Implementation of Alternative Energy in Kelly Hall

Team 007-4:Scott GardnerJessica GeorgeCharles GibsonRobert Pisch Technical Advisor:

Yossef Elabd

Solar Energy Technology

Overview

Background Information

Criteria / Constraints

Alternatives

Final Design

Mission

We plan to help Drexel University begin the transition to becoming a more

environmentally-friendly campus by implementing alternative energy sources on

Kelly Hall.

The Global Energy Crisis World fossil fuel production is predicted to

peak within the next 20 years1

Energy production will then fall quickly1

http://www.geocities.com/davidmdelaney/oil-depletion/oil-depletion.html1 http://arts.bev.net/roperldavid/minerals/crudeoil.htm2

The Global Energy Crisis

Demand for energy will continue to increase,exceeding that which is available3

Developing countries growing energy needs Industrialized nations will maintain a steady

increase in energy needs

http://www.willisms.com/archives/asianoildemand.gif3

The Global Energy Crisis

Nations are highly interdependent to meet energy needsThis will lead to political unrest if supplies are

not sufficient Current energy sources also produce large

amounts of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

Air Pollution Emissions from the burning of fossil fuels

are damaging to both humans and the environment

Global Warming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions A recent report commissioned by the

United Nations revealed an alarming rate of global warming

Effects of further

temperature increase

may be disastrous

Here at Drexel

Current Energy Situation Usage Factors Limitations

drexel.edu

Introduction to Drexel’s Energy Usage

Drexel University powers its campus exclusively by PECO and Community Energy, Inc.

About 90% of this energy comes from power plants which produce harmful Emissions1

The university attains about 10% of there total energy from windmills1

http://www.newwindenergy.com/windfarm_bearcreek/index.html

1 http://www.drexel.edu/univrel/dateline/default_nik.pl?of=1&p=releaseview&f=20020729-01

Kelly Residence Hall Costs about $100,000 per year to provide power to

Kelly Hall1 This results in 15,798,527 pounds of carbon dioxide

emissions2 Environmental cost is much higher than financial cost Various cleaner alternatives may be considered

Bio-fuelsHydrogen Fuel CellsSolar PanelsWind

http://www.drexel.edu/rlo/Halls/Kelly/

1William Taylor 2 http://www.exeloncorp.com/peco/customer_marketing_services/marketing/calculator.asp

Criteria

Produces the least greenhouse gas emissions

Optimal efficiency

Low cost of installation and maintenance

Constraints

MaterialsCostSafetyAvailability

Building codes Aesthetic appeal

Potential Solutions

Various Sources of cleaner energy: Fuel cells Biomass as fuels Wind Solar panels

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Storage, and transportation Energy for electrolysis must come from

different sourcesFossil Fuels

Buying hydrogen

http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/dev_solutions.pdf

Fuel Cells Cost

Hydrogen-$2.00-3.00/gasoline gallon equivalent (delivered, untaxed, 2005, by 2015)1

Storage- Multi-million dollar purchase Single tanks can be constructed to hold as much as

900,000 kg (2,000,000 lb) of hydrogen Piping systems are usually several miles long, and in

some cases may be hundreds of miles long. Synthetic Natural Gas Plant

Philadelphia, PA2

1.http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/news_cost_goal.html

2. http://www.totalenergy.com/SNGPlant/SNGPlant.htm#Section%20200

Bio-Fuels

Gas emissions Cost of acquisition Maintenance Transportation Continuously

getting waste

http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/reports/fuelwood/fig3_1.gif

Wind

Continuously buying energy Stable 20-year prices Additional 2.54 cents per

kilowatt-hour from PECO1

90,000 kWh per month in winter to115,000 kWh per month in summer * 2.54 cents per kilowatt-hour= average of $32,000 more per year

1. http://www.newwindenergy.com/buywind/home/mid_atlantic/step3_midatlantic_other.html

A

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/ilands/fig13.html

Solar Panels

Widely available and used Completely clean during usage

Emissions involved in production Federal subsidies and incentives Sufficient amounts of energy can be

harnessed

Method of Solution

Analysis of 3 types of solar energy systems:1. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 2. Concentrator Systems 3. High-Efficiency Multi-junction Devices

Cost Efficiency Use of space Aesthetics

Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)Serve a dual purpose of producing electricity and acting as construction material.

Pros:Replace old construction materialsWide variety of aesthetic choices

Cons:Primarily used in new constructionsRelatively low efficiencies

http://www.powernaturally.org/wms/images_gallery/20Rt-Facade-01160301_th.jpg

http://www.habitat2.net/wp-content/SolarCentury.jpg

Solar Roof Tiles Amorphous Silicon Solar Glass

Solar Concentrator Systems

These systems cover a standard photovoltaic panel with concentrating optics

Sunlight intensity is increased on solar panels or other collectors.

Pros:Reduces amount of PV neededReduces amount of space for systemAmplifies power of the sun

Cons:Depend solely on direct lightComplex constructionCan be aesthetically unappealingHigh maintenance

Types of Solar Concentrators

Parabolic Trough System Parabolic Dish System Power Tower System

Images courtesy of: http://www.solarpaces.org/csp_technology.htm

Concentrating solar power systems can be sized to suit various applications.

Multi-junction Solar Cells Multiple layers of solar cells with different

light absorption propertiesTop layers absorb shorter wavelengthsLower levels absorb longer wavelengths

Chart courtesy of: http://photochemistry.epfl.ch/EDEY/NREL.pdf

Pros:Most efficient solar cells to dateLow maintenance and reliableProjected future efficiencies on the rise

Cons:Still largely in research and developmentUses inorganic compounds

Basic Cross-Section of a PV Solar Cell

Grid-Tied Solar Energy Systems

PV system becomes a “micro generator”Offsets energy usage

ORFed back into electrical grid and sold back to

power company

Final Solution

Multi-junction cells were chosen for this application because: Installable on existing structures and maintains

aesthetic appealHighest average solar cell efficiencies to dateLow energy payback timeGrid-tied

Recommendations for the Future

Here at Drexel The Solar Panels Other clean alternative energies

Buildings

Estimated roof space 1.One Drexel Plaza 70000+ 2.DAC1 38000 3.North Hall1 28000 4.Hess Research Eng. Labs1 25000

1 http://www.drexel.edu/depts/pdc/pages/statsmap.asp

http://maps.google.com/maps?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&channel=s&tab=wl&q=

* Kelly Hall 1 One Drexel Plasa 2 DAC 3 North 4 Hess

Solar Panels

Currently solar panels are ##% efficient

20-30 years ago solar panels were ##% efficient

In 20-30 years we can expect solar panels to be about ##% efficient

Using Wind Power with Solar Panels

Wind and Solar energies are frequently opposite1

Wind energy is just as clean

1 http://howto.altenergystore.com/Buyers-Guides/Quick-Start-Wind-Power-Turbines/a38/

Thank You

Any questions?

Comments?