Implementaion of Voters Id Database

8/2/2019 Implementaion of Voters Id Database

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IMPLEMENTAION OF VOTERS ID DATABASE

ABSTRACT

The voters id database which we have implemented is slightlydifferent from the current system. The whole theme is thecomputerization of collection of voters details .This system isyet to be implemented but this system can provide betterresults. We have used visual basic 6.0 as front end and oracle11g as back end. The database connectivity feature hasprovided better results.

This database contains basic information about the voters inaddition with professional details of the voter so it becomeseasier for verifying the authenticity of the voter. Once thevoters details have been collected the voter is given with aunique id for identifying the voter. Since all the essential detailsare available in various government websites say birthcertificate etc it will be easier for verification of the voter

simultaneously while entering the voters data. This is the main advantage of the system. Everything becomeseasier once the collection of voters details is computerized thissaves man power time etc.


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THE EXISTING SYSTEM:

In the existing the government authorized people collectinformation about the voter by reaching each and everypersons home. Even though it is helpful in finding out theauthenticity of the information but it leads to the wastage of man power, time and processing the data. These are the pros

and cons of present or existing system.THE PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In the proposed system the whole voters details collection iscomputerized. Since the computerization lessens human workload and saves time. Each and every user is provided with aunique identity number. Since this system is a computerizedone we can link it with other government run websites to verify

the authenticity of the voters. We can also check for thepermanent address with the help of main corporation websitedepending upon the city. Two separate forms are created oneto collect information about educational details and one tocollect information about professional details. So the system issophisticated and the authenticity factor is also notcompromised.


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FRONT END USED :VISUAL BASIC 6.0

The concept of computer programming

Before we begin Visual Basic 6programming, let us understand some basic concepts of

programming. According to Webopedia, a computer program isan organized list of instructions that, when executed, causesthe computer to behave in a predetermined manner. Withoutprograms, computers are useless. Therefore, programmingmeans designing or creating a set of instructions to ask thecomputer to carry out certain jobs which normally are verymuch faster than human beings can do.

Many people think that computer is veryintelligent, but in actual fact it is dumb and can't do anythingwithout human assistance. The microchips of a CPU can onlyunderstand two distinct electrical states, namely, the on and off states, or 0 and 1 in the binary system. So, the CPU onlyunderstands a combinations of 0 and 1 code, a language whichwe called machine language. Machine language is extremelydifficult to learn and it is not for us to master it easily.

Fortunately , we have many smart programmers who wroteinterpreters and compilers that can translate human language-like programs such as BASIC into machine language so that thecomputer can carry out the instructions entered by the users.Machine language is known as the primitive language whileInterpreters and compilers like Visual Basic are called high-levellanguage. Some of the high level computer languages besideVisual Basic are Fortran, Cobol, Java, C, C++, Turbo Pascal,

and etc .


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Introduction to the Visual Basic Programming

Language

Visual basic 6.0 Other Versions 256 out of 372 rated this helpfulRate this topic

Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 is a fast and easy way to createprograms for Microsoft Windows. Even if you are new toWindows programming, with Visual Basic you have a completeset of tools to simplify development.

So what is Visual Basic?"Visual" refers to the method used to create what the user seesthe graphical user interface, or GUI. "Basic" refers to theBASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)programming language, a language used by moreprogrammers than any other language in the history of computing.is a high level programming language whichevolved from the earlier DOS version called BASIC. BASICmeans Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is arelatively easy programming language to learn.

BASIC is a VISUAL and events drivenProgramming Language. These are the main divergence fromthe old BASIC. In BASIC, programming is done in a text-onlyenvironment and the program is executed sequentially. In VB,programming is done in a graphical environment. In the oldBASIC, you have to write program code for each graphicalobject you wish to display it on screen, including its positionand its color. However, In VB , you just need to drag and dropany graphical object anywhere on the form, and you canchange its color any time using the properties window.

The Visual Basic 6 Integrated Development Environment


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Before you can program in VB 6, you need to install VisualBasic 6 in your computer.


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Visual Basic (VB ) is a third-generation event-driven programminglanguage and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Visual Basic is designed to berelatively easy to learn and use. [1][ 2] Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and

enables the rapid application development (RAD)

of

graphical user interface(GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects , Remote Data

Objects , or ActiveX Data Objects , and creation of ActiveX controls andobjects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar toVisual Basic, but perform differently.

A programmer can put together an application using the components provided withVisual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the WindowsAPI , but doing so requires external function declarations. Though the program hasreceived criticism for its perceived faults, [3] from version 3 Visual Basic was a

runaway commercial success,[4]

and many companies offered third party controlsgreatly extending its functionality.

The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended inMarch 2008 and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now knownsimply as Visual Basic).

