IMPLICATIONS FOR VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF PROPOSED

RECREATION AND ROAD MODIFICATION SITES AT EASTERN

END OF FITZGERALD RIVER NATIONAL PARK

PREPARED BY ANDREW CHAPMAN

FOR DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION

AUGUST 2010

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IMPLICATIONS FOR VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF PROPOSED RECREATION AND ROAD MODIFICATION SITE RE-DEVELOPMENT AT EASTERN END OF FITZGERALD RIVER NATIONAL PARK

SUMMARY Eleven prescribed sites for recreation site or road modification were assessed for their value as habitat for vertebrate fauna. Four had high or very high values; nine were burnt in October 2006 so their value had to be inferred from either past records or examination of adja-cent, identical vegetation. Sixty two native species including nine which are threatened or priority listed are known from the proposed sites. Development and/or modification can proceed, even in sites of potential very high value, without unacceptable loss of these values. Reasons for this are that sites have been carefully sited and designed, none are unique and only a very small propor-tion of their entire extent will be disturbed. There may be requirements to comply with both State and Commonwealth referrals in some cases. Some post-construction management options are rec-ommended. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Fitzgerald River National Park (FRNP) is a large, 329 000 ha, national park on the south coast of Western Australia between the coastal towns of Bremer Bay and Hopetoun that extends to 55 km inland. The area has been managed as a national park since 1972. Since the mid nineteenth century when James Drummond’s plant collection arrived in England the area was recognised for ‘its fine and remarkable species’ (W.J. Hooker quoted in Erickson 1975). It was more than a century later that the park’s faunal attributes were found to be comparable. In today’s language the park is often (and appropriately) described as a local biodiversity hotspot within, and major contributor to, the regional hotspot that is the south west of WA. Some of the conservation values of FRNP are reasonably well known and documented e.g.:

• very high vascular plant species richness with 1 665 species or 29% of the flora of south west WA (Newbey & Hickman 2008)

• with 264 species of vertebrates including four inland fishes, 41 reptiles, 11 frogs, 186 birds and 22 mammals it has more vertebrate species than any other conservation reserve in south west WA (Chapman & Newbey 1995)

• core area of internationally acclaimed Fitzgerald Biosphere Reserve • “FRNP is without doubt the most important Mediterranean ecosystem reserve in the

world.....” Dr Bernd von Drost of UNESCO • as opposed to other large south coast conservation areas, the park is largely free of die-

back disease As a national park (as opposed to a nature reserve under WA legislation) there is an expectation that the park should accommodate a range of recreational opportunities with facilities and access to enable them that do not compromise conservation values. To meet this need and in response to the perceived economic consequences to the towns of Hopetoun and Ravensthorpe of BHPBilli-ton’s closure of Ravensthorpe nickel mine in January 2009, in June 2009 the Commonwealth and WA Governments allocated funding to upgrade access to and facilities in the park. The intention was that these improvements would encourage further tourist and visitor use and provide an eco-nomic stimulus for the two towns. The specific purpose of this assessment is to examine the value and implications for vertebrate fauna of eleven existing sites proposed for re-development or modification as part of the Fitzgerald River National Park improvement plan.

