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Dean Fixsen, Karen Blase,
Melissa Van Dyke, Allison Metz National Implementation Research Network
FPG Child Development Institute
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Implementation for the Masses
UNC Implementation Science
Student Group
! Past – Before 2005
! Present – 2005-2015
! Future – Starts today
Science to Service Gap Implementation Science
! Implement = Use
! Implementation Science = the study of factors that influence the full and effective use of innovations in practice ! The goal is not to answer factual questions
about what is, but rather to produce evidence for what is required (invent the future)
Science to Service Gap Implementation Defined
Eisenhower: National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (1956)
• Goal of 21,185 miles (50%) reached in 1966
Kennedy: Decision to send astronauts to the moon and return them safely (1961)
• Goal reached in 1969
Johnson: Great Society Programs (1964) • Goals not reached yet in 2014
Implementation Science
Human services involve interaction-based sciences and services
• Inherently more complex than atom-based sciences – e.g., atom-based ingredients don’t
change from one engineer to the next or change overnight or decide to quit
Implementation Science
National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
Churning Around a Mediocre Mean
Original and Revised Assessment Formats
Federal SPENDING on K-12 Education and NAEP READING Scores (Age 9)
It’s not (just) the money or top-down support!
Convergence in the new millennium 1. Innovation science 2. Implementation science 3. Improvement science 4. Complexity theory
Implementation Science
Innovation science • Rigor and relevance of data re
WHAT to do – “Evidence-based” programs and
innovations
Implementation Science
A key lesson from the Great Society is that the effects of social programs in practice hover near zero, a devastating discovery for social reformers – Rigorous data supporting effective
innovations are necessary but not sufficient
Implementation Science
Rossi and Wright (1984)
Implementation Science (get started) and Improvement Science (get better)
• HOW to assure the full, effective, and consistent use of innovations in practice
• HOW to resolve issues of fit and function (innovation, delivery, organizations, systems) – never ends!
Implementation Science
Complexity Theory • Interactions among moving parts • Emergent adaptation • Plan for the unexpected • Large scale change in real time
Implementation Science
• Summaries of literature in any domain including agriculture, business, child welfare, complexity theory, computer science, engineering, health, juvenile justice, manufacturing, medicine, mental health, nursing, social services, and others
• Summaries of best practices by experts doing implementation work successfully
• Synthesis of over 40 implementation and evaluation frameworks
E Pluribus Unum
Socially Significant Outcomes
Effective Innovations
Effective Implementation
Enabling Contexts
Convergence
! Usable Innovations ! Implementation Stages ! Implementation Drivers ! Improvement Cycles ! Implementation Teams ! Enabling Change
Convergence: Active Implementation Frameworks
Haphazard Implementation Informed
Training Benefits 5 - 15% use in practice
80 - 95% use in practice (coaching)
Fidelity of use in practice
29% EBP outcomes if low fidelity use
81% EBP outcomes if use meets criteria
Implementation Team
18% fidelity with no/poor Drivers
83% fidelity if Drivers at criteria
Training + Coaching + Fidelity
22% staff retained 3+ yrs.
58% staff retained 3+ yrs.
Competency + Organization Drivers
17% sustain 6+ yrs.
84% sustain 6+ yrs.
Implementation Benefits
8 X More
3 X More
4 X More
3 X More
5 X More
Stacey (1996)
Zone of Complexity
• Letting it happen – Recipients are accountable
• Helping it happen – Recipients are accountable
• Making it happen – Purposeful use of implementation practice and
science – Implementation Teams are accountable Based on Hall & Hord (1987); Greenhalgh, Robert, MacFarlane, Bate, & Kyriakidou (2004);
Fixsen, Blase, Duda, Naoom, & Van Dyke (2010)
Implementation Science
Approach Usage Success Months Intervention/Facilitation 8% 87% 14
Participation/Internal Team 18% 73% 16
Persuasion 37% 47% 21 Edict 37% 35% 15
Nutt (2001)
Implementation Science Approaches to implementation of innovations in 376 organizations (public, private, profit, non-profit)
Approach Usage Success Months Intervention/Facilitation 8% 87% 14
Participation/Internal Team 18% 73% 16
Persuasion 37% 47% 21 Edict 37% 35% 15
Nutt (2001)
Implementation Science Approaches to implementation of innovations in 376 organizations (public, private, profit, non-profit)
Tell and Sell
Lead and Support
! Minimum of three people (four or more preferred) with expertise in: ! Operationalizing innovations ! Using implementation methods effectively ! Helping organizations change
! Tolerate turnover; teams are sustainable even when the players come and go (Higgins, Weiner, & Young, 2012; Klest & Patras, 2011)
Implementation Teams Teams
© Fixsen & Blase, 2009
80%
Implementation Team
Prepare Organizations
Prepare Practitioners and Staff
Work with Researchers
Assure Implementation
Prepare Regions Assure Intended Benefits
Create Readiness
Patients and Stakeholders 20%
Prochaska, Prochaska, & Levesque (2001)
Implementation Teams Teams
Organization Supports Management (leadership, policy)
Administration (HR, structure) Supervision (nature, content)
Practitioner/Staff Competence
State/Community Supports Regional Authority Supports
Impl
emen
tatio
n Te
am
Simultaneous, Multi-Level Interventions
Federal and National Supports
Implementation Teams Teams
Implementation and Innovations ! Rapid cycle (PDSA) problem solving
! Shewhart (1931); Deming (1986)
! Usability testing ! Rubin (1994); Nielsen (2000)
Improvement Cycles Teams
Improvement Cycles
Nielsen (2000)
Teams
Usability Testing
• A planned series of tests of an innovation or of implementation processes.
