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IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read first!DISCLAIMER:• The following translated document originates from Brazil, is based on
Brazilian data and experience, and was developed by EMBRAPA for Brazilian farmers. Aspects of SBR development and fungicide efficacy comparisons may not be the same under U.S. and Brazilian conditions. Similarly, certain control measures suggested by Brazilian officials reflect the unique SBR situation in Brazil, as well as year-round soybean production in certain parts of that country. Therefore, do not use this information for making fungicide purchasing or SBR control decisions in the U.S. Instead, use control measures developed by your state’s Land Grant University scientists. Be advised that fungicide product names for the same active ingredient and manufacturer are typically different for Brazil and the U.S.; however, the common names for the active ingredient (such as tebuconazole or propiconazole or azoxystrobin) are the same in both countries.
For more information or clarification about the translated document, contact:D. HershmanExtension Plant PathologistUniversity of Kentucky, Princeton, [email protected]
SOYBEAN RUST:SOYBEAN RUST:
IdentificationIdentification
ManagementManagement
Control Control
History 1902 – first report in Japan 1914 – in southeast Asia 1976 - Puerto Rico 1979 - Lavras, MG - Dr. Josué Deslandes 1990 - Uganda, Kenya and Rwuanda
1998 - Zimbabwe 2001 - Paraguai and Brazil 2002 – Argentina 2003 - Bolivia
2004 – Uruguai,Colombia and USA
Up to 1992 – only one species identified as soybean rust
Phakopsora pachyrhiziIn 1992 – found a 2nd species causing rust on soybean
P. meibomiae – American rust
P. pachyrhizi – Asian rust
Soybean rust around the world
1934
1902
1957
1940
19661934
1998
2001
1999
2004
20012002
2003 1996
2004
Evolution of soybean rust in Brazil
2000/2004
PA
PA PA
PA
2000/01 2001/02
2002/032003/04
Presence detected
Severe losses detected
Actual
status
BRS 154
BRS 153
1.632 kg/ha 3.015 kg/ha
2.344 kg/ha3.022 kg/ha
treated Control
Losses: 46%
Losses: 23%
Cruzaltinha, RS – 2002
São Desidério, BA - 2003
3550 kg/ha1470 kg/ha
Losses : 58%
Pirapó, Paraguai – 2001
Treated Control
Losses
Crop Season 2003/04
1. Fungicides + spray US$ 860 million
2. Yield + taxes US$ 1.2 billion
3. Total: US$ 2.06 billion
Lazzaroto& Roessing, 2004
Cost of Fungicides:
US$ 30/ha (1 spray)
Capacitation of 100,000 farmers in 2005
Consortium anti-rust
Disease identification,
management and
control
Initial Symptoms
Soybean Rust
Typical symptoms:tiny dark brown lesions; leaves become yellow and falls.
J.T. Yorinori
Soybean rust
Symptoms are easily identified againts bright background
J.T. Yorinori
Soybean Rust
Diagnosis is confirmed through observation of small blisters on the underside of soybean leaves.
C.V. Godoy
J.T. Yorinori
Soybean Rust
30 X lens to observe uredias in the leaf
uredias
W.M. Paiva
First detection in Brazil: Foz do Iguaçu, PR - 2001
5-7 days after inoculation
Bright background
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
Symptom´s Evolution Symptom´s Evolution And Defoliation And Defoliation
9 Days after inoculation
Bright background
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
25 days after inoculation
Yellowing and defoliation
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
Initial symptons ocurred in R1-R2
São Desidério/ BA - J.T. Yorinori
Early defoliation due to Asian Rust
MATO GROSSO
Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03
MATO GROSSO
Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03
Rust on the cotyledons - rare
Rust on the stems –
uncomon
Rust on the pods - rare
Etiology:
time
desease
Cycle: 5-7 (9-11) days
Spore germination pattern
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20dias após a coleta
% d
e ge
rmin
ação
Dissemination: wind
Dissemination
Disease cycleDisease cycle
M. Iamauti, 2004
6-7 days occurs spore liberation
J.T.Yorinori
Reproduction
Symptoms show up 5 days after
inoculation
W.M.Paiva
One pustule releases spores along 3 weeks
J.T.Yorinori
Germination
(optimun 180C – 260C)
Penetration
development
InfectionFree water on leaf surfaceMinimum: 6 hOptimun:12 - 14 h
Direct penetration through stomata
M. Iamauti G.N.Agrios
Disease Disease misidentificationmisidentification
Brown spot: Septoria glycines
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
Bacterial blightPseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea
Downy mildew: Peronospora manshurica
Soybean rust
Bacterial pustuleXanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
L.M. Costamilan
A.M.R.Almeida
J.T. Yorinori
When to control ? Scouting fields/sentinels to observeat the earliest sign of infcetion.
Spray right after first symptoms are observed (pustules on plant botton leaves) or spray preventively,
considering:
Presence of symptoms in the sentinel plots,Reduced operational capacity,Favorable weather conditions,Plant development stage,Rust present in the region,Incidence of other diseases (broad range fungicide).
Chemical Control
Number of sprays?
Stage of plant development when rust Stage of plant development when rust occursoccurs
Reincidence of rustReincidence of rust
Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?)Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?)