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2.0 METHODS 2.1 Desk top assessment The assessment involved examining the location of each site with respect to previous known bio-logical survey sites and the data they provide as well as known localities for threatened fauna. Data for the latter are from DEC’s threatened fauna data base (mapped version of October 2009). 2.2 Field Investigation Field investigation occupied three days, 14, 15 July and 10 August 2010 with 2-3 hours spent at each site in appropriate weather conditions i.e. fine, sunny days with little wind. Data recorded were; a brief description of habitats in terms of vegetation and position in the landscape and par-ticularly whether each site offered unique or different characteristics to its surrounds. This was re-quired to comply with the ten clearing principles in Schedule 5 of the Environmental Protection Act 1986. Birds were recorded by sight or call identification with particular emphasis on western whipbird and western bristlebird. Fauna tracks, scats and the occasional reptile were recorded. Nine of the eleven sites were wholly or partially burnt in October 2006. Mature, putative vegeta-tion and habitats were inferred from either remnant unburnt vegetation or examination of regenera-tion and/or burnt remains. For example, some mallee and banksia species can be identified from burnt fruits even if this is not possible from regenerating plants. 3.0 RESULTS Fauna are recorded against site in Appendix I. Data are derived from the biological survey of 1985/86 (Chapman & Newbey 1995), DEC’s threatened fauna data base, the field investigation , the author’s and Sarah Comer’s unpublished field notes from numerous park visits over 20 + years. Appendix I lists 62 native species including nine threatened or priority listed species that are in Table 1. Neither are predictive lists which would be much more extensive. At some sites fauna of particular interest for interpretation were present. These are indicated as dot points under each site description. Three feral vertebrates, fox, house mouse and rabbit were recorded. Live, aestivat-ing Mediterranean snails were recorded at Mylies Beach creek. Site descriptions are below. 3.1 Entry station on eastern end of Hamersley Drive The site occupies a shallow valley between subdued secondary dunes to the south and a quartzite ridge to the north. The vegetation is slightly taller and denser than its surrounds due to protection from wind and the water gaining nature of the site but it is not otherwise distinctive. The site was almost entirely burnt in October 2006. The mature vegetation would be mixed mallee and acacia shrubland with Eucalyptus pleurocarpa, E. angulosa and E. falcata. Presently these species are vigorously regenerating with prominent understorey recolonisers Guichenotia ledifolia, Scaevola crassifolia and Labichea lanceolata. Taller Acacia rostellifera and A. cyclops were also conspicu-ous recolonisers. North of Hamersley Drive sedges were prominent in the understorey. A small patch of unburnt Spyridium glaucum was present on outcropping limestone in the south east corner of the site. • Western whipbird can be heard from the quartzite ridge north of the site

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Species Status Sites recorded

Malleefowl Vulnerable Four Mile campsite

Carnaby’s Cockatoo Endangered East Mt Barren walk trail

Western Bristlebird Vulnerable East Mt Barren lookout and walk trail

Rufous Fieldwren Priority 4 East Mt Barren lookout, Cave Point/West Beach intersec-tion

Western Whipbird Priority 4 Entry station, East Mt Barren lookout and walk trail, East Mylies Beach, West Beach

Crested Bellbird Priority 4 East Mt Barren lookout

Chuditch Vulnerable Entry station

Western Brush Wallaby Priority 4 Entry station, Barrens Beach precinct

Carpet Python Priority 4 Entry station, Barrens Beach precinct

Table 1. Threatened and priority listed fauna recorded by site

Notes: Status is under WA Wildlife Conservation Act. Site records include within 100 m of site footprint

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Plate 1 Regenerating Eucalyptus pleurocarpa north of Hamersley Drive at entry station.

Plate 2 Regenerating mixed mallee species at Four Mile campsite. When mature this vegetation provides habi-tat for both malleefowl and brush-tailed possum.

3.2 Barrens Beach precinct The site occupies primary and secondary dunes, a low limestone ridge and an inactive drainage line between the ranger’s residence and Barrens Beach and Four Mile car parks. Most vegetation was burnt in October 2006. The previous mature vegetation at the campsite was tall, shady Euca-lyptus falcata and E. angulosa to 7-8 m. Presently both species are regenerating to 3-4 m with vig-orous Acacia rostellifera, A. cyclops and Scaevola crassifolia. The proposed car park is in a swale between secondary dunes and the quartzite foot of East Mt Barren. As mapped it intersects an inactive drainage line (see recommendations). The precinct also incorporates a biological sur-vey site from the 1985/86 survey, site 43A at 0225919E, 6242252N. • A pair of malleefowl constructed a mound near vehicle bay #9 in 2001. • Brush-tailed possums formerly inhabited the camp site. • Mature, unburnt Rottnest tea tree, Melaleuca lanceolata near the proposed picnic site is not

only very attractive, it also consolidates primary dunes here. • Mature, unburnt coastal moort, Eucalyptus utilis is also an attractive woodland feature on

limestone here. 3.3 East Mt Barren lookout The site occupies the wave cut bench at the eastern foot of East Mt Barren. There is much quartz-ite outcropping. The site was entirely burnt in October 2006. The vegetation is a regenerating Bar-ren Ranges thicket with Regelia velutina, Banksia oreophila, B. quercifolia, and Taxandria con-spicua ssp. abrupta.

