Implementing Mental Health Promotion

Margaret M. Barry • Aleisha M. Clarke Inge Petersen • Rachel JenkinsEditors

Implementing Mental Health Promotion

Second Edition

ISBN 978-3-030-23454-6 ISBN 978-3-030-23455-3 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23455-3

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 20191st edition: © Churchill Livingstone 2007This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

EditorsMargaret M. BarryWHO Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion ResearchNational University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland

Inge PetersenSchool of Applied Human SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, South Africa

Aleisha M. ClarkeChild Mental Health & WellbeingEarly Intervention FoundationLondon, UK

Rachel JenkinsInstitute of PsychiatryKings College LondonLondon, UK

This book is dedicated to all who work for the improvement of mental health and wellbeing.

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Preface

Good mental health is fundamental to population health and wellbeing and contrib-utes to the functioning of individuals, families, communities and society. As recog-nised by the World Health Organization, strategies focused on treating mental ill-health alone will not necessarily deliver on improved mental health at a popula-tion level. Mental health promotion is concerned with strengthening protective fac-tors for good mental health and enabling access to resources and supportive environments that will foster the mental health and wellbeing of individuals and populations. There is compelling international evidence that there are effective and feasible interventions for promoting mental health, which when implemented effec-tively can enhance protective factors for good mental health, reduce risk factors for mental disorders and lead to lasting positive effects on a range of health, social and economic outcomes. Mental health promotion strategies have been introduced in many countries globally as one of the most sustainable methods of improving popu-lation mental health, reducing the increasing burden of mental disorders and improv-ing overall health and wellbeing. While there have been significant research and policy developments in advancing mental health promotion in many countries, the capacity to deliver effective strategies needs to be strengthened.

This second edition of Implementing Mental Health Promotion provides a practi-cal guide to the implementation of mental health promotion interventions with dif-ferent population groups across the life course in key settings, such as the home, school, community, workplace and health services. The text is written from a ‘how- to’ perspective, combining an exploration of current research and evidence with practical advice to support the planning and implementation of interventions in real- life settings. This revised edition provides updated examples of effective interven-tion approaches, illustrating the process of implementation. Case studies of practical aspects of intervention development, implementation and evaluation from high-, middle- and low-income countries are included in order to demonstrate the success-ful implementation and scale-up of interventions across diverse country settings. This second edition draws on the improved evidence base to illustrate how informa-tion from research can be used to inform effective and sustainable intervention development and implementation.

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Since the first edition of Implementing Mental Health Promotion, there have been a number of important international developments in mental health promotion research, policy and practice. These developments are incorporated in this second edition of the text, with a focus on global policy frameworks, intersectoral partner-ship working, the role of mental health in the Sustainable Development Goals and the implementation and scaling-up of the expanded evidence base for effective action in diverse country settings. The writing of the first edition of Implementing Mental Health Promotion was motivated by the paucity of available texts on mental health promotion and also by the fact that issues of practical implementation were typically not addressed in the majority of publications. In this second edition, we also focus on the importance of implementation and demonstrate how advances in implementation science can inform the effective delivery of mental health promo-tion interventions globally. The different dimensions of implementing mental health promotion, spanning conceptual, policy and practice perspectives are addressed across the 16 chapters of the book, and the key factors affecting the quality of imple-mentation are examined for a range of interventions in key settings. The practical challenges of implementing mental health promotion interventions are explored, including the challenge of translating evidence into action and ensuring effective implementation in different sociocultural settings with differing financial and human resource constraints.

The leading authors in the field have contributed case study examples of imple-menting evidence-based interventions across diverse country contexts, in order to provide an insight into how high-quality implementation can be ensured through the use of research-based, theoretically grounded and culturally appropriate interven-tions. Drawing on new literature and research since the first edition, the key factors and conditions that can improve the quality of implementation are highlighted, and recommendations for practitioners, policy-makers and researchers are discussed.