Contents

[hide ]

1 Language features 2 Characteristics 3 History

o 3.1 Timeline 4 Derivative languages 5 Performance and other issues 6 Legacy development and support 7 Example code

8 See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Access_Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Data_Objectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Data_Objectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-based_software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-based_software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Language_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Characteristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Derivative_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Performance_and_other_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Legacy_development_and_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Example_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Access_Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Data_Objectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Data_Objectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-based_software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Language_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Characteristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Derivative_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Performance_and_other_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Legacy_development_and_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Example_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_language


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9 References

10 External links

[edit ] Language featuresLike the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to be easilylearned and used by beginner programmers. The language not only allows

programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop complexapplications. Programming in VB is a combination of visuallyarranging components or controls on a form , specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality.Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple

program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue.

Although programs can be compiled into native code executables from version 5onwards , they still require the presence of runtime libraries of approximately 1 MBin size. This runtime is included by default in Windows 2000 and later, but for earlier versions of Windows like 95/98/NT it must be distributed together with theexecutable.

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls(e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controlshave attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values are

provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer.Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For example, codecan be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that itremains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting codeinto the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can automaticallytranslate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from

being inserted.

Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX controls , or DLL files, but is primarily used to develop Windows applications and to interface databasesystems. Dialog boxes with less functionality can be used to provide pop-upcapabilities. Controls provide the basic functionality of the application, while

programmers can insert additional logic within the appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box will automatically display its list andallow the user to select any element. An event handler is called when an item isselected, which can then execute additional code created by the programmer to

perform some action based on which element was selected, such as populating arelated list.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI_widgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI_widgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timeline_of_Visual_Basic_.28VB1_to_VB6.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timeline_of_Visual_Basic_.28VB1_to_VB6.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_handlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI_widgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI_widgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timeline_of_Visual_Basic_.28VB1_to_VB6.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#Timeline_of_Visual_Basic_.28VB1_to_VB6.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_handlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX


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Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, and instead provide ActiveX objects to other programs via Component Object Model (COM).This allows for server-side processing or an add-in module.

The runtime recovers unused memory using reference counting which depends onvariables passing out of scope or being set to "Nothing", resulting in the verycommon problem of memory leaks. There is a large library of utility objects, andthe language provides basic object oriented support . Unlike many other

programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although itwill transform keywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table. Stringcomparisons are case sensitive by default.

The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages (C, C++),

but restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windowsmodel DLLs) and threading models.

[edit ] Characteristics

Visual Basic has the following traits which differ from C-derived languages:

Statements tend to be terminated with keywords such as "End If", instead of using "{}"s to group statements.

Multiple variable assignment is not possible. A = B = C does not imply thatthe values of A, B and C are equal. The boolean result of "Is B = C?" isstored in A. The result stored in A would therefore be either false or true.

Boolean constant True has numeric value 1. [5] This is because the Booleandata type is stored as a 16-bit signed integer. In this construct 1 evaluatesto 16 binary 1s (the Boolean value True ), and 0 as 16 0s (the Booleanvalue False ). This is apparent when performing a Not operation on a 16 bitsigned integer value 0 which will return the integer value 1, in other words True = Not False . This inherent functionality becomes especiallyuseful when performing logical operations on the individual bits of an

integer such as And , Or , Xor and Not .[6]

This definition of True is alsoconsistent with BASIC since the early 1970s Microsoft BASICimplementation and is also related to the characteristics of CPU instructionsat the time.

Logical and bitwise operators are unified. This is unlike some C-derivedlanguages (such as Perl ), which have separate logical and bitwise operators.This again is a traditional feature of BASIC.

Variable array base. Arrays are declared by specifying the upper and lower bounds in a way similar to Pascal and Fortran . It is also possible to use theOption Base statement to set the default lower bound. Use of the OptionBase statement can lead to confusion when reading Visual Basic code and is

best avoided by always explicitly specifying the lower bound of the array.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-sidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_countinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keywordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keywordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-sidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_countinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keywordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran


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This lower bound is not limited to 0 or 1, because it can also be set bydeclaration. In this way, both the lower and upper bounds are

programmable. In more subscript-limited languages, the lower bound of thearray is not variable. This uncommon trait does exist in Visual Basic

.NET but not in VBScript .OPTION BASE was introduced by ANSI, with the standard for ANSI MinimalBASIC in the late 1970s.

Relatively strong integration with the Windows operating system andthe Component Object Model . The native types for strings and arrays are thededicated COM types, BSTR and SAFEARRAY.

Banker's rounding as the default behavior when converting real numbers tointegers with the Round function. [7] ? Round(2.5, 0) gives 2, ? Round(3.5,

0) gives 4. Integers are automatically promoted to reals in expressions involving the

normal division operator ( / ) so that division of one integer by another produces the intuitively correct result. There is a specific integer divideoperator ( \ ) which does truncate.

