ImportantConversionFactorsinPetroleumTechnology978-3-319-49347-3/1.pdf · or processed in a petroleum facility during one calendar day. BPCD is less than BPSD, because BPCD includes

1183Conversion

Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology

Table 1 Oil volume and mass

To convert . . . . . . IntoTonnes (metric) Kiloliters Barrels US gallons Tonnes/yrb

Tonnes (metric) 1 1=SGa 6:2898=SGa 264:17=SGa –Kiloliters 1 SGa 1 6:2898 264:17 –Petroleum barrels 0:159 SGa 0:159 1 42 –US gallons 0:0038 SGa 0:0038 0:0238 1 –Barrels/dayb – – – – 58:03 SGa

a SG D specific gravity of the oil @ 15:55 ıCb For converting between mass and volume, some sources use an assume or average density. That can be misleading and is not bestpractice

Table 2 Flow/consumption ratios

To convert . . . . . . Into Multiply by

Standard cubic feet per barrel (scf=bbl) Normal cubic meters per cubic meter (Nm3=m3) 0:178

Table 3 Geothermal gradients

To convert . . . . . . Into Multiply byıC=100m ıF=100 ft 0:549

Table 4 Density

To convert . . . . . . Into Use the formulaAPI gravity Specific gravity @ 60 ıF (sp.gr.) API gravity D .141:5=sp.gr./� 131:5Specific gravity @ 60 ıF (sp.gr.) API gravity sp.gr. D 141:5=.API gravityC 131:5/

Table 5 Volume

To convert . . . . . . Into Multiply by

Standard cubic feet (scf) of gas @ 60 ıF and 14:73 psi Standard cubic meters (Sm3) @ 15 ıC and 101:325 kPa 0:0283058

Standard cubic meters (Scm) of gas @ 15 ıCand 1:0325 kPa

Normal cubic meters (Nm3) @ 0 ıC and 101:325 kPa 1:0549000

In considering industrial gases, especially when negotiating contracts, it is crucial to know the difference between standard andnormal.

Table 6 Temperature

To convert . . . . . . IntoıC ıF K RUse the Formula

Celsius (ıC) – Multiply by 1.8,then add 32

Add 273.15 Convert to ıF,then add 459.67

Fahrenheit (ıF) Subtract 32,then divide by 1.8

– Convert to ıC,add 273.15

Add 459.67

Kelvin (K) Subtract 273.15 Subtract 273.15,then convert to ıF

– Add 273.15,then convert to ıF,then add 459.67

Rankine (R) Subtract 459.67,then convert to ıC

Subtract 459.67 Subtract 459.67,then convert to ıC,then add 273.15

–

Conversion

1184 Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology

Table 7 Temperature difference

To convert . . . . . . Into Multiply byıC ıF 1:8

Table 8 Pressure

To convert . . . . . . Intobar atm MPa psi Torr mmHgMultiply by

bar 1 0:986923 0:1 14:5038 750:062 750:062Atmospheres (atm) 1:01325 1 0:101325 14:6959 760 760Megapascals (Mpa) 10 9:86923 1 145:038 7500:6 7500:6Pounds/square inch (psi) 0:06895 0:06986 0:006895 1 51:7149 51:7149Torr 0:001333 0:001316 0:0001333 0:0193368 1 1mmHg 0:001333 0:001316 0:0001333 0:0193368 1 1

Table 9 Masses and energy

� 1metric tonneD 2204:62 lbD 1:1023 short tonsD 1000kg� 1 kilolitreD 1 cubic meterD 6:2898 barrels� 1 kilocalorie (kcal)D 4:187 kJD 3:968Btu� 1 kilojoule (kJ)D 0:239 kcalD 0:948Btu� 1British thermal unit (Btu) D 0:252 kcalD 1:055 kJ� 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh)D 860 kcalD 3600kJD 3412Btu

Table 10 Energy equivalenciesa

One tonne of oil equivalent equals approximately:Heat units 10�106 kcal

42GJ40�106 Btu

Solid fuels 1:5 tonnes of hard coal3 tonnes of lignite

Electricity 12MWh

106 tonnes of oil or oil equivalent produces about 4400GWh of electricity in a modern power station.a BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2016)

Table 11 Greek and Roman prefixes

Prefix Factor Poweratto 10�18

femto 10�15

nano 10�12

nano 10�9

micro 0:000001 10�6

milli 0:001centi 0:01deci 0:1deca 10hecto 100kilo 1000mega 1 000 000 106

giga 1 000 000 000 109

tera 1012

peta 1015

exa 1018

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

Specific gravity

API gravity

Specific Gravity vs API Gravity

80757065605550454035302520151050–5–10

1185

Glossary

Glossary of Defining Terms

A

AbsorbentA material (solid or liquid) able to take in and hold(absorb) a gas or liquid. Examples includealkanolamine solutions, which absorb H2S and CO2from sour gas, and absorbent clays, which pick up oilby incorporating the oil into their structure

Absorption towerA column or tower in which absorption of selectedcomponents from mixtures occurs

Acid gasNatural gas or a gas mixture containing highconcentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and/orcarbon dioxide (CO2). Acid gas is a more generalterm than I sour gas, which contains H2S but doesnot always contain CO2

Acid numberI total acid number (TAN)

AdsorbentA material like activated charcoal, alumina, or silicagel that is used in an adsorption process. Impuritiesselectively attach to its surface

AdsorptionA process of removing selected components from astream by adherence to an adsorbent

AlcoholA chemical compound composed of an alkyl groupand an �OH group. Examples include methanol(CH3OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH). In the oilindustry, ethanol is used as gasoline additive andisopropanol as a solvent

AldehydeA chemical compound in which one carbon atom isbound to both DO and �H. Examples includeformaldehyde, H.CDO/H, and acetaldehyde,CH3.CDO/H. Formaldehyde is a building block inthe synthesis of many other compounds of specializedand industrial significance. Acetaldehyde is mainlyused as a chemical precursor, for example to makeacetic acid, resin, pyridine derivatives, etc.

AlkanesI Hydrocarbons, paraffins

AlkenesI Hydrocarbons, olefins

AlkylateThe main product from an alkylation process unit.Alkylate is a high-octane gasoline blendingcomponent with many desirable properties, such aszero sulfur, olefins and benzene

AlkylationA refining process in which isobutane reacts with C3to C5 olefins to produce alkylate – a mixture of C6 to

C9 isoparaffins. The process is catalyzed by strongacids such as sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid.

American Petroleum Institute (API)The largest trade association for the oil and gasindustry in the United States. API publications includetechnical standards and online products designed tohelp users improve the efficiency andcost-effectiveness of operations, to comply withlegislative and regulatory requirements, to safeguardhealth, to improve safety, and to protect theenvironment

Amine treating (amine washing)Used in petroleum refineries, natural gas processingplants and other industrial facilities to remove acidiccomponents, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbondioxide, from gas streams by treatment with analkanolamine

Aniline pointThe lowest temperature at which aniline is soluble in aspecified amount of oil. The aniline point isproportional to aromatics content; a low valueindicates high aromatics. The aniline point is aspecification for certain refining processes

AnticlineA type of fold with an arch-like shape resembling aninverted bowl, with the oldest beds at its core. Someof the world’s largest oil fields, including many ofthose in the Middle East and the East Texas oil field,reside within anticlines

Antiknock index (AKI)I Octane number

API gravityUsed for expressing density of crude oil. API gravityis defined as ıAPID 141:5=.specific gravity at 60ıF/�131:5

AquiferA subsurface rock formation (stratum), such aspermeable rock, sand, or gravel, which holds water.An aquifer often underlies a petroleum reservoir

Archie’s lawNamed after Gus Archie, this empirical equationrelates the electrical conductivity of sedimentary rockto its porosity and brine saturation. It is used to relateborehole electrical conductivity measurements tohydrocarbon concentration of the material

Aromatics or aromatic hydrocarbonsI Hydrocarbons, aromatic

Asphalt(1) A dark brown or black cement-like materialprecipitated from atmospheric residue with aliphaticsolvents, usually propane. (2) Often used as asynonym for bitumen. (3) Also used as a feed forcoking to increase the yields of more valuableproducts

Glossary

1186 Glossary of Defining Terms

Asphaltene structuresArchipelago and continental (pericondensed)structures. Surrogate molecules used to modelasphaltenes are commonly classified based on theirresemblance to archipelagos and continents

AsphaltenesPolar fraction of petroleum that is insoluble in lightalkanes, e.g., pentane or heptane, but soluble inaromatic solvents. Asphaltenes do not dissolve incrude oil but exist as a colloidal suspension

Asphaltic crudes (Naphthenic crude)I Crude oil, asphaltic

ASTMASTM International, formerly known as the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials, develops andpublishes consensus standards for materials, productsand processes.

Atmospheric distillationI Distillation, atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric equivalent boiling point (AEBP)Calculated based on observed boiling points at areduced pressure, the atmospheric equivalent boilingpoint (AEBP) is relevant to compounds for which theatmospheric boiling point cannot be measuredbecause they decompose before they boil

Autothermal reforming (ATR)An alternative to traditional steam methane reforming(I SMR). ATR does not require external heat. Itprocesses mixtures containing hydrocarbon gases(primarily methane), steam, and oxygen. In acombustion zone, partial oxidation generates syngasand heat. The syngas flows to a catalyst zone, wherereforming reactions occur, producing mainlyhydrogen. The product can also be syngas with aspecific composition

Aviation gasoline (Avgas)A high-octane blend of hydrocarbons and additives,which meets ASTM Specification D910 or MilitarySpecification MIL-G-5572. Used primarily inairplanes with piston-driven propellers. Often containstetraethyl lead (TEL)

B

Barrel (bbl)In petroleum, a unit of volume equal to 42US gallons,33:6 Imperial gallons, or 158:9873 liters

Barrels per calendar day (BPCD)The average daily amount of oil produced, transportedor processed in a petroleum facility during onecalendar day. BPCD is less than BPSD, becauseBPCD includes downtime for maintenance

Barrels per stream day (BPSD)The maximum daily amount of oil produced,transported or processed in a petroleum facility whenthe facility is running under normal operatingconditions, with referal to the feedstock quality,process operating conditions, and product objectives

Base oilA blend of one or more basestocks

Base stock (Basestock)Products produced from the lube refinery without anyadditives in the oil. Group I: with saturates < 90%,sulfur > 0:03%, and viscosity index 80�120.Obtained from solvent processing (solvent refining).Group II: with saturates > 90%, sulfur < 0:03%, andviscosity index 80�120. Obtained fromhydroprocessing. Group III: with saturates > 90%,sulfur < 0:03%, and viscosity index > 120. Obtainedfrom severe hydroprocessing, isodewaxing orgas-to-liquid processes. Group IV: made frompolyalpha olefins (PAO). Group V: Basestocks notincluded in Groups I–IV, such as synthetic lubricantoils

Basins (sedimentary basins)Large-scale region of the earth where long-termsubsidence has created a depression. Provides spacefor infilling by sediments and oils

Batch processingA noncontinuous process in which material is loadedinto a vessel and given time to react. When thereaction is complete, the vessel is opened andproducts are removed. Examples include delayedcoking, digestion, batch polymerization, and theroasting of ores

Batch reactorA typical batch reactor consists of a large, sturdycanister or vessel with its own heating and coolingmechanisms. Sometimes includes a rotating agitatorinside the vessel to facilitate mixing

Benfield processA process for removing acid gases (CO2 and H2S)from natural gas or manufactured hydrogen. The acidgases are adsorbed into molten potassium carbonatethen recovered in concentrated form during thermalregeneration of the carbonate

BiodieselA fuel comprised of monoalkyl esters. Derived fromthe long-chain fatty acids found in vegetable oils oranimal fats

BiogenicMaterial derived from biological sources, such asbacteria, algae, and vegetables

Biomarkers (petroleum biomarkers)Organic compounds contained in rocks and petroleumwhose carbon skeletons remain afterpaleotransformation stages and can be be linked toknown biological precursors

BiomassBiological organic matter

Biomass to liquid (BTL)A process to produce liquid biofuels from biomass,which may include the Fischer-Tropsch process,pyrolysis or catalytic depolymerization

BiopolymerHigh molecular weight polymers, such as

Glossary of Defining Terms 1187

Glossary

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and lignin, in livingorganisms

BitumenA naturally occurring thick, sticky form ofhydrocarbon found in pits or associated with oil sand.It will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighterhydrocarbons. It is also the British term for asphalt orextra heavy crude oil

Blending terminalA facility used for intermediate storage of refineryproducts and for blending them with additives.Gasoline additives might include oxygenates such asethanol and detergents to mitigate intake valvedeposits. Additives for diesel might include cetaneimprovers and antioxidants. Oil trucks (lorries) areloaded at blending terminals, from which theytransport the products to retail filling stations

Blending unitA facility in a refinery where streams aremechanically blended to make finished products. Inthe case of US gasoline, the main product is RBOBreformulated blendstock before gasoline blending

BlowoutUncontrolled escape of oil or gas from a well

BMCI (Bureau of Mines Correlation Index)A method of petroleum classification.BMCID 48; 640=TBC 473:7G� 456:8, where TB ismean average boiling point in K and G is specificgravity at 60 ıF. Also called CI. CI for straight-chainparaffins is 0 and for benzene it is 100. 0�15 indicatesa predominance of paraffinic hydrocarbons; 15�50indicates a predominance either of napthenes or ofmixtures of paraffins, napthenes, and aromatics. > 50indicates the predominance of aromatic character. Fora petroleum fraction, CI correlates with manycharacteristics, such as crackability, steam crackingfeed quality, and aromacity

Borehole loggingI Well log

BottomsThe product coming out of the bottom of a distillationcolumn

Brent crude oilAn important group of crude oils produced in NorthSea, which is used as a reference crude forinternational crude trading

Bright stockA heavy lube basestock derived from vacuum residafter dewaxing

British Thermal Unit (BTU)The quantity of heat required to raise the temperatureof 1 pound of water by 1 ıF

Bromine numberThe grams of bromine absorbed in 100 g of oil.Correlates to the percentage of double bonds in the oilsample

BTXA mixture of benzene (C6H6), toluene (C6H5CH3),

and xylenes (C6H4(CH3)2). Commonly used as asolvent or feedstock to chemical plants

Bunker oil (Bunker fuel)Fuel oil used in engines aboard ships. Bunker Acorresponds to No. 2 fuel oil, Bunker B corresponds toNo. 4 or No. 5 fuel oil, and Bunker C corresponds toNo. 6 fuel oil

Butanes: A mixture of two isomersnormal butane and isobutane. Normal butane was usedas a RVP booster during cold weather prior to the useof ethanol. It is isomerized to isobutane. Isobutane isan important (key) feed for alkylation(I Hydrocarbons)

Butene (butylene)A colorless alkene with the formula C4H8 generatedin refineries or olefin plants by cracking(I Hydrocarbons, olefins)

Butyl rubberA synthetic rubber. Specifically, it is a copolymerconsisting of about 98% isobutylene with about2% isoprene. Butyl rubber and halogenated rubber areused for the impervious inner liner of tubeless tires

C

Calcining (calcination)Decomposition of a solid with heat below the meltingor fusing point. Causes loss of moisture and thedecomposition of carbonates and other compounds

Cap rock (seal rock)Impermeable rock that serves as a cap to stoppetroleum migration. A key component of a petroleumand/or natural gas reservoir

CarbeneThe pentane or heptane insoluble fraction that isinsoluble in benzene or toluene but soluble in carbondioxide or pyridine

CarboidThe pentane or heptane insoluble fraction that isinsoluble in benzene or toluene but also insoluble incarbon dioxide or pyridine

Carbon Preference Index (CPI)The ratio obtained by dividing the sum of the oddcarbon-numbered n-alkanes to the sum of the evencarbon-numbered n-alkanes between C25 and C34CPID 1=2 Œ.C25CC27 CC29CC31 CC33/=.C24 CC26 CC28CC30 CC32/�C Œ.C25 CC27CC29 CC31 CC33/=.C26CC28 CC30CC32 CC34/�. It canalso be used to estimate thermal maturity of organicmatter

Carbon rejectionUpgrading processes in which coke and otherhydrogen-deficient products are formed. Examplesinclude FCC and coking. Carbon rejection isaccompanied by the formation of light products. Theheavy products contain less hydrogen than the feed,while the light products contain more hydrogen thanthe feed. Often, molecular hydrogen is one of theproducts

Glossary


Carrier rockPermeable rock that allows oil and gas to migratefrom source to reservoir

CatagenesisA process that consolidates sediment containing deadorganic material, water, minerals, and numerous livingorganisms, providing conditions that convertbiopolymers to geopolymers (kerogen)

CatalystA substance that increases the rate of a chemicalreaction without itself undergoing any permanentchange

Catalyst acidityFor heterogeneous catalysts, acidity refers to thenumber and strength of acid sites per unit of weight orvolume. Includes both Lewis and Brønsted sites;generally, the Hammett function is used instead of pHto indicate strength. Relative acidity is determined byadsorption of ammonia or other volatile bases withknown acidity. For homogeneous systems, acidity canrefer either to the strength of the acid itself or to theconcentration of acid in the system

Catalyst activityRelative rate at which a catalyzed reaction proceeds

Catalyst cokeCarbonaceous material that deposits on catalysts

Catalyst deactivationLoss of catalyst activity due to routine fouling,attrition, or agglomeration (I Catalyst poisoning)

Catalyst foulingPlugging of catalyst beds with particulates or gums.Sometimes used as a synonym for deactivation due tocoking (I Catalyst deactivation)

Catalyst impregnationA method for adding active metals to a solid catalystsupport

Catalyst poisoningPartial or total deactivation of a catalyst caused byexposure to a range of chemical compounds

Catalyst regenerationRestoration of catalyst activity. Heterogeneousrefining catalysts for FCC, hydroprocessing, andcatalytic reforming are regenerated by controlledcombustion, which removes accumulated coke, sulfur,nitrogen, and other volatile or flammable materials

Catalyst rejuvenationFurther restoration of catalyst activity via chemicaltreatment of a regenerated catalyst. Used (forexample) to redisperse active metals on catalysts inwhich agglomeration has occurred

Catalyst selectivityPercentage of desired product from a catalyzedreaction

Catalytic crackingThe conversion of high-boiling feedstocks intolower-boiling products over a catalyst. Occurs in fixedbeds or fluid beds, in the absence of excess hydrogen(as in FCC) or in the presence of external hydrogen(as in hydrocracking)

Catalytic dewaxingCatalytic process for converting normal paraffins toisoparaffins, usually with a heterogeneous catalyst ina fixed-bed reactor

Catalytic hydrocracking(I Hydrocracking)

Catalytic hydrotreating(I Hydrotreating)

Catalytic reformingA catalytic refining process in which C6 to C12naphthenes and paraffins are converted into aromaticswhile producing hydrogen. The liquid product(I reformate) serves as high-octane gasolineblendstock or as a feedstock to aromatics productionunits. Hydrogen purities range from 80�90 vol%. Thishydrogen goes primarily to hydroprocessing units.The three main catalytic reforming processes aresemiregen, cyclic, and CCR. In semiregen units, thecatalyst occupies fixed-bed reactors and slowlydeactivates. When liquid yields and hydrogen puritybecome unacceptably low, due to increased formationof C1�C5 hydrocarbons, operators shut the unit downand regenerate the catalyst. Typical semiregen cycleslast six to 12 months. Cyclic reformers include four tosix reactors. The reactors deactivate sequentially.Every week or so, a reactor goes down forregeneration as a regenerated reactor returns toservice. With this strategy, a unit can run for yearswithout a total shutdown. The most profitable optionis CCR – continuous catalyst regeneration – in whichthe catalyst moves through several reactors beforecirculating through an online regeneration section andback to the lead reactor. CCR liquid yields are greater,because they operate continuously, and at lowerpressure, which favors dehydrogenation. Forsemiregen units, catalysts usually contain bothplatinum (Pt) and rhenium (Rh), where the Rhimproves stability. For CCR units, Rh is not needed,but promoters such as tin (Sn) are added to improveselectivity. To provide acidity, chloride is injected intothe unit at prescribed rates. Chloride promotesimportant reactions, but too much chloride can lead toexcessive cracking

Caustic WashThe process of treating a product with a caustic sodasolution to remove minor but especially undesiredimpurities

Cetane indexUsed as an alternative for cetane number. Based ondensity and distillation range.CID�420:34C 0:016 G2C 0:192 G logMC65:01.logM/2 � 0:0001809 M2 where GD APIgravity at 60 ıF and M D D86 temperature at 50%volume, in ıF

Cetane number (CN)A measure of the tendency of a diesel fuel to knockand undergo ignition delay. It is measured in astandard diesel engine according to ASTM D613.Originally, the CN of a test fuel was compared to


Glossary

standard mixtures that knocked with the sameintensity as the test fuel. The original standards wereprepared by mixing n-hexadecane (CND 100) witha-methylnaphthalene (CND 0). In 1962,a-methylnaphthalene was replaced with2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, which has a CN of15

Characterization factor (UOP K or Watson K, Kw)A method of petroleum classification.Kw D .TB/1=3=G, where TB is mean average boilingpoint in K and G is specific gravity at 60 ıF. Kwranges from 10:5 for highly naphthenic crude to 12:9for highly paraffinic crudes

Chemical injectionA tertiary recovery or enhanced oil recovery method.It involves injecting water-soluble polymers,surfactants or alkaline solutions into rock to flood theformation and drive oil to production wells forrecovery

Claus processConverts hydrogen sulfide into sulfur in a two-stepprocess. (1) The thermal step entails combustion of amixture containing H2S and air in which theH2S:oxygen molar ratio is 2 W 1. The products areSO2, water, and unreacted H2S. (2) The catalytic stepentails the reaction of SO2 from step 1 with unreactedH2S to form elemental sulfur. Named after CarlFriedrich Claus

Cloud pointTemperature at which a haze appears in a sample dueto the formation of wax crystals. Determines theplugging tendency of a fuel as it flows through smallorifices. Particularly import for jet fuel and diesel atcold operating temperatures

CoalA combustible black rock. A solid fossil fuelcomprised of 65�95% carbon and different amountsof hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and ash. It is asedimentary rock formed from peat that is buriedunder rocks

Coal bed methaneNatural gas extracted from natural coal beds. Containsfewer C2C hydrocarbons than natural gas fromconventional reservoirs

Coke (petroleum coke)Carbonaceous product generated in refineries bycoking processes

Coke, anode gradeCalcined petroleum coke, low in sulfur and metals.Primarily used to produce electrodes for steel andaluminum (I Coke, needle)

Coke, catalystUndesired carbonaceous material that deposits oncatalysts

Coke, fuel gradeCalcined sponge coke or shot coke from a delayedcoker, with lower quality than anode-grade coke dueto excessive ash or trace metals. Suitable as areplacement for coal in fired boilers in power plants.Can be a feedstock for gasification with partial

oxidation. In power plants, some form of sulfurcapture is required to meet current North Americanemission standards

Coke, greenUncalcined raw coke from a delayed coker

Coke, needlePremium highly crystalline petroleum coke used in themanufacturing of graphite electrodes of low thermalexpansion for arc furnaces in the steel, aluminum andtitanium industries (I Coke, anode grade)

Coke, shotLowest quality coke from a delayed coker. Typically,shot coke is comprised of small round pellets ranging1:5�4 or 5mm in diameter, which are loosely boundtogether in structures roughly the size and shape ofostrich eggs. Shot coke can disrupt coke drumoperations by causing blowbacks during the cutting ofcoke from drums, plugging of the bottom nozzle of acoke drum, and fouling of coke handling equipment

Coke, spongeSponge-like coke from a delayed coker with arelatively uniform consistency

CokingA thermal process for continuous conversion ofreduced crude, straight-run residua or cracked residuainto hydrocarbon gases, H2S, NH3, naphtha, gas oilsand petroleum coke. The most common processes areI delayed coking (batch), I fluid coking andI Flexicoking (continuous)

Coking, delayedA semicontinuous (semi-batch) process by whichresidue and other heavy fractions, such as FCC decantoil or coal tar, are thermally decomposed to producecoke and cracked products. The feed is heated to ca.500 ıC and sent to large coking (soaking) drums.Usually, four or more drums are used so that operationcan be staggered. Drums are switched every 18�24 h.Hot oil is added until a drum is full. Cracking beginsimmediately, generating coke and hot cracked vapor.The oil stays in the drum for several hours (hence theterm delayed) until coking is complete. Vapors rise tothe top, from whence they are sent to a fractionator forseparation and recovery. Coker gases and liquidscontain sulfur and olefins. The liquids must bestabilized by hydrotreating or hydrocracking. Thecoke can be used either as a fuel or in otherapplications such as the manufacturing of andoes forsteel or aluminum production

