IMPLEMENTATION OF OSPF ON IPv6

Team Members:- A.Rohith (08AU1A0407) G.Nitesh Goud (08AU1A0421) J.Hiren Kumar (08AU1A0424) K.Krishna Kumar Gupta (08AU1A0434)

Internal GuideK.Anjani Kumar

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

OSI model consists of 7 layers.TCP/IP protocol consists of 4 layers.

PHYSICAL + DATA LINK

NETWORK

TRANSPORT

APPLICATION

PHYSICAL

DATA LINK

NETWORK

TRANSPORT

SESSION

PRESENTATION

APPLICATION

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Router works in layer 3.Switch works in layer 2.Hub works in layer 1.

Each packet has an IP address.

DATA PACKETSEGMEN

T

IP ADDRESSING

IPv4 – 32 bit – dotted(.)

IP address IPv6 – 128 bit –

colon(:)

IP address are classified into two types:

1. Public IP address2. Private IP address

IPv4 PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES RANGES:

D-Multicast and E-Reserved, They are not used.

IPv4 PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES RANGES:

These IP addresses are used for interconnection of LAN for INTRANET.

CLASS PRIORITY BITS

PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES

A 0 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255

B 10 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

C 110 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

D 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

E 1111 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255

CLASS PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES

A 1.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

SubnettingSubnetting is another method of

managing IP addresses.This is a method in which IP addresses are divided into smaller pieces, has prevented complete IP address exhuastion.

When is subnetting necessary?Subnetting is required when one network

number needs to be distributed across multiple LAN segments.

HUB: It works as broadcast. It transfers information to all PC’s

which are connected to it.This is classified into two types:-1) Passive hub 2) Active hub

NETWORK ELEMENTS

SWITCH: It works with flooding and unicast.Switch is of two types:-1) Un-managed switch2) Managed switch.

In managed switch, it can be configured such as the data will not shared with other group.

ROUTERS

Routers are of 3 types :-1) Core router 2) Distribution router core router

3) Access router.

Distribution router

Access router

1) Access layer : Small organization ex: 1600,1700,1800,2500 series.

2) Distribution layer : Medium size organization

ex: 2500,2800,3600,3700,3800 series.

3) Core layer : very large organization and ISPs

ex: 7200,7600,10000,12000 series.

INTRODUTION TO ROUTERS

Router works in layer 3.

Switch 1 Switch 2

Pc 1

Pc 2

Pc 3

Pc 4

Pc 5

Pc 6

Router 1

Router 2

WAN

Hyderabad

Bangalore

Cisco Router MemoriesMemory Name Content

RAM 1. Active program and operating system instruction.

2. Running configuration files.3. Routing table.

NV RAM 1. Start up configuration files.

ROM 1. POST (power-on-self-test).2. Startup / power-up utilities.3. Limited version of IOS.

FLASH 1. IOS

Conditions For Routing: The IP address of LAN interface of

router should belong to the same network of LAN.

The serial IPs of directly connected routers must belong to the same network.

The IP address in the LAN of every branch must belong to different networks.

All interfaces of routers should be in different networks.

INTRODUCTION TO IPv6

IPv6 Features:-

1) Larger address space2) Global reachability3) Auto-configuration4) Efficient routing5) Easy mobility6) Better security.

IPv6 Header:-

VERSION (4) TRAFFIC CLASS(8)

FLOW LABLE(20)

PAYLOAD LENGTH (16) NEXT HEADER (8)

HOP LIMIT (8)

SOURCE ADDRESS (128)

DESTINATION ADDRESS (128)

WHY IPv6?128 bits (o’s and 1’s binary)2^128 = 3.4*10^38 IP addressesEach person in this world will get 5.5*10^28 IP addressesColon hexadecimal system (:)128 bits are divided in 8 blocks (where as in IPv4 32 bits are divided into 4

blocks.) Each block has 16 bits.

1st IP address 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:00

00:00000001

0010

000A

.

.

.

.

000F

.

.

.

FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF

2^128 = 3.4*10^38

Last IP address

Rules Of IPv6:-1. Case insensitive:- capital letters can be written as small letters.