• Use proactively to test the feasibility and impact of a new way of work prior to rolling out the innovation or implementation processes more broadly
Improvement Cycles
More is learned from 4 cycles with 5 participants each than from 1 pilot test with 20 participants
Teams
Expert Impl. Team NO Impl. Team
Effective
Effective use of Implementation Science & Practice
IMPLEMENTATION
INN
OVA
TIO
N
80%, 3 Yrs 14%, 17 Yrs
Balas & Boren, 2000
Green, 2008
Fixsen, Blase, Timbers, & Wolf, 2001
Saldana & Chamberlain, 2012
Letting it Happen Helping it Happen
Implementation Teams Teams
"All organizations [and systems] are designed, intentionally or unwittingly, to achieve precisely the results they get.” …R. Spencer Darling
Human Services are not improving as fast as problems are changing.
The Nature of Systems
• Innovative practices do not fare well in existing organizational structures and systems (crushed by established routines)
• Organizational and system changes are essential to successful use of innovations – Expect it – Plan for it
The Nature of Systems
Existing System
Effective Innovations Are Changed to Fit The System
Existing System Is Changed To Support The Effectiveness Of
The Innovation
Effective Innovation
Enabling Contexts
• Cannot change everything at once (too big; too complex; too many of them and too few of us)
• Cannot stop and re-tool (have to create the new in the midst of the existing)
• Cannot know what to do at every step (we will know it when we get there)
• Many outcomes are not predictable (who knew!?)
Creating Enabling Contexts
Implementation Team
Policy Makers &
Administrators
Practitioners Innovations
Children/Families
“Ext
erna
l” S
yste
m C
hang
e Su
ppor
t
Prac
tice
Polic
y C
omm
unic
atio
n Lo
op
Policy Enabled Practice
♦Look for Faulty Assumptions & Errors; ♦Make Needed Changes; ♦Invite System to Respond
Creating Enabling Contexts
“The fault cannot lie in
the part responsible
for the repair.” Ashby (1956)
Implementation Team
Policy Makers &
Administrators
Practitioners Innovations
Children/Families
Syst
em
Cha
nge
Adaptive Challenges • Duplication • Fragmentation • Hiring criteria • Salaries • Credentialing • Licensing • Time/ scheduling • Union contracts • RFP methods • Federal/ State laws
“Ext
erna
l” S
yste
m C
hang
e Su
ppor
t
Prac
tice
Polic
y C
omm
unic
atio
n Lo
op
Policy Enabled Practice
Creating Enabling Contexts
“The fault cannot lie in
the part responsible
for the repair.” Ashby (1956)
Local Agency LIT
Executive Management
Team
Practitioners Innovations
Beneficiaries
“Ext
erna
l” S
yste
m C
hang
e Su
ppor
t
Prac
tice-
Polic
y C
omm
unic
atio
n Lo
op
Policy Enabled Practice
Implementation Infrastructure
“The fault cannot lie in
the part responsible
for the repair.” Ashby (1956)
Municipality MIT
Regional Entity RIT
State and Regional Capacity Assessment
State Capacity Assessment: Fixsen, Duda, Blase and Horner, 2009
• Stop wasting time and money on things that don’t work (and never have!) – Sugai’s Law: For every new initiative, stop
two current ones that have poor outcomes – De-scale; Avoid layering and fragmentation
• Set aside 20% of funds for implementation • Require quarterly reports of fidelity data
System Reinvention
A fundamental truth: • People cannot benefit from
innovations they do not experience
Implementation Science
Effective Innovations
Effective Implementation
Enabling Contexts
Socially Significant Outcomes
Formula for Success
! Usable Innovations ! Implementation Stages ! Implementation Drivers ! Improvement Cycles ! Implementation Teams ! Enabling Change
Active Implementation Frameworks
National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
Leverage Visible Improvements!
Original and Revised Assessment Formats
Educationally Significant Outcomes
Effective Interventions
Effective Implementation
Enabling Contexts
! There is sufficient information to support a rapidly evolving science of implementation
! On the verge of creating a virtuous circle where evidence-based implementation practice improves implementation science that improves implementation practice …
Science to Service Gap Implementation Science
GIC May 26-28, 2015 Dublin, Ireland
www.globalimplementation.org
Allison Metz [email protected]
Melissa Van Dyke [email protected]
Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC
http://nirn.fpg.unc.edu/ www.scalingup.org
www.globalimplementation.org
HTTP://NIRN.FPG.UNC.EDU
Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M. & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation Research: A Synthesis of the Literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network (FMHI Publication #231).
Implementation Research: A Synthesis of the Literature
Get Connected!
www.scalingup.org
SISEP @SISEPcenter
For more on Implementation Science http://nirn.fpg.unc.edu
www.globalimplementation.org
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