Coking, Flexi-A combination of continuous fluid coking andoxidative steam reforming, which can upgradevirtually any pumpable feed including residual, pitchor total crude. Approximately 95wt% conversion offeed can be achieved. Products include coke and a fullrange of gas and liquid products. Some of the coke isheated and circulated back to the reactor to supplyprocess heat. Excess coke goes to a gasifier, where itreacts with air and steam to produce Flexigas. Aftertreatment to remove particulates and hydrogen sulfide,

Glossary


the Flexigas is ready for use as fuel in refinery boilersand furnaces and/or for steam and power generation

Coking, fluidA continuous thermal cracking process for convertingresidua to more valuable products, such as gases, afull range of liquids, and coke. The coke is burned orgasified and returned to the main reactor to providesome of the heat required for cracking

Combined feed ratio (CFR)In a process where unconverted feed is recycled, thecombined feed ratioD (FFC RO)/FF, where FFDfresh feed rate and ROD recycle oil rate

Compression ratioThe ratio of the volumes in an internal combustionengine when the piston is at the bottom of the strokeand the top of the stroke

CondensateLiquids produced during the processing of natural gas.Also referred to as gas condensate, and (historically)natural gasoline. Includes pentanes and heavierhydrocarbons

Conradson carbon residue (CCR)Also known as Concarbon. A quantitativemeasurement of carbonaceous residue remaining afterevaporation and pyrolysis of oil from a sample undercontrolled conditions. An indication of thecoke-formation tendency of the oil being tested

ConversionIn refining, conversion means boiling point reduction.That is: transforming material that boils above aproduct cutpoint into material that boils below thatcutpoint. Most conversion is accomplished bybreaking C�C bonds. Depending on the feedstock, upto 15% conversion of material that boils above 700 ıF(370 ıC) can be achieved by other reactions:saturating aromatics and removing heteroatoms

Correlation index (CI)I BMCI

Crack spreadExpressed as X W Y W Z where X D price of X barrels ofcrude, Y D price of Y barrels of gasoline, and Z Dprice of Z barrels of distillate fuel oil (diesel, etc.). Byconvention, X D YC Z. Corresponds roughly withrefinery profitability

Cracked gasThe gas from thermal crackers, steam crackers,catalytic crackers and cokers. Depending on theprocess and reaction conditions cracked gas is oftenrich in hydrogen and olefins

CrackingBreaking down large molecules into smallermolecules by heat. Thermal cracking includes steamcracking and coking. Catalytic cracking includes FCCand hydrocracking

Crude assay (crude oil assay)A collection of the results of physical tests, whichdetermine key properties (boiling point, density,viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of acrude oil and its fractions. Important for determiningthe value and processability of crude oil

Crude oilLiquid form of petroleum. A mixture of naturallyoccurring hydrocarbons in (or produced from)underground I reservoirs. It is formed from thebodies of dead microorganisms, which accumulatedmillions of years ago in sediments at the bottoms ofancient seas and lakes. Deep underground, thesediments were subjected to heat and pressure, whichconverted them into sedimentary rock via diagenesis.During diagenesis, the organic matter wastransformed into fossil hydrocarbons. Depending onlocal conditions, including time, diagenesis producesnatural gas, petroleum, heavy oil, bitumen, or coal.Crude oil in reservoirs is associated with dissolvedhydrocarbon gases, water, salt, dirt, dissolved lightnatural gas, CO2, H2S, and trace metals such as Fe,Ni, V, As, and Hg. When brought to the surface,dissolved gases desorb and are collected andprocessed in associated facilities. Widely construed,the term crude oil also includes other fossilhydrocarbons: bitumen recovered from tar pits byconventional mining, bitumen recovered from tarsands (oil sands), and liquids produced from thekerogen in oil shale. Liquids from natural gasprocessing plants are often included, especially whenthey are back-blended with crude oil prior totransportation. Crude oil is refined into a wide array offuels and other products

Crude oil, asphalticalso called naphthenic crudes, containing higherconcentrations of naphthenes and aromatics thanparaffinic crudes

Crude oil, conventionalOil extracted from the ground by conventional drillingmethods. Includes oil produced with primary,secondary, and tertiary recoveries

Crude oil, paraffinicParaffinic (waxy) crude oils contain relatively highconcentrations of long-chain n-paraffins. Incomparison, naphthenic crudes contain relatively lowconcentrations of paraffins. Waxy crudes causeproblems due to their high viscosity and tendency toleave deposits in equipment

Crude oil, syntheticCrude oil produced from coal, bitumen or shale oil; inthis context, shale oil comes from retorted oil shale.To make so-called synthetic bitumen (synbit), bitumenis upgraded by a coker, visbreaker, or hydroprocessingunit. To make so-called diluted bitumen (dilbit), thebitumen is diluted with cutter stock. The quality ofsynbit is much higher than the quality of dilbit

Crude oil, unconventionalUnconventional crude oils include oil and natural gascondensates that are not recovered by conventionalmeans, such as primary to tertiary recoveries. Theseinclude oil sand bitumen and syncrude, extra heavycrude oil, and shale oil

CutThe portion or fraction of a crude oil boiling within


Glossary

certain temperature limits. Also called I distillate indistillation

Cut pointThe temperature limit of a cut or fraction, usually (butnot always) specified on a true boiling point basis

Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS)A thermal recovery method for heavy oils, also knownas the Huff and Puff method, consisting of threestages: steam injection, soaking, and production

D

Deasphalted oil (DAO)The extract or residual oil from which asphalt andresins have been removed by an extractiveprecipitation process called deasphalting

DeasphaltingA refinery process for removing asphalt from reducedcrude or vacuum residua (residual oil) by light alkanes(propane, pentane, heptane, etc.)

Deep catalyic cracking (DCC)A modified catalytic conversion technology that usesheavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as VGO, VR orVGO, blended with DAO to produce light olefins(ethylene, propylene and butylenes), LPG, gasoline,middle distillates, etc

Delayed cokingI Coking, delayed

DesaltingRemoval of salts and other material, such asparticulates, from crude oil. Usually the first step incrude oil refining. The process entails: (1) adding anddispersing water, (2) forming an emulsion to expeditethe dissolution of salts in the water, and (3) separatingthe emulsion into oil and water phases by electrostaticand/or chemical methods

DesulfurizationRemoval of organic sulfur compounds by scrubbing,mercaptan oxidation, or catalytic hydrotreating viahydrodesulfurization (HDS)

DewaxingA lubricant plant process to remove wax(higher-boiling normal paraffins) from oil afterextraction of aromatics. Solvent dewaxing oftenemploys methylethyl ketone (MEK) mixed withtoluene or propane

Dewaxed oil (DWO)The oil remaining after dewaxing processes forlubricant oil production

DiagenesisFormation of sedimentary rocks from sediments orfrom different sedimentary rocks at high temperatureand pressure. Diagenesis occurs at depths reachingseveral kilometers. When the sediments containenough organic matter, kerogen forms. Over time, thekerogen starts evolving into liquid petroleum, variousranks of coal, and gases (mostly methane)

DibenzothiophenesA class of sulfur-containing aromatic compounds.They are difficult to remove, especially when they

have alkyl groups adjacent to the sulfur atom or whenthey include fused aromatic rings (I Hydrocarbons,heteroatom-containing)

DieselFuel used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines.Most diesel (petro diesel) is produced in petroleumrefineries from distillation of crude oil and byconversion processes such as hydrocracking. Othersources include biomass, biogas or natural gas. Dieselis produced from synthesis gas with theFischer–Tropsch process. No. 1 diesel is lighter thanNo. 2 diesel (close to kerosene) and with high cetanenumber and volatility, it is better suited for coldtemperatures. No. 2 diesel is less volatile than No. 1(containing heavy gas oil), enabling it to carry heavyloads for long distances at sustained speed. No. 4diesel fuel is used for low- and medium-speed dieselengines and conforms to ASTM Specification D 975

Dilbit (diluted bitumen)Bitumen diluted with cutter stock to facilitatetransportation. In refineries, dilbit is processed as if itwere a conventional heavy crude oil

DistillateAn overhead or side-draw distillation fraction from adistillation column after cooling

Distillate fuel oilA collective term referring to heating oils for whichthe distillation endpoint is less than about 400 ıC(750 ıF). No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are similarto No. 1, No. 2, and No 4. diesel respectively, but withdifferent (fewer) additives. Used primarily for spaceheating and electric power generation

DistillationProcess of selective evaporation and condensation toseparate substances from a liquid mixture. Primarymeans of separation in oil refineries

Distillation, atmosphericDistillation at atmospheric pressure up to 700 ıF or370 ıC. In petroleum refining, atmospheric distillationseparates crude oil into fractions, which aresubsequently transformed into finished products.Typical fractions include C1�C4 gases, naphtha,middle distillates, atmospheric gas oil, andatmospheric residue

Distillation, vacuumDistillation of crude oil under vacuum or reducedpressure, such as 40mmHg (50mbar), up to 700 ıF or370 ıC. Recovers components that thermallydecomposed before they vaporize under atmosphericpressure

Donor solvent processA hydrogenation process, such as donor-solvent coalliquefaction, in which a hydrogen-rich liquid solventsuch as tetralin replaces gaseous molecular hydrogen.Much of the hydrogenated coal liquefies; the coalliquids are easier to transport and process than solidcoal. Due to the modest pressure of the coal section,construction and processing costs are relatively low.

Glossary


The dehydrogenated solvent is removed bydistillation, rehydrogenated, and recycled

Downhole fluid analysis (DFA)Technique to characterize reservoirs and thedistribution of reservoir-fluid properties using opticalspectroscopy

DownstreamBusiness sector in the oil industry for refining crudeoils and purifying natural gas. Includes the marketingand distribution of refined products

Drilling engineeringA branch of petroleum engineering for designing andimplementing procedures to drill wells safely andeconomically

Dry gasNatural gas or refinery gas that does not containsignificant amounts of C2C components

E

Ebulated bed (e-bed) hydrocrackingI Hydrocracking

Ebulated bed (e-bed) reactorKey part of an ebulated bed unit

Engine oilsLubricant oils for internal combustion engines

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)I Tertiary recovery

EntrainmentEntrainment is the carryover of liquid by the vaporphase or of gas by the liquid phase. Liquid may be inthe form of a spray, foam or mist

EpimersStereoisomers with different configurations of atomsaround one of several asymmetric carbon atoms(chiral centers). Important isomeric molecule formaturity assessment through petroleum biomarkers

EST (ENI Slurry Technology)A slurry-phase hydrocracking process licensed by ENI

Exploration (discovery)Searching for oil and gas deposits under the Earth’ssurface. A branch of the petroleum upstream business

ExtractFor solvent refining in general, the extract is thestream rich in impurities. In solvent extraction forpreparing lube basestocks, the extract is rich inaromatics and other undesirable components. In waxdeoiling, the extract is rich in oil (I Raffinate)

ExtractionIn general, extraction is the process of separating amixture into a fraction soluble in a solvent and aninsoluble residue. In solvent refining for lube oilproduction, the aromatic portion of an oil is separatedfrom the paraffinic and naphthenic portions. Thisimproves the viscosity index, oxidation resistance, andcolor of the basestock. It also reduces carbon andsludge formation. Solvents used include furfural,phenol or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)

Extra heavy crude oilCrude oil with ıAPI gravity less than 10 (specificgravity > 1:0). The heaviest of heavy crude oils

F

FaciesCharacteristics of a rock expressed by its morphology,composition, and fossil content. Fasces is a Latin termfor the bundles of sticks carried by lictors in AncientRome

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)Primary constituent of biodiesel, resulting from thetransesterification of fats with methanol

FaultNatural fracture in stratum caused by plate tectonics.Serves as a conduit for petroleum migration or as areservoir in the presence of cap rock

Fold (geological)A permanent deformation caused when flatsedimentary strata are bent or curved by geologicalforces

Fischer–Tropsch processA series of chemical reactions to convert a mixture ofcarbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquidhydrocarbons. The key process in the production ofsynthetic lubricants or fuels in gas-to-liquid (GTL)technology

Flash pointThe lowest temperature at which vapor of a volatilematerial will ignite

FlexicokingI Coking, Flexi-

Flue gasThe exhaust gas from a furnace, boiler, reactor, etc.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)Catalytic cracking in a fluidized bed reactor. Thecracking reaction occurs on high-acidity zeolitecatalysts, which have the consistency of sifted flour.Reaction products include gases, predominantly C3C,which are highly olefinic; high-octane FCC gasoline;highly aromatic cycle oils; and coke. The coke goes toa regenerator, where it is burned in air (oroxygen-enriched air) to produce CO2, H2O, and heat.Hot catalyst is mixed with fresh feed and returned tothe reactor. FCC produces a significant portion of theworld’s gasoline

Fluid coking (fluidized bed coking)I Coking, fluid

Fluidized bed reactorA reactor in which the catalyst bed is fluidized byupflowing gas. Used in fluid catalytic cracking andfluid coking

Foots oilThe oil washed out of slack wax

Formation (geological)Stratified sedimentary bed. The fundamental unit ofpetrostratigraphy in geology


Glossary

Formulated oilA blend of base oils with special additives

FoulingThe deposition and accumulation of unwantedmaterials such as scale, algae, suspended solids andinsoluble salts on the internal or external surfaces ofprocessing equipment including boilers and heatexchangers

FrackingI Hydraulic fracturing

Fractional distillationPrimary means of separating crude oils at refineriesinto fractions with different boiling ranges

FractureA natural or man-made crack in reservoir rock

Frasch ProcessMethod to extract sulfur from underground deposits,where superheated water is pumped into the formationto melt the sulfur. Compressed air is used to froth thesulfur and bring it to the surface

Froth treatmentA process of eliminating the aqueous and solidcontaminants from bitumen froth to produce a cleanbitumen product

Fuel ethanolEthanol intended for fuel use, as in reformulatedgasoline. Fuel ethanol in the United States mustcontain less than 1wt% water and be denatured with> 2 vol% C5C paraffins or conventional gasoline

Fuel oils (heating oils)A range of oils used for heating or for locomotion inships and locomotives. No. 1 fuel oil is a volatiledistillate oil with a boiling range similar to that ofkerosene, but a higher pour point and an end point thatis is adjusted to suit vaporizing pot-type burners. No.2 fuel oil is a distillate home heating oil, similar to No.1. It may contain hydrotreated cracked stock. Thechain length of the hydrocarbons ranges from 10 to20. No. 3 fuel oil is for burners requiringlow-viscosity heating oil, merged with No. 2 inspecifications. No. 4 fuel oil is usually a light residualoil used in a furnace that can atomize the oil and is notequipped with preheater. The chain length of thehydrocarbons ranges from 12 to 70. No. 5 fuel oil hashigher viscosities than No. 4. In use, it requirespreheating to 170�220 ıF for atomizing and handling.Also known as Bunker B oil. The chain length of thehydrocarbons ranges from 12 to 70. No. 6 fuel oil is ahigh-viscosity residual oil that requires preheating to220�260 ıF for storage, handling and atomizing. Alsospecified by navies as Bunker C oil for ships. Thechain length of the hydrocarbons ranges from 20 to70. Residual fuel oils are the heaviest, including No. 5and No. 6 fuel oils

G

Gas hydrateSolid ice-like form of water cage that contains gas

molecules inside its cavity. In nature, the gas is mostlymethane

Gas injection (for oil recovery)Gas injection is used both in secondary recovery forartificial lift of the oil, and in tertiary recovery. In thelatter, carbon dioxide or nitrogen is introducedthrough an injection well to sweep the formation forremaining oil

Gas oilsDistillation fractions boiling between heavy naphthaor kerosene and atmospheric residue. They areobtained from atmospheric distillation as atmosphericgas oils (AGOs), vacuum distillation as vacuum gasoil (VGOs) and coker as coker gas oils (KGOs). Alsoknown as middle distillates. After subsequentprocessing, gas oils become suitable for blending intofinished fuel oil and transportation fuel

Gas oils, heavy coker (HKGO)Heavy gas oil fraction from coker with boiling points> 650 ıF (340 ıC), which contains very highconcentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds andother contaminants, such as metals. If used as ahydrotreating or hydrocracking feed, it is crucial tocontrol endpoint, CCR, and metals to avoid shorteningcatalyst cycle life.

Gas oils, heavy straight run (HGO or HAGO)Liquid petroleum distillates from atmosphericdistillation heavier than kerosene with boiling pointsbetween 600 ıF and 800 ıF (315�420 ıC) in thediesel range

Gas oils, light coker (LKGO)Highly olefinic middle distillates produced by cokingunits, with boiling points that range from about 400 ıFto 650 ıF (200�340 ıC). Highly reactive with air.Hydroprocessing transforms light coker gas oils intodiesel blendstocks or heavy naphtha

Gas oils, light straight run (LGO or LAGO)Liquid petroleum distillates from atmosphericdistillation heavier than naphtha with boiling pointsbetween 400 ıF and 600 ıF (200�315 ıC) in thekerosene and jet fuel range. Also called middledistillates

Gas oils, vacuum (VGO)Overhead and side-streams from a vacuum distillationunit. Include light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) and heavyvacuum gas oil (HVGO). A typical VGO boilingrange is 650�1050 ıF (340�560 ıC). They arefeedstocks for catalytic cracking or hydrocracking

GasoholA mixture of gasoline and ethyl alcohol used as fuel ininternal combustion engines

GasolineA mixture of C5�C12 hydrocarbons used as fuel inspark-ignition internal combustion engines. Ahigh-octane naphtha blend with additives to meetofficial specifications for octane number, RVP, andother properties as described by ASTM D4814, EN228, JIS K2202, China V, etc.

Gasoline, blendingMechanical mixing of motor gasoline blending

Glossary


components from refinery process units withadditives, including oxygenates when required. Finalblends must meet official specifications for octanenumber, RVP, sulfur, and other properties

Gasoline, blending componentsRefinery streams containing C5-C12 hydrocarbonswith suitable properties for blending into gasoline.Typically, the streams include straight-run naphtha,reformate, FCC gasoline, alkylate, isomerate, polymergasoline, and others. Oxygenates and other additivesare included as required or needed

Gas-to-liquids (GTL)A process for converting natural gas into liquidhydrocarbons

Gravity drainageThe movement of oil in a reservoir due to gravity

GreaseA semisolid lubricant usually prepared by emulsifyinga lubricant basestock with soap. Greases are highlyviscous when first applied, but they undergo sheerthinning (their viscosities fall) during operation.Because they are semisolid, greases stay in placewhere liquid lubricants will not. Bearings are typicallylubricated with grease instead of with less-viscous oil.Some greases act as sealants or waterproofing agents

Green cokeUnprocessed raw coke from a delayed coker (I Coke)

H

Heating oilNo. 2 to No. 4 fuel oils (I Fuel oil)

Heavy coker gas oil (HKGO)I Gas oils, heavy coker

Heavy crude oilCrude oil with ıAPI gravity ranging from 10 to 20

Heavy gas oil (HGO)Petroleum distillates with an approximate boilingrange from 500 to 750 ıF (260�400 ıC)

H-OilAn ebullated-bed hydrocracking process licensed byAxens

Houdry processA process invented by Eugène Houdry, a Frenchchemist. Revolutionized thermal cracking with the useof a moving bed of catalyst integrated with oxidativeregeneration. Produced less gas, higher liquid yields,and gasoline with higher octane

Huff and PuffI Cyclic steam stimulation

Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)Injecting fluid (about 90% water, 9:5% proppant, andchemical additives) under controlled pressureintermittently over a short period (three to five days)to create fractures in a targeted rock formation. Thefracture permits oil or natural gas to flow to thewellbore. The proppants are small grains of sand,ceramic, aluminum oxide or other particulates to keepthe fracture open

HydrocarbonsMolecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. Theterm is loosely used in the oil industry to include allcompounds containing carbon and hydrogen,including those that also contain heteroatoms.Hydrocarbons are classified into the following groups:saturates (paraffins and cycloparaffins), olefins,aromatics (monoring and polyring) andheteroatom-containing

Hydrocarbons, acetyleneAcetylenes have a formula of C2H2 with acarbon–carbon triple bond. They are not found inpetroleum or natural gas due their high reactivity, butcan be manufactured from the hydrolysis of calciumcarbide, and the partial oxidation of methane, coke, orcoal. Acetylene has mainly been used in oxyactylenewelding and as a feedstock for a variety of plastics andacrylic acid derivatives

Hydrocarbons, aromaticsAromatics are hydrogen-deficient ring compoundswith the general formula CnH2n C z, where zD�6 forbenzenes, �8 for indans, �10 for indenes, �12 fornaphthalenes, etc. The rings are stabilized withresonance energy, making them difficult to open withcracking processes. Aromatics are dense and havehigher boiling points than other hydrocarbons with thesame number of carbon atoms. Important examplesinclude benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), and fourisomers of C8H10: o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, andethylbenzene

Hydrocarbons, diolefinsDiolefins have two carbon-to-carbon double bonds,which are usually conjugated. Butadiene is animportant monomer for making petrochemicals. Inrefining, due to their high reactivity, diolefins causestorage and processing problems as well as gumformation in gasoline engines. Coking units producesignificant butadienes and pentadienes, which canpolymerize at the top of hydroprocessing reactors,producing gums that increase pressure drop and canshut a unit down

Hydrocarbons, heteroatom-containingStrict definitions of hydrocarbons exclude compoundsthat contain heteroatoms. However, they are includedwith hydrocarbons in much of the literature becausetheir hydrocarbon backbones are the main interest.The most common heteroatom compounds containsulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. They are bad actors, i. e.,they cause equipment problems and poison catalysts.The sulfur compounds include mostly thiols, sulfides,thiophenes, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, etc.The nitrogen compounds include pyrroles, pyridines,carbazoles, etc. The oxygen compounds include acids,phenols, furans, etc. Trace metal compounds includenickel and vanadyl porphyrins, the removal of whichis the subject of intensive research

Hydrocarbons, naphthenes (cycloparaffins orcycloalkanes)Naphthenes have the general formula CnH2nCz where


Glossary

zD�..number of rings/� 2�2/. They contain a fullysaturated ring comprised of five or six carbons.Cyclopentane and cyclohexane are the simplestnaphthenes. Commercially, naphthenes can beprepared by saturating aromatics with hydrogen.Cyclohexane (C6H12) is an important solvent andpetrochemical

Hydrocarbons, naphthenoaromatics (hydroaromatics)Naphthenoaromatics contain at least one aromatic ringfused to at least one naphthene ring. One example istetralin (C10H12). Alkyl naphthenoaromatics arehighly isomeric. The isomers tend to have similarchemical and physical properties and are very difficultto separate from each other

Hydrocarbons, olefinsOlefins (alkenes) have the general formula CnH2n andcontain one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Olefins arerare in nature, but they are produced in large quantitiesby thermal cracking and steam cracking. Examplesinclude ethylene (ethane), propylene (propene),1-butene, 2-butene (butylenes), and isobutylene(2-methylpropylene). Far more reactive than paraffins,olefins have a tendency to polymerize. They serve asbuilding blocks of polyethylene, polypropylene, andhundreds of other important polymers

Hydrocarbons, paraffinsParaffins (alkanes) have the general formulaCnH.2nC2/. They can be divided into normal paraffins,where chains of carbon atoms are straight (linear) andisoparaffins, containing at least one branch. Thelightest paraffins are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6)and propane (C3H8). There are two stable isomers ofbutane (C4H10), three stable isomers of pentane(C5H12), five for hexane (C6H14), 75 for decane(C10H22), and many, many thousands for C34H70.Light paraffins are highly flammable. Large normalparaffins are waxy. Large isoparaffins are excellentlube basestocks

Hydrocarbons, polynaphthenes (polycycloparaffins)Polynaphthenes contain more than one fully saturatedfive- or six-membered ring, where at least two of therings are fused. At high temperatures, polynaphthenesreadily lose hydrogen to form naphthenoaromaticsand/or polyaromatics. Examples include cis- andtransdecalin (C10H18). Polynaphthene structures canbe three-dimensional, as diamondoid hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic (PNA or PAH)Polynuclear aromatics (PNA) are also known aspolynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Theycontain more than one aromatic ring, and at least twoof the rings are fused. They are more hydrogendeficient than benzene. Important examples includenaphthalene (C10H8), anthracene (C14H10), chrysene(C18H12), pyrene (C16H10), perylene (C20H12),coronene (C24H12), and ovalene (C32H14). Largepolyaromatics are difficult to crack and readily formcoke. Many of them are carcinogenic or mutagenic

HydrocrackingA group of upgrading processes that convert heavyoils into light products in the presence ofhigh-pressure hydrogen. Hydrocracker (HC) productsare low in sulfur and nitrogen. HC light naphtha canbe blended into gasoline. HC heavy naphtha is anexcellent feedstock for catalytic reforming. Withcertain feeds, HC middle distillates can meet salesspecifications for jet and diesel fuels. HC unconvertedoil (UCO, also called hydrowax) is a superb FCC feed.In some locales, UCO serves as a feedstock for olefinproduction plants. For lubricant basestock production,hydrocracking replaces the aromatic extraction step bysaturating aromatics to naphthenes and converting thenaphthenes into isoparaffins (I Isodewaxing)

Hydrocracking, ebullated-bed (e-bed)Ebullated-bed (e-bed) hydrocracking employsbifunctional catalysts. E-bed processes can achievesignificant conversion of vacuum residue. A mixtureof catalysts, hydrogen, and resid-containing oil ispumped upwards through a reactor into a reactionzone at high temperature and pressure. The mixtureexpands as hydrocracking reactions generate lightmolecules. At the top of the reactor, the catalyst isseparated from the product gases and liquids, whichpass through a series of separators. Hydrogen isscrubbed to remove H2S and recycled. Reactionproducts go through a stripper to a fractionator. Thecatalyst is returned to the reactor with a recirculationpump at a rate that maintains equilibrium flow insidethe reactor

Hydrocracking, fixed-bed catalyticFixed-bed catalytic hydrocracking produces C3Chydrocarbons from vacuum gas oil and otherdistillates with similar boiling points. The catalystsare bifunctional, providing both acid-derived crackingactivity and metal-derived hydrogenation activity.Hydrocracking catalysts are protected byhydrotreating upstream

Hydrocracking, slurry-phase (thermal)Slurry-phase hydrocracking is thermal, employingsmall-diameter additives, which might or might not becatalytic. In combination with a fixed-bed secondstage, slurry-phase processes can achieve 95 wt%conversion of vacuum residue, FCC slurry oil, andcoal

Hydrodemetalation (HDM)Removal of trace metals, such as Fe, Ni, V, As, Hg,and Si, in a hydroprocessing unit. HDM isaccompanied by HDS, HDN, and saturation reactions

Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN)Conversion of organic nitrogen compounds intohydrocarbons and ammonia in a hydroprocessing unit.HDN is accompanied by HDO, HDS, and saturationreactions

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO)Conversion of organic oxygen compounds intohydrocarbons and water in a hydroprocessing unit.