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• Western whipbird, rufous fieldwren, crested bellbird, western bristlebird, dibbler and carpet python have all been recorded at or very close to this site. Western whipbird can presently be heard calling from the proposed car park site.

• The skink Egernia napoleonis can be seen on quartzite boulders here; its species name is in-directly derived from the Emperor Napoleon and commemorates the French connection with the south coast of WA.

Plate 3 Plate 4

Plate 5

Plate 3 indicates regenerating Bar-ren Ranges thicket at East Mt Bar-ren lookout site. Plate 4 indicates regenerating vegetation at East Mt Barren walk trail car park site and Plate 5 indicates mature, unburnt thicket west of Hamersley Drive at walk trail car park site. Note Euca-lyptus tetraptera in foreground.

3.4 East Mt Barren walk trail car park site The site occupies the western foot of East Mt Barren; it was partially burnt in October 2006. The mature vegetation was dense, species rich Barrens Ranges thicket (Plate 5) with different plant species composition to the previous site due to less basement quartzite i.e. the quartzite is more broken and gravelly. The regenerating vegetation upslope of here includes Adenanthos cuneatus, Nuytsia floribunda, Banksia speciosa, B. baxteri with sedges as prominent recolonisers. The vege-tation within the car park loop was entirely burnt—with maturity it will effectively screen Hamer-sley Drive from the car park without obscuring the view and provide visually spectacular plants such as Eucalyptus tetraptera and E. preissiana for visitors. • Western whipbird call from dense thicket vegetation west of the car park.

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Note that the three sites based around East Mt Barren including Four Mile campsite collectively have the attributes of a biodiversity hotspot within a hotspot within a hotspot. There are important implications for both management and interpretation at these sites( see recommendations). 3.5 East Mylies Beach The proposed car park occupies subdued secondary dunes north of the existing car park which im-posed on the primary dune system. It was completely burnt in October 2006. The mature vegeta-tion was tall Melaleuca spp. shrubland including M. nesophila with wind pruned Eucalyptus angu-losa. Presently it is vigorous regrowth with Acacia cyclops, Scaevola crassifolia, Clematis pubes-cens and Muehlenbeckia adpressa. The path to the beach and proposed lookout traverses primary dunes with very different vegetation including Olearia axillaris, Euphorbia paralias, Pimelea fer-ruginea and Spinifex longifolius. • This is the only site offering the opportunity to examine the difference between primary and

secondary dune vegetation. • Western whipbird call from nearby this site.

Plate 6 Plate 7

Plate 8

Plate 6 indicates primary dunes at East Mylies Beach. Plates 7 and 8 indicate existing day use site and foot bridge across the creek at Mylies Beach, respectively.

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3.6 Mylies Beach The proposed re-development largely occupies the existing day use and car park site. It is confined by a saline creek to the north and primary dunes to the south and was completely burnt in October 2006. The original, mature vegetation was tall open shrubland with Melaleuca lanceolata and M. nesophila with Acacia spp. Presently it is regrowth with Acacia cyclops, Grevillea tripartita ssp. macrostylis, Clematis pubescens, Myoporum tetandrum and Muehlenbeckia adpressa. The creek littoral vegetation comprises Melaleuca lanceolata and M. cuticularis over Gahnia trifida and samphire. • A small, very salinity tolerant fish, the blue-spot goby lives in the creek. • Spotted pardalote and rainbow bee-eaters have nested in the steep bank of the creek. • Although saline creeks are a prominent feature of the park environment, this is one of the

few places where visitors can examine one. 3.7 West Beach/Cave Point intersection on Hamersley Drive The site occupies a corridor approximately 600 m long and 200 m wide extending east from the turn off. The south side was entirely burnt and the north side partially (eastern half only) in Octo-ber 2006. The mature vegetation was Barren Ranges thicket to 3-4 m with Eucalyptus pleuro-carpa, E. preissiana, Banksia quercifolia, Hakea pandanicarpa ssp. pandanicarpa and H. victoria. The regenerating vegetation is open, low shrubland to 1.5 m with Eucalyptus pleurocarpa, Xan-thorrhoea platyphylla, Hakea victoria and Adenanthos cuneatus prominent species (Plate 9).