In terms of the structure of the book, Part I provides an introductory overview of the field of mental health promotion, and a strong theoretical and conceptual base for action is outlined. A review of the theoretical and international evidence base for effective mental health promotion interventions is provided, introducing key con-cepts, principles and frameworks for practice and identifying evidence-based priori-ties for action. International policy developments and frameworks are discussed, and the necessary infrastructure to support effective policy and practice is addressed, including capacity and workforce development. In Part II, a detailed account of the practical steps involved in intervention planning and delivery is provided, including an overview of current implementation research, frameworks and strategies for intersectoral working. A generic template for action is presented, which can be used to guide planning and implementation across a range of interventions and settings, and recommendations for supporting quality intervention implementation are out-lined. Parts III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII demonstrate the implementation of evidence- based approaches with a range of population groups across the life course (children, adolescents, adults and older people) in key settings including the home, school, workplace, community, primary care and mental health services. Each section intro-duces the rationale for mental health promotion in that setting and provides an

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overview of current concepts and research findings together with examples of evi-dence-based interventions and case studies on the implementation of exemplary and innovative approaches. An updated set of evidence-based practice examples and case studies is selected from across low-, middle- and high-income countries. Based on the research and case studies reviewed, generic principles of best practice are identified for implementing mental health promotion in that setting.

As in the first edition, it is important to acknowledge that the book does not address all relevant settings, nor indeed does it include all evidence-based interven-tion approaches. However, we have endeavoured to include a representative sample of interventions that will illustrate key principles of good practice in programme implementation. The practice examples and case studies have been updated in this edition to include a greater selection of examples from low- and middle-income countries in order to address the particular implementation challenges when work-ing in resource-scarce settings. Across the chapters, we have taken a population level and life course approach, including mental health promotion actions for the general population, those deemed to be at higher risk and also people with mental health problems. In keeping with the principles of mental health promotion, this approach adopts the view that we all have mental health needs and that positive mental health can be promoted for all, including those experiencing mental disor-ders, across a range of everyday settings. This second edition of Implementing Mental Health Promotion primarily addresses the implementation of discrete inter-ventions, as this is where most evidence has been collated to date. However, we are mindful that mental health promotion embraces a much broader range of activities than defined programmes and that it also includes policy changes and broader macro-level interventions. At this point, we have focused on presenting a selection of the evidence-based approaches that have been successfully applied and the fac-tors that have been identified as making them work.

This second edition is written for a broad range of readers, including practitio-ners, policy-makers and researchers working in mental health, health promotion and public health. Health promoters and professionals working across a range of sectors and settings, including communities, schools, workplaces, primary care and mental health services, will gain useful insights into evidence-based practice and the practi-cal steps that are needed to ensure successful programme implementation. This book provides policy-makers and decision-makers with a guide on what is needed to be put in place in order to translate the evidence in mental health promotion into best practice and policy. This revised edition will also appeal to researchers, aca-demics, teachers and trainers interested in gaining a greater academic understanding of the core concepts and principles of mental health promotion, the strength of the current evidence base and its translation in practice. The text provides a useful resource for postgraduate students, as they will be able to access in one text the multidisciplinary literature that informs mental health promotion research and prac-tice, together with practical guidance on successful intervention design and imple-mentation from diverse countries globally.

This revised edition of Implementing Mental Health Promotion brings together the literature from research, practice and policy in order to advance the

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implementation of effective, feasible and sustainable mental health promotion action for diverse population groups and settings. We hope that you will find the book both useful and enjoyable and that it may stimulate the development, imple-mentation and evaluation of high-quality interventions and initiatives that will pro-mote population mental health and wellbeing.

Galway, Ireland Margaret M. Barry London, UK Aleisha M. Clarke Durban, South Africa Inge Petersen London, UK Rachel Jenkins

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank everybody who made publication of this book possible. In particu-lar, we acknowledge the contribution of the case study authors, who managed to condense their vast experience of programme development, implementation and evaluation into concise accounts for inclusion in this text. Thanks to Reamonn Canavan and Jennifer Ryan who contributed to background research on the drafting of chapters in Parts VI and VIII, respectively, and to Dr. Tuuli Kuosmanen who helped with the referencing.