By default, if a variable has not been declared or if no type declarationcharacter is specified, the variable is of type Variant . However this can bechanged with Deftype statements suchas DefInt , DefBool ,DefVar , DefObj , DefStr . There are 12 Deftype statementsin total offered by Visual Basic 6.0. The default type may be overridden for a specific declaration by using a special suffix character on the variablename ( # for Double, ! for Single, & for Long, % for Integer, $ for String,and @ for Currency) or using the key phrase As (type) . VB can also be set ina mode that only explicitly declared variables can be used with thecommand Option Explicit .

[edit ] History

VB 1.0 was introduced in 1991. The drag and drop design for creating the user

interface is derived from a prototype form generator developed by AlanCooper and his company called Tripod . Microsoft contracted with Cooper and hisassociates to develop Tripod into a programmable form system for Windows 3.0,under the code name Ruby (no relation to the Ruby programming language ).

Tripod did not include a programming language at all. Microsoft decided tocombine Ruby with the Basic language to create Visual Basic.

The Ruby interface generator provided the "visual" part of Visual Basic and thiswas combined with the "EB" Embedded BASIC engine designed for Microsoft'sabandoned "Omega" database system. Ruby also provided the ability to
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load dynamic link libraries containing additional controls (then called "gizmos"),which later became the VBX interface. [8]

[edit ] Timeline

Project 'Thunder' was initiated Visual Basic 1.0 (May 1991 ) was released for Windows at the

Comdex/Windows World trade show in Atlanta, Georgia.

Visual Basic 1.0 for DOS was released in September 1992 . The languageitself was not quite compatible with Visual Basic for Windows, as it wasactually the next version of Microsoft's DOS-based BASICcompilers, QuickBASIC and BASIC Professional Development System. Theinterface used a Text user interface , using extended ASCII characters to

simulate the appearance of a GUI .

Visual Basic for MS-DOS

Visual Basic 2.0 was released in November 1992 . The programmingenvironment was easier to use, and its speed was improved. Notably, forms

became instantiable objects, thus laying the foundational concepts of classmodules as were later offered in VB4.

Visual Basic 3.0 was released in the summer of 1993 and came in Standardand Professional versions. VB3 included version 1.1 of the Microsoft JetDatabase Engine that could read and write Jet (or Access) 1.x databases.

Visual Basic 4.0 (August 1995 ) was the first version that could create 32- bit as well as 16-bit Windows programs. It has three editions; Standard,Professional, and Enterprise. It also introduced the ability to write non-GUIclasses in Visual Basic. Incompatibilities between different releases of VB4caused installation and operation problems. While previous versions of Visual Basic had used VBX controls, Visual Basic now used OLE controls(with files names ending in .OCX) instead. These were later to be namedActiveX controls.

With version 5.0 (February 1997 ), Microsoft released Visual Basicexclusively for 32-bit versions of Windows. Programmers who preferred towrite 16-bit programs were able to import programs written in Visual Basic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_Extensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_Extensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickBASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickBASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Jet_Database_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Jet_Database_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_Visual_Basic_for_MS-DOS_(Professional_Edition_Version1.00).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_Visual_Basic_for_MS-DOS_(Professional_Edition_Version1.00).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_Extensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickBASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Jet_Database_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Jet_Database_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit


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4.0 to Visual Basic 5.0, and Visual Basic 5.0 programs can easily beconverted with Visual Basic 4.0. Visual Basic 5.0 also introduced the abilityto create custom user controls, as well as the ability to compile to nativeWindows executable code, speeding up calculation-intensive code

execution. A free, downloadable Control Creation Edition was also releasedfor creation of ActiveX controls . It was also used as an introductory form of Visual Basic: a regular .exe project could be created and run in the IDE, butnot compiled.

Visual Basic 6.0 (Mid 1998 ) improved in a number of areas [9] including theability to create web-based applications. VB6 has entered Microsoft's "non-supported phase" as of March 2008 . Although the Visual Basic 6.0development environment is no longer supported, the runtime is supportedon Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7. [10]

Mainstream Support for Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ended on March 31,2005. Extended support ended in March 2008. [11] In response, the VisualBasic user community expressed its grave concern and lobbied users to signa petition to keep the product alive. [12] Microsoft has so far refused to changetheir position on the matter. (but see [13] ) Ironically, around this time (2005),it was exposed that Microsoft's new anti-spyware offering, MicrosoftAntiSpyware (part of the GIANT Company Software purchase), was codedin Visual Basic 6.0. [14] Its replacement, Windows Defender, was rewritten asC++ code.