Glossary


HDO is accompanied by HDN, HDS, and saturationreactions

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)Conversion of organic sulfur compounds intohydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide in ahydroprocessing unit. HDS is accompanied by HDN,HDO, and saturation reactions

HydrofinishingA high-pressure hydrotreating process to improve thecolor and oxidation stability of lubricant oils

HydrogenThe lightest chemical element. Molecular hydrogen isH2. In petroleum processing, H2 streams mightcontain different amounts of CO, CO2, N2, Cl2, CH4,H2S, and higher hydrocarbons. On-purpose hydrogenis manufactured by steam-hydrocarbon reforming,colloquially called I steam-methane reforming(SMR). Coproduced hydrogen comes from catalyticreformers, olefin manufacturing plants (steamcrackers), and electrolytic chlorine-production plants.H2 is consumed in large quantities in hydroprocessingunits

Hydrogen purificationProcesses for recovering and purifying hydrogen.Pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) units producehydrogen with 99:99% purity. In hydrotreaters andhydrocrackers, membrane units can recover > 90% ofthe hydrogen in high-pressure offgas streams,achieving purities > 95%. Benfield units remove CO2and H2S with potassium carbonate. Amine unitsremove CO2 and H2S with diethanolamine (DEA),methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), or similarcompounds. Lean-oil adsorption units remove C3Chydrocarbons. Turboexpanders can separate H2 andmethane from other hydrocarbons, and cryogenicunits can separate H2 from everything

HydroisomerizationIsomerization under hydrogen, also known asisodewaxing in lubricant base oil manufacturing

HydroprocessingA general term for refining processes in whichhydrogen is consumed. Includes catalytichydrotreating (to remove sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, andtrace contaminants), catalytic hydrocracking (toconvert heavy hydrocarbons into lighterhydrocarbons), catalytic saturation of aromatics (toproduce cyclohexane from benzene), and noncatalyticthermal hydrocracking (to convert vacuum residue)

HydrotreatingA refining process for removing contaminants frompetroleum fractions in the presence of catalysts andexcess hydrogen. Required pressures depend offeedstock properties. Naphtha hydrotreaters mayoperate at 300 psig (about 20 barg) while residuehydrotreaters require 2000�3000 psig (about140�200 barg). Most hydrotreaters employ fixed-bedreactors. Hydrotreating reactions include saturation ofolefins and aromatics, HDS, HDN, HDO, and HDM

I

Isobutylene (C4H8)2-methylpropene, also known as isobutylene. Animportant feedstock for polyisobutylene, butylrubbers, ethers (e.g., methyl-t-butylether) andantioxidants (e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene).I Hydrocarbons

IsocrackingA fixed-bed hydrocracking process licensed byChevron Lummus Global (CLG)

In situIn the original place, as within a reservoir or inside areactor

InhibitorA substance that prevents chemical reactions fromhappening

IsodewaxingA fixed-bed hydrocracking process licensed byChevron Lummus Global (CLG). Specificallydesigned to catalytically isomerize n-paraffins withminimal cracking, thereby reducing the wax contentand pour point of lube basestocks and serve as areplacement for solvent dewaxing

IsomerateHigh octane product from an isomerization unit.Excellent for blending into gasoline

IsomerizationRefinery processes for isomerizing linear paraffins.C5=C6 isomerization converts low octane n-pentaneand n-hexane into high octane i-C5 and i-C6compounds, which are excellent blendstocks forgasoline. C4 isomerization converts normal butaneinto isobutane, which is a necessary feedstock foralkylation units

IsomersChemical compounds with the same formula butdifferent structures

J

Jet and turbine fuelsMiddle distillate fuels with boiling ranges of 350 to550 ıF (175�285 ıC). Must meet specifications forJet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-8 and JP-50, and others.Prepared from hydrotreated straight-run kerosene andhydrocracking. Naphtha-based jet fuel (Avjet) ismainly for military usage. Jet A and Jet A-1(Commercial) have been used in the US since the1950s. Jet A-1 is used in the rest of the world. Thefreezing point of Jet A is �40 ıC, while the freezingpoint of Jet A-1 is �47 ıC. Both Jet A and Jet A-1have a flash point higher than 38 ıC (100 ıF) with anautoignition temperature of 210 ıC (410 ıF).Kerosene-type jet fuel has a carbon numberdistribution between 8 and 16, similar to JP-8. Jet B(Commercial) is a fuel comprising about 70%naphtha-range material and 30% kerosene-rangematerial. It is used for its enhanced cold-weatherperformance. Its lighter composition makes it more


Glossary

dangerous to handle. Hence, it’s rarely used except invery cold climates. Naphtha-type jet fuel has a carbonnumber distribution between 5 and 15, similar to JP-4.JP-4 (Military) is a turbine or propeller fuel, and awide-cut fuel (kerosene-gasoline blend) for broaderavailability. JP-6 (Military) is a turbine or propellerfuel and a higher cut than JP-4 with fewer impurities.JP-7 (Military) is a turbine fuel and a high-flashpointspecialty kerosene used in advanced supersonicaircraft. JP-8 (Military) turbine fuel is kerosenemodeled on the Jet A-1 fuels used in civilian aircraft

K

KerogenA mixture of complex organic compounds andminerals found in sedimentary rocks. Geologically,kerogen is a precursor to petroleum and natural gas.When heated above 510 ıC (950 ıF), kerogendecomposes into a full range of hydrocarbon gasesand liquids, leaving behind trapped oil/gas,undecomposed geopolymers and minerals. Type Ikerogen (sapropelic) has a H W C ratio > 1:25 and anO W C ratio < 0:15. It has a great tendency to produceliquid hydrocarbons. Type II (planktonic) kerogen hasa H W C ratio < 1:25 and an O W C ratio 0:03�0:18. Ittends to produce a mix of gas and oil. Type III(Humic) kerogen has a H W C ratio < 1 and an O W Cratio 0:03�0:3. It tends to produce coal and gas. TypeIV (residue) kerogen has a H W C ratio < 0:5. It has nopotential to produce hydrocarbons

KeroseneA fuel with a boiling range between about 150 ıC and275 ıC. Historically, due to its use as an illuminant, itwas called lamp oil. At present, kerosene is widelyused to fuel turbine engines, primarily those thatpower jet aircraft. It is also a fuel for domestic heatersor furnaces (I Fuel oil and I Jet fuel)

Kerosene-type jet fuelI Jet fuel, Jet A and Jet B

L

LC finingAn ebullated-bed hydrocracking process licensed byCB&I and Chevron Lummus Global (CLG). It is ahydrocracking process capable of desulfurizing,demetallizing and upgrading a wide spectrum ofheavy feedstocks. It allows the processing of heavyfeedstocks, including atmospheric resids, vacuumresids and bitumen

LCMAXA CLG process that combines LC-finingand solventI deasphalting (SDA) in an integratedhydroprocessing configuration. Vacuum residueconversions ranging from 80 up to 90% can beattained, even when processing very difficulthigh-sediment feeds

Lean oilAn absorbing liquid (oil) entering the absorption tower

LHSVAn acronym for liquid hourly space velocity. LHSV isthe ratio of the hourly volume of oil processed to thevolume of catalyst

Light coker gas Oil (LKGO)I Gas oil, light coker

Light cycle oils (LCO)Highly aromatic light middle distillate produced byFCC units, with boiling points that range from about200 to 400 ıC (400�750 ıF). Hydrotreaters saturatemuch of the aromatics and reduce the amounts ofsulfur and nitrogen. A typical cetane number for LCOis < 25, and the sulfur content can exceed 0:5wt%.With severe hydrotreating, LCO can be made suitablefor blending into diesel. In hydrocrackers, LCO isconverted into naphtha. LCO is commonly used as acutter stock to decrease the viscosity of heavy fuel oils

Light endsThe lowest boiling (lightest) fractions of crude oil.Note: light ends of oil are not referred to as gases

Light gas oilsLiquid petroleum distillates heavier than naphtha,with boiling ranges similar to kerosene

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)Natural gas, mainly methane, which has beenliquefied under pressure and supercooling. Theremoval of carbon dioxide is critical for dry-iceformation during transportation

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)Liquefied hydrocarbon gases, mainly propane andbutanes. Usually sold as fuels

Liquefied refinery gases (LRG)Hydrocarbon gas liquids produced in refineries,liquefied with pressurization and/or refrigeration.LRG might include ethane, propane, butanes, andrefinery olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, andisobutylene)

LithologyThe physical characteristics of rocks

Lube assaySimilar to a crude assay. Specifically for crude oils ordistillates intended for production of lube basestocks.Includes atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation,aromatics content, naphthene content, wax content,viscosity, and sulfur content

Lubricant (lube)A substance that reduces friction between surfaces incontact, which ultimately reduces the heat generatedwhen surfaces move against each other. The finishedproduct is a blend of basestocks with special additives.Lubricant base oil is a blend of one or moreI basestocks

M

MagnaformingA semiregenerative catalytic reforming processdeveloped by Engelhard and Atlantic Richfield (now apart of BP). Its characteristic feature is a split flow ofrecycled hydrogen, with about half going to the first

Glossary


two reactors, which operate at mild conditions, andthe other half going to the third reactor, whereconditions are more severe (i. e., temperatures arehigher). Initially, it employed amonometallic-supported platinum catalyst. Morerecently, most units contain Pt-Re catalysts forenhanced stability (I Catalytic reforming)

MaltenesSolvent-soluble fraction from deasphaltening

MEKMethyl ethyl ketone, a commonly used solvent inlubricant dewaxing units

MercaptanI Thiols

MeroxA mercaptan oxidation process developed by UOP forthe removal of odorous mercaptans from LPG,propane, butane, naphthas, kerosene, and jet fuel.Mercaptans are converted to liquid disulfides, whichcan be processed with hydrotreating

MetagenesisA process that occurs when sedimentary rocks areexposed to the influence of magma and hydrothermaleffects (metamorphism). At this physicochemicalpaleotransformation stage, the only remainingcarbon-containing molecules are methane and acarbon residue

MetalloporphyrinsOrganometallic compounds in which metals such asnickel and vanadium are bound by chelation within atetrapyrolic structure

Methanol (CH3OH)The simplest alcohol. An important source ofpetrochemicals. An intermediate to synthetic gasolinefrom the Fischer–Tropsch process

Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG)A process that converts methanol to gasoline via theinitial formation of dimethyl ether (DME) bydehydration, followed by DME dehydration over azeolite catalyst, ZSM-5

Methanol-to-olefin (MTO)A process that converts methanol to olefins via theinitial formation of dimethyl ether (DME) followed bydehydration over an acidic zeolite catalyst, such asH-SAPO-34, to yield ethylene and propylene

MIBKMethyl isobutyl ketone, a commonly used solvent inwax deoiling units

Microcrystalline waxWax derived from vacuum resids, which containsmostly cycloparaffins with n-alkyl and isoalkylsidechains

Middle distillatesFractions boiling between about 200 and 400 ıC(400�700 ıF). Middle distillates include kerosene, jetfuel, diesel, and fuel oils

MidstreamBusiness sector in the oil industry that involves bulktransportation, storage, and distribution of crude oil,

LNG, natural gas, and refined petroleum products. Insome companies, midstream includes trading,marketing, and/or retail sales

Motor gasoline (Mogas)I Gasoline

Motor octane number (MON)I Octane number

MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether, (CH3)3COCH3)An oxygenate initially used in reformulated gasoline.Banned in the United States after it leaked intogroundwater from some filling station storage tanks.Still used in Europe, where filling station storagetanks are properly maintained

N

NaphthaThe lowest-boiling liquid fractions from petroleumdistillation

Naphtha, heavy (HN)Heavy naphtha boils between 90 and 200 ıC.Constituents have carbon numbers ranging from 6 to12. The octane rating is usually too low for directblending into gasoline. Therefore, after sulfurremoval, HN is generally conveyed to a catalyticreforming unit, which converts it into high-octanereformate (I Catalytic reforming). Small amounts ofhydrotreated HN are used as solvents

Naphtha, light (LN)Light naphtha boils between 30 and 90 ıC.Constituents have carbon numbers ranging from 5 to6. The octane rating of straight-run LN is oftensuitable for blending into gasoline, usually aftertreating to remove sulfur compounds (I Merox).Treated LN can be used as a solvent

Naphtha, petrochemical (PCN)Full-range low-sulfur naphtha that is converted intoolefins in steam-cracking plants. Paraffinic naphthasare preferred

NaphthenesI Hydrocarbons, naphthenes

Naphthenic crudes (asphaltic crudes)Contain more naphthenes than paraffinic crudes. Goodfor producing certain lubricant basestocks

Natural gasA mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases,primarily methane. Used for fuel and to makepetrochemicals. Merchant natural gas must containless than 2 vol% CO2 and less than 4 ppmv hydrogensulfide

Natural gas liquids (NGL)Components of natural gas other than methane,including ethane, propane, butane, isobutane andpentanes. Separated from methane by absorption,condensation or other methods in a field facility or ina gas processing plant

Natural gasolineA mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes andheavier, which are extracted from natural gas. To be


Glossary

transported in common-carrier pipelines, it must meetspecifications on vapor pressure, endpoint, andcomposition set by the Gas Processors Association orsimilar organizations

Needle coke(I Coke, needle)

Normal paraffinI Hydrocarbons, paraffins

O

Octane numberA measure of the burning quality of gasoline (petrol)in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine. Ahigher octane number (ON) means a fuel is lesssusceptible to knocking (premature ignition).Specifically, ON is the percentage by volume ofisooctane in a combustible mixture containingisooctane (OND 100) and normal heptane (OND0)for which the knocking characteristics match those ofthe fuel being tested. The octane number tested in astandard engine at 900 rpm to compare with highwaydriving conditions is the Motor octane number(MON). The Research octane number (RON) is testedin a standard engine at 600 rpm to compare withlow-speed or city driving conditions. The Postedoctane number (PON) is defined as (RON CMON)=2and is posted on pumps in gasoline filling stations inNorth America, where it is also referred to as theantiknock index (AKI)

Oil sand (tar sand)Loose sand or partially consolidated sandstonecontaining mixtures of sand, clay, water, and bitumen

Oil shaleOrganic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containingkerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons can berecovered

OlefinsI Hydrocarbons, olefins

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)An intergovernmental organization, founded in 1960,whose stated objective is to coordinate and unify thepetroleum policies of member countries. Foundingmembers include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,and Venezuela. Other members now include Algeria,Angola, Ecuador, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and theUnited Arab Emirates. Former members are Gabonand Indonesia. It is not true that Alberta, a Province ofCanada, is a member of OPEC

OutcropA visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficialdeposits on the surface of the Earth

Overburden rockRock that overlies the source rock, seal rock, andreservoir rock of a petroleum system. The weight ofthe overburden affects the pressure and temperature ina reservoir

P

PAHI Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon

Paraffinic (waxy) crudesI Crude oil, paraffinic

ParaffinsI Hydrocarbons, parraffins

Partial oxidation (POX)Process for converting coke, coal, or resid into amixture of CO and H2 (synthesis gas) in the presenceof substoichiometric oxygen and steam

PetrolA term commonly used in some countries as asynonym for gasoline

PetrolatumPetroleum jelly derived from dewaxing heavy lubebasestocks. Its color is translucent white, amber oryellowish. It has no odor or taste. In can be used inmedicines, ointments and cosmetics, as well as inpolishes and greases

PetroleumGenerally includes liquid crude oils and condensates.Sometimes includes natural gas and syntheticpetroleum. Synthetic petroleum, also known assynthetic crude or syncrude, is liquid obtained fromthe processing of oil shale, oil sands, and biomass(I Crude oil). Physical properties of petroleuminclude boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatomcontents, etc., measured by crude assay tests

Petroleum classificationPetroleum (crude oil) is broadly classified asparaffinic, asphaltic or mixed crudes by WatsonCharacterization Factor for paraffinicity or CorrelationIndex for aromaticity (I Crude oil)

Petroleum cokeI Coke, petroleum

Petroleum components (chemical composition)Petroleum is mainly composed of hydrocarbons,which may include heteroatoms of sulfur, nitrogen,oxygen and metals. Hydrocarbons include saturates,such as paraffins and naphthenes, and aromatics

Petroleum engineeringA field of engineering related to the production ofcrude oil and natural gas, including drillingengineering, reservoir engineering, productionengineering, etc.

Petroleum gasHydrocarbons that are gases at ambient temperatureand pressure. Includes natural methane and ethanealong with C2�C4 olefins from refining processes.May include small amounts of propane and butanes

Petroleum system (hydrocarbon system)The petroleum system is a unifying concept thatencompasses all of the disparate elements andprocesses of petroleum geology, including theessential physical elements: source rock, in which oiland gas were formed; reservoir rock, in which oil and

Glossary


gas accumulate; impermeable seal rock (cap rock),which prevents oil and gas from escaping thereservoir; and overburden rock (I Overburden). Italso includes the processes that form traps and enablepetroleum formation, migration, and accumulation.Finally, it includes mechanisms for the movement ofpetroleum from reservoirs and other sources intoshows, seeps, or accumulations

PIONA AnalysisI PONA analysis

Pipe stillA distillation apparatus composed of a series of pipesused to fractionate petroleum. Synonym foratmospheric distillation unit

PlasticsMaterials made of organic compounds, typicallypolymers of high mass. Plastics are malleable and canbe molded into solids

Play or petroleum playA group of oil fields or prospects in a geographicregion that are controlled by the same set of geologicalcircumstances. Usually refers to an area withconditions favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation,including a specific source, reservoir, and trap type

PNAI Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon

Polyalphaolefin (PAO)Star-shaped polymer (oligomer) with a central carbonatom connected to four arms (alkyl groups). Derivedfrom alpha olefins and used as high-viscosity indexlube basestock

PolyesterPolymer with units linked by ester groups. Mainlyused as a resin for making synthetic textile fibers

Polymer gasolineGasoline product from polymerization of light olefins

PolymerizationA chemical reaction in which two or more smallmolecules combine to form larger molecules thatcontain repeating structural units of the originalmolecules. In oil refining, catalytic polymerization(Catpoly) converts propylene (and sometimesisobutylenes) into high-octane C6�C12 isoparafinssuitable for gasoline blending. The most commoncatalyst is solid phosphoric acid (SPA). In thepetrochemical industry, polymerization is the keyprocess for producing high polymers, such aspolyethylenes and polypropylenes

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH or PNA)Molecules that include at least two fused aromaticrings (I Hydrocarbons)

PolyolefinsHigh polymers derived from olefins, such aspolyethylenes, polypropylenes, ethylane/porpylenecopolymers, polyisobutylenes, etc.

Polyol EstersEsters made from polyols (pentaerithritol, trimethylolpropane or neopentyl glycol) with acid. Due to theirhigh viscosity indexes (VIs), they are excellent GroupV lube basestocks

PONA or PIONA analysisDistributions of paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins,naphthenes, and aromatics

Pour pointThe lowest temperature at which an oil loses fluidity.Determined as 3 ıC above the temperature at which asample no longer moves when inverted. Importantparameter for pipeline transportation and diesel fuel

PowerformingA semiregenerative catalytic reforming processdeveloped by Esso (now ExxonMobil) (I Catalyticreforming)

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)An adsorbant-based process in which a gas is purifiedby differential pressure. In refining, PSA is used forhydrogen purification. Applications include removalof CO and CO2 from I SMR product gas, andpurification of refinery offgas streams. PSA employsadsorbents, usually activated carbon, silica gel,alumina, and zeolite molecular sieves. The processsteps are as follows: 1. At high pressure, dirty gascontaining hydrogen, CO, CO2, N2, Ar, lighthydrocarbons, and sometimes H2S, passes over aclean bed of adsorbents. The adsorbents remove mostof the nonhydrogen components. The hydrogencontinues on to a subsequent reactor. 2. In the firstlow-pressure step, the reactor is depressured underconcurrent flow, i. e., the gases continue to flow in theoriginal direction. 3. During the second low-pressurestep, clean hydrogen flows across the loadedadsorbent in the opposite direction, sweeping thecontaminants into a tail gas stream. When the bed isclean, the reactor is repressured with dirty gas. PSAcan achieve 80�90% hydrogen recovery whileproducing hydrogen with 99:99 vol% purity

Primary migrationThe expulsion of newly generated hydrocarbons froma source rock and movement into carrier rock

Primary recoveryOil recovery by natural underground pressure, usuallysupplied by associated natural gas and evolution ofdissolved gas (gas drive), or driven by hydrostaticpressure, liquid expansion and expansion of reservoirwater (water drive)

Process controlA system of valves, instruments, controllers, andcomputer programs that are used to operate anindustrial process unit. Advanced process control(APC) describes a broad range of techniques thatenhance process control. Applications can residewithin a DCS computer or supervisory computer.Advanced regulatory control (ARC) describestechniques including feed-forward, override, adaptivegain, switching logic, and inferentials. It is a catch-allterm for customized DCS-resident techniques that donot fall into any other category. ARCs are typicallyimplemented in the DCS computer. Inferential controlcalculates a stream property from processmeasurements. Inferentials are developed and verified


Glossary

with laboratory measurements. They are used toreplace online analyzers when suitable analyzers tonot exist or are deemed to be too expensive to installand maintain. Model predictive control (MPC), alsocalled multivariable predictive control (MVPC),manipulates several MVs simultaneously to achievemultiple objects. It is based on a matrix of importantindependent variables (MVs and DVs), a matrix ofcontrolled variables, and a third matrix that capturesdynamic relationships between the other two. Propermatrix identification, for example with manual orautomated step tests, is the key to success. An MPCcontroller executes on a predetermined schedule,typically every minute; some controllers in the glassindustry execute far more frequently

Process control, distributed control system (DCS)A system in which control elements (controllers) arelocated in many places throughout a system. Inmodern facilities, operators in a central control roomcan operate important control elements from a singlelocation. Computerized DCS systems include theability to host computer programs, including ARC andAPC applications

Process control, proportional–integral–derivative(PID)A common type of feedback controller, whichcontinuously calculates the difference between ameasurement and a setpoint. The controller calculateshow to minimize the error based on P, I, and/or Dalgorithms. It then adjusts the relevant MVaccordingly

Process control, time to steady state (TSS)The time it takes for a CV to reach a steady value afteran MV is changed

Process control, variablesThe Controlled variable (CV) is the process targetachieved by adjusting manipulated variables. TheDisturbance variable (DV) is an independent variable,such as ambient temperature, which cannot bemanipulated. The Manipulated variable (MV) is anindependent variable that can be used to manageprocess performance. The change in the value of a CVdivided by a unit change in an MV is called Gain