A special thanks from Margaret to Dug for his generous and invaluable support throughout, from Aleisha to Eric and Ryan, from Inge to Clive, and from Rachel to Ruth and Ben.

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Contents

Part I Introduction to Mental Health Promotion

Concepts and Principles of Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The Importance of Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Mental Health as a Positive Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Determinants of Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Promoting Positive Mental Health: Theoretical Frameworks for Practice . . . 16Prevention Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16A Population Health Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19A Health Promotion Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Current Conceptual Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Adopting a Competence Enhancement Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Principles of Mental Health Promotion Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Reframing the Challenge of Promoting Population Mental Health . . . . . . 35Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Addressing the Global Challenge of Mental Ill Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Adopting a Comprehensive Public Health Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Embracing a Well-Being Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

International Policy Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Adopting a Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Society Approach . . . . 45

International Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Integrating Mental Health into the Global Health and Development Agendas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

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Advancing Evidence-Based Action for Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . 59Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Identifying Evidence-Based Priority Actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach to Mental Health Promotion Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Translating Evidence into Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Building the Infrastructure for Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Mutisectoral Policy Development and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Developing Effective Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Investing in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Part II Implementing Mental Health Promotion

Implementation Processes and Strategies for Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101The Process of Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Overview of Implementation Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Understanding Implementation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Implementation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Implementation of Collaborative Practice and Intersectoral Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Implementation Factors Influencing Effective Partnership Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

A Generic Template for Implementing Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . 131Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Phase 1: Intervention Initiation and Initial Planning Stages . . . . . . . . . . . 132Phase 2: Developing the Implementation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Phase 3: Deliver the Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Phase 4: Intervention Maintenance and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Part III Community Mental Health Promotion

Community Mental Health Promotion Principles and Strategies . . . . . . . 163Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Rationale for Community Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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Conceptual Approaches to Community Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Principles of Community Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Planning the Implementation of Community Mental Health Promotion Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Plan for Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation for Continuous Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Community Implementation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Implementing Multilevel Community Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Practice Example: Communities That Care (Hawkins and Catalano 2002; Hawkins et al. 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Implementing Community-Based Mental Health Promotion Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Community-Based Interventions Based on Collaborative Partnerships . . . . . 195

Case Study: CHAMP (Collaborative HIV Adolescent Mental Health Program) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Arvin Bhana, Inge Petersen, Mary McKay, Claude Mellins, and Carl C. Bell

Strengthening Community Participation and Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . 204Community Youth Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Social Inclusion Interventions for Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Case Study: Act-Belong-Commit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Julia Anwar-McHenry and Rob Donovan

Implementing Community Empowerment Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Interventions Promoting Gender Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Interventions Promoting Economic Empowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Peer Support Models of Community Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . 217Practice Examples: Widow-to-Widow Programme–A Mutual Support Bereavement Programme (Silverman 1986, 1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) Community Mentoring Programme (Grossman and Tierney 1998; Tierney et al. 1995) . . . . . . . . . . . 220Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Part IV Mental Health Promotion for Children and Families

Promoting the Mental Health of Children and Families in the Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Aleisha M. ClarkeIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Rationale for Promoting the Mental Health of Children and Families . . . . . . 234

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Home Visiting Family Support Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Practice Example: Nurse Family Partnership (Olds 1997, 2006; Olds et al. 1998c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Case Study: Toward Flourishing—Mental Health Promotion for New Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Mariette Chartier, Laurie McPherson, Jennifer Volk, and Marion Cooper

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Implementing Parenting and Preschool Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Aleisha M. ClarkeIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Parenting Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Practice Example: Triple P-Positive Parenting Programme (Sanders et al. 2001, 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Case Study: Incredible Years – Disseminating the Incredible Years® Basic Parenting Programme in Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Judy Hutchings and Margiad WilliamsCase Study: Parenting for Lifelong Health Programmes – Implementing the Parenting for Lifelong Health programmes – Lessons Learned from Low-Resource Settings . . . 278Inge Wessels, Catherine L. Ward, Anna Booij, Nomagugu Masuku-Mukadah, Lucie Cluver, Peter Cooper, Lynne Murray, Frances Gardner, Judy Hutchings, David Jeffery, Jamie Lachman, and Mark TomlinsonPLH for Toddlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Preschool Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284Practice Example: Head Start REDI (Bierman et al. 2008a, b) . . . . . . . . . . . 288Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Part V Mental Health Promotion in Schools