VB DOS icon

Derivative languages

Microsoft has developed derivatives of Visual Basic for use in scripting . VisualBasic itself is derived heavily from BASIC , and subsequently has been replaced

with a .NET platform version.

Some of the derived languages are:

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is included in many Microsoftapplications ( Microsoft Office ), and also in many third-party productslike SolidWorks , AutoCAD , WordPerfect Office 2002 , ArcGIS , SageAccpac ERP , and Business Objects Desktop Intelligence. There are smallinconsistencies in the way VBA is implemented in different applications,

but it is largely the same language as VB6 and uses the same runtimelibrary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Defenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Defenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Defenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Defenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIANT_Company_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolidWorkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPerfect_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcGIShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcGIShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VBDOS-icon.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VBDOS-icon.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Defenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Defenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIANT_Company_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolidWorkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPerfect_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcGIShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCPAC


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VBScript is the default language for Active Server Pages . It can be usedin Windows scripting and client-side web page scripting. Although itresembles VB in syntax, it is a separate language and it is executed byvbscript.dll as opposed to the VB runtime. ASP and VBScript should not be

confused with ASP.NET which uses the .NET Framework for compiled web pages. Visual Basic .NET is Microsoft's designated successor to Visual Basic 6.0,

and is part of Microsoft's .NET platform. Visual Basic.Net compiles andruns using the .NET Framework. It is not backwards compatible with VB6.An automated conversion tool exists, but fully automated conversion for most projects is impossible. [16]

StarOffice Basic is a Visual Basic compatible interpreter includedin StarOffice suite, developed by Sun Microsystems .

Gambas is a Visual Basic inspired free software programming language. It isnot a clone of Visual Basic, but it does have the ability to convert VisualBasic programs to Gambas.

[edit ] Performance and other issues

Earlier counterparts of Visual Basic (prior to version 5) compiled the code to P-Code only. The P-Code is interpreted by the language runtime. The benefits of P-Code include portability and smaller binary file sizes, but it usually slows down theexecution, since having a runtime adds an additional layer of interpretation.

However, small amounts of code and algorithms can be constructed to run faster than compiled native code.

Visual Basic applications require Microsoft Visual Basic runtimeMSVBVMxx.DLL, where xx is the relevant version number, either 50 or 60.MSVBVM60.dll comes as standard with Windows in all editions after Windows98 while MSVBVM50.dll comes with all editions after Windows 95. A Windows95 machine would however require inclusion with the installer of whichever dllwas needed by the program.

Visual Basic 5 and 6 can compile code to either native or P-Code but in either casethe runtime is still required for built in functions and forms management.

Criticisms levelled at Visual Basic editions prior to VB.NET include: [17]

Versioning problems associated with various runtime DLLs, known as DLLhell

Poor support for object-oriented programming [18] Inability to create multithreaded applications, without resorting to Windows

API calls Inability to create Windows services
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Variant types have a greater performance and storage overhead than stronglytyped programming languages

Dependency on complex and fragile COM Registry entries [19] The development environment is no longer supported by Microsoft.

[edit ] Legacy development and support

All versions of the Visual Basic development environment from 1.0 to 6.0 have been retired and are now unsupported by Microsoft. The associated runtimeenvironments are unsupported too, with the exception of the Visual Basic 6 coreruntime environment, which will be officially supported by Microsoft for thelifetime of Windows 7 .[20] Third party components that shipped with Visual Studio6.0 are not included in this support statement. Some legacy Visual Basiccomponents may still work on newer platforms, despite being unsupported byMicrosoft and other vendors.

Development and maintenance development for Visual Basic 6 is possible onlegacy Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 2003 using Visual Studio6.0 platforms, but is unsupported. Documentation for Visual Basic 6.0, itsapplication programming interface and tools is best covered in thelast MSDN release before Visual Studio.NET 2002. Later releases of MSDNfocused on .NET development and had significant parts of the Visual Basic 6.0

programming documentation removed. The Visual Basic IDE can be installed and

used on Windows Vista, where it exhibits some minor incompatibilities which donot hinder normal software development and maintenance. As of August 2008, both Visual Studio 6.0 and the MSDN documentation mentioned above areavailable for download by MSDN subscribers.

[edit ] Example code

The following code snippet displays a message box saying "Hello, World!" as thewindow loads:

Private Sub Form_Load() ' Execute a simple message box that will say"Hello, World!"

