on environment and mitigation measures 2 each
village, 418
in total
4 25.08 Comprehensive management plan on blights and pests and its implementation
Environmental monitoring plan and implementation, including setting monitoring
sites, selecting monitoring factors and deciding monitoring frequency
Barn design and prevention of pollution caused by livestock and poultry rearing
199
technicians Breeding technologies of advanced varieties, fertilizing management plan
Compiling environmental management, supervision and monitoring work reports
Contractors,
on-site
environmental
protection
supervisors and
construction
group leaders
Mitigation measures in constructing period of the environmental management project
combined with trainings of environment and security supervisors
2 each
construction
section
2~3
5
Simple monitoring methods of noise and controlling measures (self-test)
2 each
construction
section
2~3
Supervision
engineer
Relative measures and requirements in environmental management project, relative
environmental protection laws and regulations, construction plan, regulations of
supervision
1~2 each
construction
section
2~3
Monitoring and controlling technologies of ambient air and noise
2 each
construction
section
2~3
Ownership
organs/operating
organs and their
environment
managers
All the contents mentioned above, measures in the operating period of environmental
management plan, operation and maintenance of environmental protection facilities
100
(primary
estimation)
2~3 4
Self-employed
farmers
Environmental management plan on household planting and rearing, implementation
of environmental protection measures
692
(primary
estimation)
7 15
Total / / 61.74
200
8.4 Environmental monitoring plan
This poverty reduction Project has large scale and covers a vast and complicated
ranges of regions and sectors, and it will has long-term, potential and uncertain impacts
on surface water, vegetation, soil, land use, energy supply, society, economy and other
environment factors. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the environment during the
Project’s design, construction and operation period, so as to evaluate real impacts on the
environment caused by the Project, know the situation and seriousness of negative
influences, and provide evidence for environmental supervision, countermeasure research
and environmental management.
The institution responsible for the Project authorizes environmental supervision
stations in the county or prefecture of the Project or provincial agricultural environmental
supervision stations to monitor the environment. Supervision analysis adopts relative
methods in Technical Specification on Environmental Monitoring issued by SEPA and
the classified monitoring methods, and enforces the state standard confirmed by
environmental evaluation. Environmental impacts in construction period include noise,
dust, and waste water pollution. Domestic sewage during construction period can be used
as fertilizer after treated by digestion tank of the surrounding households. Waste water
from production can be reused after it is precipitated and the oil in it is separated. The
impacts during construction period only last a short time, and pollution can be avoided
merely by enhancing management. Therefore, all the pollutant factors involved, such as
TSP, SS, petroleum and noise, are monitored by visual estimation or sensory estimation.
Based on the impacts and mitigation measures during construction period, environmental
supervision departments should enhance the supervision and monitoring.
The major part of the monitoring of the Project is in operation period. The Project
includes agricultural planting, agricultural product processing and rearing. Environmental
monitoring covers all the township and village engaged in this Project of the six target
counties. Table 8.4-1 demonstrates detailed monitoring plan (including indicators, period,
frequency, method and responsible institutions).
Project Management Office should designate staff that has received monitoring
training to conduct random environmental monitoring, so as to timely discover and
handle problems. Routine monitoring includes: monitoring noises on site and at sensitive
sites with portable noise meter; visually examining the environmental impacts caused by
the Project, such as large-scaled soil erosion.
The management office at county-level should be responsible for routine
supervision on implementation of environmental protection measure, training,
environmental monitoring data and conclusion. The Office should also compile the
supervision results and regularly submit them to provincial management office. The
provincial office compiles implementation reports on master plan of environmental
management, and regularly submits them to Central Project Management Office. The
Central Office submits these reports to the World Bank.
201
Table 8.4-1 Sichuan sub-Project environmental monitoring plan
item index frequency site Monitoring
institution
Responsible
institution
Expenditure
(in 10K
yuan)
Soil erosion
soil erosion
modulus,
streamflow
In the first,
third and sixth
year of the
Project, once
for each year
At Shuiliao Village in Xuyong County,
Shangzhai Village in Jinyang County,
Yilimu Village in Zhaojue County and
newly-added planting area of Wagujue
Village in Meigu County, one site for each
village
Agricultural
environment
monitoring
station and soil
erosion
monitoring
station of
prefectural level
Provincial
and
prefecture
poverty
reduction
centers
1.5
Water
pollution
pH, dissolved
oxygen, CODCr,
BOD5, NH3-N,
coliform group,
SS
In the second
and fifth year
of the Project,
once for each
year
One for the sewage outfall of the konjac
processing line, one for the outfall of the
commercialized orange assembly line, one
for the outfall of each rearing areas
(Shuiliaopu Village in Xuyong County,
Siqie Village for Butuo County, Jiefang
Village for Zhaojue County, and Sanhe
Village for Meigu County, all of which are
concentrated feeding areas)
Prefecture and
county-level
environmental
monitoring
stations
Provincial
and
prefecture
poverty
reduction
centers
4.8
groundwater
Chromaticity,
turbidity, odor and
taste, pH, total
hardness, nitrate,
total bacterial
count, coliform
In the first,
third and sixth
year of the
Project, once
for each year
In Shuiliaopu Village of Xuyong County,
Siqie Village of Butuo County, Bingyidi
Village of Jinyang County, Sanhe Village
of Meigu County and Jiefang Village of
Zhaojue County, one at the upstream and
one at the downstream of the
Environmental
monitoring
station and
anti-epidemic
stations at
prefecture level
Provincial
and
prefecture
poverty
reduction
centers
10
202
group groundwater(using water in wells) in the
area with a large amount of newly-added
rearing households in each village
Total 32.5
203
Chapter 9 Conclusion and Suggestion
The problems that need special attention include: (1) Soil erosion. As this Project is
implemented in mountain area, poor management in construction period of earthwork
and operation period of water conservancy may lead to soil erosion. (2) Pollution caused
by rearing industry. Most impoverished farmers live under poor conditions, so the
treatment of livestock feces and urine and disease prevention for animal and human need
special attention. (3)Excessive grazing will lead to over-exploit the capacity of pasture
land, so the scale of rearing industry should be proper, and the farmers of target village
near conservation districts are forbidden to graze in the districts. (4) Pollution caused by
pesticides. Farmers with low education level may pose risk to the environment by using
pesticides. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance training and teach the farmers practical
technologies, so as to prevent the farmers from contaminating the environment. Target
counties and township should prioritize this problem and should never be slack in
handling this problem. (5) As some target villages in Gulin County and Xuyong County
are near Chishui River Basin, protecting the surface water environment of Chishui River
and related rivers should be a priority in implementing projects in these villages, so as to
prevent the impacts on surface water caused by diffused pollution. If Project management
at each level enhances supervision, rolls out training projects and follows the
requirements of action plan, all the mentioned problems can be surmounted.
According to comprehensive analysis, the positive influences on agricultural and
ecological system brought by this Project dwarfs the negative influences, and irreversible
impacts are slight. Most of the negative influences can be mitigated or avoided through
environmental protection measures. In addition, the target areas of this Project do not
cover nature reserves, nor do they involve rare animals, protected animals and local
cultural legacies. Customs and habits of local ethnic minority groups are respected in
Project implementation. Therefore, from the perspective of environment, this Project is
feasible.