Promoting Children’s and Young People’s Mental Health in Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Aleisha M. ClarkeIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Rationale for Promoting Mental Health in Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Evidence of Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Implementing School-Based Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308A Whole-School Approach to Implementing Mental Health Promotion . . . . 312

Whole-School Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Practice Example: Positive Action (Flay and Allred 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

A Whole School Approach to Bullying in Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

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Case Study: MindMatters: Case Study of Developing the First National School Mental Health Promotion Programme in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Louise RowlingCase Study: Implementation of a Whole-School Approach in Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328Rachel Jenkins and Asima Khan

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Implementing Universal and Targeted Mental Health Promotion Interventions in Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Aleisha M. ClarkeIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Universal Classroom Skill-Based Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342Practice Example: Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (Greenberg and Kusché 2006; Greenberg et al. 1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Case Study: Zippy’s Friends—Implementation and Scale-Up of Zippy’s Friends in Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Ona Monkevičienė and Caroline EgarCase Study: MindOut Programme—Implementation of the MindOut Programme in Irish Post-Primary Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Anne Sheridan, Katherine Dowling, and Margaret M. Barry

Targeted Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Depression and Anxiety Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Suicide Prevention Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Digital Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Case Study: Implementation of SPARX Computerized Cognitive- Behavioural Therapy Programme for Adolescents in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370Theresa Fleming, Mathijs F. G. Lucassen, and Tuuli Kuosmanen

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Part VI Promoting Mental Health in the Workplace

Promoting Mentally Healthy Workplaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Rationale for Promoting Mental Health in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390Implementing Mental Health Promotion in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Frameworks for Workplace Mental Health Promotion: Policy, Legislation and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Addressing Stress in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Psychosocial Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

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Evidence-Based Intervention Approaches in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Individual Focussed Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409Organizational Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Practice Example: The SOLVE Training Programme (International Labour Organization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Case Study: British Telecom’s Approach to Mental Health in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Catherine Kilfedder

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Addressing Mental Health Problems at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Margaret M. BarryIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430Improving Awareness and Addressing Stigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Unemployment and Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432Practice Example: The JOBS Programme (Caplan et al. 1989; Price and Vinokur 1995a, b; Vinokur et al. 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Case Study: Promoting Career Management and Mental Health: Towards Successful Seniority Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438Jukka Vuori, Salla Toppinen-Tanner, Mikko Nykänen, and Richard H. Price

Supported Employment and Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Supported Employment Work Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Practice Example: The Clubhouse Model Programme (Boardman 2003) . . . 448Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Part VII Mental Health Promotion in Primary Care

Implementing Mental Health Promotion in Primary Care . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Inge PetersenIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Rationale for Mental Health Promotion in Primary Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Implementing Mental Health Promotion in Primary Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

The Prenatal and Infancy Period (0–2 years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Case Study: Mentor Mothers: Helping by Proxy: Improving Maternal Mental Health During the Course of a Generalist Health Promotion and Prevention Intervention in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Mark Tomlinson, Xanthe Hunt, and Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus

Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Case Study: City of Sheffield Social Prescribing Model: ‘People Keeping Well Programme’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Lorraine Jubb and Steve Thomas

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Adolescence and Adulthood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Practice Example: The San Francisco Depression Prevention Research Project (Muñoz 1997; Muñoz and Ying 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Case Study: The Friendship Bench, Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489Dixon Chibanda

Future Directions for Adolescent and Adult Mental Health Promotion Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Part VIII Mental Health Promotion Within Mental Health Services