MsgBox "Hello, World!" End Sub

This snippet makes a counter that moves up 1 every second (a label and a timer control need to be added to the form for this to work):

Option ExplicitDim Count As IntegerPrivate Sub Form_Load()

Count = 0
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Timer1.Interval = 1000 ' units of millisecondsEnd SubPrivate Sub Timer1_Timer()

Count = Count + 1Label1.Caption = Count

End Sub

Comparison of programming languages FreeBASIC a programming language rooting from QBasic . Gambas - Open source competitor to Visual Basic IIf a function in several editions of Visual Basic roughly equivalent to

the ?: conditional operator of C and related languages. Microsoft Visual Studio Express - a free scaled down version of Visual

Basic .NET for independent developers. PowerBasic A language based on the BASIC- dialect PureBasic A language based on the BASIC- dialect REALbasic Competitor to Visual Basic DarkBASIC harness DirectX from BASIC application
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BACK END USED: ORACLE 11G

HISTORY

Here is the list of important events that took place in the last30 years of Oracle history. Oracle is celebratingits 30 wonderful years in the industry ( from 1977 to 2007 ).

This article was updated on 6th August, 2007.

In 1977 , Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and EdOates founded Software DevelopmentLaboratories to undertake development work

After reading a paper by Codd in IBM Journal of Researchand Development, they created Oracle . The first version

was never released. It was written in Assembly languageof PDP which ran in 128kb of RAM. Version 2.0 of Oracle was released in 1979 and it became

first commercial relational database and first SQLdatabase. The company changed its name to RelationalSoftware Inc . (RSI).

In 1981 , RSI started developing tools for Oracle. In 1982 , RSI was renamed to Oracle Corporation . It

held its first user conference in San Francisco.

In 1983, Oracle released version

3.0, which

was rewritten in C language and ran on multipleplatforms.

In 1984 , Oracle version 4.0 was released. It containedfeatures like concurrency control - multi-version readconsistency etc.

By 1985 , Oracle released version 5.0 and became thefirst relational database that workedin client/server environment.

In 1986 , Oracle goes public on the NASDAQ exchange.
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In 1987 , Oracle wanted tocreate enterprise applications that take advantage of their database.

In 1988 , Oracle version 6.0 was released. It

provided row-level locking, hot backup and PL/SQL asmain features. By 1989, Oracle moved to new headquarters

in Redwood Shores , California . In 1990 , they released Oracle Applications Release 8 ,

which included account software for client/server In 1992, they released Oracle 7.0 . It provided better

performance, administrativeutilities, application development tools , security

features, stored procedures , triggers and declarativeintegrity . In 1995 , Oracle became the first major company to

announce a comprehensive internet strategy . In 1997, Oracle released Oracle 8.0 and Oracle

Applications 10.7 . It startedembracing Java . Partitioning , support for different typesof data like images, large text, external data etc.( lobs )are provided. It also started providing support for Object in

database becoming an Object-Relational DBMS By 1999 , Oracle realized that " Internet ChangesEverything ". Oracle released Oracle 8i and OracleApplications 11i . They supported open standards likeXML. Oracle8i provided Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to run

Java program in Oracle Database and also scalability,which was required for internet databases.

In 2000 , Oracle9iAS was released. Oracle corporation isno longer a company providing only databasemanagement system and instead started providing all thatit takes to develop and deploy a complete application.AS(Application Server) runs on middle tier in 3-tierClient/Server architecture boosting the performance.

In 2001, Oracle9i was released. It allows Oracle to runon RAC (Real Application Cluster), which is a collection of low-cost servers. It also allowed XML documents to bestored and queried in Oracle Database.

In 2003, Oracle10g was released, where g stands forGrid computing, which servers computing power acrossthe enterprise as a utility, automatically shifting


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processing load based on demand. Oracle10g also made alot of administrative tasks automatic.

In 2007, Oracle has released Oracle11g. The newversion focused on better partitioning, easy migration etc.

As of now, Oracle has 68,000 employees, 2,75,000 customerwith US$14 billion revenue. It is runby Larry Ellison (CEO ), Charles Phillips (president ), Safra Catz (president and CFO ).

Oracle's philosophy, according to Ken Jacobs , vice president of product strategy is, " Nothing is impossible. Impossible just

takes a little longer

Database SchemaOracle database conventions refer to defined groups of objectownership (generally associated with a "username")as schemas .

Most Oracle database installations traditionally came with a

default schema called SCOTT. After the installation process hasset up the sample tables, the user can log into the databasewith the username scott and the password tiger. The name of the SCOTT schema originated with Bruce Scott, one of the firstemployees at Oracle (then Software DevelopmentLaboratories), who had a cat named Tiger.

Oracle Corporation has de-emphasized the use of the SCOTT schema, as it uses few of the features of the morerecent releases of Oracle. Most recent examples supplied by

Oracle Corporation reference the default HR or OE schemas.Other default schemas include:

SYS (essential core database structures and utilities)SYSTEM (additional core database structures and utilities,

and privileged account)OUTLN (utilized to store metadata for stored outlines for

stable query-optimizer execution plans
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BI, IX, HR, OE, PM, and SH (expanded sampleschemas containing more data and structures than theolder SCOTT schema).

