Importance of S&T in Importance of S&T in Providing ShelterProviding Shelter

M W LeelaratneM W Leelaratne

International Seminar on S&T Policy Research and Statistical Indicators08 September 2006

Colombo

NERDC

a structure or building that provides cover from weather or protection against danger

Shelter

Each family shall have its own shelter

NERDC

Presentation outline

• The Status Summary• Challenges • Price escalation of resources• Meeting the challenges• Technological change through innovation• Governance• Future activities

NERDC

Status Summary

2001 Census• Shortage of housing > 200,000• Another 1,000,00 or more sub-standard units needed improvement

Tsunami of December 2004• >70,000 units completely destroyed• >30,000 partially damaged

Annual demand for new houses ~ 100,000

Source: Central Bank, 2005

NERDC

Challenges imposed on meeting the demand

Need for new vision &

technology

Scarcity of resources& high cost

Cultural values

Wastage of resources Provision ofutilities

Financing

•Land•Raw materials•Skilled labour•Governance•Affordability

•Traditions•Social acceptance•Preferences

Disasters•Over design•Lack of flexibility•Lack of awareness•Time consuming techniques•Custom made

•Standardised units•Quick construction•Local resources

•Shortage of funds•High interest rates•Rigid procedures

•Water•Energy•Sanitation

NERDC

Price Indices - Construction Materials

100

200

300

400

500

Year

Pri

ce In

dex

Timber

Cement S/Labour

MetalSteel

Source: Construction Statistics, ICTAD

NERDC

Price Indices - Construction Materials

100200300400500600700800900

10001100

Year

Pri

ce In

dex

SandBricks

Source: Construction Statistics, ICTAD

NERDC

Meeting Challenges Thro’ innovative technology

Technological shift achieved thro’

•Introduction of pre-cast standardised building components to house construction•Minimising in-situ construction•Minimising usage of sand & timber•Introduction of new and cheaper raw materials•Size reduction of components by new and better structural designs•Minimising the use of indirect materials•Minimizing skill labour requirement by newer construction methods•Reduction of wastage by centralised mass manufacturing of building components

New areas needing attention

•Soil investigations in Tsunami affected land

•Provision of shelter in disaster situations

•Newer structural designs & construction techniques for withstanding disasters

•Newer financing mechanisms for low income groups

Good Governance in providing shelter

Organisational Framework

Ministry of Housing and Construction

National Housing Development Authority – Main facilitator for fulfilling nations housing needs(low income groups)•Review•Planning•Ownership•Motivation•Management•Infrastructure

Other institutions directly involved in the provision of shelter

• Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources• Plantation Human Development Trust• Private property developers – high end customers• Individual house builders NERDC

Good Governance in providing shelter -contd

Housing Development regulatory bodies

• Urban Development Authority- Issue permits for urban housing projects

• National Physical Planning Department- Integration of social, physical & env. Issues- housing designs to suit env.- new township development

• Central Environmental Authority- Env. Protection license (EPL)- EIA

• Coast Conservation Department- regulates developments in the coastal zone

• Land Reclamation and Development Corporation- reclaim land earmarked for development

Institutions Providing Utility Services

• Ceylon Electricity Board• National Water Supply and Drainage Board

NERDC

Future activities

• Incorporate new technology into national standards• Include new technology in the specifications of government buildings• Expedite training of manpower • Train consultants – regional level• Induction programmes to local government officials

NERDC

Thank YouThank You

NERDC

• Rubble foundation

• In-situ concrete column foundation

• In-situ columns

• Brick/Cement-sand block wall

Plinth beam foundation for wallsPre-cast concrete pocket foundation

Pre-stressed/cast columns

Slip-form wall

Cement stabilised soil block

Less ExcavationsLess materialQuick constructionLess skilled labour

Mass productionLess skilled labourStandardised componentsLess materialQuick constructionNo form work

New cheaper materialsNo sandRe-usable form workNo plasteringQuick constructionLess skilled labour

New cheaper materialsMaterial widely availableLess transport cost

Old Technology Proposed New Technology Advantages

Technological change thro’ Innovation - R&D

NERDC

•In-situ slab

•Timber door/window frames

•Roof with timber frame

2” thk Composite slab with pre-stressed beams

Pre-cast concrete door/window frames

Roof with pre-stressed/cast concrete framework

Less materialLess/No form workFast constructionMass production – beamsStandardised components

Alternate cheap materialMass productionStandardised componentsLess skilled labourMore durableNo lintel reqd. above

Alternate cheap materialLess skill labourStandardised componentsMass productionMore durable

Old Technology Proposed New Technology Advantages

Technological change thro’ innovation-R&D- contd.

NERDC

Dissemination of the New Technology-contd.

Pilot Projects

Policy•NERDC buildings to use this technology•Special materials to be supplied by NERDC, until industry takes over (imported items)•NERDC to undertake construction of buildings with potential entrepreneurs as sub-contractors for a specified period of time• Govt. buildings of different categories

e.g. Schools, commercial, hostels, offices, etc.• Houses, both housing projects and individual• A few NERDC buildings • Joint operation between NERDC and prospective entrepreneurs (Licensees)• First few pre-stressed/pre-cast concrete yards

Dissemination of the New Technology - contd.