Plate 9 Plate 10

3.8 West Beach/Cave Point intersection The site occupies each of the three arms of the intersection for a distance of approximately 100 m each. It was entirely burnt in October 2006. The mature vegetation here was tall, dense Barren Ranges thicket similar to that described above. At present it is low, open shrubland to 1.5 m with Eucalyptus pleurocarpa, E. preissiana, Isopogon polycephalus, Banksia quercifolia, B. leman-niana, (the latter only on more rocky substrates) and Daviesia incrassata ssp. reversifolia. 3.9 Cave Point car park and walk trail The site occupies a north-south corridor approximately 500 m long and 75 m wide from the exist-ing car park to the look out at Cave Point. It was almost entirely burnt in October 2006, the excep-tion being the low, open wind pruned vegetation on the point (see below). The car park site (Plate 10) is regenerating Eucalyptus angulosa to 2.5 m and E. pleurocarpa to 2 m with Hakea nitida, Melaleuca spp., Taxandria conspicua ssp. abrupta and Kennedia nigricans.

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The vegetation of the walk path (Plate 11) is open and low due to wind pruning with Eucalyptus pleurocarpa, Grevillea tripartita ssp. macrostylis, Adenanthos cuneatus and Taxandria conspicua ssp. abrupta and Melaleuca spp. prominent species. • At the lookout plants such as Banksia media and Melaleuca nesophila which are often tall

and prominent are so wind pruned as to be barely recognisable (Plate 12). Their low stature and open structure probably saved them from the October 2006 fire.

Plate 11 Plate 12

3.10 West Beach car park and beach path site The proposed car park site is to the north east of the existing car park and the proposed beach path has been re routed to a less steep but longer route west of the existing path. The site was not burnt in October 2006 except for its northern extremity at the approach road. The car park site is wind pruned Eucalyptus pleurocarpa, E. angulosa, E. preissiana, Banksia media medium height open shrubland behind the primary dunes. The beach path vegetation is dense, low shrubland with Me-laleuca nesophila, Lissanthe pleurandroides, Banksia media, Grevillea tripartita ssp. macrostylis and Adenanthos cuneatus. Although the route includes some primary dunes the vegetation is so dense that wind generated blow outs are not present. It is imperative that this stability in main-tained in re-routing the path. • The dense vegetation in the drainage line west of the site provides habitat for western whip-

bird. 3.11 Hamersley Inlet/Hamersley Drive intersection The site occupies a ‘T-bone’ shaped corridor with an approximately 800 m long axis along the inlet road. The site was not burnt in October 2006. It was last burnt in the large fires in December 1989. Partly in response to the 21 years elapsed since last burnt the vegetation is floristically di-verse and structurally complex. The western portion vegetation is a heath/shrubland complex with emergent Eucalyptus pleurocarpa, Hakea pandanicarpa ssp. crassifolia and Nuytsia floribunda (Plate 13). The understorey is particularly plant species rich. Towards Hamersley Drive a vegeta-tion mosaic develops due to subtle drainage and/or edaphic factors with denser groving type vege-tation with species such as Lambertia inermis and Eucalyptus preissiana contributing to the grov-ing effect (Plate 14). This mosaic may provide habitat for threatened species such as dibbler and heath rat and will certainly provide habitat for more common mammals such as honey possum and pygmy possum as well as small carnivorous marsupials and native rodents. Table 2 summarises landform/vegetation/habitat value at each site.

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Site no. Site description Landform Vegetation Habitat value

3.1 Entry station Coastal dunes Mallee/shrubland Medium

3.2 Barrens Beach precinct Coastal dunes Mallee/shrubland/low woodland High

3.3 East Mt Barren lookout Quartzite range Barren Ranges thicket Very high

3.4 East Mt Barren walk trail car park Quartzite range Barren Ranges thicket Very high

3.5 East Mylies beach Coastal dunes Mallee/shrubland Medium

3.6 Mylies Beach Coastal dunes Mallee/shrubland High

3.7 West Beach/Cave Point turn off Quartzite range Barren Ranges thicket Uncertain potentially high

3.8 West Beach intersection Quartzite range Barren Ranges thicket Uncertain potentially high

3.9 Cave Point car park and walk trail Coastal dunes with phyllitic schist on point Mallee/shrubland/heath Medium

3.10 West Beach car park Coastal dunes Mallee/shrubland Medium

3.11 Hamersley Inlet turn off Quartzite range/marine plain Mallee/shrubland/thicket./heath Uncertain potentially high

Table 2. Habitat value/landform/vegetation classification for proposed recreation and road modification sites