System Global AreaEach Oracle instance allocates itself an SGA when it starts andde-allocates it at shut-down time. The information in the SGAconsists of the following elements, each of which has a fixedsize, established at instance startup:

the redo log buffer: this stores redo entriesa log of changes made to the database. The instance writes redo logbuffers to the redo log as quickly and efficiently as possible.

The redo log aids in instance recovery in the event of asystem failure.the shared pool: this area of the SGA stores shared-

memory structures such as shared SQL areas in the librarycache and internal information in the data dictionary. Aninsufficient amount of memory allocated to the shared poolcan cause performance degradation.

Library cache The library cache stores shared SQL, caching the parse treeand the execution plan for every unique SQL statement. If multiple applications issue the same SQL statement, eachapplication can access the shared SQL area. This reduces theamount of memory needed and reduces the processing-timeused for parsing and execution planning.

Data dictionary cache The data dictionary comprises a set of tables and views thatmap the structure of the database.

Oracle databases store information here about the logical andphysical structure of the database. The data dictionary containsinformation such as:

user information, such as user privilegesintegrity constraints defined for tables in the database

names and datatypes of all columns in database tables
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information on space allocated and used for schemaobjects

The Oracle instance frequently accesses the data dictionary in

order to parse SQL statements. The operation of Oracledepends on ready access to the data dictionary: performancebottlenecks in the data dictionary affect all Oracle users.Because of this, database administrators should make sure thatthe data dictionary cache has sufficient capacity to cache thisdata. Without enough memory for the data-dictionary cache,users see a severe performance degradation. Allocatingsufficient memory to the shared pool where the data dictionarycache resides precludes these particular performance problem.

Program Global Area

The Program Global Area or PGA memory-area of an Oracleinstance contains data and control-information for Oracle's

server-processes. The size and content of the PGA depends on the Oracle-serveroptions installed. This area consists of the followingcomponents:

stack-space: the memory that holds the session'svariables, arrays, and so on.

session-information: unless using the multithreadedserver, the instance stores its session-information in the

PGA. (In a multithreaded server, the session-informationgoes in the SGA.)private SQL-area: an area which holds information such as

bind-variables and runtime-buffers.sorting area: an area in the PGA which holds information

on sorts, hash-joins, etc.
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The Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) [2] produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation .

Larry Ellison and his friends, former co-workers Bob Miner and Ed Oates , started the consultancySoftware Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oraclesoftware. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of a CIA-funded project Ellison had worked onwhile previously employed by Ampex .[3]

Contents

[hide ]

1 Physical and logical structures
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o 1.1 Storage

1.1.1 Disk files

1.1.1.1 Control files

o 1.2 Database Schema1.2.1 System Global Area

1.2.2 Library cache

1.2.3 Data dictionary cache

1.2.4 Program Global Area

1.2.5 Dynamic performance views

o 1.3 Process architectures

1.3.1 Oracle processes

1.3.2 User processes, connections and sessions

o 1.4 Concurrency and locking

o 1.5 Configuration

2 Internationalization

3 History

o 3.1 Corporate/technical timeline

o 3.2 Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) and Security Alerts

o 3.3 Version numbering

4 Marketing editions

5 Host platforms

6 Related software

o 6.1 Oracle products

o 6.2 Database options

o 6.3 Suites

o 6.4 Database "features"

o 6.5 Standalone tools

o 6.6 Other databases marketed by Oracle Corporation

7 Use

o 7.1 Official support

o 7.2 Database-related guidelines

o 7.3 Oracle Certification Program

o 7.4 User groups

8 Market position

o 8.1 Competition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Physical_and_logical_structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Disk_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Control_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_Schemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#System_Global_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Library_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Data_dictionary_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Program_Global_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Dynamic_performance_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Process_architectureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_processeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#User_processes.2C_connections_and_sessionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Concurrency_and_lockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Internationalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Corporate.2Ftechnical_timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Critical_Patch_Updates_.28CPUs.29_and_Security_Alertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Version_numberinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Marketing_editionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Host_platformshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Related_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_optionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Suiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_.22features.22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Standalone_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Other_databases_marketed_by_Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Official_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Official_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database-related_guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_Certification_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#User_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Market_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Disk_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Control_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_Schemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#System_Global_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Library_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Data_dictionary_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Program_Global_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Dynamic_performance_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Process_architectureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_processeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#User_processes.2C_connections_and_sessionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Concurrency_and_lockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Internationalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Corporate.2Ftechnical_timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Critical_Patch_Updates_.28CPUs.29_and_Security_Alertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Version_numberinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Marketing_editionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Host_platformshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Related_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_optionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Suiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_.22features.22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Standalone_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Other_databases_marketed_by_Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Official_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database-related_guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_Certification_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#User_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Market_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Competition


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o 8.2 Pricing

9 See also

10 References

11 Bibliography

12 External links

[edit ]Physical and logical structures

An Oracle database systemidentified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID [4]comprises atleast one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instanceidentified persistently by aninstantiation number (or activation id: SYS.V_$DATABASE.ACTIVATION#)comprises a set of operating-system processes and memory -structures that interact with the storage . Typical processesinclude PMON (the process monitor) and SMON (the system monitor).