Technology transfer

Training &Awareness

• Transferred the building construction technology to nearly 400 potential entrepreneurs.• Established 20 pre-stressed yards to manufacture concrete building components• Established nearly 100 entrepreneurs to manufacture concrete building components

• Has conducted 41 training programmes on cost-effective housing technology and over 1500 participated during the last 15 yrs• Participated in 34 exhibitions between 2002 and 2005• Conducted 31 awareness programmes between 2002 and 2005• Produced brochures containing details and type plans of model houses

Support services

• Imported HTS wires in bulk and distributed to the manufactures of pre-stressed concrete components. Until mid 2004 only.• Pilot project are undertaken to train and to give confidence to prospective entrepreneurs• Regular programmes are held for the benefit of licensees to impart technological development•

Monitoring & feed back

• Monitored the progress of licensees so as to ensure quality of work and to obtain feed back information for future developments• Licenses are required to be renewed yearly in order to ensure continuity and progress • Licensees are summoned on regular basis to discuss problems and find solutions for them.• Licensees are trained for improving their entrepreneurship and business acumen

Dissemination of the New Technology – contd.

Meeting Challenges Thro’ innovative technologyChallenge Innovative Solutions

Scarcity of materials & high cost

Cultural values

Provision of utilities

Financing

Time consuming techniques

Wastage of resources

• Alternative materials• Optimal designs• Local architechture• Reduce wastage• Minimise indirect materials• New/Fast construction methods• Minimize skill labour • Standardised building components• Minimize in-situ construction• New financing instruments• Training manpower on new technology• Soil investigations in Tsunami affected land

• Alternative materials• Optimal designs• Local architechture• Reduce wastage• Minimise indirect materials• New/Fast construction methods• Minimize skill labour • Standardised building components• Minimize in-situ construction• New financing instruments• Training manpower on new technology• Soil investigations in Tsunami affected land

NERDC

Achievements

• Buildings having floor area of 60,000 m² has been constructed in the last decade using the new technology. Value of work nearning Rs. 1 billion• Pre-cast building components worth Rs. 80 million has been made using this technology• Currently, on average, pre-cast building components required for 25 houses are made per day• Over 400 new licensees have been established on this new technology• Nearly 100 pre-cast yards for manufacturing building components have been established• nearly 20 pre-stressed yards for manufacturing pre-stressed building components have been established• Over 5,000 new employment opportunities have been created

Achievements – contd.

• Over all sand savings from 40% - 70% • Over all resource saving up to 40% • Over all cost savings up to 40%

2"6"

3'-0"

4"

1'-0"

3'-0"

1:3:6(1") Screedconcrete

T10-6" c/cboth ways

4T12

R6-6" c/c

Plinth beam

Plinth wallT25 bar

6" x 6" PSC column

9"

FOUNDATION DETAIL(NERDC TYPE)

Traditional Random Rubble Foundation

Plinth Beam foundation

Plinth BeamPlinth Beam FoundationsFoundations

Column footingsColumn footings connected by connected by plinth beamplinth beam at ground at ground level, thin level, thin plinth wallplinth wall and and DPCDPC

COLUMN FOUNDATIONS FOR PRE STRESSED / PRECAST COLUMNS

6”x6” Pre-stress and Pre-cast columns

Concrete Doors and Concrete Doors and Windows Windows

Concrete door and window frames

Cost of door/ window Cost of door/ window frames are reduced by frames are reduced by using precast concrete using precast concrete framesframes

Cost only about Cost only about 70% of timer 70% of timer framesframes

DurableDurable Eliminates lintelEliminates lintel

Doors and Doors and WindowsWindows

Cost-effective Cost-effective WallsWalls

Slip form wallSlip form wall

made of 1:12 cement made of 1:12 cement andand

quarry-dust/ sand mixquarry-dust/ sand mixwith 2% of coir fibers.with 2% of coir fibers.The steel shutter is usedThe steel shutter is usedFor slip form wallFor slip form wallconstruction. construction.

Some types of soil canSome types of soil canalso be used instead ofalso be used instead ofquarry dust.quarry dust.

Slip form wall Slip form wall constructionconstruction

MANUFACTURING OF SOIL MANUFACTURING OF SOIL BLOCKS BLOCKS

House being constructed using CEMENT – SOIL block

New Floor New Floor slabsslabs

T Y P E -0 1

T Y P E -0 2

Type 1 - Steel frame or timber frames are hang from PSC beams

Type 2 – 20MM Thick ferrocement panels are placed On psc beams as permanent shutter

ConventionalConventional slabslab

New slab being constructed

RoofRoof

Asbestos roof on precast concrete purlins.Asbestos roof on precast concrete purlins. Tile roof on precast concrete rafters and reapers.Tile roof on precast concrete rafters and reapers. Precast concrete trussesPrecast concrete trusses

Concrete framework for a tile Concrete framework for a tile roofroof

Constructed in 2001

P Pilot Project

Constructed in 1997

Pilot Project

Constructed in 1996

Pilot Project

Constructed in 2001

Pilot Project