ProductionA branch of upstream petroleum business thatrecovers gas or oil from reservoirs

Production engineeringA branch of petroleum engineering that includes acombination of manufacturing technology,engineering practices, and management principlesrelated to oil and gas production. A productionengineer is engaged in reviewing seismic and otherdata, designing and executing drilling plans, selectingdrilling technology (mud weight, bits, piping,centralizers, motors, etc.) and well completiontechnology, and the handling of produced oil and gasat the well head

Propane (C3H8)A three-carbon alkane used as a chillant in sulfuric

acid-catalyzed alkylation, a solvent in deasphalting, ora diluent in catalytic polymerization of propylene(I Hydrocarbons)

Propylene (C3H6)I Hydrocarbons

ProspectAn individual exploration target. A specific trap thathas been identified and mapped but has not yet beendrilled

PseudocomponentsHypothetical components used to model petroleumduring the design and optimization of equipment andprocesses. The properties of pseudocomponents areaverages of the properties of many individualcompounds with similar boiling ranges. Traditionalpseudocomponents do not include molecularinformation, such as hydrocarbon types orconcentrations of heteroelements. This makes themill-suited for kinetic reaction models, in whichconversion, HDS, HDN, and saturation are importantparameters

PVT measurementsThe pressure, volume and temperature of a material,usually a gas

PyrolysisThermochemcial decomposition of organic material atelevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen

Q

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)Correlation or classification that quantitatively relatesthe response (activity, adsorptivity, etc.) of a group ofchemicals to changes in certain commonphysicochemical characteristics (descriptors) of theconstituent species, usually by modeling

QuenchA relatively cool stream (liquid or gas), which ismixed with hot reactants to control reactiontemperatures

R

RaffinateIn general, the raffinate in a solvent extraction processis the stream from which undesired components havebeen removed. In lube basestock preparation, theraffinate is the dearomatized oil. In extractive waxdeoiling, the raffinate is the oil-free wax

Raffinate hydroconversionHydroconversion of raffinate from solvent extractionprocesses to produce lubricant basestock with a highviscosity index and low volatility

ReboilerA heater or heat exchanger at the bottom of anatmospheric distillation tower, which vaporizes aportion of the liquid and introduce it several traysabove the bottom to assure some of light componentsnot carried out with the bottom product

Glossary


Recycle cut point (RCP)In hydrocracking, the recycle cutpoint (RCP) is thefinal boiling point of the heaviest product ofconversion. If it were possible for a fractionator togive square-cut distillation with no overlap, the RCPwould be the initial boiling point of unconverted oil(UCO). In many units, the hydrocracker UCO isrecycled. The analogous term for once-through units,in which there is no recycling, is conversion cutpoint.RCP has been applied to delayed coking units inwhich heavy liquids are recycled to improveseparation in the fractionator

RefineryAn installation that manufactures finished petroleumproducts from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gasliquids, other hydrocarbon streams, and oxygenates.Refinery operations include: planning and scheduling,crude blending, preprocessing in desalting units,separation with distillation or extraction, treating(including chemical treatment, mecaptan oxidation,and hydrotreating) conversion (breaking C�C bonds)with thermal and catalytic cracking, catalyticreforming (dehydrogenation of naphthenes andformation of ring compounds; no C�C bondbreaking), alkylation and polymerization (makinghigh-octane C6 to C12 molecules from C3 to C5molecules), catalytic isomerization, lubricantmanufacturing, sulfur removal and recovery, hydrogenproduction, product blending, and environmentalprotection

Refinery, hydroskimmingA refinery with atmospheric distillation, hydrotreatingand reforming units designed to produce desulfurizedfuels, petrochemical naphtha, and high-octanegasoline. In many modern hydroskimming refineries,the atmospheric residue goes to an asphalt plant

Refinery, integratedA refinery integrated with a petrochemicalmanufacturing plant

Refinery, topping (simple)A simple refinery that consists of tankage, anatmospheric distillation unit, recovery units for gasand light hydrocarbons and necessary utility systems(steam, power and water treatment plant). Due to tightrestrictions on product quality, very few of these areleft in developed countries

Refinery yieldThe amount of finished product from a refinerydivided by the sum of feedstocks (crude oil and otherimported unfinished oils), expressed either as volumepercent or weight percent. The calculation generallyexcludes produced sulfur, natural gas liquids,oxygenates and other imported blending components

RefluxThat portion of the condensed top stream from anatmospheric distillation tower that is returned to thetower to provide cooling. Reintroduction of thecondensed liquid reduces the amount of heavycomponents that otherwise would be carried out with

the top product. Reflux is an essential manipulatedvariable (MV) for controlling tower temperature

Reflux ratioThe ratio of the portion of condensed liquid returningto the distillation tower to the portion collected as topproduct

ReformateLiquid product from a catalytic reformer. Reformate ishighly aromatic, and has a high octane number and alow vapor pressure (RVP). It can be blended intogasoline or converted into solvents and chemicalprecursors in an aromatics plant

Reforming, catalyticA catalytic process for dehydrogenating naphthenesinto aromatics. Also converts acyclic paraffins to alkylcyclopentanes and alkyl cyclohexanes, which thenundergo dehydrogenation. The products arehigh-quality hydrogen and reformate (I Reformateand I Catalytic reforming)

Reforming, thermalA process to convert low-octane naphtha tohigh-octane gasoline

Reformulated gasolineLow-emissions gasoline that meets regulationspromulgated by the US Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) under Section 211(k) of the Clean AirAct. Specifications include upper limits on RVP,olefins, sulfur, air toxics such as benzene, and lowerlimits on oxygen. A gasoline can be designated asreformulated if it meets or exceeds EPA emissions andbenzene content standards in engine tests, even thoughit may not meet all composition requirements (e.g.,oxygen content). This category includes OxygenatedFuels Program Reformulated Gasoline (OPRG).Reformulated gasoline excludes ReformulatedBlendstock for Oxygenate Blending (RBOB) andGasoline Treated as Blendstock (GTAB)

Refractive IndexThe ratio of the velocity of light of a specificwavelength in air to the velocity in a test sample. Usedto estimate polynuclear aromatic (PNA) content

RegeneratorI Catalyst, regeneration

Reid vapor pressure (RVP)Common measure of the volatility of gasolinedetermined at 100 ıF (� 38 ıC) of vapor pressure ofthe liquid by ASTM D-323

Research octane number (RON)I Octane number

ReserveOil and gas accumulations that have been drilled andcan be produced economically

Reservoir (petroleum)Subsurface pool of oil or gas contained in porous orfractured rock formation, broadly divided intoconventional and unconventional reservoirs. Inconventional reservoirs buoyant forces keephydrocarbons in place below a sealing caprock. Theterm unconventional reservoir is used for anyreservoir that requires special recovery operations.


Glossary

These include tight shale, tight sands, oil shales,coalbed methane, heavy oil, oil sands, and gas-hydratedeposits

Reservoir engineeringA branch of petroleum engineering concerned withcharacterizing and defining oil and gas reservoirs.Reservoir engineers work closely with productionengineers as they develop drilling and productionplans. It also deals with drainage problems or otherchallenges arising during development and production

ResidA term commonly used in the oil industry as asynonym for residue or residuum. Specifically refersto the residue at the bottom of a distillation after alllight fractions distill off

Resid FCC (RFCC)A version of I FCC designed to process resid.Includes provisions to deal with both the high metalscontent of resid and its high propensity to form coke.Typically, most metals are removed in an upstreamresid hydrotreater. Remaining metals areaccommodated with metal-resistant catalysts. Whenburned in the regenerator, the excess coke on the FCCcatalysts produces more than enough heat to run theunit. The excess heat can be removed with catalystcoolers (steam coils) in the regenerator. Anothersolution is to burn off part of the coke in a primaryregenerator and the rest of the coke in a secondaryregenerator

Resid hydrocracking (RHC)Hydrocracking processes that convert resids(I Hydrocracking, e-bed and I Hydrocracking,slurry-phase)

Resid upgradingProcesses for upgrading resids, either thermally,catalytically, or with extraction (I CokingI Hydrocracking, e-bed I Hydrocracking,slurry-phase and I deasphaltening). The choice oftechnologies depends upon both the quality of theresid stream and the desired quality of the naphtha,diesel, and VGO products. Products from coking andsolvent extraction require hydroprocessing to removesulfur, nitrogen, metals, Conradson carbon residue(CCR), and any remaining asphaltene

Residual oil supercritical extraction (ROSE)A process for extracting oil from atmospheric andvacuum resids with supercritical propane, butane orpentane, leaving behind resins and asphaltenes

ResiduumI Resid

ResinPolar fraction of petroleum isolated by solventfractionation, containing relativelyhigh-molecular-weight, polar, polycyclic, aromaticring compounds

RFCCResid FCC or reduced crude cracking (I FCC)

RheniformingA semiregenerative reforming process developed byChevron, which employs bimetallic platinum-rhenium

catalysts. The rhenium improves catalyst stability(I Catalytic reforming)

Rich oilThe absorbing liquid (oil) containing selectivelyabsorbed components

Rock-Eval pyrolysisAn analytical method used in petroleum exploration tomeasure the quantity, quality, and thermal maturity oforganic matter in rock samples

S

ScrubberAn apparatus to remove particulates and/or gases fromprocess streams, including industrial exhaust streams.Examples include amine scrubbers, which removeH2S and CO2, and flue-gas scrubbers, some of whichremove SOx and NOx

Secondary migrationAfter primary migration, further movement of thehydrocarbons in carrier rock into reservoir rock in ahydrocarbon trap or other area of accumulation(reservoir)

Secondary recoveryWhen the natural pressure of a reservoir is low and notsufficient for oil recovery, surface or submergedpumps are used. Alternatively, it is possible toincrease reservoir pressure by water injection (waterflood) and gas injection (gas flood). Chemicals areoften applied to free up oils

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)A catalytic process for removing nitrogen oxides fromflue gas. The nitrogen oxides are reacted withammonia to produce N2 and water

SelectivityThe amount (percentage) of a desired product in thetotal product

Shale gasNatural gas trapped within shale formations andrecovered by unconventional means, such as hydraulicfracturing

Shale oilOil trapped within shale formations and recovered byunconventional means, such as hydraulic fracturing.Also refers to oil produced by thermally cracking thekerogen in oil shale

Shell Claus Offgas Treatment (SCOT)The sulfur compounds in Claus tail gas are convertedto H2S by hydrotreating over a Co-Mo catalyst. Thegas is cooled and contacted with di-isopropanolamine(DIPA) to recover the H2S. The sulfur-rich DIPA issent to a stripper, where H2S is removed and sent backto the Claus plant. The lean DIPA is recycled to theabsorber

Slack waxRaw wax containing oil. A byproduct of solventdewaxing during lubricant oil manufacturing

Slurry ReactorSlurry reactors process mixtures of solids, mixtures,and gases, where the solids are so finely divided that

Glossary


they behave as part of the liquid. Bubble-point gas isintroduced at the bottom of the reactor and reacts withthe slurry as the mixture moves toward the top(I Hydrocracking, slurry-phase)

Smoke pointA test (ASTM D1322) performed to determine thesmoke-forming tendency of jet fuels and kerosene. Itis the maximum flame height at which a test fuel willburn without smoking in a standard smoke point lampand a circular wick made of woven cotton. Smokepoints are highest for paraffins and lowest foraromatics

SolubilityThe amount of a compound or liquid that can bedissolved in a specific amount of solvent

Sour crudeCrude oil containing > 0:5wt% total sulfur

Sour gasNatural gas and any other gas containing more than5:7mg of H2S per cubic meter (equivalent to 4 ppmvin methane)

Source rockRocks containing kerogens that could generatehydrocarbons

SOxThe sum of SO2 and SO3

Sponge oilThe liquid used in an absorption tower to soak up theconstituents to be extracted

StabilizerA fractionator used to stabilize products by removingvolatile or reactive lighter components. A prominentexample is removal of butane from gasoline rangestreams

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD)An enhanced oil recovery technology for producingheavy crude oil and bitumen. A pair of horizontalwells is drilled into the oil reservoir. Steam is pumpedthrough the top well, where it mobilizes oil with heat.The oil flows down to the bottom well, a few metersbelow, where it is collected and brought to the surface

Steam crackingA process for converting saturated gaseous or liquidhydrocarbons – such as ethane, LPG, naphtha, andhydrocracker UCO – into olefins. The feed is dilutedwith steam and heated to� 1050 ıC in Cr-Ni reactortubes, where the hydrocarbons crack into smallercompounds, primarily olefins; at such hightemperatures, olefins are more stable than paraffins.Reaction time is measured in milliseconds. Thecracked products exit at around 850 ıC and are rapidlyquenched to 300 ıC to improve yields and avoid cokeformation. Steam cracking is the principal industrialmeans of producing ethylene, propylene, and otherolefins, which are converted into polyolefins(polyethylenes, polypropylenes, etc.)

Steam-hydrocarbon reforming(I Steam-methane reforming, SMR).Steam-hydrocarbon reforming is a more accurate term

than SMR, because some feeds contain up to 20%nonmethane hydrocarbons

Steam-methane reforming (SMR)The most common method for producing high-qualityhydrogen from methane. The reaction between steamand methane (1 W 1 mole ratio) occurs at 1500 ıF(815 ıC) over a nickel catalyst. The main reactionproducts are hydrogen and carbon monoxide (3 W 1ratio). In a downstream high-temperature shift reactor,CO reacts with water via the water-gas reaction toform CO2 and more hydrogen. In modern units, COand CO2 are removed from the product with a PSAunit, which makes hydrogen with a purity > 99:9%. Itis common now to send refinery offgas streams toSMR units; in addition to methane, these offgasstreams contain hydrogen and C2�C3 gases

Still gas (refinery gas)A general term for gases produced in refineries bystrippers or distillation units. Depending oncomposition, still gas is used as a refinery fuel, asource of recoverable hydrogen, or a petrochemicalfeedstock

Straight-runA fraction taken directly from the atmosphericdistillation unit and not from a conversion process

Strategic petroleum reservePetroleum stocks maintained by the US governmentfor use during periods of major supply interruption

StratumA layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground

SurfactantA chemical that reduces interfacial resistance for themixing of oil and water. In oil production, surfactantschange the wettability of reservoir rock

Sweet crudeCrude oil containing < 0:5wt% total sulfur

Sweet gasNatural gas with a low sulfur content (< 4 ppm byvolume under standard temperature and pressure)

SweeteningA process for improving odor and color in petroleumproducts by oxidizing or removing sulfur-containingcompounds

Syncrude (synthetic crude oil)Crude oil produced from coal, bitumen or shale oil; inthis context, shale oil comes from retorted oil shale.To make so-called synthetic bitumen (synbit), bitumenis upgraded by a coker, visbreaker, or hydroprocessingunit

Syngas (synthetic gas)A mixture of CO and hydrogen produced bysteam-methane reforming, partial oxidation, orFischer–Tropsch synthesis

Synthetic gasoline (note: not syngas)Gasoline produced from biomass, coal and heavy oilfractions with Fischer–Tropsch ormethanol-to-gasoline (MTG) processes

Synthetic lube basestock (synlube)Basestock synthesized from polyalphaolefins. Used tomake lubricants of very high quality, with high


Glossary

viscosity index (VI), low pour point, low volatility,and high thermal and oxidation stability

T

Tail endsThe highest boiling components of a mixture

Tank farmA collection of tanks at a given location for storingcrude oil and products

Tanker and bargeTankers transport crude oil and products over oceansand seas. The largest supertankers can carry more thanthree million barrels of crude. Barges transportsmaller quantities on rivers or lakes

Tar sandI Oil sand

Tertiary recovery (enhanced oil recovery)Tertiary recovery or enhanced oil recovery (EOR) isdesigned to reduce viscosity of the crude oil inlow-permeability carbonate reservoirs that respondpoorly to conventional secondary recovery. Threeprimary techniques for EOR are gas injection,chemical injection, and thermal recovery

Tetraethyl lead (TEL)A nearly extinct gasoline additive used to enhance theoctane number of gasoline. It is used in avgas and insome countries with loose environmental regulations

Thermal crackingBreaking C�C bonds with thermal energy (heat).Modern thermal cracking processes includevisbreaking, delayed coking, fluid coking, and oneparticular brand of slurry-phase hydrocracking.Compared to catalytic cracking, thermal crackingmakes far more undesirable light ends (methane,ethane) and olefinic naphtha. The advantage ofnoncatalytic thermal hydrocacking is the ability toachieve up to 95wt% conversion of vacuum resid

Thermal recoveryThermal recovery introduces heat into a reservoir withsteam, hot water, or hot gas. This increases pressureand reduces the viscosity of oil in the reservoir,allowing it to make its way to a production well. Insitu combustion, supported by pumping air into aninjection well, is another thermal recovery method

Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC)An obsolete catalytic cracking process, whichcontained a moving bed to which regenerated catalystswere added and from which spent catalysts wereremoved. Catalysts were transported by baskets onelevators

ThermoplasticSynthetic resin that becomes plastic on heating andhardens on cooling

Thiols (mercaptans)Organosulfur compounds containing an �SH group.Many have strong odor. Some mercaptans, especiallyt-butyl mercaptan, are used as odorants in natural gasfor leak detection

Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI)An in situ combustion method for producing heavyoil, also known as fireflooding. Air is introducedthrough a vertical injection well. Oil is produced froma horizontal well having its toe in close proximity tothe air-injection well. Combustion supported by airinjection generates a flame front, which pushes oilthrough the horizontal well to its heel, where aproduction well conveys the oil to the surface

Toluene (C6H5CH3)An aromatic hydrocarbon, used as a solvent orpetrochemical feedstock (I Hydrocarbons)

Topped crudeThe bottoms of atmospheric distillation of crude oilafter the removal of gas oil and lighter fractions

ToppingRemoval of light fractions from crude oil bydistillation (I Refinery, topping)

Total acid number (TAN)The acidity of a crude oil determined by titration withpotassium hydroxide. Results are expressed asmilligrams of KOH required to neutralize the acids ina gram of oil

Total boiling point (TBP) curveA distillation curve in which accumulated yield isplotted against boiling point. Determined fromatmospheric and vacuum distillation, where vacuumdistillation boiling points are converted to atmosphericequivalent boiling points (AEBP)

TrapImpermeable rock that enables the accumulation ofpetroleum. Typical petroleum traps include anticlinetraps, faults and salt-domes (I Petroleum system)

Trickle bed reactorA fixed-bed reactor containing a packed bed ofcatalyst, in which reacting fluids flow concurrentlydownwards. Typically used in catalytic hydrogenation,hydrotreating, and hydrocracking processes

True boiling point (TBP) curveA distillation curve in which accumulated yield isplotted versus boiling point, determined fromatmospheric and vacuum distillation with vacuumdistillation boiling points converted to atmosphericequivalent boiling points (AEBP)

U

UltraformingA cyclic semiregenerative reforming processdeveloped by Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco, now apart of BP) in 1954

Ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD)Diesel fuel with sulfur content < 10 ppmw in NorthAmerica, Europe and many other countries. As ofJanuary 1 2017, ULSD in populous regions of Chinamust contain < 10 ppmw sulfur

UnicrackingA collection of hydrocracking processes designed andlicensed by UOP

Glossary


UniflexA slurry-phase hydrocracking process licensed byUOP that achieves higher than 90wt% conversion ofvacuum residue and other low-quality feeds. Achieves> 60 vol% diesel yield. Uniflex VGO can go to aconventional refinery unit, such as FCC or ahydrocracker

UpstreamBusiness sector in the oil industry. Includes discovery(exploration) and recovery (production) of crude oilsand natural gases. Commonly known as explorationand production (E&P)

Urea dewaxingUsing urea to dissolve waxy paraffins for producinglow-pour-point oils

V

Vacuum distillationI Distillation, vacuum

Vacuum gas oil (VGO)I Gas oil, vacuum

Vacuum residue or vacuum resid (VR)Resid from a vacuum distillation unit; typicallyeverything that boils above about 1050 ıF (� 565 ıC)(AEBP). Contains the highest boiling and nonboilingcomponents in crude oil

Van Krevelen diagramPlots the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio as a function of theoxygen-to-carbon ratio. Used to assess kerogens andpetroleum

Vapor lockA condition under atmospheric conditions of hightemperature that causes excessive gasoline vaporize infuel lines, disabling the fuel pump and shutting downthe engine

Veba Combi-Cracking (VCC)A two-stage hydrocracking process developed byVeba (now BP) and licensed by KBR. Vacuumresidue, FCC slurry oil, coal tar, and coal areconverted into finished gasoline, finished diesel, andhigh-quality unconverted oil. Total conversion of1050 ıF-plus (565 ıC-plus) can exceed 95wt%.Slurry-phase hydrocracking occurs in the first stage.The slurry is a mixture of oil, hydrogen, and a finelydivided additive. Thermal cracking generates lightproducts and intermediate microcoke, which depositson the additive and undergoes hydrogenation. Firststage products then go to the second stage, which is aconventional fixed-bed hydrocracking unit. Thehydrogen pressure for both stages is 200 bar.Temperature in the first stage is about 465 ıC.Second-stage temperatures are lower(I Hydrocracking, slurry-phase)

VisbreakingA mild thermal cracking process, which operates at470�490 ıC (880�920 ıF) and at 3:4�13:8 bar(50�200 psi), and reduces the viscosity of fuel oil toacceptable levels. Conversion is not the prime

purpose. The residence time is low to avoid cokeformation. The cracking reaction is quenched beforecompletion to minimize overcracking

Visbreaking, coiled crackingOccurs in furnace tubes (coils). The quench isprovided by heat exchange with feed or a stream ofcold oil. Compared with soaker visbreaking, it hashigher outlet temperatures (885�930 ıF or473�500 ıC) and shorter reaction time (1�3min)

Visbreaking, soaker crackingOccurs not in the furnace, but in a soaker drum afterthe furnace. Oil is held in the drum for apredetermined time prior to quenching to allowcracking to occur. Compared with coiled visbreaking,it has lower outlet temperatures (800�830 ıF or427�433 ıC) and longer reaction time

ViscosityResistance of a fluid to shear and/or tensile stress. Thedynamic viscosity is the resistance of a fluid againstshearing flows, where adjacent layers move withdifferent speeds, parallel to each other. Kinematicviscosity is the ratio of the absolute viscosity of aliquid to its specific gravity at the temperature atwhich the viscosity is measured

Viscosity index (VI)A measure of kinematic viscosity as a function oftemperature. Higher VI lubricant oils are superior,because for them the relative change in viscosity withtemperature is lower

W

Water floodingThe injection of water into a reservoir to displace oilfor secondary recovery

Water gas shift (WGS) reactionReaction of carbon monoxide (CO) with steam toproduce carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The secondreaction step in a steam-methane (steam-hydrocarbon)reformer

Watson (or UOP) characterization factor (Kw)I Characterization factor

Wax (petroleum wax)A solid or semisolid material consisting of a mixtureof hydrocarbons obtained or derived from petroleumfractions, or through a Fischer–Tropsch-type process,in which straight-chained paraffins with high carbonnumbers predominate

Wax deoilingA process for making food-grade wax from low-sulfurslack wax, which is a byproduct of solvent dewaxingduring lube basestock preparation. Oil is extractedfrom the slack wax with solvents such as MIBK(methylisobutyl ketone). The wax is crystalized in achiller and recovered by rotary drum filtration

Weathered crude oilCrude oil that has lost an appreciable quantity of morevolatile components during transportation, handlingand storage


Glossary

Weight hourly space velocity (WHSV)Weight of feed flow per hour divided by catalystweight. Units: 1/hr

Well completionIn petroleum production, the process of making a wellready for oil recovery or fluid injection. Wells arecompleted by casing the well bore with steel pipe andcementing the casing into place

Well logA record of chemical and physical measurementsalong the depth of a well bore. Well logs can beupdated in real time with signals transmitted via wireto the surface. An Acoustic well log (Aonic) is a recordof the speed of sound as it travels through rock, and isuseful in determining porosity. Electric resistivity welllogging records the resistivity of the rock. Thedownbore measurement of various physicalproperties, such as porosity, resistivity, mineralcontents, etc., versus depth is also often described aselectric resistivity well logging. Well logs augmentother geological information and hence are importantin defining a reservoir. Oil-filled sand has higherresistivity than water-filled sand. A Gravity well log(or radioactivity well log) is a record of the absorptionof gamma radiation through the rock, used todetermine the rock density. A Magnetic well log is arecord of the mineral content of rock formations,especially ferromagnetic minerals

Well stimulationPerformed on oil or gas wells to increase the flow ofhydrocarbons for higher production

WellheadEquipment at the surface of an oil or gas well thatprovides the structural and pressure-containinginterface for the drilling and production equipment

West Texas Intermediate (WTI)An important group of crude oils produced in Texas

and southern Louisiana, which is used as a referencecrude for domestic trading

Wet gasNatural gas containing C4C and natural gasoline thathas not been removed

White oilKerosene or treated kerosene used for pharmaceuticalpurposes or in the food industry

wppmParts per million by weight

X

Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2)An important aromatic molecule (I Hydrocarbons),used as a solvent or petrochemical feedstock

Y

Yen–Mullins model (modified Yen model)Describes the predominant molecular and colloidalstructure of asphaltenes in crude oil, whether theasphaltene molecules form nanoaggregates or clusters.The model provides a foundation for the developmentof the first asphaltene equation of state for predictingasphaltene gradients in oil reservoirs

Z

Zeolites, syntheticMicroporous, crystalline aluminosilicates used ascommercial adsorbents and molecular sieves, and ascatalyst components in petroleum refining

ZSM-5Important shape-selective aluminosilicate patented byMobil in 1975. Used in numerous heterogeneouscatalytic processes, including FCC, catalyticdewaxing, and the conversion of methanol to gasoline

Authors

1208

About the Authors

Hendratta N. Ali Chapter B.9

Fort Hays State UniversityDept. GeosciencesHays, [email protected]

Hendratta Ali obtained her PhD in Geology fromOklahoma State University-Stillwaterin 2010. Prior to this, she obtained a Diplôme D’études Approfondie (DEA), MScin Soil Science, and a BSc in Earth Sciences, from the University of Yaoundé I,Cameroon. She teaches Geosciences and coordinates the Petroleum Geology Programat Fort Hays State University, Kansas, USA.