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Plate 13 Plate 14

On the other hand the quartzite ranges sites East Mt Barren lookout and walk trail car park are of very high value to vertebrate fauna; dibbler, western whipbird, western bristlebird, rufous field-wren, crested bellbird and carpet python have all been recorded either at or very close to these sites. While their presence may be a constraint on development, they also provide an opportunity to present a significant part of the park story i.e. threatened fauna species to visitors. Further, visi-tors prepared to take the time have the chance to see, or hear in the case of some birds, threatened species that are very limited in distribution. This is an opportunity that is seldom available in Aus-tralian environments—particularly for multiple species. The three road intersection sites are of less certain status. They are included here as part of the quartzite ranges landform because although they lack the massive exposure of the mountain ranges they are peripheral residuals of this landform often with minor outcropping or loose quartzite sur-face scatter due to erosion. There are very little biological survey data for them but by inference and examination of their mature vegetation their value is likely to be high. The complex mosaic of denser, groving vegetation at the Hamersley Inlet road intersection has previously been mentioned. With respect to compliance with State and Commonwealth legislation there may be a requirement to secure the WA Environment Minister’s approval for vegetation clearing of an area in excess of one hectare for the West Beach car park, the Four Mile Beach loop road and the Hamersley Inlet intersection. This is because these sites are relocations rather than modifications. The very likely future presence of western bristlebird and dibbler which are vulnerable and endangered respec-tively, under the EPBC Act, at the East Mt Barren sites, will require examination as to whether DEWHA will deem their presence here a controlled action.

4.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS Field and desk top assessment of the habitat value for vertebrate fauna of the proposed recreation and road modification sites indicate that they fall into two distinct categories with several of uncer-tain status. Most coastal dune sites fall into a medium conservation value category. There are two reasons for this; although this landform is limited in FRNP it is abundant elsewhere on the south coast and there are adequate data to indicate that threatened species seldom use it. Two coastal dune sites are exceptions; the Four Mile site on account of taller mallee and low woodland vegeta-tion providing past habitat for malleefowl and brush-tailed possum and the Mylies Beach site on account of the saline creek providing an additional element of environmental complexity. This provides habitat for one species of inland fish, two frogs and bird species (including breeding re-cords) not recorded at other coastal sites.

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The principal conclusions from this assessment are that: • Detailed biological survey work i.e.fauna trapping is not required to validate these determi-

nations. • Subject to the recommendations below, the recreation and road modification sites develop-

ment can proceed without unacceptable impacts on vertebrate fauna. The rationale for this, in spite of some sites occupying habitat of very high value, is that the sites have been care-fully sited and designed, none are unique and they only occupy a very small proportion of their entire extent.

The principal recommendations arising from this assessment are that: • The three sites Four Mile Beach, East Mt Barren lookout and walk trail car park be collec-

tively managed as a threatened fauna precinct. • DEC implement a fauna monitoring plan within the precinct involving rigorous monitoring

of road kill and use of remote cameras, listening devices and hair arching techniques to re-cord changes in species composition and relative abundance.

• DEC use the unique fauna opportunity provided at East Mt Barren to enhance visitors’ ex-

perience by imaginative and well presented interpretive materials. • At the Four Mile Beach car park it will be necessary to allow for flood mitigation should the

inactive drainage line deliver water following severe rainfall events. 5.0 CONSULTATION and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In producing this report the author has consulted Sarah Comer and Janet Newell (DEC Albany) on threatened fauna and scheduling and compliance requirements, respectively and Dr Gillian Craig on flora species names. Paul Cory (DEC Ranger) provided valuable fauna sight observations. Re-sponsibility for conclusions and recommendations rests solely with the author. 6.0 REFERENCES Chapman, A. & Newbey, K.R. 1995. A biological survey of the Fitzgerald area, Western Austra-

lia. CALMScience Supplement No. 3. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth.