Re-orienting Mental Health Services to Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . 507Rachel JenkinsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Rationale for Promoting Mental Health Promotion Within Mental Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Recovery and Mental Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Concept of the Recovery Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Service User and Caregiver Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517The Self-Help Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Integrated Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Case Study: Burans—A Community Mental Health Programme in Uttarakhand, North India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Michelle Kermode and Kaaren Mathias

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Implementing Mental Health Promotion Approaches in Mental Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Rachel JenkinsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Addressing Stigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Stigma Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534Public Awareness Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Practice Example: Mental Health First Aid—Improving Mental Health Literacy (Kitchener and Jorm 2002; Jorm and Kitchener 2011) . . . . . 539

Social Contact Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Stigma Reduction Training Programmes for Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Protest Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545Legislative and Policy Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

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Evidence-Based Interventions in Mental Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546Prevention of Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546Mental Health Promotion as Part of Early Intervention Services for Young People with Psychotic Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Case Study: Headspace: Australia’s National Youth Mental Health Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548Debra J. Rickwood

Support Programmes for Carers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552Psychoeducational Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Psychoeducation in LMICs . . . . . . . . . . 555

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

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About the Editors

Margaret M. Barry, Ph.D. holds the Established Chair in Health Promotion and Public Health and is Head of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion Research at the National University of Ireland Galway. She has published widely in mental health promotion and works closely with policy- makers and practitioners on the development, implementation and evaluation of mental health promotion interventions and policies at national and international level. She has extensive experience of coordinating international and European col-laborative projects, serving as project leader on WHO global projects and European Union funded research initiatives. She also serves on a number of international steering groups and scientific committees and has acted as expert adviser on mental health promotion policy and research development in a number of countries around the world. She was reappointed in 2016 for a second term to the European Commission Expert Panel on Effective Ways of Investing in Health (2016–2019) and was elected as Global President of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education in 2019.

Aleisha  M.  Clarke, Ph.D. is Head of What Works, Child Mental Health & Wellbeing at the Early Intervention Foundation in London, UK. Prior to this, she held a Marie Skłodowska-Curie postdoctoral research fellowship at the Department of Psychology, Health and Technology at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. Her research interest lies in the development, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based mental health and wellbeing programmes for children and young people. She completed her doctorate and postdoctoral studies at the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion Research, National University of Ireland Galway. Her PhD focused on the evaluation of Zippy’s Friends in Ireland and her postdoctoral research on the use of online technologies to support positive youth mental health. She trained as a primary school teacher and taught in a primary school in Dublin, Ireland, for four years.

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Inge Petersen, Ph.D. is Director of the Centre for Rural Health at the University of KwaZulu-Natal and Visiting Professor, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London. She is a Public Mental Health Psychologist with expertise in policy development, research and training in low- and middle- income countries with a specific focus on integration of mental health into primary health care as well as mental health promotion and prevention. She has played a leading role on a number of international research consortiums focused on increas-ing access to mental health services in low- and middle-income countries. Among other roles, she has also been a WHO (World Health Organization) Special Adviser on mental health promotion and prevention to the Eastern Mediterranean Region to scale up action on mental health (2014); lead author on the population- and community- level intervention chapter for the DCP3 volume on mental, neurological and substance abuse disorders; and Member of the Advisory Group for scaling up mental health in preparation for the 2016 World Bank-World Health Organization high-level event ‘Out of the Shadows: Making Mental Health a Global Development Priority’.

Rachel  Jenkins, MD (Cantab) is Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology and International Mental Health Policy, Department of Health Service and Population Research; was former Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre (1997–2012), Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; and, prior to that, was Principal Medical Officer, Mental Health Division, Department of Health, England (1987–1996). As a Psychiatrist, Epidemiologist and Policy-Maker, she provides policy support and training on request to governments and carries out research in the UK, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. She has both led and collaborated on multiple international research, policy and implementation projects, has been a trustee of a variety of national and international non-governmental organisations and has been a frequent consultant to the WHO, EC, DFID and the World Bank.