W.M.Paiva Vegetative Reproductive
Products Registered Products Registered
for rust control in for rust control in
BrazilBrazil
AGROFITAGROFITwww.agricultura.gov.brwww.agricultura.gov.br
Active ingredient Rate (g i.a./ha) Comercial product1 - Check
2 - azoxystrobin 50 Priori
3 - difenoconazole 50 Score
4 - tetraconazole 50 Domark
5 - fluquinconazole 62,5 Palisade
6 - flutriafol 62,5 Impact
7 - tebuconazole 250 100 Orius
8 - tebuconazole 200 100 Folicur
9 - myclobutanil 100Systhane
10 - pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole 66,5+25 Opera
11 - trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole 56,2+24 Sphere
12 - azoxystrobin + ciproconazole 60+24 Priori Xtra
13 - trifloxystrobin + propiconazole 50+50 Stratego
14 - propiconazole 125 Juno
15 - epoxiconazole 37,5 Opus
Soybean rust
1 g i.a. = gramas de ingrediente ativo2 l ou kg de p.c.= litros ou kilogramas de produto comercial3(***) maior que 90% de controle; (**) de 80-86% e (*) de 59-74%4adicionar Nimbus 0,5% v./v. aplicação via pulverizador tratorizado ou 0,5 L/ha via aérea5adicionar 250 mL/ha de óleo mineral ou vegetal
Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado
Nome comercial Dose/ha Agrupamento3
Nome comumg de i.a.1 l ou kg de p.c.2
azoxystrobin Priori4 50 0,20 *
azoxystrobin + ciproconazole Priori Xtra4 60 + 24 0,30 ***
ciproconazole + propiconazole Artea 24 + 75 0,30
difenoconazole Score 250 CE 50 0,20 *
epoxiconazole Opus 50 0,40
fenarimol Rubigan 120 CE 30 - 36 0,25 – 0,30
fluquinconazole Palisade5 62,5 0,25 *
flutriafol Impact 125 SC 62,5 0,50 ***
myclobutanil Systhane 250 100 - 125 0,40 – 0,50 **
propiconazole Juno 125 0,50 *
pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole Opera 66,5 + 25 0,50 ***
continuacontinua
1 g i.a. = gramas de ingrediente ativo2 l ou kg de p.c.= litros ou kilogramas de produto comercial3(***) maior que 90% de controle; (**) de 80-86% e (*) de 59-74%4adicionar Nimbus 0,5% v./v. aplicação via pulverizador tratorizado ou 0,5 L/ha via aérea5adicionar 250 mL/ha de óleo mineral ou vegetal
Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado
continuaçãocontinuação
Nome comercial Dose/ha Agrupamento3
Nome comumg de i.a.1 l ou kg de p.c.2
tebuconazole Orius 250 CE 100 0,40 ***
tebuconazole Tríade 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole Elite 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole Rival 200 EC 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole Constant 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole Folicur 200 CE 100 0,50 ***
tetraconazole Domark 100 CE 50 0,50 **
tetraconazole Eminent 125 EW 50 0,40
trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole Sphere 56,2 +24 0,30 ***
trifloxystrobin + propiconazole Stratego5 50 + 50 0,40 *
Spray Technology
N.S. Almeida
IMPORTANT
Reach the target with an adequate coverage.
(minimun 60 drops/cm2))
Efficiency of fungicides is closely related Efficiency of fungicides is closely related to spray techniquesto spray techniques
J.T. Yorinori
The Green Bridge Problem
Primavera do Leste, MT – 2003
Lesion type TAN – no necrosis
Lesion type RB - reddish brown
J.T. Yorinori
A. Tschanz
A. Tschanz
C.V.Godoy
RESISTANCE
Resistance:
There are four major genes: Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3 e Rpp4
Resistant cultivars BRS 134
BRSMS BacuriCS 201
FT-2FT-3FT-17FT-2001Campos GeraisKIS 601Ocepar 7
Pirarara Tianá
Tianá MTBR 19923
Screening Genotypes
Crop Management between seasons
o Eliminate volunteer plants
o Avoid a second soybean crop (“safrinha”)
o Avoid winter irrigated soybeans. Need 3-4 sprays
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLSTRATEGIES FOR CONTROL
Early sowing with early maturing cultivars = SCAPE
Spray at the right time.
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)Soybean Volunteer plant
W.M. Paiva
W.M. Paiva
Kudzu infected with rust and soybeans, side by side in Paraguai.
J.T. Yorinori
Early plantings producing inocula for late plantings
Scouting and Chemical Control
Plot Sentinels
Susceptible cultivars sowed before normal time without fungicide treatment
Make the scouting as large as possible,
keeping more attention to the first sowings and
humid areas
Walking and frequency of sampling:
1. after emergence and intensify after
flowering;
2. after evidences of infection in the region
Scouting and Chemical Control
Colect middle and bottom leaves
J.T. Yorinori J.T. Yorinori
Scouting and Chemical Control
Look for symptoms of rust
Scouting and Chemical Control
Incubate leaves for easy diagnosis
In case of doubt, send leaves to well trained laboratory
for diagnosis
J.T.Yorinori
Scouting and Chemical Control
http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta
Laboratories localized in the principal regions
http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta
Rust Dispersion Information System