Erikson, R. 1975. The Drummonds of Hawthornden. Lamb Paterson, Perth. Newbey, K. & Hickman, E. 2008. Checklist of Plants – Fitzgerald River National Park. Second

Edition. Friends of Fitzgerald River National Park, Ravensthorpe.

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APPENDIX I VERTEBRATE FAUNA RECORDED BY SITE

SITE NUMBER

BIRDS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.1 3.11

CASUARIIDAE

Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu x x x x

MEGAPODIIDAE

Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl x

ACCIPITRIDAE

Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite x

Aquila morphnoides Little Eagle x

FALCONIDAE

Falco berigora Brown Falcon x

PSITTACIDAE

Platycercus zonarius Australian Ringneck x

CUCULIDAE

Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo x x x

Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo x

STRIGIDAE

Ninox novaeseelandiae Boobook Owl X

TYTONIDAE

Tyto alba Barn Owl X

MEROPIDAE

Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater x

MALURIDAE

Malurus pulcherrimus Blue-breasted Fairy-wren x x

PARDALOTIDAE

Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote x x

ACANTHIZIDAE

Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren x x

Calomanthus campestris Rufous Fieldwren x x

Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill x

Acanthiza apicalis Broad-tailed Thornbill x

MELIPHAGIDAE

Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird x x

Anthochaera lunulata Western Little Wattlebird x x x

Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater x x

Lichenostomus leucotis White-eared Honeyeater x

Melithreptus chloropsis Western White-naped Honeyeater x

Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater x

Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater x x x x x x x

Phylidonyris melanops Tawny-crowned Honeyeater x x x x x x x x x x

Acanthorhynchus superciliosus Western Spinebill x x

Calyptorhyncus latirostris x

DASYORNITHIDAE

Dasyornis longirostris Western Bristlebird x x

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PETROICIDAE

Drymodes brunneopygia Southern Scrub-robin x x

POMATOSTOMIDAE

Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler x

CINCLOSOMATIDAE

Psophodes nigrogularis Western Whipbird x x x x x x

PACHYCEPHALIDAE

Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler x

Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush x

DICRURIDAE

Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail x x

CRACTICIDAE

Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird x x

Strepera versicolor Grey Currawong x

CORVIDAE

Corvus coronoides Australian Raven x x x x x

HIRUNDINIDAE

Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow x x x x x x

ZOSTEROPIDAE

Zosterops lateralis Silvereye x x x x

PASSERIDAE

Stagnopleura oculata Red-eared Firetail x x x

MAMMALS

TACHYGLOSSIDAE

Tachyglossus aculeatus Echidna x x x

MACROPODIDAE

Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo x x x x x x x x

PHALANGERIDAE

Trichosurus v. vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum x

TARSIPEDIDAE

Tarsipes rostratus Honey-possum, Noolbenger x

MOLOSSIDAE

Tadarida australis White-striped Freetail-bat x

MURIDAE

Mus musculus House Mouse (feral) x

APPENDIX I (CONTINUED) 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11

Macropus irma Western Brush Wallaby x x

DASYURIDAE

Dasyurus geoffroii Western Quoll, Chuditch x

Oreoica gutturalis Crested Bellbird x

Parantechinus apicalis Dibbler x

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APPENDIX I (CONTINUED) 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11

Rattus f. fuscipes Bush Rat x x

LEPORIDAE

Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit (feral) x x

CANIDAE

Canis lupus Dingo/Dog (feral if dog) x x x

Vulpes vulpes Fox (feral) x x

FROGS

HYLIDAE

Litoria cyclorhyncha Spotted-thighed Frog x x

MYOBATRACHIDAE

Subfamily Limnodynastinae

Limnodynastes dorsalis Western Banjo Frog x x

REPTILES

GEKKONIDAE

Subfamily Diplotactylinae

Strophurus spinigerus inornatus Southwest Spiny-tailed Gecko x

SCINCIDAE

Egernia napoleonis Southern Crevice Skink x

Hemiergis p. peronii Peron's Earless Skink x

Lerista distinguenda Southwest Lerista x

Morethia obscura Dark Morethia x

BOIDAE

Morelia spilota imbricata Southwest Carpet Python x x

ELAPIDAE

Echiopsis curta Bardick x

Notechis scutatus Western Tiger Snake x

Pseudonaja a. affinis Dugite x