Users of the Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (System Global Area). The SGA typically holds cache information such as data-buffers, SQL commands, and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (or logs), whichhold transactional history. Processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs (offlineredo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for data recovery and for some forms of datareplication .

If the Oracle database administrator has implemented Oracle RAC (Real Application Clusters), thenmultiple instances, usually on different servers , attach to a central storage array . This scenario offersadvantages such as better performance, scalability and redundancy. However, support becomes morecomplex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10 g , grid computing introduced shared resourceswhere an instance can use (for example) CPU resources from another node (computer) in the grid.

The Oracle DBMS can store and execute stored procedures and functions within itself. PL/SQL (OracleCorporation's proprietary procedural extension to SQL), or the object-oriented language Java caninvoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them.

[edit ]StorageThe Oracle RDBMS stores data logically in the form of tablespaces and physically in the form of data files ("datafiles ").[5] Tablespaces can contain various types of memory segments , such as DataSegments, Index Segments, etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more extents . Extents comprisegroups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage.

There is also a partitioning feature available on newer versions of the database, which allows tables tobe partitioned based on different set of keys. Specific partitions can then be easily added or dropped tohelp manage large data sets.

Oracle database management tracks its computer data storage with the help of information stored inthe SYSTEMtablespace. The SYSTEM tablespace contains the data dictionary and often (bydefault) indexes and clusters . A data dictionary consists of a special collection of tables that containsinformation about all user- objects in the database. Since version 8 i , the Oracle RDBMS also supports"locally managed" tablespaces which can store space management information in bitmaps in their own headers rather than in the SYSTEMtablespace (as happens with the default "dictionary-managed"tablespaces). Version 10 g and later introduced the SYSAUXtablespace which contains some of thetables formerly in the SYSTEM tablespace.
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[ edit ] Disk files

This section requires expansion .

Disk files primarily consist of the following types:

Data and index files: Those files are necessary for the physical storage, which can consist of the data dictionary data (associated to the tablespace SYSTEM), user data, or index data. Thesefiles can be managed manually or managed by Oracle itself ("Oracle-managed files"). Note that adatafile has to belong to exactly one tablespace, whereas a tablespace can consist of multipledatafiles.

Redo log files consisting of all changes to the database, used to recover from an instancefailure. Note that often these files are stored multiple times, for extra security in case of disk failure.The identical redo log files are said to belong to the same group.

Undo files: Those special datafiles, which can only contain undo information, are used for recovery, rollbacks, and read consistency.

Archive log files: Those files are copies of the redo log files, but are usually stored at differentlocations. They are necessary for example to be applied to a standby database, or to performrecovery after an instance failure. It is possible to archive to multiple locations.

Tempfiles: Those special datafiles are used exclusively for temporary storage data (used for example for large sorts)

Control file, necessary for database startup. "A binary file that records the physical structure of a database and contains the names and locations of redo log files, the time stamp of the databasecreation, the current log sequence number, checkpoint information, and so on." [6]

At the physical level, data files comprise one or more data blocks , where the block size can varybetween data files.

Data files can occupy pre-allocated space in the file system of a computer server, utilize raw diskdirectly, or exist within ASM logical volumes .[7]

[edit ]Control files

The following parameters govern the size of the control files:

maxlogfilemaxlogmembersmaxloghistory

maxinstancescontrol_file_record_keep_time

[edit ]Database SchemaOracle database conventions refer to defined groups of object ownership (generally associated with a"username") as schemas .

Most Oracle database installations traditionally came with a default schema called SCOTT. After theinstallation process has set up the sample tables, the user can log into the database with theusername scott and the password tiger . The name of the SCOTT schema originated with Bruce

Scott, one of the first employees at Oracle (then Software Development Laboratories), who had a catnamed Tiger. [8]
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Oracle Corporation has de-emphasized the use of the SCOTT schema, as it uses few of the features of the more recent releases of Oracle. Most recent examples supplied by Oracle Corporation reference thedefault HR or OE schemas.

Other default schemas [9][10] include:

SYS (essential core database structures and utilities)SYSTEM (additional core database structures and utilities, and privileged account)OUTLN(utilized to store metadata for stored outlines for stable query-optimizer execution plans.