About the Editors

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Case Study Contributors

CHAMP (Collaborative HIV Adolescent Mental Health Program)

Arvin Bhana, Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council; Centre for Rural Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Inge Petersen, Centre for Rural Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Mary McKay, Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, USAClaude Mellins, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Mailman School

of Public Health, Columbia University, USACarl C. Bell, Clinical Psychiatrist Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry, University

of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Act-Belong-Commit

Julia Anwar-McHenry, Curtin University, Bentley, Western AustraliaRob Donovan, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia

Toward Flourishing: Mental Health Promotion for New Parents

Mariette Chartier, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy & Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada

Laurie McPherson, Consultant (formerly manager, Mental Health Promotion, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Canada

Jennifer Volk, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada

Marion Cooper, Canadian Mental Health Association, Manitoba and Winnipeg, Canada

Incredible Years: Disseminating the Incredible Years® Basic Parenting Programme in Wales

Judy Hutchings and Margiad Williams, Centre for Evidence-based Early Intervention, Bangor University, Wales, UK

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Parenting for Lifelong Health Programmes: Implementing the Parenting for Lifelong Health Programmes-Lessons Learned from Low-resource Settings

Inge Wessels and Catherine L.  Ward, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Anna Booij and Nomagugu Masuku-Mukadah, Clowns without Borders South Africa

Lucie Cluver, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Peter Cooper and Lynne Murray, Department of Psychology, University of Reading, UK

Frances Gardner, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, UK

Judy Hutchings, Centre for Evidence-based Early Intervention, Bangor University, Wales, UK

David Jeffery, Mikhulu Trust, South AfricaJamie Lachman, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of

Oxford; Social Policy and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow; Clowns without Borders South Africa

Mark Tomlinson, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Zippy’s Friends: Implementation and Scale-up of Zippy’s Friends in Lithuania

Ona Monkevičienė, Department of Childhood Studies, Lithuania University of Educational Sciences, Lithuania

Caroline Egar, Partnership for Children, Kingston upon Thames, England, UK

MindOut Programme: Implementation of the MindOut Programme in Irish Post-primary Schools

Anne Sheridan, Health Service Executive West, Letterkenny, Co Donegal, Ireland.Katherine Dowling, Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of

Ireland Galway, IrelandMargaret M.  Barry, Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of

Ireland Galway, Ireland

MindMatters: Case Study of Developing the First National School Mental Health Promotion Programme in Australia

Louise Rowling, Sydney School of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Australia.

Implementation of a Whole School Approach in Pakistan

Rachel Jenkins, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UKAsima Khan, Department of Psychiatry, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences,

Pakistan

Case Study Contributors

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British Telecom’s Approach to Mental Health in the Workplace

Catherine Kilfedder, Head of Wellbeing, BT (2006-2017)

Promoting Career Management and Mental Health: Towards Successful Seniority Programme

Jukka Vuori, Salla Toppinen-Tanner and Mikko Nykänen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland

Richard H. Price, University of Michigan, USA

Mentor Mothers: Helping by Proxy: Improving Maternal Mental Health During the Course of a Generalist Health Promotion and Prevention Intervention in South Africa

Mark Tomlinson and Xanthe Hunt, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, Semel Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

City of Sheffield Social Prescribing Model: “People Keeping Well Programme”

Lorraine Jubb, Head of Commissioning—People Keeping Well, Sheffield City Council, England, UK

Steve Thomas, GP and Clinical Director, NHS Sheffield Clinical Commissioning Group, England, UK

The Friendship Bench, Zimbabwe

Dixon Chibanda, University of Zimbabwe Clinical Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe

Implementation of SPARX Computerised Self-help Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Adolescents in New Zealand

Theresa Fleming, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand, and School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Mathijs F.  G. Lucassen, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, and School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

Tuuli Kuosmanen, Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland

Burans: A Community Mental health Programme in Uttarakhand, North India

Michelle Kermode, Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia

Kaaren Mathias, Emmanuel Hospital Association, India; Mental Health in India

Case Study Contributors

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Headspace: Australia’s National Youth Mental Health Foundation

Debra J.  Rickwood, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra and Chief Scientific Advisor to headspace National Youth Mental Health Foundation, Australia

Case Study Contributors