Mubarak M. Al-Mujaibel Chapter C.32

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research(KISR)Environment & Life Sciences ResearchCenterSafat, [email protected]

Mubarak Al-Mujaibel is a Research Technician with over 15 years of experiencein various petroleum downstream processes, including pilot unit commissioning forhydro-cracking and distillation. He graduated from the Technical Studies College ofKuwait, Chemical Engineering Department and before joining the Kuwait Institute forScientific Research, where he is still affiliated to this day.

Adel Al-Mutairi Chapter C.21

Kuwait Institute for Scientific ResearchPetroleum Research CenterSafat, [email protected]

Adel Al-Mutairi received his BSc from Clarkson University in 2001.He works as a Chemical Engineer, focused on heavy oil (AR and VR)pre-treatment and hydroprocessing using pilot plants at the PetroleumResearch Centre (PRC), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR).

Sultan M. Al-Salem Chapter C.32

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research(KISR)Environment & Life Sciences ResearchCenterSafat, [email protected]

Sultan Al-Salem is a Chemical Engineer with degrees from KuwaitUniversity and a PhD from University College London. His workexperience at a number of institutions has linked him with a strand ofprojects in the crude oil refining and petrochemicals area, air pollutantsmonitoring, dispersion, and chemical mass balance modeling. He iscurrently an Associate Research Scientist at the Environment and LifeSciences Research Center of KISR.

Jan T. Andersson Chapter A.5

University of MünsterInst. of Inorganic and AnalyticalChemistryMünster, [email protected]

Jan Andersson obtained his PhD from the University of Lund, Sweden, and moved toGermany after 2 years of postdoctoral research in USA. He obtained his Habilitationdegree in Analytical Chemistry from the University of Ulm and was appointedProfessor at the University of Muenster in 1991. His research interests center onseparation techniques of supercomplex mixtures like petroleum.

A. Ballard Andrews Chapter A.6

Schlumberger-Doll ResearchSensor PhysicsCambridge, [email protected]

A. Ballard Andrews received his PhD in Condensed Matter Physics from the Universityof Texas at Austin, where he investigated the electronic structure of magnetic thinfilms. His postdoctoral research at Los Alamos National Laboratory concentratedon heavy fermions. He worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory in computationand scientific visualization. He now works on laser applications in spectroscopy andasphaltene science.

About the Authors 1209Auth

ors

Brent E. Beasley Chapter D.33

Brent E. Beasley and Associates, LLCConsulting, Contracting and EngineeringLaguna Woods, [email protected]

Brent Beasley worked in various capacities for ExxonMobil over a 34-year career, including a decade in conventional lube research, pilot plantoperations, manufacturing plant troubleshooting, and technical licensingsupport. Brent is President and CEO of Brent. E. Beasley and Associates,LLC, a consulting contracting and engineering company.

F. Emmett Bingham Chapter C.23

Haldor Topsoe, Inc.Orange, USA

Emmett Bingham is the Manager of Hydroprocesing Technology forHaldor Topsoe Inc. He has more than 40 years of experience. Hehas worked for Topsoe for 10 years, Unocal for 20 years, and DowChemicals for 10 years.

Gary Brodeur Chapter D.38

Intel Corp.Logic Technology DevelopmentHillsboro, [email protected]

Gary Brodeur received his PhD from Florida State University in 2013. He workedat the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO, within the NationalBioenergy Center division. He now works as a Senior Process Development Engineerat Intel Corporation in Hillsboro, OR.

Leslie Bromberg Chapter D.40

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyPlasma Science and Fusion Center andSloan Automotive LaboratoryCambridge, [email protected]

Dr Bromberg received his BS and PhD from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology.He worked at MIT in plasma physics, first on fusion and recently on industrialapplications of plasmas and microwave based sensors. He has over 70 issued patentsand started three companies in the automotive market.

Michael Carpenter Chapter D.40

RTI InternationalEnergy TechnologyResearch Triangle Park, [email protected]

Michael Carpenter received degrees in physics and chemical engineeringin 2011 from North Carolina State University. His work at RTI Inter-national focuses on catalysis relevant to the natural gas industry suchas GTL and ammonia synthesis. He also has interest and experience inmodeling physical systems and chemical synthesis.

Shengnan Chen Chapter B.14

University of CalgaryDept. Chemical and PetroleumEngineeringCalgary, [email protected]

Shengnan Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemicaland Petroleum Engineering at the University of Calgary. Her majorinterests include the development of unconventional reservoirs, reservoirsimulation, and production optimization. Chen holds BSc and MScdegrees in Petroleum Engineering from China University of Petroleumand a PhD degree in Petroleum Systems Engineering from the Universityof Regina, Canada.

Dennis Cima Chapter C.26

Aspen Technology, Inc.Houston, USA

Cortis K. Cooper Chapter B.15

Chevron Energy Technology CompanySan Ramon, [email protected]

Dr Cooper is a Chevron Fellow, one of 27 scientists and engineers recognizedby Chevron for their contributions. His primary job is providing wind, wave, andcurrent criteria for Chevron’s worldwide operations. He received a PhD from theUniversity of Maine in 1987, has published 44 papers, co-authored 8 books, servedon 7 National Academy of Sciences committees and Boards, and advisory panels toFederal agencies.

Authors

1210 About the Authors

M. Andrew Crews Chapter C.24

Chicago Bridge and IronHouston, [email protected]

M. Andrew Crews received his degree in Chemical Engineering fromthe University of Arkansas in 1991. He has held various managementpositions at Chicago Bridge and Iron over the last 25 years. His mostrecent assignment was as the Vice President of Operations for CB&I Indiaand he is currently assigned as the Regional Vice President of Engineeringfor the Americas.

Sudhin Datta Chapter D.37

ExxonMobil Chemical Co.Global Chemical ResearchBaytown, [email protected]

Sudhin Datta received his PhD in Chemistry from Harvard Universityin 1978. He has been at ExxonMobil Chemical Company developingnew polyolefin polymers and their blends for the last 35 years. He hasauthored 118 US patents and 13 review chapters on polyolefins. SudhinDatta is the recipient of the 2015 Charles Goodyear Medal of the RubberDivision of the American Chemical Society.

Geoffrey E. Dolbear Chapter C.22

Katy, [email protected]

Geoff Dolbear is a Physical Chemist with a BSc from UC Berkeley and a PhD fromStanford. After 24 years in industrial research, he became an independent consultant in1989, retiring in 2014. His publications and patents describe catalysts and processes,with particular strengths in hydrocracking, heavy oil, and coal. He is a Fellow of theAmerican Chemical Society.

Antonios Doufas Chapter D.37

ExxonMobil Chemical Co.Global Polymer TechnologyBaytown, [email protected]

Antonios K. Doufas received his PhD in Chemical Engineering at the University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2000. He worked at the corporate R&D laboratoriesof the Dow Chemical Company and later in polypropylene product development atSunoco Chemicals and Braskem Americas. He is currently a Technical Leader inGlobal Polymers Technology at the ExxonMobil Chemical Company with interests instructure properties, rheology, and flow-induced crystallization.

Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar Chapter A.6

University of Toronto ScarboroughDept. Physical and EnvironmentalSciencesToronto, [email protected]

Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar received his PhD from the University ofLethbridge, Canada, in 2015, working on asphaltene structure elucidationusing NMR spectroscopy. His current position as a Postdoctoral ResearchAssociate at the University of Toronto Scarborough is focused ondeveloping novel comprehensive multi-phase NMR and in vivo NMRspectroscopic techniques for materials and organisms of environmentalrelevance.

David Fiscus Chapter D.37

ExxonMobil Chemical Co.Global Research Product DevelopmentBaytown, [email protected]

David M. Fiscus received his PhD from the Ohio State Universityin 1985. He has run technical programs in research, manufacturing,and customer support positions mainly related to polyethylene resinsand products. He currently worksfor ExxonMobil Chemical Companyin Global Product Research supporting the development of newmetallocene catalyzed polyethylene resins.

Go Fujisawa Chapter A.7

Schlumberger Gould ResearchCambridge, [email protected]

Go Fujisawa received his Master’s degree in Applied Physics from Osaka University.Since he joined Schlumberger in 1999, he has worked on various projects related tospectroscopic downhole fluid analysis for oil field wellbore applications as Engineer,Scientist, and Project Manager in engineering and research organization.


ors

Graham Ganssle Chapter B.12

Sandstone Oil&GasNew Orleans, [email protected]

Graham Ganssle received his PhD from the University of New Orleans. He is theOwner and Principal Geoscientist of Sandstone Oil & Gas, a petroleum explorationcompany operating in the North America, South America, and Africa. His researchinterests are in the fields of acoustic imaging and digital signal processing, specializingin optimization methods for seismic data migration.

Adam A. Gentile Chapter D.40

Freedom Energy Tech, LLCClermont, [email protected]

Adam A. Gentile has served as Lead Research Analyst of the Prismcold plasma catalytic partial oxidation technology for use with varioushydrocarbon feed stocks producing high quality synthesis gas for thepurpose of synthetic fuel production using Fischer–Tropsch processes. Hecurrently works as a Scientist and Analyst in a GLP compliant bioanalyt-ical laboratory on the development and validation of immunoassays forclinical and non-clinical drug studies.

Pierre-Yves le Goff Chapter C.18

Axens SARueil-Malmaison, [email protected]

Pierre le Goff holds a PhD from the Ecole de Chimie de Mulhouse andan MBA from Sorbonne University. He started his career in the fieldof inorganic chemistry. He joined Axens in 2000 and was involved inreforming and hydrotreating activities. Since 2013 he has been in chargeof the R&D program covering reforming, isomerization, and aromatics.

Martin R. Gonzalez Chapter C.31

BPRefining Technology and EngineeringNaperville, [email protected]

Martin R. Gonzalez received his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the Univer-sity of Wisconsin, with research in heterogeneous catalysis. In his 20-year careerwith Amoco and BP, he has held positions in R&D, process design, and refineryoperations, including commissioning and start-up of hydrotreaters for BP’s NorthAmerican heavy-oil project. He is currently Discipline Leader for Hydroprocessingand Reforming technologies.

Lamia Goual Chapter A.6

University of WyomingDept. Petroleum EngineeringLaramie, [email protected]

Lamia Goual received her PhD in Petroleum Engineering from Imperial College, UK,in 2003. She worked at the University of Alberta and the Enhanced Oil RecoveryInstitute. She is currently an Associate Professor of Petroleum Engineering at theUniversity of Wyoming. Her research interests include interfacial phenomena withapplications to energy and environment. She holds an NSF CAREER award onremediation of oil-contaminated aquifers.

Nick Hallale Chapter C.25

AspenTechWarrington, [email protected]

Nick Hallale holds BSc and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering fromthe University of Cape Town. He has experience across the academic,consulting, and industrial sectors.

Thomas Hantschel Chapter B.11

Schlumberger Aachen Technology CenterAachen, [email protected]

Thomas Hantschel is the Manager of the Schlumberger TechnologyCenter for Exploration Geology, in Aachen, Germany. He is a physicistwith a focus on basin modeling simulations related to heat flow,pore pressure and stress evolution, and multiphase fluid-flow. He hasworked as a peer reviewer for more than 100 exploration projects andapplications worldwide related to petroleum systems modeling andgeomechanics.

Authors


Yalin Hao Chapter D.34

Chevron LubricantsChevron Base OilsRichmond, [email protected]

Yalin Hao joined Chevron as a Research Engineer after receiving her PhD fromUniversity of California, Davis in 2008. Her work focused on process/catalyst studiesfor base oil and fuel hydroprocessing. Since she joined Chevron Base Oils in 2012,she has been responsible for providing technical support for Chevron’s Group II BaseOil Slate and other key marketing activities.

Paul Hazendonk Chapter A.6

University of LethbridgeDept. Chemistry and BiochemistryLethbridge, Alberta, [email protected]

Paul Hazendonk is an Associate Professor at the University of Lethbridge. Heobtained his MSc at the University of Manitoba and received his PhD from McMasterUniversity. An expert in NMR spectroscopy, Paul specializes in solid-state NMR,developing experimental techniques particularly suited to complex organic-inorganicmixtures and fluorine containing systems. His current projects include the investigationof nano-structural motifs in fossil fuel materials.

Donald G. Hill Chapter B.13

University of Southern CaliforniaWalnut Creek, [email protected]

Donald G. Hill is a Consulting Petrophysicist and Adjunct Professor ofPetrophysics at the University of Southern California. He holds a PhDin Geology and Exploration Geophysics. Over 40 years he has been indeveloping and conducting innovative projects in petroleum, mining, andgeothermal exploration and production worldwide.

Suzzy C. Ho Chapter D.35

Exxon Mobil Research & Engineering Co.Corporate Strategic Research DepartmentAnnandale, [email protected]

Suzzy Ho is a Senior Research Associate at ExxonMobil’s CorporateStrategic Research. She received her PhD in Organic Chemistry fromthe California Institute of Technology in 1986. After a postdoctoralposition at Princeton University, she joined ExxonMobil and hasworked primarily in the area of lubricant base stocks ranging fromresearch to product, processes, and new market development.

Teh C. Ho Chapter C.27

Bridgewater, [email protected]

Teh C. Ho received a BSc degree from Tunghai University, Taiwan, and a PhDin Chemical Engineering from the University of Delaware. He is an independentconsultant, having retired from ExxonMobil’s Corporate Strategic Research Labs. in2013. He received Wilhelm and Evans Awards of the American Institute of ChemicalEngineers and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Allegra Hosford Scheirer Chapter B.11

Stanford UniversityDept. Geological SciencesStanford, [email protected]

Allegra Hosford Scheirer is a Research Geophysicist at Stanford University specializ-ing in basin and petroleum system modeling. Allegra’s obtained her PhD degree fromthe MIT-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography. Priorto joining Stanford, Allegra was a member of the Geophysical Unit of Menlo Park andthe Energy Resources Program at the US Geological Survey, where she constructedthree-dimensional geologic models for use in the resource assessment process.

Chang Samuel Hsu Chapters 1, A.3, A.4, C.16, C.17, D.38 For biographical profile, please see the section “About the Editors”.

Manhoi Hur Chapter A.4

Iowa State UnviersityGenetics, Development and Cell BiologyAmes, [email protected]

Manhoi Hur received his BS from PaiChai University, Korea, in 2002. Atthe Korea Basic Science Institute he improved the performance of FT-ICRmass spectrometers. Since 2008, his research focuses on the developmentof novel statistical models and software for petroinformatics. His workat the Iowa State University also includes bioinformatics and big-dataintegrative analysis of multi-omics data.


ors

Maurice D. Jett Chapter C.28

BP RefiningRefining Technology & EngineeringHouston, [email protected]

Maurice Jett received his PhD in Chemical Engineering from RiceUniversity in 1991. He spent more than 19 years at Aspen Technologyexecuting reactor modeling and real-time optimization projects fora wide range of refinery and petrochemical processes. He is currentlyemployed by BP, building and deploying high fidelity operator trainingsimulators.

Sriganesh Karur Chapter C.28

Katy, [email protected]

Sriganesh Karur received his DSc in Chemical Engineering from WashingtonUniversity in Saint Louis. He worked with Aspen Technology Inc. as OptimizationEngineer for 10 years before joining Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc., where at presenthe heads the Process Engineering and Supply Chain Applications group.

Sunghwan Kim Chapter A.4

Kyungpook National UniversityDept. ChemistryBuk-Gu Daegu, [email protected]

Sunghwan Kim received his PhD from the Ohio State University in 2003. He hasworked at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State Universityand at the Korea Basic Science Institute. He is an Associate Professor at KyungpookNational University. His research focusses on understanding the chemical compositionof crude oil at the molecular level.

William Kostka Chapter C.18

Axens North AmericaHouston, [email protected]

Bill Kostka received his PhD from Purdue University in 1981. He workedat Mobil Research and Development Corporation in Paulsboro, NJ andExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company in Fairfax, VA. Afterretirement from ExxonMobil, he came to Axens North America inHouston, TX as a Technical Advisor for reforming and isomerization.

Stephen K. Lee Chapter D.34

Lee AssociatesOakland, [email protected]

Stephen Lee has a BS and an MS in Chemical Engineering. Heworked 36 years at Chevron Corporation in process engineering, projectengineering, refinery planning and operations, capital projects, andnew technology development. Stephen is an expert in the manufactureof premium lube base oils using hydroprocessing technology. He hasextensive experience in technical consultation and process design ofbase oil plants.

Guan-Dao Lei Chapter D.34

Chevron Energy Technology CompanyDownstream Technology and ServiceRichmond, [email protected]

Guan-Dao Lei received his PhD from the University of Houston. He worked atHoneywell International, in Illinois, US and Süd-Chemie Inc. in Kentucky, US. Henow works on hydroprocessing catalyst and process development at the ChevronEnergy Technology Company in California, US.

Zaiting Li Chapter D.36

Research Institute of Petroleum ProcessingBeijing, [email protected]

Zaiting Li studied Chemical Engineering at Tsinghua University and PetroleumProcessing at China University of Petroleum. She worked at the Research Institute ofPetroleum Processing, SINOPEC. She is the inventor of the deep catalytic cracking(DCC) technology for the production of low-carbon olefins from heavy oil.

Authors


Bruce R. Locke Chapter D.41

Florida State UniversityDept. Chemical and BiomedicalEngineeringTallahassee, [email protected]

Bruce Locke earned his degrees in Chemical Engineering from VanderbiltUniversity, University of Houston, and North Carolina State University.He serves on the Faculty of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering asa Distinguished University Research Professor at Florida State University.His research interests include plasma reaction engineering for chemicalsynthesis and environmental pollution control.

Shuji Luo Chapter D.35


Shuji Luo received her PhD in Organometallic Chemistry from theUniversity of Chicago in 2007. Since 2009, she has worked in theCorporate Strategic Research Laboratory of ExxonMobil Research andEngineering company in Clinton, NJ, conducting research related toperformance fluids and polymers. She currently holds the position ofResearch Associate.

Xiaoliang Ma Chapter C.32

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research(KISR)Petroleum Research CenterSafat, [email protected]

XiaoliangMa received his PhD from Kyushu University in 1995. He has worked at theChina Coal Research Institute, the National Institute for Resources and Environment inJapan, Pennsylvania State University, and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.He works on petroleum refinery processes and fuel science, focusing on hydrotreating,adsorption, and separation in clean fuel production.

Ekaterina V. Maksimova Chapter B.15

University of South FloridaCollege of Marine ScienceSt. Petersburg, [email protected]

Dr Maksimova is an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow affiliated with the University of SouthFlorida and Florida State University (FSU). Her interests are in fundamental physicalprocesses that govern ocean dynamics. She is a recipient of several prestigious awards,including the Gold Medal for Academic Excellence from Moscow State University,an O’Brien Graduate Fellowship from FSU, and an Ocean Sciences PostdoctoralFellowship from NSF.

Abdulazeem M. J. Marafi Chapter C.21


Abdulazeem M.J. Marafi received his PhD from the University ofOklahoma in 1996. He works as a Senior Research Scientist, focusedon petroleum refining (heavy oil hydroprocessing) and kinetics atthe Petroleum Research Center (PRC), Kuwait Institute for ScientificResearch (KISR).

Blaine McIntyre Chapter C.28

Calgary, Canada

Milo D. Meixell Chapter C.29

Aspen Technology, Inc.Professional ServiceHouston, [email protected]

MiloD. Meixell, Jr. is a chemical engineer. He worked with Exxon Chemical Companyin the area of agricultural chemicals and with Dynamic Matrix Control Corporation,before joining Aspen Technology, Inc. in 1996. His area of expertise is real time andplant-wide optimization using large-scale, high-fidelity models, reactor modeling,kinetics, simultaneous, matrix-based modeling, and optimization.


ors

Isao Mochida Chapter C.21

Kyushu Environmental EvaluationAssociationFukuoka, [email protected]

Isao Mochida received his PhD from the University of Tokyo in 1968. He wasProfessor at Kyushu University for 22 years and has been Professor Emeritus since2004. He is now a consultant to Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Associationand works in applied chemistry on petroleum refining, coal conversion and carbonmaterials for environmental protection.

Ian Moore Chapter C.25

Jacobs ConsultancyPower and EnergyStockport, [email protected]

Ian Moore has over 30 years’ experience in engineering services,modeling, optimization, and capital project development for the refiningand petrochemicals industries. He has led hydrogen management studiesin North America, Europe, and Asia. He is an expert in the applicationof pinch analysis in energy-intensive industries, and executes energyimprovement, power generation, carbon management, and GHG reductionstudies worldwide.

Daniel Morton Chapter C.23

Haldor Topsoe Inc.Refinery and ChemicalsHouston, [email protected]

Daniel Morton received his degree in Mechanical Engineering fromAuburn University. He worked in various industries, including paper-mills, steel fabrication, and building maintenance and construction. In2009 he joined Topsoe and has since been involved in the design andsale of much of the proprietary hardware in the company’s refinery andchemical business.

Dale R. Mudt Chapter C.28

Suncor Energy Products PartnershipSarnia RefinerySarnia, [email protected]

Dale R. Mudt is the Process Automation Manger at the Suncor Energy ProductsRefinery. For the last 30 years he has implemented and maintained DMC controllersand closed-loop real-time optimizers, and managed the Process Automation groupat the Sarnia Refinery. Dale was a key contributor to the development of the onlineversion of Sun Oil Company’s hydrocracker model, which is now marketed worldwideas AspenHydrocracker.

Oliver C. Mullins Chapters A.6, A.7

Schlumberger-Doll ResearchCambridge, [email protected]

Dr Oliver C. Mullins, Science Advisor at Schlumberger, is the primary originator ofdownhole fluid analysis (DFA) in well logging. Dr Mullins also leads an active researchgroup leading to the Yen–Mullins model of asphaltenes and the Flory–Huggins–ZuoEoS. His current interests include utilizing DFA technology and new asphaltenescience for reservoir evaluation and clarifying reservoir fluid geodynamic processes.

Douglas E. Nelson Chapter C.23

Haldor Topsoe, Inc.Orange, USA

Douglas E. Nelson is the Engineering Manager for Haldor Topsoe Inc.He has worked for more than 38 years in refinery hydroprocessing forUnocal, Fluor, and now at Haldor Topsoe. Doug has a BSc in ChemicalEngineering from Oregon State University.

Joo-Il Park Chapter C.21


Joo-Il Park received his PhD from Kyushu University in 2012.He worked at Kyushu University as an Associate Professor from2012–2015. Since 2015 he has been researching heavy oil upgrading,focused on the advanced characterization and catalysis of heavy oil atthe Petroleum Research Center (PRC), Kuwait Institute for ScientificResearch (KISR).

Authors


Clifford C. Pedersen Chapter C.28

Pedersen Enterprises Inc.Sarnia, [email protected]

Clifford (Cliff) C. Pedersen is regarded as one of the pioneers of computer processcontrol in the oil refining industry. His career in the oil refining industry hasspanned technical and management leadership positions with NWR, Suncor Energy,Shell Canada, and Imperial Oil in plant automation and information technology.He is currently President of Pedersen Enterprises Inc., an independent consultingagency specializing in advanced process control, real-time optimization and systemsinteroperability.

