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Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Nuno Lopes, Sara Dionísio, Patrícia Silva & Catarina Freitas
Head of the Environmental Studies and Management Division
Sustainable Environmental Management and Planning Department
City Council of Almada, Portugal
Implementation of Almada’s
Adaptation Strategy: a multi-level
approach.
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... boosting resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Lisboa
Almada
Tagus River
Atlantic
Ocean
Almada
Coastal southern
European city
1 of 18
municipalities in
Lisbon
Metropolitan Area
Area ~ 70 km2
175 000
inhabitants
35 km Waterfront
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
White sandy beachfront, fisherie community
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... improving resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Almada’s starting point on adaptation…
− South bank of Tagus river across Lisbon ► urban pressure
− Highly populated and dense territory
− Vulnerable coastal and riverfront areas to sea level rise, with
high tourist value
− Abusive occupation of high value natural areas, rich
Mediterranean ecosystems at risk
− Ageing society
Long term vision on sustainability from our political leadership
More informed community
Landuse plans under development …
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Mitigation Agenda
energy consumption and GHGs emissions
Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility... low carbon city
Adaptation Agenda
Allowing the resilience of our natural, social and
economic systems, providing our communities an
healthy and safe environment to live and work.
... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO2 will
change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Mitigation Agenda
energy consumption and GHGs emissions
Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility... low carbon city
Adaptation Agenda
Means to allow the resilience of our natural, social
and economic systems, providing our communities an
healthy and safe environment to live and work.
... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO2 will
change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)
ECCA, European Climate Change Adaptation Conference 2013
Hamburg | 18 – 20 March 2013
Conferência “Roteiro Local para as Alterações Climáticas: Mobilizar, Planear e Agir”
Almada, Portugal | 28 - 29 Maio 2009
Methodology Almada’s Strategy for Climate Change
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptation
Downscaling Climate Evolution Scenarios
Monitoring climate change impacts (ex:,
floods, landslides, heat waves, oceanic
overwashes)
Vulnerability Diagnosis (coast, riverfront,
ecosystems, urban water cycle, urban services),
existing and amplified…
Modeling Urban Heat Island Effect
Design Risk Maps
Definition of adaptation goals and
measures
Integrating adaptation goals and measures
in land use planning: Urban Plans and
Master Plan of Almada (currently under
revision)
in Almada’s Strategy
for Climate Change
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Almada’s Climate Evolution (2070-2100 scenarios)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Maior temp. máx. registada Média temp. máx. Verão Média temp. diária anual Média temp. mín. Inverno
Te
mp
era
tura
(oC
)
Anomalia das temperaturas para 2070 -2100 em Almada
2000-2006
2070 - 2100
↑ +4,25 oC
↑ +5 oC
↑ +2,5 oC
↑ +4 oC
Variação dos modelos
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez
Pre
cip
itação
(m
m)
Evolução da precipitação mensal com alterações climáticas
2000 - 2009
2070 - 2100
Temperature
- Annual mean: increases 2,5 ºC
- Tmáx Summer , Winter: rises 4,0 to 5,0 ºC
- Nº of Days/year with >35 ºC:
5-10 ► 20-30
Precipitation
- 55% reduction in Summer precipitation
- 12,5% increase in Winter precipitation
- Decrease of 15 to 55% in
Autumn and Spring
- increase of heavy rainfall events
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Almada’s vulnerability to
Natural Hazards
Mass Wasting (rock falls, rock topple, landslides)
Sea Level Rise (coastal erosion)
Storm Surges/overwash
Droughts
Flooding
Salinization of Coastal Aquifers
Forest Fires
Biodiversity loss
Heat waves
Mass Wasting
Coast Erosion
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
“Boost” resilience in land use planning
Multi-dimension, integrated and multi-level approach:
Detail scale: integration of specific adaptive solutions
(smart urban design) in the development of Local and
Urban Plans (1:1.000)
Municipal scale: define a global territorial adaptation
strategy and establish solutions + regulations for Almada’s
Master Plan (1:10.000)
Improving resilience through
land use planning
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
F2 - New approaches to resilient
urban planning and design
3 levels of land use planning:
Master Plan (1:10.000)
Urban Plans (1:1.000)
+
Local Plans (1:1.000)
Land use plans are
the most strategic
compulsory plans
that can be develop
at a local level !