Ex: 2001 : 1224 : 4567 : ABCD : 1234 : CD00 : 3456 : A123

2001 : 1224 : 4567 : abcd : 1234 : cd00 : 3456 : a123

2. Leading zeroes can be omitted:Ex: 2001 : 0009 : 0123 : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 0001 : 3456

2001 : 9 : 123 : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 1 : 3456

3. Successive block of zeroes can be represented with double colon (::) (but use only once)

Ex: 2001 : 0000 : 0000 : ABCD : 1234 : 0000 : 0000 : 3456

2001 : 0 : 0 : ABCD : 1234 : 0 : 0 : 3456

2001 : : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 0 : 0: 3456

IPv6 Addressing Link local address LLA prefix is FE80:0:0:0::/64

Unique local address (private IPs) ULA prefix is FC00:0:1:2::/48

Global unique address (public IPs) GUA prefix is FC00:0:0:0/64

SCOPE:-LLA is used only in LAN.Unique local address is used in Intranet.Global unique address is used in Internet.

IPv6 Addresses

Prefix 64 bits

Interface identifies 64 bits64+64=1

28

1st part of IP address is prefix2nd part of IP address is interface identifies

Here 1st 64 bits are generated by ISP 2nd 64 bits are generated by pc’s automatically.Ex:

FE80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : : / 64

Prefix Interface Identifies

IPv4 Addresses and IPv6 Equivalents

IPv4 addresses IPv6 addresses

1. Internet address class 1. N/A

2. Multicast address(224 . 0. 0 . 0 / 4)

2. IPv6 multicast address (FF00 : : / 8)

3. Broadcast address 3. N/A

4. Unspecified address is 0.0.0.0

4. Unspecified address is : :

5. Loopback address is 127 . 0 . 0 . 1

5. Loopback address is : : 1

6. Public IP address 6. Aggregately global unicast address

7. Private IP address 7. Unique local address (FC00 : : / 48)

8. Dotted decimal notation 8. Colon hexadecimal format

9. Subnet mask or prefix length 9. Prefix length notation only

Neighbor Discovery Protocol

NDP is used by host to i. auto configuration of IP addressii. To determine MAC addressiii. To discover neighboring routers.

NDP is also used by routersi. For advertising IP address in auto

configurationii. To determine MAC address (if the router doesn't know the MAC

address of the other router )

AUTO CONFIGURATION1. Stateless:-

◦Receipt of Router Advertisement messages with one or more Prefix Information options

2. Stateful:-◦Use of a stateful address configuration

protocol such as DHCPv6

3. Both:-◦Receipt of Router Advertisement

messages and stateful configuration protocol

For all types, a link-local address is always configured

ROUTING

Identifying shortest path and delivering the packets is called Routing.

Routing is of 3 types:-1. Static routing2. Default routing3. Dynamic routing

Static Routing:-Static routing is not used in internet it

is used in a group.

Default Routing:-If the router hasn't been programmed with a rule on how to route packets to this particular destination, then the router send the packet to the default route.

Dynamic Routing Protocol :-

This is divided into two types:1. Distance vector routing protocol (RIP)2. Link state routing protocol (OSPF)

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

— RIP OSPF EIGRP

Exterior Gateway Protocol

— BGP (boarder gateway protocol)

OPEN SYSTEM PATH FIRST (OSPF)

It is a dynamic routing protocolOSPF is a link-state protocolAs long as every OSPF router has an identical link-state database, every router can calculate the shortest paths to the desired destination, using the Dijkstra Shortest Path First algorithm.

Operation Of OSPFOSPF routers typically go through the

following stages to maintain the operation of an entire network: Neighbor discoveryDatabase synchronizationRoute calculations

OSPF Challenges

OSPF faces several key challenges in supporting today's networks:

ScalabilityQuick convergenceLoad balancingSecurity

IMPLEMENTATION OF OSPF and IPv6

OSPF has been adapted to support IPv6 in RFC 2740 (OSPFv3).

All fundamental mechanisms of OSPF remain unchanged, such as flooding, areas, DR election, SPF route calculation, etc.

Conclusion

By using OSPF the packets can reach its destination with

— High speed— Shortest distance— High security— High reliability

Concluding Remark

Thank you!