Kenneth E. Peters Chapter B.11

SchlumbergerMill Valley, USAStanford UniversityGeological SciencesStanford, [email protected]

Ken Peters is Science Advisor for Schlumberger, where he uses geochemistry andbasin modeling to study petroleum systems and teach or consult with external clients.He has 37 years of experience with Chevron, Mobil, ExxonMobil, USGS, andSchlumberger and teaches geochemistry and basin modeling throughout the industryand at various universities, including UC Berkeley and Stanford. Ken has a PhD inGeochemistry from UCLA.

Andrew E. Pomerantz Chapter A.6

Schlumberger-Doll ResearchCambridge, [email protected]

Andrew E. Pomerantz received a PhD in Chemistry from StanfordUniversity in 2005. His research focuses on developing and applyingnovel techniques to characterize the structure of kerogen and asphaltenes,including methods in mass-spectroscopy, and IR-spectroscopy. Thatinformation is used to understand fundamental processes in petroleumsuch as asphaltene compositional grading and hydrocarbon transport inshales.

Subramanian Ramakrishnan Chapter D.38

Florida A&M University/Florida StateUniversityDept. Chemical and BiomedicalEngineeringTallahassee, [email protected]

Subramanian Ramakrishnan received his PhD from the University ofIllinois at Urbana Champaign in 2001. After a postdoctoral appointmentat Princeton and then at the University of Illinois, he joined FAMU-FSUCollege of Engineering in 2005, where he currently works on biofuelsproduction and processing of complex fluids. In 2016 he was a VisitingProfessor at Harvard University.

Henrik Rasmussen Chapter D.39

Haldor Topsoe Inc.Houston, [email protected]

Henrik Rasmussen graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1989 witha degree in Chemical Engineering before relocating to the US in 1991. He has workedat Haldor Topsoe for over 25 years, holding numerous technical and managementpositions for all Topsoe’s business units. Mr Rasmussen is currently Vice President ofCatalyst and Technology and responsible for catalyst and license technology businessfor USA, Canada, and the Caribbean.

Paul R. Robinson Chapters 1, .2, C.16, C.17, C.20, C.22, C.25, C.26, C.28 For biographical profile, please see the section “About the Editors”.

John M. Rosenbaum Chapter D.34

Chevron LubricantsChevron Base OilsSanta Cruz, [email protected]

John Rosenbaum has a PhD in Materials Science and Mineral Engineering from UCBerkeley and retired in 2015 after 34 years working for various Chevron Companies inminerals processing, petroleum hydroprocessing, catalyst development, and lubricantbase oil product technology.


ors

Joseph Ross Chapter C.18

Axens North AmericaPrinceton, [email protected]

Joseph Ross is a graduate from Princeton University with a degree inchemical engineering. He has over 30 years of commercial experience inthe field of transportation fuels including engineering design, R&D, andprocess licensing. He is a Technology and Marketing Manager for AxensNorth America specializing in fluid solid systems, heavy oil upgrading,FCC, and catalytic reforming.

Yosadara Ruiz-Morales Chapter A.6

Mexican Petroleum InstituteMexico City, [email protected]

Yosadara Ruiz-Morales received her PhD in Theoretical Chemistry fromthe University of Calgary in 1998. Since 1999, she has been working atthe Mexican Petroleum Institute. She is a pioneer in the application ofelectronic structure calculations to elucidate the asphaltenes’ aromaticcore and inventor of the Y-rule for asphaltene stability. In her currentresearch on oil rheology, she investigates asphaltene interfacial activityusing particle dynamics.

Marco A. Satyro (deceased) Chapter A.8

Oliver Schenk Chapter B.11


Oliver Schenk is a Geologist and received his PhD from RWTH Aachen University(2006), focusing on the influence of fluids on recrystallization and the deformationbehavior of rocks. Since 2006 he has been working for Schlumberger, specializedon multi-dimensional applications of basin and petroleum system modeling (BPSM).Since 2007, he has been Research Affiliate at Stanford University, lecturing andmentoring graduate students in BPSM.

John M. Shaw Chapter A.8

University of AlbertaDept. Chemical and Materials EngineeringEdmonton, [email protected]

John M. Shaw obtained his PhD from the University of British Columbia in 1985and was a Professor at the University of Toronto, before joining the University ofAlberta, in 2001, where he holds a Natural Sciences and Engineering ResearchCouncil of Canada Industrial Research Chair in Petroleum Thermodynamics. Hisresearch focuses on experimental methods development, and thermophysical propertymeasurement and prediction of hydrocarbon resources.

B. Gregory Shumake Chapter C.24

CB & IEngineered ProductsTyler, [email protected]

Greg Shumake is the Director of Engineering for the Engineered Productsbusiness group within CB&I. He has over 20 years of experience inthe hydrogen and synthesis gas industry. He has a BS in ChemicalEngineering from the University of Arkansas. He has published severalarticles on various aspects of hydrogen plants.

James G. Speight Chapter C.19

CD&W Inc.Laramie, [email protected]

Dr James G. Speight has degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences,and Petroleum Engineering and is the author of more than 60 books inpetroleum science, petroleum engineering, and environmental sciences.He has more than 45 years of experience in the petroleum industryand has taught at various universities worldwide. Among other honors,he received the Scientists without Borders Medal of Honor (RussianAcademy of Sciences) and the Einstein Medal.

Authors


Dennis Vauk Chapter C.25

Phillips 66Refining Business ImprovementHouston, [email protected]

Dennis Vauk received a Chemical Engineering degree from the University of Idaho. Heworked as Senior International Expert for Air Liquide, where he conducted hydrogenoptimization studies for refineries worldwide. He is currently HydroprocessingTechnology Director for Phillips 66. He started his career doing research, processdesign, and technical services for hydrotreaters and hydrocrackers at Unocal.

Clifford C. Walters Chapter B.10

ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co.Corporate Strategic ResearchAnnandale, [email protected]

Clifford C. Walters received his PhD in Geochemistry from the University of Marylandin 1982. Since then, he has been a Research Geochemist with Gulf, Sun, Mobil, andExxonMobil with efforts focused on petroleum biomarkers, models of generation andreservoir transformations, and geomicrobiology.

Robert J. Wandell Chapter D.41

Florida State UniversityDept. Chemical and BiomedicalEngineeringTallahassee, [email protected]

Robert J. Wandell studied Chemical Engineering at Florida State Univer-sity. His research interests include the study and development of electricaldischarge plasma rectors for synthesis of useful chemical species, as wellas transfer of university technologies into commercial markets.

Xieqing Wang Chapter D.36


Xieqing Wang received his PhD in Chemical Engineering from Merse-burg University of Applied Sciences in 1961. His work at SINOPEC’sResearch Institute of Petroleum Processing concentrates on petroleumrefining, with a special focus on catalytic cracking.

Keith Wisecarver Chapter C.30

University of TulsaDept. Chemical EngineeringTulsa, [email protected]

Keith Wisecarver is Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Tulsa. Hereceived his PhD from the Ohio State University in 1987 and has been on the facultyat Tulsa since that time. He has been doing research in the field of delayed cokingsince 1999, as co-PI of the Tulsa University Delayed Coking Joint Industry Project.

Margaret M. Wu Chapter D.35


Margaret Wu received her PhD from the University of Rochester at Rochester in 1976.She worked at ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co. for 32 years, conductingresearch related to synthetic lubricant products and processes and was the author orco-author of numerous patents and publications. Since her retirement in 2009, sheholds the position of Emeritus Senior Scientific Advisor for the same organization.

Björn Wygrala Chapter B.11


Björn Wygrala received his PhD in Petroleum Geology from the Uni-versity of Cologne in 1989. He has worked for Uranerz in Australia, forIntegrated Exploration Systems (IES) in Germany, and for Schlumbergerin Germany. He currently works on global business development for soft-ware and services related to exploration risk and resource assessments.

Chaogang Xie Chapter D.36


Chaogang Xie received his MSc from Tianjin University in 1987. Heworks at the SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing. Hisresearch centers around catalytic cracking processes, focusing on theproduction of light olefins.


ors

Harvey W. Yarranton Chapter A.8

University of CalgaryDept. Chemical and PetroleumEngineeringCalgary, [email protected]

Harvey Yarranton is a Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and theNSERC Industrial Research Chair in Heavy Oil Properties and Processing. Hereceived his PhD degree from the University of Alberta in 1997. His research interestsare the phase behavior and properties of heavy oils and the fundamentals water-in-oilemulsions, with application to heavy oil and oil sands processes.

Richard N. Zare Chapter A.6

Stanford UniversityDept. ChemistryStanford, [email protected]; [email protected]

Richard (Dick) Zare is the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor in Natural Science atthe Department of Chemistry of Stanford University. He works in the area of physicaland analytical chemistry with an emphasis on the development of new methods andnew instrumentation.

Genquan Zhu Chapter D.36

Research Institute of PetroleumProcessingBeijing, [email protected]

Genquan Zhu received his PhD from China University of Petroleumin 2001. He works at the SINOPEC Research Institute of PetroleumProcessing. His research centers around catalytic cracking processes,focusing on the production of light olefins.

SubjectIndex

1220

Subject Index

1-D BPSM 3852-D BPSM 3874,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene(4,6-DMDBT) 728

4-methyldibenzothiphene (4-MDBT)699

5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB)1110

5-lump FCC model 852

A

abatement technology 135absolute permeability 344acceptor 681acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) 584acid– deposition 665– gas 656– gas enrichment 660– gas removal (AGR) 936, 942– mine drainage (AMD) 669– rock drainage (ARD) 669– -soluble oil (ASO) 44, 576acidity 684, 696– control 603acoustic borehole imager 489acoustic impedance 427acrylonitrile (AN) 87– –butadiene–styrene terpolymer(ABS) 1098

– styrene (AS) 87activated carbon 700active continental margin 351activity– catalytic 634– coefficient 301additive 630adiabatic prereformer 897adsorption 289, 675, 685, 698, 931advanced– fluidized (AF) 1071– process control (APC) 834, 835– regulatory control (ARC) 768,833

aggregate– asphaltene 682

– behavior 855– model 679aggregation 679air induction system 553air quality 77air/fuel ratio (AFR) 553airgun 421airlift thermofor catalytic cracking625, 640

algae 1118alkane 327alkyl substitution 688alkylated aromatic base stock 1059alkylation (ALKY) 43, 59, 575,676, 717

all glass heated inlet system (AGHIS)155

alumina 684, 694, 698, 705– support 705American Petroleum Institute (API)328, 385, 447, 526, 722, 939, 1044

American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM) 34, 164, 186,563, 639, 868, 958

amine treating 657amine unit 818aminocyclopentene dithiocarboxylicacid (ACDA) 211

ammonia destruction 661ammonia formation 806ammonium nitrate explosion 103Amoco Cadiz 103, 140amorphous silica alumina (ASA)43, 713, 734

amplitude variations with offset(AVO) 426

analytical instrumentation 151angular unconformity 341annular flow 504anticline trap 26anti-knock index (AKI) 563API 309– gravity 328apparent conversion 722apparent water resistivity Rwa 488appearance 332APPI data 179

APPI mode 180approximate lumping 852aqueous phase reforming (APR)1117, 1128–1130

– model 299AR hydrotreatment 700Arabian– heavy gas oil (AH-GO) 678– light gas oil (AL-GO) 678– medium gas oil (AM-GO) 678Archie formation factor 462Archie resistivity index 462Archie’s equations 451, 462Archimedes buoyancy 262archipelago model 230, 371ARDS process 939aromatic 327, 676, 700, 918– content 684– ester 1055– ring 687, 696– species 693aromaticity 684aromatics 559, 1017– alkylation 598– complex 592– saturation (ASAT) 23Arps relationships 460array laterolog tool (ALT) 483array sonic log (AST) 448arsenic 682artificial lift 508Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM)825

Aspen hydrocracker 870asphalt 72– residual treating (ART) 642asphaltene 152, 162, 225, 621, 675,679, 702

– cluster 240– cluster accumulation 241– contamination 1009– Hansen solubility parameter 244– Hildebrand solubility parameter244

– intermolecular interaction 243– molecule 226, 228– nanoaggregate 236

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

Subject Index 1221

SubjectIndex

– polymer 681– precipitation 920– Yen–Mullins model 222, 252,262, 371, 681

ASTM D1655-15 34ASTM D4814–14b 34Athabasca bitumen 277Athabasca vacuum residue (AVR)277

atmospheric– distillation 545, 937– distillation unit (ADU) 541, 656,717

– equivalent boiling point (AEBP)544

– gas oil (AGO) 21– pressure chemical ionization(APCI) 160, 163, 174

– pressure chemical ionization massspectrometry (APCI MS) 243

– pressure gas chromatography(APGC) 163

– pressure ionization 159, 160– pressure laser ionization (APLI)213

– pressure photo ionization (APPI)160, 163, 174

– residue (AR) 21, 546, 679, 683,705, 717, 943

– residue hydrodesulfurization(ARDS) 936

atomic emission detector (AED)154, 214

automatic transmission fluid (ATF)958, 1016

automation infrastructure 838automotive engine oil 1019autothermal reformation (ATR)793, 879

– plant 794autothermal reforming (ATR) 787,1150

average– absolute relative deviation (AARD)308

– bed bottom temperature 724– bed top temperature 724– molecular weight (AMW) 230aviation gasoline 552

B

Bakken Formation 409

barrel of oil equivalent (boe) 325barrels per day (BPD) 590basal heat flow 394base metal catalyst 1040base oil oxidation stability test1023

base stock 1015– categories 959, 1018– group II 1017– group III 1017– impurities 1022– properties 959basic sediment and water (BSW)722

basin– fill 382– modeling 74basin and petroleum systemmodeling (BPSM) 381

– three-dimensional model 387– two-dimensional model 387– workflow 382Beavon sulfur removal (BSR) 662bed axial temperature rise– average 724– max 724bed pressure drop 723Benfield process 659benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX)591, 1063, 1069

benzothiophene 202, 688, 689, 692best available control technology(BACT) 805

Bhagyam field 268biaxially oriented PP (BOPP) 1103bimolecular second-order reactions858

binder 61biochemical 1130– process 151biodiesel 1118bioethanol 1133biofuel 1117, 1130– 1st generation 1118– 2nd generation 1117, 1121, 1130– 3rd generation 1118– 4th generation 1118, 1122– catalyst 1137biogas 1122biogenic methane 395biomarker 359, 372– analysis 155

biomass 1117, 1121, 1126–1128,1130

– conversion 1118– feed 1127– fractionation 1117, 1120,1127–1130

– lignocellulosic 1118, 1127–1130– processing routes 1120– -to-liquid (BTL) 1118, 1120,1125, 1130

bio-oil (biomass oil) 1117, 1120,1126, 1130

– hydrotreated 1127– lignocellulosic 1127biorefinery 1117, 1130Biot coefficient 391bitumen 20– -derived crude 922– diluted (Dilbit) 29– non-Newtonian behavior 275blending optimization 585blendstock 552block dewaxing 1037block hydrocracking 1030blowout preventer (BOP) 28, 354blowout well failure 27boiling– point reduction 23– range 676, 683, 700– -water reactor (BWR) 105Boolean relation matrix 844borehole– compensated (BHC) 447– diameter 469– environment 252– fluid 470– gravity meter (BHGM) 448– imager 488– televiewer (BHTV) 443bottom dead center (BDC) 554bottom-hole temperature (BHT)384

bottom-of-the-barrel cut 32bottoms stripping section 968boundary conditions 395Branch and Bound algorithm 853branched hydrocarbon 1171breakdown– petroleum product 4British Petroleum (BP) 12, 324– Texas City isomerization unit 114British Standards Institution (BSI)958

British thermal unit (BTU) 325

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SubjectIndex

1222 Subject Index

Brønsted acid (B-acid) 1065brominated butyl rubbers (BIIR)1112

brown coal briquettes (BKB) 936BSR reaction 662BSR-Beavon sulfur removal 662bubble cap 541bubble flow 504bulk– compressibility 390– dewaxing 1037– hydrocracking 1030– kinetic model 398– polymerization 1084– properties (petroleum) 153– property 722bulked continuous filament (BCF)1101

butadiene rubber (BR) 1105Butler equation 999butyl rubber 1112butylene oxide (BO) 1057

C

C5=C6 isomerization 569calcination 653calcining 739caliper (CAL) 443capacity 685capillarity 347carbenium ion 696carbohydrate sugars (xylose, sucrose,glucose) 1119, 1128

carbon– –carbon (C–C) 714– deposition 698– dioxide 931– –hydrogen–nitrogen–sulfurcontents (CHNS) 153

– mitigation technique 931– monoxide (CO) 89, 631, 666,763, 940

– nanotube (CNT) 932– number 681, 707– on regenerated catalyst 632– preference index (CPI) 373– sequestration 659– storage 931carbon capture 950– and sequestration (CCS) 659– and storage (CCS) 29, 931

carbonate compensation depth(CCD) 392

carbonate mineral 332carbonyl sulfide (COS) 659cascaded arc 1144catagenesis 326, 367, 395catalyst 1066– acidity 603– activity 684, 699, 703– aggregation 704– average temperature (CAT) 724– capacity 694– characterization 700– coking 848– contact time 629– coordination 683– cycle 614, 740– cycle life 724– deactivation 635, 686, 873– deactivation rate 724– degradation 682– demetalization 683– design 632– manufacture 634– –oil ratio 628, 635– poisoning 887– reclamation 745– regeneration 57, 571, 590, 599,613, 744

– regenerator 624– rejuvenation 744– relative activity 882– residence time 629– stripping 636– support 704– testing 639– -to-oil (CTO) 854– transfer line model 870– treatment 636– weight ratio 629– Ziegler–Natta 1090catalytic– conversion 1127– dewaxing (CDW) 60, 717– hydrocracking 731– hydrotreating 777– NOx removal 47– oxidation (Cat-Ox) 136– partial oxidation (CPOX) 1141– pyrolysis process (CPP) 1063,1069–1071, 1078

– selective reduction (SCR) 47,137, 657, 805

catalytic cracking 617, 619, 676,1128

– airlift thermofor 625, 640– batch reactor 618– catalyst 617– chemistry 617, 619– deep (DCC) 640, 1063, 1078– feedstock 617– fluid 618– heavy oil 617– Houndry process 618– orthoflow fluid-bed process 639– process options 617– reactor design 617– resids 617– S and W process 643– suspensoid 626, 641– Thermofor 580, 640– thermoform 618catalytic reforming 44, 57, 589,818, 848, 941

– commercialization 607– cyclic 608– main reaction 590– reaction 595– semiregenerative 572, 608– unit (CRU) 717, 865caustic scrubbing 46cellulose 1117, 1119, 1129cementation exponent 451characterization 707– heavy oil 287– scheme 1130Chemec 986, 989chemical– engineering 151– ionization (CI) 160– kinetic 1150– process 151– property 152, 332chemical reaction– hydrocracking 731– matrix representation 843chemistry– heavy oil 288Chernobyl 104chilling rate 983chloride control 615chloride trapping 615chloriding roasting 653chlorin 682chlorinated butyl rubbers (CIIR)1112

chlorine plant 818

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

Subject Index 1223

SubjectIndex

chloro sulfonated rubber (CSM)1112

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 91, 134,666, 1059

chromatography 153, 207, 222chromium catalyst 1090circumferential acoustic scanningtool (CAST) 449, 489

clarified slurry oil (CSO) 629Claus– process 46, 78, 660– tail gas recovery 46clean air acts 128clean fuel 830– rigorous model 868Cleveland open-cup method (COC)1052

closed-loop real-time optimization(CLRTO) 879

cluster analysis 852CO2

– emission factor 936– recycle 794– sequestration 1118coal 9, 19– asphaltene 226– bed methane (CBM) 374– mining 102– -to-liquids 1121co-hydrotreatment 1127coil outlet temperature (COT) 975coke 71, 607– deposition 885– drum 906– formation 599, 621, 909– formation induction time 842– sponge 909coker 590– furnace 905– naphtha 593– naphtha hydrotreating 593coking 36, 598, 682, 685, 707, 885– /decoking cycle 905– cycle 905– drum 905– flexi- 51, 903, 912– fluid 903, 912cold– -bed adsorption (CBA) 654, 662– box 795– crank simulator (CCS) 959, 1016,1034, 1050

– dilution ratio (CDR) 1006

– heavy oil production with sand(CHOPS) 512

– high-pressure separator (CHPS)723

– wash distribution 997collisional activated dissociation(CAD) 230

combination trap 348combined feed ratio (CFR) 722combined heat and power (CHP)951, 1124

combustion– air preheat unit (CAP) 790– product 684comfort cooling tower (CCT) 134common midpoint (CMP) 424– gather 424CoMo 676, 685, 700compact microimager (CMI) 491compaction 389– correction 452compensated neutron logs (CNL)475

completion 356component lumping 74composition– -based modeling 843– petroleum 7compound– identification 160, 166– -type analysis 159, 166– -type separation 159comprehensive two-dimensional gaschromatography (GC�GC) 154,157, 676

computational fluid dynamics (CFD)842, 854

computer-aided engineering (CAE)1104

condensate 655connected pores 344Conradson carbon residue (CCR)705, 722, 875, 908, 959

– catalytic reforming 574consumer gas 655contaminant 604, 675– removal 623continental drift hypothesis 350continuous– filament (CF) 1101– stirred tank reactor (CSTR) 761,858, 1048, 1095

controlled rheology (CR) 1097

conventional hydrocarbon potential521

conversion 934– parameter 722– processes 153copolymer– monomer sequence 1086co-processing, biomass oil andpetroleum oil 1117, 1127, 1129,1130

core measurement 460corona discharge 1145correlation 309– diagram 184– study 183corrosion 695cracking unit 818critical clustering concentration(CCC) 240

critical nanoaggregate concentration(CNAC) 238

cross cutting 338, 339cross direction (CD) 1104crude– compatibility 920– desalting 917– distillation tower troubleshooting970

– extra heavy 917– fractionation 915– gas oil 919– vanadium nickel 919crude assay 153– fraction 22– lube 964– report 21crude oil 20, 327, 533– assay 72– bulk physical property 20– bulk property 22– complex 223– cracking catalyst 632– distillation (COD) 47, 541, 936– distillation unit (CDU) 35, 533,865, 936

– property 328– selection 1025– sour 329– sulfur-containing compound 692– sweet 329crustal thinning 352cubic equation of state (CEOS)293, 297

cubic plus association (CPA) 294

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

SubjectIndex

1224 Subject Index

Cyber Service Unit (CSU) 448cyclic– catalytic reforming 608– hydrocarbon 1171– steam stimulation (CSS) 100cyclization 621, 1128

D

Dalton’s law 537Darcy flow migration 399Darcy’s law 502deactivation 676, 682, 684dead oil 277– density 283– heavy 283– viscosity 309deasphalted oil (DAO) 49, 292,548, 958, 1019

deBoer plots 276decarbonylation 1128decarboxylation 1127, 1128decoking 907decompaction 392deep– catalytic cracking (DCC) 640,1063, 1068, 1078

– conversion 934– desulfurization 873Deepwater Horizon 116degradation 686dehydration 1120, 1122, 1127dehydrocyclization 602dehydrogenation 602, 621delayed coking 50, 903, 916– process diagram 904– reactions 907– unit (DCU) 740demet 637demetalization 702denitrification 1138density 283– functional theory (DFT) 846,1066

– logs 472deoiling 1003deoxygenation 1128deposition 686, 694depositional environment 155, 359,363

desalter 717desalting 36, 542, 682desorption 681

desulfurization 205, 645, 1138– reactivity 689desulfurizer 643dewaxed oil (DWO) 973dewaxing 978, 1033– aids (DWA) 1007– catalytic (CDW) 60, 717– cloth 994– DILCHILL™ 981– filter media 994– ketone 980– VI reduction 1034diagenesis 326, 365, 395dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate(DAFVA) 1008

dibasic ester 1055dibenzothiophene (DBT) 202, 678,685, 688–690

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) 88

dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)1146, 1171

diesel 67– additive 67– cetane 918– deep hydrodesulfurization 699– fuel 1133– renewable 1135diethanolamine (DEA) 136, 657,943

diffusion limited aggregation (DLA)240

diffusivity 707diglycolamine (DGA) 657di-isopropanolamine (DIPA) 945diluent phase behavior 278dilute sulfur acid (DA) treatment1129

diluted bitumen (Dilbit) 29dilution 363– ratio 984dimension reduction 847dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) 736,744

dimethyl ether (DME) 77, 582,1077

dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) 87dimethyldibenzothiophene(DMDBT) 685

dimethylsulfide 206Diophantine algorithm 166dip moveout correction (DMO) 426direct current (DC) 164, 1144,1164

direct digital logging (DDL) 448disconformity 340DISTACT fraction 162distillate 675, 681, 687, 708– chemical composition 676– fuel 549distillation 36, 537– data 290– fraction 153– ideal 537– yield 22, 548distillation tower 48– sidestream 965distributed control system (DCS)833, 834, 865

disturbance variables (DV) 834disulfide 662donor 681, 697double-bond equivalent (DBE) 174,184, 681, 692

double-focusing sector massspectrometry 164, 165

down-draft gasification unit (system)1122

downhole fluid analysis (DFA) 251– hardware 257– operation 260downhole plunger pumb 508downstream 14, 151–153, 167drill stem test (DST) 385driller’s logs 436drilling 354drillship 525droplet–catalyst collision 855dry methane reformation (DMR)1150

dual treatment (DAWNT) 1129Dubbs process 903dynamic porosity 344dynamite source 421