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Examples Adaptative Measures (Detail scale)
Smart urban design to improve natural cooling and the use
of solar energy in buildings
Conservative average sea-level rise limits incorporated in
urban design
Development of urban green corridors
Coastal dune restoration
Promotion of water infiltration and the use of permeable
pavements
Protection of people and property from flood risk with the
construction of terrace defenses and retention basins
Rehabilitation of streams with riparian vegetation (green
and blue infrastructure)
boosting resilience through land
use planning
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
recover of the dune
ecosystems
dune reconstitution:
minimum level 12 m
sediment trapping
erosion and slope deposits
control with native plants
urban perimeter
reconfiguration
with retreat from
the risk areas
define a new
ground level: 11 m
(landfill)
building on stilts
elevated pathways
Example: Developing Local Plan of Fonte da Telha
Coastal Adaptation Measures incorporated in the Plan
PROTECT ACCOMMODATE REMOVE
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... improving resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
1º Identify different types of hazards in Almada
2º Evaluate how the current hazards will be amplified by
climate change impacts
3º Assess how GI’s environmental services can respond
and mitigate to current and future hazardous/
vulnerabilities
4º Spatial representation of GI’s environmental services
5º Designed ecosystem based projects to address the
hazardous/vulnerabilities
Ecosystem based adaptation
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Types of hazards in
Almada
GI’s
environmental
services
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
GI’s
environmental
services
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Nature
conservation Food
Aquifer
recharge Carbon
sequestration
(floods, marine
washover, land slides)
Erosion
control Rain water
permeability
Microclimatic
regulation )
Disease
plagues
control, seed
dispersal
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Multifunctional Map of Green
Infrastructures Network
Environmental services
Multifunctionality
(nr. of services)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Example of Almada’s GI application
Mitigation of the Urban Heat Island Effect (~ 4ºC)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
High vulnerability to heat waves: evaluate mortality rate increased
in Lisbon Area for the period of the heat wave in 2013 (June 23rd to
July 14th)
Example of GI application
Number of heat wave days for June-July-
August 2013 (NACLIM FP7 Project)
Mortality rate in Lisbon Area (June 23rd and July 14th)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Hazards
Heat island
Effect
Heat waves
Drought
Fires
…
Green Infrastructure
Major GI
Vegetation of conservative value
Water course (bed and banks)
Areas of highest infiltration
Cliffs (protection belts)
Soils of high ecological value
Areas at risk of erosion
Urban GI
Gardens and parks
Retention basins
Wooded areas and streets,
Vegetable gardens …
c
Green
Infrastructure
services
Microclimatic regulation
and reduction of heat
island effects on cities
Flood mitigation during
rainfall peaks
Nutrient recycling and
groundwater supply
Erosion control
Food production
Recreation, Education,…
Example of GI application
Mitigation of Heat Island Effect (temperature; humidity)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Smaller green areas and corridors within the urban areas / native tree species
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015 Green roofs and walls at the most dense areas Vegetable Gardens; Green Roofs; Vertical Gardens
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Boosting territorial resilience
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
Objectives: Mitigation of flood/erosion hazards; enhance
biodiversity; promotion of local food production
food, biodiversity, runoff water; water infiltration
Present Problem: Erosion events caused by flooding
during heavy rain periods; soil and infrastructure losses;
biodiversity lost; demand for vegetable gardens
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Boosting territorial resilience
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
Hazards
GI + BI
How can GI + BI and their ecosystem services respond to current
and future hazards/vulnerabilities?
Water course
Water course margins
High permeability areas
Soils of high ecological
value
Vegetation with
conservative value
Vegetable gardens
Wooded areas
Gardens and parks …
Flooding
Erosion
Soil loss
Biodiversity
loss
…
GI + BI Ecosystem Services
Erosion control
Flood mitigation during
rainfall peaks
Food production
Adaptation water cycle
and other urban services
Microclimatic mitigation
and reduction of heat
island effect
Improve air and water
quality …
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Solution: Natural stream
restoration (riparian
vegetation)
+
Retention basin (accommodate
stormwater)
+
Vegetable garden
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Fruit farm Fruit farm
Picnic Park
Stream
Stream
Riparian vegetation
Hydraulic surface
discharger
Meadow Vegetable plots
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
75,00 m3 1.152,55 m3 3.460,55 m3 Volume Water
capacity
Flooding area
Bacia de retenção Bacia de retenção Área inundável Nível 1 Nível 2 Nível 3 Nível 4
Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Water Retention
Retain basin Retain basin
Combining green and blue adaptive solutions
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Boosting territorial resilience
Objectives: Mitigation of coastal erosion, restore
dune ecosystems and enhance biodiversity
biodiversity, sediment loss; sedimentary balance
Present Problem: High coast line regression;
degradated dunes; no vegetation; beach sand
nourishment required for inland protection;
biodiversity loss
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Boosting territorial resilience
Hazards
GI + BI
How can GI + BI and their ecosystem services respond to current
and future hazards/vulnerabilities?
Dune relief (beaches, sand
dunes)
Vegetation of conservative
value
Areas of highest infiltration
…
Adverse weather
conditions (storms,
strong winds)
Storm surge
Shoreline retreat
Coastal flood
Overwash
Loss of
Biodiversity
Saline intrusion
…
GI + BI Ecosystem Services
Flood mitigation during
storms
Resilience to disasters
Erosion control
Nature conservation
Genetic resources
Water availability/quality
Tourism
Cultural inheritage …
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Boosting territorial resilience
Solution: ReDuna Project
Soft measures (ecological restoration of coastal
sand dunes)
+
Heavy coastal protection measures (beach sand
nourishment)
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
ReDuna
→ Erosion control
→ Resilience to disasters
→ Nature conservation
→ Tourism
→ …
sand fences made of
dry willow branches or wicker
permanent fences to regulate the
pedestrian access to the dune
elevated pathways for dune
protection
plantation of native species on
mobile dunes
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... improving resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Final remarks …
Conclusions
Climate Change is a Global phenomena with Local impacts:
adaptation must be addressed at a City level
Adapt Cities to climate change, means addressing the
uncertainty of its impacts (different nature, type, magnitude)
and take decisions, act now
But… Cities are extremely complex systems (mass, energy,
momentum flows…), difficult to manage
So, flexibility and creativity are required in any adaptation
strategy (local management with a global knowledge…)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Final remarks …
Final Remarks
Green Infrastructure as a planning tool is an effective
way to build natural and urban resilience, with short term
benefits with a lower cost than grey infrastructure.
Private engagement should be promoted e.g. economic
valuation of environmental services.
Multi-dimension provision of ecosystem services can
tackle different hazards, with several benefits from win-win
solutions
However, ecosystem based adaptation implies a deep
transformation in urban planning practices
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Future challenges…
Future challenges
It is important for Cities to rely on robust (“translated”) data
to useful information, benchmarking studies and practical
solutions. (R&D)
− more regional data about the economic value of
environmental services provided by ecosystems
− evaluate the limits for adaptation (what is the tolerable
risk?)
− more comparative studies on investement and cost
benefits of ecosystem based adaptation
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Thank you for your attention!