E

ebullated bed (e-bed) 55, 713– hydrocracking 55, 761eccentric shaft 557effective– gas radiating 889– permeability 344– porosity 344– stress 390effectiveness factor 881

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

Subject Index 1225

SubjectIndex

elastomer 1105– thermoplastic (TPE) 1108, 1110electric arc furnace (EAF) 911electrical– microimaging (EMI) 490– submersible pump (ESP) 509– survey (ES) 451electron– cyclotron resonance (ECR) 1144– -impact ionization (EI) 156, 160– spin resonance (ESR) 683electronic fuel injection (EFI) 553electrospray ionization (ESI)160–163, 174

electrostatic desalting 543emergency depressuring (EDP) 52,110

emulsion polymerization 1085EN 590 67engine oil blending 1019enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM)932

enthalpy 304– hydrotreating 745entropy 304environmental 151, 167– agencies 126– laws 88enzymatic hydrolysis 1120, 1129enzyme 1129Eocene 268eon 342equation of state (EoS) 222, 251– cubic 293, 297– Flory–Huggins–Zuo (FHZ) 222,246, 251, 262

– Langmuir 222– Peng–Robinson 298– statistical associating fluid theory(SAFT) 294

– van der Waals 222, 252equilibrium 688– composition 282equivalent NaCl salinity 460Ergun relationship 880, 890E-shaft 557ethanol 1121, 1122ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) 64ethylene 1064, 1072, 1077– /propylene ratio 1063– glycol (EG) 87– oxide (EO) 87, 1057– -propylene monomer (EPM)1109

– –propylene rubber (EPR) 1100,1105

– –propylene–diene terpolymer(EPDM) 1100

– vinyl acetate (EVA) 1008ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR)1109

Euro V automotive 67eustatic correction 393euxinic conditions 363Evans–Polanyi correlation 848evaporative low-angle light scatteringdetector (ELSD) 154

exploration 322, 353– and production 152, 433exponential residence timedistribution 858

export steam 798– credit 813expulsion model 370extended legal continental shelf521

extinction 343extraction 704– process variable 973– solvent 972extra-heavy crude– characterization 917– processing 917extratropical storm 526extrusion surging 1100Exxon Valdez 109

F

fabric 346fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)1133

fault 26faunal succession 339feed– aggregation 707– -forward (FF) 834, 867– polymerization 707– preheat exchanger 967– preparation unit (FPU) 1029feed/effluent exchanger (F/E) 122feedstock 683, 707– characteristics 592– hydrotreating 623– molecule 719– quality 622feel 332

Fenske equation 539fermentation 1120, 1124, 1127,1130

fiber industry 1129field desorption (FD) 155, 160, 164field ionization (FI) 159–161filler 61filter 993– cloth 996– drip pipe 995– feed rate (FFR) 997– hot washing 1000– master valve 994– media 995– spray 995– support grid 995– wax scroll 995filtration rate 984finite element analysis (FEA) 1104first pretreat (PT) 55Fischer–Tropsch (FT) 19, 1041,1120

– synthesis 1117, 1120,1124–1126, 1130

five-stacked sand reservoir 268fixed-bed– catalytic hydrocracking 54– hydrocracker 713– hydrocracking 754, 758, 760– hydroprocessing 755, 777– trickle-flow reactor 572– unit 743flame ionization detector (FID) 73,154, 156, 174, 290

flares carbon emission (FCE) 947flash point 1018flexicoking 51, 903, 912flexural subsidence 382floating– liquid natural gas (FLNG) 525– production system (FPS) 524– production, storage and offloading(FPSO) 524

– storage and offloading system(FSO) 525

– storage unit (FSU) 525Flory–Huggins–Zuo (FHZ) 222,243, 251

– equation of state 222, 246, 252,262

flow– distribution 804– -induced crystallization (FIC)1101

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

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SubjectIndex

1226 Subject Index

– -path migration modeling 400– time 502flue gas– desulfurization 135– emission 804– scrubbing 657fluid– -bed 624– coking 903, 912– saturation 346fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) 15,36, 49, 51, 89, 549, 581, 590, 618,637, 656, 677, 713, 818, 836, 841,915, 933, 941, 1064, 1127

– 5-lump model 852– 10-lump model 841– catalyst 637– chemical composition 637– conversion 876– entrance cracking 855– feed injection zone 855– feedstock 623– gasoline 915– hydrotreating performance 875– nomenclature 638– organonitrogen poisoning ofcatalyst 846

– pretreat 915– process 1066– process flow 51– properties 638– reactor 631– residue (RFCC) 162, 582, 622,641, 715, 1069

– Shell process 643– SOx transfer additives 136– two-zone model 855– unit (FCCU) 944, 1066– zeolite 638fluidization 706fluorapatite 664flushed zone 470fold associated trap 348fold change (FC) 187formation– evaluation (FE) 435– micro-imager (FMI) 448– tester (FT) 443Forristall distribution 527fouling 905– resistance 889– resistance, steam reforming 879Fourier-transform ion cyclotronresonance (FT-ICR) 675

Fourier-transform ion cyclotronresonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS) 154, 160, 165,173, 200, 224, 275, 679, 690

fracking 14, 100fraction 679, 707fractional conversion 393fractionation 1120, 1127, 1129– packing 967fractionator 907fracturing fluid 514Frasch sulfur 652free radical polymerization 1083friction theory 310fuel delivery system 552fuel gas 818fuel/air equivalence ratio 553fugacity coefficient 296fugitive emission 79, 100functionalization 1163, 1168, 1173fused aromatic ring (FAR) 226

G

gamma– distribution 856– ray (GR) 443– ray neutron tool (GNT) 447, 475gas– composition 723– concentration unit (GCU) 945– hydrates 374– lift 501, 506– oil desulfurization (GOD) 945– slippage 504– sour 326, 655– sweet 326– -to-liquid (GTL) 19, 1015, 1041,1121

gas chromatographic distillation(GCD) 959

gas chromatography (GC) 73, 153,174, 223, 268, 289, 677, 704,1018, 1135, 1157

– -atomic emission detection(GC-AED) 675

– -flame ionization detection(GC-FID) 206

– -inductively coupled plasma-massspectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) 675

– mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 155,157, 163, 174, 200, 223, 289

– specific detector 154

– -tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS-MS) 156

– -time of flight (GC-TOF) 675gas oil conversion– high aromatics content 918gas oil hydrotreater (GOHT) 34– fouling 921gaseous hydrocarbons 326gasification 1117, 1120–1123,1126, 1129

gasifier 1124gasifying zone 1123gasoline 64, 551– additive 65, 584– blend stock 64, 552, 567– engine 552– pool composition 591– production 564– property 559– specification 563gas-to-oil ratio (GOR) 224, 251,385, 723

– crude oil 246gel permeation chromatography(GPC) 208

general purpose rubber (GPR) 1112genetic algorithm 853geocatalysis 370geochemical information 152, 155geochronology 341geophone 421geophysical well logging 353geopolymer 365glow discharge 1144glucose 1129grain shape 346grain size 346graphical user interface (GUI) 834gravity-based structure (GBS) 524grease 71greek fire 9green river oil shale 19greenhouse gas (GHG) 92, 931,1117

Gulf oil 324Gulf residuum process 640

H

halobutyl rubber 1112hazardous air pollutant (HAP) 129health and safety (H&S) 476

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

Subject Index 1227

SubjectIndex

health, safety, environment (HSE)87

heat– balance 630, 887– capacity 284, 304– conduction 394– convection 394– flow 384– flux 802– loss 890– transfer rate 887– -up rate 698heating oil 69heavy– coker gas oil (HCGO) 50, 919– crude processing 915– cycle oil (HCO) 51, 581, 945,1067

– duty engine oil (HDEO) 1020– feedstock 707– HC fraction 328– key 540– naphtha (HN) 66, 717– straight run (HSR) 942– vacuum gas oil (HVGO) 21, 938heavy oil 20, 273, 278– equilibrium composition data 282– rheology 285– treating (HOT) 642helicon discharge 1144Helmholtz energy 300hemicellulose 1117, 1119,1128–1130

Henry’s Law 805heteroatom 676, 679, 681, 683, 691– ring-compound 721heterophasic copolymer (HECO)1094

hexose 1119, 1129hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) 173, 175

high– -density polyethylene (HDPE)1089

– field pressure 1145– melt strength (HMS) 1099– -molecular weight nonvolatilematerial 622

– -pressure low-density polyethylene1090

– pressure separator (HPS) 871– -Q ultrasonic 238– -resolution mass spectrometry164

– -resolution transmission electronmicroscopy (HRTEM) 242

– -temperature shift (HTSR) 1151– -temperature shift converter(HTSC) 799

– -throughput experimentation(HTE) 860

– -voltage EI (HVEI) 165higher hydrocarbon reformation1160

Hildebrand solubility parameter243

Hingle plot 488homogeneous model 504homologous series 844hopane (triterpane) 156hot– high-pressure separator (HHPS)924

– low-pressure separator (HLPS)924

– spots 906– -water extraction process (HWEP)921

Houdresid catalytic cracking 641– process 626Houdriflow catalytic cracking 641– process 626Houdry cracking unit (HCC) 865Hue-gamma ray zone (Hue-GRZ)404

hybrid migration 400hydraulic– fracturing 29, 514– jet pumping 511– piston pumping 511hydride abstraction 848hydrocarbon 322, 620, 676, 677,681, 695–697

– analysis 160– aromatic 677– fossil orgin 18– ring compound 720– saturated 1163hydrocarbon reservoir fluid– Vis/NIR spectroscopy 254hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)1059

hydrocracker (HYC) 715, 867– catalyst 1026– conversion 1025– fixed-bed 713– performance 829– process condition 1027, 1032

hydrocracking (HC) 23, 55, 590,597, 676, 695, 697, 706, 713, 856,941, 1127, 1128

– catalytic 731– chemical reaction 731– chemistry 1023– ebullated bed 55, 761– fixed-bed 54, 754, 758, 760– poly-ring compound 732– process variable 722– selective 695– thermal 766– unit (HCU) 33, 714, 740– zeolite-containing catalyst 738hydrodearomatization (HDA) 684,1023

hydrodemetalation (HDM) 36, 40,582, 675, 683, 684, 694, 698,700–706, 708, 725, 730, 920, 1138

– activity 694– catalyst capacity 704– chemistry 694– reaction rate 683– residual 704hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) 23,36, 39, 110, 675, 725, 730, 846,857, 871, 920, 1023, 1127, 1138

– reaction 694hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) 36, 40,675, 725, 730, 1128, 1135

– rate constant 702– reaction 694hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 23, 36,37, 202, 590, 622, 641, 675, 676,684, 687, 688, 699, 725, 727, 841,856, 872, 873, 919, 949, 1023,1127, 1135

– chemistry 687– continuum model 856– inhibition 691– rate constant 701– sulfide catalyst 686– two-stage process 699hydrodynamic trap 348hydrofinishing 676, 717, 961, 1039– catalyst 1040hydrofluoric acid (HF) 513, 575– alkylation (HFA) 44, 576hydrogen– and CO co-production (HYCO)794

– available on demand 819– bonding 681– composite curve 823

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

SubjectIndex

1228 Subject Index

– consumption 818– feedstock 787– generation flow rate 823– index (HI) 365, 385, 475– long 819– network optimization 826– partial pressure 723– pinch point 824– pressure 1024– production 787, 818, 938, 939– purification 799, 818– purity 723– short 819– source 818– spillover 686, 697– supply 916– surplus diagram 824– thermodynamics 788– -to-carbon (H/C) 41– -to-oil ratio (H2OR) 723, 741hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 90– desorption 693– explosive range 90– removal 136hydrogenation 676, 684, 687, 691,694–696, 702, 704

– olefin 36, 725hydrogenolysis 598, 685, 689, 694,696, 1120, 1128

hydroisomerization dewaxing 1034– catalyst poison 1035hydrolysis 1117, 1120, 1126,1128–1130

hydrophone 422hydroprocessing 52, 676, 700, 714,1128

– catalyst 736– flow scheme 1022– fuel production 718– kinetic 747– reaction 748– reactor design 777– thermochemistry 745– unit 715hydroskimming 934hydrostatic pressure 343hydrotreater 715hydrotreating (HDT) 37, 53, 590,675, 676, 730, 1023, 1127

– AR 700– catalytic 777– chemical reaction 725– coker naphtha 593– enthalpy 745

– FCC performance 875– process 676, 683– process variable 722– residue 698– unit (HTU) 31hydrotreating catalyst 684– activity 686– deactivation 686, 698– regeneration 686hydroxyl radical (�OH) 1167

I

igneous rock 331ill-defined heavy oil 282immiscible operation 982in situ fluid analyzer (IFA) 258inclusion 338inductively coupled plasma-massspectrometry (ICP-MS) 676

inflow performance relationship(IPR) 501

– curve 502– partial two-phase oil reservoir503

– single-phase reservoir 502– two-phase reservoir 503infrared (IR) 93– spectroscopy 153initial boiling point (IBP) 546injection molding 1104injection production well 29inlet diffuser device 777inside-battery limits (ISBL) 762in-situ adaptive model reduction854

instantaneous mean effective cylinderpressure (IMEP) 561

instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP)515

insulator catalysts 632integration point 867Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC) 4, 92, 931

interlocking crystal 331intermediate asymptotics 857intermediate fuel oil (IFO) 70internal combustion engine (ICE)551, 1141

internal rate of return (IRR) 810International Energy Agency (IEA)6, 324, 950

International Organization forStandardization (ISO) 34, 563,959

intrinsic low dimensional manifoldmethod 854

intrusion 338invaded zone 470invariant subspace 850invasion percolation (IP) 387, 402ion mobility analyzer 166ion trap 166ionic polymerization 1083ionic-liquid alkylation 578ionization technique 154, 160island model 230, 371isobutane-to-olefin (I/O) 44isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR)1105, 1112

isolated pores 344isomerization (ISOM) 58, 676,685, 688, 717, 818

isostatic subsidence 382isotactic polypropylene (iPP) 1104isotope pattern computation 166

J

jacket 522jack-up 523Jacobian matrix 853jet fuel 918, 1128– production 924

K

Kendrick mass scale 160kero hydrotreater (KHT) 33kerogen 19, 361, 365– decomposition 369– formation 365– –oil interaction 370– type 367kerogen decomposition– kinetic model 369kerosene desulfurization (KD) 945kerosene jet fuel 68kinetic– analysis 700– lumping/aggregation 841– modeling 167kinetic relationship– methane steam reforming 881

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

Subject Index 1229

SubjectIndex

– naphtha steam reforming 882– steam reforming 879kinetics– -hydrodynamics tradeoff in FCC854

– optimization 398– steam reforming 880Kuwait export crude (KEC) 700,947

Kyoto Protocol 127

L

laboratory information managementsystem (LIMS) 839, 865

Lakeview blowout 102Langmuir– –Blodgett film 229– equation of state 222– –Hinshelwood adsorption 882– –Hinshelwood/Hougen–Watson(LHHW) 749, 872

Larson–Miller equation 807laser desorption ionization (LDI)174, 230

– mass spectrometry (LDI MS)229, 243

laser desorption, laser ionizationmass spectrometry (L2MS) 225

laser induced acoustic desorption(LIAD) 163

– mass spectrometry (LIAD-MS)230

laser-assisted ionization 163laterolog (LL) 443LBC correlation 309Le Chatelier principle 596lean oil recovery (LOR) 818length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) 1092levelness sensitivity 780Leverett J-function 463levigation 653Lewis acid (L-acid) 1065ligand 683, 704ligand-exchange chromatography(LEC) 209

light– coker gas oil (LCGO) 50, 1173– crude oil 328– cycle oil (LCO) 51, 581, 676,870, 945, 1067

– -emitting diode (LED) 258– key 540

– naphtha (LN) 66, 717– olefin cracking 1064– vacuum gas oil (LVGO) 21, 938– -water reactor (LWR) 105light gas oil (LGO) 1138– hydrocarbon type 752lignin 1117, 1119, 1129, 1130limited steam export 790linear– alkyl benzene (LAB) 87– alpha-olefin (LAO) 1047– free energy relationship (LFER)846

– low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)1089, 1100

– paraffin cracking 846– paraffin isomerization 597– program (LP) 32, 819, 865liquefaction 1127liquefied natural gas (LNG) 655liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 6,64, 549, 564, 627, 643, 655, 717,825, 933, 1069

liquid– chromatography (LC) 153– chromatography-massspectrometry (LC-MS) 154, 158,163

– distribution tray design 778– feed rate 722– holdup 504– hourly space velocity (LHSV)722, 874

– hydrocarbon 1169, 1173– infusion 162– injection field desorption/ionization(LIFDI) 164

– –liquid extraction 206– –liquid–vapor (LLV) 281– petrol 327– phase Newtonian viscositycorrelation 307

– redistribution tray 778– space velocity (LSV) 910– water plasma 1173lithodensity identification (LID)482

lithodensity matrix identification(LID) trimineral plot 482

lithology tool 480lithospheric thickening 352lithostatic pressure 343live oil 277– density 283

– sample preparation 283– viscosity 286, 309loading– sedimentary 352– volcanic 352local grid refinement (LGR) 387logging while drilling (LWD) 435,441

loil train derailment 118London force 679long-chain branching (LCB) 1099long-time asymptotic kinetics 856low– -density polyethylene (LDPE)1089

– -dimensional model 849– field pressure 1144– GOR fluid 246– -GOR reservoir 263– -pressure separator (LPS) 871– -sulfur diesel (LSD) 867– -sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) 938– -temperature shift (LTSR) 1151– -temperature shift converter(LTSC) 799

– temperature viscosity 1044– -voltage EI (LVEI) 165lower far crude (LFC) 701lower heating value (LHV) 792,936

lube– base 70– base stock manufacturing 958– crude approval (LCA) 963– crude assay 964– crude selection 963– deasphalting unit (LDU) 1009– oil 959, 960, 972lubricant base oils 153lubricant base stock– all-hydroprocessing route 1021lumping– continuum approximation 855– matrix 852– nonlinear kinetics 853– structure-oriented (SOL) 74, 167,750, 843

M

maceral 332, 365macrofossil 340magnetic resonance imaging log(MRIL) 478

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

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SubjectIndex

1230 Subject Index

magnetic roasting 654makeup gas compressor (MUGC)759

maltene 292– asphaltene 842– fraction 292manipulated variable (MV) 834,867

marine diesel oil (MDO) 70marine gas oil (MGO) 70mass chromatogram 156mass spectrometer– component 154– magnet sector 164mass spectrometry (MS) 73, 152,154, 164, 679

– data interpretation 166– reference spectra 154, 160, 166– resolution 707– tandem (MS/MS) 156, 164material safety data sheet (MSDS)127

mathematical programming 853matrix 61– acidizing 512– -assisted laserdesorption/ionization (MALDI)163, 164, 208

– component 202– representation of reactions 843maximum recording thermometer(MRT) 471

maya crude oil 277McCabe–Thiele method 538m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA)204

McKenzie thermal model 394mean average boiling point (MABP)623

mean diameter formula 807measurements while drilling (MWD)25, 435, 441

mechanism reduction 845mechanistic modeling 847medium cycle oil (MCO) 677melt flow rate (MFR) 1094melt-blown nonwoven 1102mercaptan conversion 662mercaptopropyl silica gel (MPSG)213

mercury 207, 682Merichem LO-CAT process 661Merox reaction 662metagenesis 326, 365, 395

metal 681, 684, 694, 702–704, 708– capacity 675, 703, 705– complex polymerization 1083– deposition 698– extraction 683– function dehydrogenation catalyst602

– ion 683, 694, 698, 704– porphyrin 682– product 705– removal capacity 704– support 708metallocene catalyst 1090metal–organic framework (MOF)932

metamorphic rock 331metamorphism 326methane– hydrates 374– production reaction 1123– reformation 1147methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) 7,582, 1124

methanol-to-olefin (MTO) 1065,1077

methyl– diethanolamine (MDEA) 136,657, 943

– ethyl ketone (MEK) 50, 959,1020

– isobutyl ketone (MIBK) 50, 959,1020

– isocyanate (MIC) 103– isocyanate leak 103– tert-butyl ether (MTBE) 7, 129,567, 942, 1070

methylation 205methylcyclohexane (MCH) 695methylcyclohexanethiol (MCHT)695

methylcyclohexene (MCHE) 695methylcyclo-hexylamine (MCHA)694

methylcyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl (MMT) 562

metric matrix identification (MID)482

met-x 637micro-carbon residue (MCR) 722,908, 959

microcylindrically focused tool(MCFT) 484

microfibrils 1119microfossil 339

microkinetic modeling 847microlaterolog (MLL) 443microresistivity scanner (MRS) 488microscale sealed vessel pyrolysis(MSSV) 398

microspherically focused log(MSFL) 443, 492

middle vacuum gas oil (MVGO)938

middle-of-run (MOR) 755mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR)254

million standard cubic feet per day(MMSCFD) 820

million tonnes of oil equivalent(Mtoe) 325

Mina Abdulla spill 109minimum export steam 792mini-rotary viscosity (MRV) 1034Miocene 268miscible operation 982mist flow 504mixed integer nonlinear program(MINLP) 951

mixed oxide 633mixing equipment 1085Mobil Lube Dewaxing (MLDW™)1033

mobile offshore drilling unit(MODU) 522

modal analysis 851model IV fluid-bed catalytic cracking639

modeling– Darcy flow 403– flow-path 403– hybrid migration 403– invasion percolation 403model-predictive control (MPC) 1,833, 835

modified Claus process 660modular formation dynamic tester(MDT) 252

Mohr circle 411molecular– -based modeling 151, 167– characterization 152–154, 166– composition 152, 676, 679, 722– engineering 151, 167– level 676, 681– management 151, 167– orbital calculation 227– structural vector 167– structure 151–153

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

Subject Index 1231

SubjectIndex

– type 972– weight (MW) 847, 1082, 1097– weight distribution (MWD) 1045,1097

molecule characterization 679, 707monoethanolamine (MEA) 657,799, 943

monomer insertion 1086montmorillonite clay 632Montreal Protocol 91Moody friction factor 505motor octane number (MON) 64,559, 871

moving– -bed process 625, 640– -belt LC-MS interface 159mud acid 513mud logs 439mudcake 470Mukluk prospect 405multi-azimuthal seismic datarecording geometry 422

multicomponent kinetic model 397multicomponent methodology 825multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)165

multizone circulating reactor(MZCR) 1096

mutual diffusion coefficient 286

N

NaCl equivalent concentration 460nanoaggregate (NA) 237– asphaltene 236naphtha 618, 624, 717– light (LN) 66, 717– nitrogen 926– properties 592– side draw 907– sulfur removal 926naphtha hydrotreater (NHT) 592,828

– fouling 925naphtha, kerosene and distillate fueloil (NKD) 34

naphthene 327, 560, 1017– dehydrogenation 595– isomerization 597naphthenic 620naphthenoaromatic 328natural– butyl rubber (NBR) 1109

– ratio range 794– rubber (NR) 1107natural gas 326– dry gas 19– processing 655– sour gas 19– water removal 656needle coke 909neopentylglycol (NPG) 1055net– effective overburden (NEO) 461– present value (NPV) 810– reaction stoichiometry 881neural network 847neutron lifetime logs (NLL) 447neutron porosity log 474Newtonian viscosity correlation– full phase 309NH3 desorption 685nickel 681, 700, 704NiMo 685, 696nitric oxide (NO) 90nitrogen 675, 681, 684, 688, 693,698, 703

– chemiluminescence 676– chemiluminescence detector(NCD) 154, 676

– oxides (NOx) 47, 90, 1149– phosphorus detector (NPD) 154– slip (N slip) 722nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen (NSO)382

N-methyl morpholine N-oxide(NMMO) 1129

– pretreatment 1129N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) 50,959, 1020

– plant corrosion 978noble metal catalyst 1040noble metal hydrocracking catalyst744

nonane reforming 852nonconformity 340noncubic equations of state 299non-Newtonian behavior– bitumen 275non-noble-metal catalyst 743nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) 294nonwoven filter media 995normal moveout (NMO) 424, 430normal paraffinic, branched paraffinic(iso-paraffins), naphthenic, andaromatic (PINA) 883

nuclear instrument module (NIM)453

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)73, 153, 175, 205, 222, 441, 443,599, 1168

– logs 477numeric dating 341

O

ocean current 528octane 64– rating 559– -upgrade unit 916octane number 559– motor 559– prediction 158– research 559offshore drilling 517– mobile unit (MODU) 522offshore oil– collection 519– main production region 522oil– /wax-solvent recovery 1001– abiogenic 359– -based mud (OBM) 254, 256, 479– biogenic 359– clarified slurry (CSO) 629– composition 372– deasphalted (DAO) 49, 292, 548,958, 1019

– dewaxed (DWO) 973– –gas contact (OGC) 347– heating 69– heavy duty engine (HDEO) 1020– industry sector 151– –oil and oil–rock correlation 155– origin of 359– -soluble PAG (OSP) 1057– unconverted (UCO) 6, 713, 757,1019

– -water contact (OWC) 268, 347– well logging 255oil spill 100– clean up 137olefin 199, 559, 676, 679– catalytic cracking (OCC) 1075– conversion technology (OCT)1075

– cracking mechanism 1064– feedstock 1082– hydrogenation 36, 725

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

SubjectIndex

1232 Subject Index

– production plant 818– thermoplastic (TPO) 1100oligomerization 621on-stream catalyst replacement(OCR) 705

opening position (OP) 834operating– cost (OPEX) 958– mode 1070– stability 780optical density (OD) 254optical spectroscopy 227optimization-integer-decisionproblem 853

orbitrap 166order reduction 849organic– carbon redox cycle 364– -rich sediments 362– sulfur 664Organization of the PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC) 13,324, 520, 944

orthorhombic sulfur 650oscillatory shear 285Otto-cycle engine 554overall lumped kinetics 855overburden rock 361over-cracking 628overhead pressure 969overhead valve (OHV) 1156oxidation 203, 1171oxo-alcohol synthesis gas steamreformer 897

oxone 205oxy fuel combustion capture 932oxychlorination 614oxygen 675, 681, 683, 693, 703– content 1119– enrichment 660– plasma 1169ozone generation 1165

P

paleobathymetry 392paleomagnetism 350paleowater depth 387paraconformity 340paraffin 620, 1017– cracking 846– dehydrocyclization 596

– dehydrogenation process (PDH)1075

– isomerization 46, 597paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, andaromatics (PONA) 842, 871, 942

parametric effect 599paraxylene (PX) 591partial combustion 1122partial least squares (PLS) 256, 847partial oxidation (POX) 787, 793,818, 1122, 1142

– catalyst 1149– plant 794– reaction 789particulate matter (PM) 89, 135,665

partition-based and total lumping841

passivation 645passive continental margin 351pathways modeling 848pendant-core model 908Peng–Robinson equation of state298

pentaerythritol (PE) 1055pentose 1119, 1129peracid 204period 342periodate 204Perkins–Kern–Nordgren (PKN)515

permanent poison 607permeability 343permeability, porosity, saturation(KPS) 461

permissible exposure limit (PEL)127

peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) 90peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBN) 90personal protection equipment (PPE)125, 763

PetroFCC 1071, 1078petroinformatics 173petroleomics 158, 167, 174, 225,359, 371

petroleum 675, 676, 681, 694, 700,707

– accumulation 343– asphaltene 236– biomarker 152, 155– cycle 322– engineering 151– exploration 419– geology 322

– mass spectrometry 152– middle distillate 857– migration accumulation 399– nonfuel product 6– origin 326, 359– preindustrial use 323– product 63, 694– refining chemistry 36– research and development 152– system 359– trap 347, 361– trap assessment 348– wax 71petroleum production– pollution 89petroleum refinery 715, 1118, 1127– CO2 emission 943petrophysics 435Phanerozoic 343phase behavior 277– correlation 294– prediction 303phase composition measurement277

photodetector (PD) 258photo-electric factor (PEF) 441,473, 481

photoionization (PI) 160phytane (Ph) 156Pickett plot 488pinch analysis 823pinch point– hydrogen 824PIONA-type characterization 295pipe corrosion 682pipe failure analysis 113pipestill furnace 967pipestill troubleshooting 970piston engine 554plant performance 808plantwide system 817plasma– catalysis 1151– discharge 1167– -generated radical species 1168– polymerization 1165– processing 1163, 1165– properties 1164– radical chemistry 1167– torch 1145– type 1144plate tectonic 349platform as a service (PaaS) 194point adjustment 23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

Subject Index 1233

SubjectIndex

polar–polar interaction 681, 698polyalkyl acrylate (PAA) 1008polyalkyl meth acrylate (PAMA)1008

polyalkyleneglycol (PAG) 1043,1057

polyalphaolefin (PAO) 71, 959,1018, 1043, 1047

polyaromatic condensation 727polybutadiene (PBR) 87– synthesis 1106polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)108

polycyclic aromatic (PCA) 1024– hydrocarbon (PAH) 204, 221,254, 257, 681

– sulfur heterocycle (PASH) 202polydispersity index (PDI) 1009,1099

polyethylene (PE) 87, 1082, 1088– processing 1091– ultrahigh molecular weight(UHMWPE) 1089

– very low-density (VLDPE) 1089polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 7,87, 591

polyisobutylene (PIB) 1046, 1058polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM) 1151

polymeric molecule 681polymerization 579– free radical 1083polyol ester 1055polyolefin 1081polypropylene (PP) 87, 1094– fabrication 1098– injection-molding conditions1105

– rheology 1099polystyrene (PS) 87, 1105polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 7, 87,138

pore diffusion effect 847pore-pressure formation 391porosity 343– tool 471porphyrin 682, 702, 704postcombustion capture 932pot still 534pour point 329, 1017– giveaway 985– reduction 1038power-recovery turbine (PRT) 871precipitation 739

precombustion capture 932precondenser 969predistillation processing 541premium base stock performance1019

prereforming 879pressure 628– drop (dP) 723, 725, 1137– drop calculation 869– filter 993– prediction 388– swing adsorption (PSA) 42, 795,801, 818, 932, 1151

pressure, volume, temperature (PVT)387, 460

pressurized heavy-water reactor(PHWR) 105

pressurized water reactor (PWR)105

pretreatment 1117, 1120, 1127,1129

– -hydrolysis 1120primary– energy 3– migration 370– porosity 344– productivity 362– reformer 895principal component– analysis (PCA) 173, 175, 845,846

– regression (PCR) 256PRISM reactor 1154pristane (Pr) 156– /phytane ratio 373process– controller 850– -derived fuel (PDF) 1159– value (PV) 834product 683– cracked 679– hydrogenated 697– specification 675programmable logic controller (PLC)834

progressing cavity pump 511projective transformation 851propane– dehydrogenation 1075– deoiling 1007– dewaxing 1005– filter hot wash 1007proportional-integral-derivative (PID)834

proppant 514propylene 1064, 1072, 1077– catalytic cracking (PCC) 1074– oxide (PO) 1057propylur process 1072protolytic cracking 848proton affinity (PA) 846proton precession magnetometer(PPM) 477

pseudo first-order approximation(PFOA) model 747

pseudomolecular ion 160pseudosteady-state flow 502pulp and paper industry 1121pumparound 967purge stream 818purification 824purified terephthalic acid (PTA) 87P-wave 419pyrolysis 1117, 1120, 1125–1127,1130

– catalytic (CPP) 1063, 1069, 1078– fast 1126– oil 1126– slow 1126

Q

quadrupole mass analyzer orspectrometer (QMS) 164

quadrupole time-of-flight massspectrometer (QTOF MS) 165

quantitative comparison (QC) 190quantitative structure–reactivityrelationship (QSRR) 846

quasi-equilibrium approximation(QEA) 845

quasi-steady state approximation(QSSA) 845

quench– injection device 778– mixing chamber 778, 781– temperature difference 724quinolone 729

R

R2R process 643Rackett equation 297radial flow reactor 573, 609radial temperature difference 724,784

radioactivity 341

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

SubjectIndex

1234 Subject Index

radiogenic heat 394radiological dispersion device (RDD)477

raffinate hydroconversion (RHC)1040

Raman spectroscopy 153Raney nickel 205Raoult’s law 537rapeseed oil 1135– hydroprocessing 1136rapid sedimentation 394rate– constant 687, 702– of penetration (ROP) 435Raymer–Hunt–Gardner (RHG)porosity 492

reactant-type distribution function856

reaction– catalytic reforming 572– limited aggregation (RLA) 240– network 599– rate relationships 881– rules 844– time 629– trajectory 852reactivity 151, 152reactor– apparatus 1153– average pressure 723– axial temperature rise 724– CAT 724– dilute phase model 869– effluent air cooler (REAC) 754– inlet temperature (RIT) 57, 573– pressure drop 723– temperature 628, 723– WABT 724– wall corrosion 706reactor design 624– hydroprocessing 777reactor internal– performance 783– revamp 783real-time optimizer (RTO) 74, 747recommended exposure limits (REL)127

recycle gas compressor (RGC) 120,755, 759

recycle rate 628reduced crude 624– conversion (RCC) 643reduction roasting 653refined wax production 962

refinery– fuel gas 717– gasoline-production 915– intermediate stream 923– software 834– solid wastes 141– wastewater treatment 137– -wide optimization (RWO) 865refining 322, 675, 699– process 152, 167, 1021, 1128– research and development 153reflection coefficient 427reformat yield 594reforming 676, 684, 1128, 1130– catalyst contaminants 605– Motor Gasoline Pool 590– reaction 594, 880reformulated gasoline 65, 583– before oxygenate blending (RBOB)65

refractive index (RI) 154refractory 685, 688, 691, 693, 701,703

– character 629regeneration 686regenerator– air rate 631– cyclone model 870– freeboard model 870– model 870regular solution theory 294Reid vapor pressure (RVP) 59, 64,129, 561

relative– catalyst activity 882– dating 338, 340– permeability 344remotely operated vehicle (ROV)421, 525

removal of nickel by hydrotreatment(HDNi) 702

removal of vanadium byhydrotreatment (HDV) 702

renewable diesel– dewaxing 1139– feed 1135– product 1135– reaction pathway 1135renewable feed– catalyst 1137– hydrotreating 1134– triglyceride structure 1135renewable fuel 1133

research octane number (RON) 56,559, 592, 871

reservoir crude oil 223reservoir rock 329, 361resid conversion 927resids (residua) 152, 163residual HDM 704residual oil 842residue fluid catalytic cracking(RFCC) 162, 582, 622, 641, 715,1069

residue hydrotreatment 703resonance enhanced multiphotonionization (REMPI) 234

retrofit 826return on investment (ROI) 1137revolutions per minute (RPM) 558Rice–Herzfeld mechanism 845rigorous kinetic modeling 828rigorous model– clean fuel 868ring-opening 694–696– hydrocracking 695Rio Earth Summit 134riser 627– model 868– outlet temperature (ROT) 51, 581– pipe cracking 627, 639– reactor 627risk analysis 388rock– deformation 351– failure 410– poroelastic stress modeling 409– stress 388Rock–Eval measurement 365rotary– engine 556– gas lift system 507– vacuum filter 993rotating pressure vessel oxidation test(RPVOT) 1050

roundness 346Royal Dutch 324– Shell 12rubber– butadiene (BR) 1105– butyl 1112– chlorinated butyl (CIIR) 1112– ethylene–propylene (EPR) 1100,1105, 1109

– natural (NR) 1107

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_25

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

Subject Index 1235

SubjectIndex

– natural butyl (NBR) 1109– styrene–butadiene (SBR) 1105RxCat technology 1071

S

S and W catalytic cracking process643

safety critical reactor axe man(SCRAM) 107

salt 332– -dome trap 27sandstone 336saturated hydrocarbon 1163saturates, aromatics, resins, andasphaltenes (SARA) 175, 208,282, 382, 679, 702, 908

– analysis 291– kinetic model 397saturation– exponent 451– pressure 299– reaction 36, 725– tool 483Saybolt universal seconds (SUS)959, 970, 982, 1016

Schlumberger 449scraped surface– chiller (SSC) 980, 983– exchanger (SSE) 980, 985, 993– supplier 986seal 347– rock 361secondary– energy 3– migration 370– porosity 344– reformer reactions 891sedimentary– basin 382– rock 331, 334, 336– structure 335seismic– activity 419– method 353– wave 419seismic data– acquisition 420– deconvolution 423– interpretation 426– processing 423selective catalytic reduction (SCR)47, 137, 657, 805

selective hydrocracking 695selectivity– catalytic 634– strategy 1166self-contained breathing apparatus(SCBA) 90

semiregenerative catalytic reforming608

semi-submersible 524semisynthetic catalysts 633sensitivity analysis 846separated flow model 505sequential quadratic programming(SQP) 880

SETatWork 4shale 337– gas 374Shell FCC process 640, 643shielding cone (SC) 237shift converter 796shot coke 909Si–Al ratio (SAR) 734side wall core (SWC) 443side-stream stripper 969silica-alumina phosphate (SAPO)46, 713

silicate mineral 332silicon 682silver ion 207simulated distillation (SimDist) 291single photon ionization (SPI) 230single-event theory 848single-phase reservoir IPR 502single-stage once-thru hydrocracker(SSOT) 1027

single-stage with recyclehydrocracker (SSREC) 1027

singlet oxygen 205singular and regular perturbationmethods 850

sinter roasting 654sintering 686, 698, 703SiO2 685skin factor 502sludge 142slug flow 504slurry-phase 706– distillate (SPD) 19– hydrocracking 57, 761small angle– neutron scattering (SANS) 236– oscillatory shear (SAOS) 1105– x-ray scattering (SAXS) 236, 279sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 664

sol-gel process 686solid– -phase oxidation 1123– phosphoric acid (SPA) 579– waste handling 79– waste recovery 141solubility 289– -based lumping 843solution polymerization 1084solvent 704, 708– and hydroprocessing comparison1020

– contaminant 973– deasphalting 49– deasphalting (SDA) 57– dehydration 1001– desphalting 962– dewaxing 50, 960, 979, 1033– extraction 50, 960, 971– fractionation 289– loss 975– neutral oil (SNO) 1012– plant with hydroprocessing 1040– recovery 974– -refining processes 153– splitter 1002sorting 346sour crude oil 329sour gas 326, 655source rock 329, 359, 361– generative potential 367sour-water stripper (SWS) 659space velocity 629, 722spacing density 780spar 524spark-ignited (SI) 1148Spearman’s rho 183special core analysis laboratory(SCAL) 461

speciality oil 71sphericity 346split-flow enrichment 660sponge coke 909spontaneous polarization (SP) 480stability 1018standard (temperature and pressure)original gas in place (SCFOGIP)436

Standard Oil Company 11, 324standard temperature and pressure(STP) 460, 746, 936

staple fiber (SF) 1101start-of-run (SOR) 741, 1032

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_41

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

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SubjectIndex

1236 Subject Index

statistical associating fluid theory(SAFT) 294

– equations of state 301steady-state heat flow 394steam– /carbon ratio 802– -assisted gravity drainage (SAGD)1, 27, 100, 274, 921

– ejectors pump 969– methane reforming (SMR) 19,42, 740, 787, 790, 799, 818, 867,934, 939, 1041, 1147

– methane reforming combined withoxygen secondary reforming(SMR/O2R) 793

– reformer model 880– stripping 906steam reforming 879, 1123, 1125– kinetic relationship 879sterane 156steric hindrance 687, 688, 694, 700stock tank original oil in place(STOOIP) 435

straight run (SR) 592– gas oil (SRGO) 677– light gas oil (SR LGO) 1135Stratco effluent refrigeration process578

strategic petroleum reserve (SPR)13

stratigraphic trap 348stratospheric ozone 91strike-slip fault 348strip logs 436stripper 627structural trap 347structural vectors (for molecules)167

structure-based lumping (SBL) 750structure-oriented lumping (SOL)74, 167, 750, 843

– kinetic modeling 167study-state flow 502styrene– butadiene resin (SBR) 87– –butadiene rubber (SBR) 1105,1107

– monomer (SM) 87subduction zone 350subsea system 525substitution 688, 690, 694– nucleophilic 694sucker rod pumping 508sucrose 1128

sulfated ash, phosphorus, and sulfur(SAPS) 1019

sulfide catalyst 698sulfiding 736sulfur 681, 683, 687–689, 691, 694,699–701, 703

– chemiluminescence 676– chemiluminescence detector (SCD)154, 676

– compound 199, 201– -containing polycyclic aromaticcompound (S-PAC) 212

– coordination 688, 693– extraction 688– oxides (SOx) 54, 642, 876– pollution 665– production 651– recovery 78, 928– recovery unit (SRU) 654– refractory species 684, 693– slip (S slip) 722– source 651– strategy 654sulfur removal 654– capacity 699– rate 687sulfuric acid alkylation (SAA) 43,577

– unit (SAAU) 576sum frequency generation (SFG)245

Suncor refinery 866supercritical– fluid chromatography (SFC) 153– fluid extraction (SFE) 141– -water reactor (SCWR) 105SUPERFLEX 1072support 676, 684, 695, 698, 704,708

– alumina 684– material 685supported catalyst 1090surface-assisted laser desorptionionization (SALDI) 235

suspension polymerization 1084suspensoid catalytic cracking 626,641

S-wave 419sweet– crude oil 329– gas 326– –sour petroleum refinery 915

syngas 19, 1121, 1124– -to-gasoline plus (STG+) 582– -to-liquids (STL) 1015synthesis 1106– gas 19synthetic 1018– automotive engine lubricant 1052– base stock 1043– catalyst 633– diesel fuel 1133– fuel 1125– gasoline 582– industrial lubricant 1052– lubricant 1043– seismogram 428synthetic crude (syncrude) 1– hydrocarbon type 752– production 903

T

tail-gas treating 662– unit (TGTU) 47, 654, 662t-amyl methyl ether (TAME) 64tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)156, 164

tandem triple-stage quadrupole massspectrometer 165

teletype (TT) 447temperature gain 724temperature indicator (TI) 111, 723temporary poison 604– coke 607tension-leg platform (TLP) 524Terzaghi rock stress modeling 389Terzaghi-compressibility 390tetraethyl lead (TEL) 65, 551Texaco 324thermal– conductivity 394– conductivity detector (TCD)1159

– conversion 1128, 1130– cracking 41, 618, 842, 903– hydrocracking 766– modeling 393– partial oxidation (POX) 793– plasmatron 1145– process 676– processing 903– reforming 618– stability 1128– subsidence 382

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_18

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_15

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_40

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

Subject Index 1237

SubjectIndex

thermal/oxidative stability 1044thermochemical route 1127thermodynamic– analysis 261– constraints and consistencies 845– equation 296Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC)580, 640

thermoforming 1103thermogenesis 370thermophysical propertymeasurement 283

thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)1108, 1110

thermoplastic olefin (TPO) 1100thermospray (TSP) 162thin-layer chromatography (TLC)209

thin-wall injection molding (TWIM)1104

thiol 202thiophene 202, 678, 687–690third-stage separator (TSS) 135threshold limit values (TLV) 127Tianjin 118tight oil plays 374time– interval 343– -of-flight (TOF) 679– -of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) 165

– -resolved fluorescencedepolarization (TRFD) 226

– scale separation 849– to steady state 724TiO2 686tons per annum (tpa) 934top dead center (TDC) 554top liquid distribution tray 778topping 934tornado diagram 388tortuosity coefficient 451Tosco Avon Hydrocracker 110total– acid number (TAN) 20, 153, 183,186, 199, 722, 917, 1059

– depth (TD) 441– dissolved solids (TDS) 487– isomerization process (TIP) 59,571

– organic carbon (TOC) 365, 385tower– flash zone 967– fractionation 967

– overhead pressure 969– pressure survey 970– wash section 967TPR model 504trace contaminant 720transformation 322– ratio (TR) 387, 397transient flow 502transient heat flow 394trap 343– anticline 26– salt dome 27, 332– stratigraphic 348– structural 347treatment 916– catalyst 636trimethylolpropane (TMP) 1055truck tape recorder (TTR) 448true– boiling point (TBP) 67, 718, 870– conversion 722– vertical depth (TVD) 263tube metal temperature (TMT) 897turbine 557– oil stability test (TOST) 1059two-dimensional heteroatom singlequantum coherence (HSQC) 228

two-phase reservoir– IPR 503two-stage dewaxing 1002two-stroke engine 555

U

ultra-deep hydrodenitrogenation forhydrocracking 857

ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization ofdiesel 856

ultrahigh molecular weightpolyethylene (UHMWPE) 1089

ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) 38,729, 836, 916, 1134

– production 916ultra-stable (US) 61unconformity 341unconverted oil (UCO) 6, 713, 757,1019

uninvaded zone 470unit of measure (UOM) 722UOP– fluid-bed catalytic cracking 640– Merox process 662– Selectox process 661

upflow 706upgrading process 151upstream 14, 151–153, 167USY 696utility 931

V

vacuum– distillation 546, 965– distillation unit (VDU) 541, 568,717, 865, 951, 958, 960

– gas oil (VGO) 22, 167, 548, 568,622, 713, 841, 865, 936, 1019,1072, 1127, 1130

– pipestill (VPS) 958, 960– residue (VR) 21, 36, 546, 679,684, 706, 717

– residue upgrading 716– residuum 904– -ultraviolet laser light (VUV) 164validity condition for asymptoticlumped kinetics 858

van der Waals– condition 297– equation of state (EoS) 222, 252van Krevelen diagram 192, 368vanadium 681, 700, 704vapor pressure osmometry (VPO)163, 226

vapor-lift tray (VLT) 780– distributor performance 781vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE)538

vertical seismic profiling (VSP)448

very low-density polyethylene(VLDPE) 1089

vibrational spectroscopy 153vibroseis 421vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) 87vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) 87Vis/NIR spectroscopy 252– hydrocarbon reservoir fluid 254visbreaking 50, 903, 912viscosity 1016, 1044– blend index (VBI) 308– dynamic 959– grade (VG) 1048, 1053– heavy oil 307– kinematic 959– modifier (VM) 1017

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_11

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_29

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_26

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_39

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_31

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_20

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_17

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_19

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_28

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_36

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_38

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_22

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_27

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_4

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_21

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_6

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_23

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_16

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_13

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_3

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_12

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_30

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_8

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

SubjectIndex

1238 Subject Index

viscosity index (VI) 70, 329, 959,1016, 1044

– droop 1031– loss 1038visible ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy683

vitrinite reflectance 397volatile organic compound (VOC)65, 90, 130, 563, 665, 1146

volatile products 910volatility 1017, 1045volatilizing roasting 653vortex separation system (VSS)1071

W

Wankel engine 556wash– acceptance 998– efficiency 998– oil 967waste heat recovery (WHR) 801waste product 322wastewater 100, 806– treatment 79water gas reaction (WG) 1123water gas shift (WGS) 789, 1123,1135, 1147

– reaction 789, 1124water phase behavior 280

water-based mud (WBM) 253wax 1125– crystal 982– hydrocracking 1033weight hourly space velocity(WHSV) 722, 1073

weighted average bed temperature(WABT) 724, 784

weighted average reactor temperature(WART) 829, 873

well– bore 501– completion 28– failure blowout 27– log 436, 445, 466– log analysis 435– site 465– stimulation 512West Texas intermediate (WTI) 30,922

wet– flue-gas desulfurization 657– gas 655– -gas scrubbing (WGS) 135– sulfuric acid 663wetting 347whole-oil– gas chromatograms 372wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS)279

wireline formation tester 491

wireline log 439World Petroleum Council (WPC)1068

Wyllie’s time-average equation 452

X

x-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF) 637, 639

x-ray powder diffraction (XRD)639

xylose 1128

Y

yankee whaling 9Yen–Mullins 371– model 252, 262, 681

Z

zeolite 61, 685, 695– catalyst 633– catalyzed alkylation 579Zeolite Socony Mobil–5 (ZSM-5)1033, 1064, 1128

Zero-Zero-Zero campaigns 86Ziegler–Natta catalyst 1090zig-zag mechanism 727zinc-/calcium-aluminate 1076zonal reaction 1154

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_9

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_33

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_35

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_34

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ImportantConversionFactorsinPetroleumTechnology978-3-319-49347-3/1.pdf · or processed in a petroleum facility during one calendar day. BPCD is less than BPSD, because BPCD includes