[11]

BI , IX , HR, OE, PM, and SH (expanded sample schemas [12] containing more data and structuresthan the older SCOTT schema).

[ edit ] System Global Area

Main article: System Global Area

Each Oracle instance uses a System Global Area or SGAa shared-memory areato store its dataand control-information. [13]

Each Oracle instance allocates itself an SGA when it starts and de-allocates it at shut-down time. Theinformation in the SGA consists of the following elements, each of which has a fixed size, established atinstance startup:

the redo log buffer: this stores redo entriesa log of changes made to the database. Theinstance writes redo log buffers to the redo log as quickly and efficiently as possible. The redo logaids in instance recovery in the event of a system failure.

the shared pool: this area of the SGA stores shared-memory structures such as shared SQLareas in the library cache and internal information in the data dictionary. An insufficient amount of memory allocated to the shared pool can cause performance degradation.

[ edit ] Library cache

The library cache [14] stores shared SQL, caching the parse tree and the execution plan for every uniqueSQL statement. If multiple applications issue the same SQL statement, each application can access theshared SQL area. This reduces the amount of memory needed and reduces the processing-time usedfor parsing and execution planning.

[ edit ] Data dictionary cache

The data dictionary comprises a set of tables and views that map the structure of the database.

Oracle databases store information here about the logical and physical structure of the database. Thedata dictionary contains information such as:

user information, such as user privilegesintegrity constraints defined for tables in the databasenames and datatypes of all columns in database tablesinformation on space allocated and used for schema objects

The Oracle instance frequently accesses the data dictionary in order to parse SQL statements. Theoperation of Oracle depends on ready access to the data dictionary: performance bottlenecks in thedata dictionary affect all Oracle users. Because of this, database administrators should make sure that
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the data dictionary cache [15] has sufficient capacity to cache this data. Without enough memory for thedata-dictionary cache, users see a severe performance degradation. Allocating sufficient memory to theshared pool where the data dictionary cache resides precludes these particular performance problem.

[ edit ] Program Global Area

The Program Global Area [16][17] or PGA memory-area of an Oracle instance contains data and control-information for Oracle's server-processes.

The size and content of the PGA depends on the Oracle-server options installed. This area consists of the following components:

stack-space: the memory that holds the session's variables, arrays, and so on.session-information: unless using the multithreaded server, the instance stores its session-

information in the PGA. (In a multithreaded server, the session-information goes in the SGA.)private SQL-area: an area which holds information such as bind-variables and runtime-buffers.sorting area: an area in the PGA which holds information on sorts, hash-joins, etc.

[ edit ] Dynamic performance views

The dynamic performance views (also known as "fixed views") within an Oracle database presentinformation from virtual tables (X$ tables [18]) built on the basis of database memory. [19] Database userscan access the V$ views (named after the prefix of their synonyms) to obtain information on databasestructures and performance.

[edit ]Process architectures[ edit ] Oracle processes

The Oracle RDBMS typically relies on a group of processes running simultaneously inthe background and interacting to monitor and expedite database operations. Typical operatingenvironments might include some of the following individual processes (shown along with their abbreviated nomenclature): [20]

advanced queueing processes (Qnnn) [21]

archiver processes (ARCn)checkpoint process (CKPT) *REQUIRED*coordinator-of-job-queues process (CJQn): dynamically spawns slave processes for job-queuesdatabase writer processes (DBWn) *REQUIRED*dispatcher processes (Dnnn): multiplex server-processes on behalf of users

job-queue slave processes (Jnnn) [22]

log-writer process (LGWR) *REQUIRED*log-write network-server (LNSn): transmits redo logs in Data Guard environmentslogical standby coordinator process (LSP0): controls Data Guard log-applicationmedia-recovery process (MRP): detached recovery-server processmemory-manager process (MMAN): used for internal database tasks such as Automatic Shared

Memory Managementmemory-monitor process (MMON): process for automatic problem-detection, self-tuning and

statistics-gathering [23]

memory-monitor light process (MMNL): gathers and stores Automatic Workload Repository(AWR) data

mmon slaves (MnnnnM0000, M0001, etc.): background slaves of the MMON process [24]
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1979: SDL changed its company-name to "Relational Software, Inc." (RSI) and introduced itsproduct Oracle V2 as an early commercially available relational database system. The version didnot support transactions , but implemented the basic SQL functionality of queries and joins . (RSInever released a version 1 - instead calling the first version version 2 as a marketing gimmick .)[40]

1982: RSI in its turn changed its name, becoming known as " Oracle Corporation ",[41] to alignitself more closely with its flagship product.

1983: The company released Oracle version 3, which it had re-written using the C programminglanguage and which supported COMMIT and ROLLBACK functionality for transactions. Version 3extended platform support from the existing Digital VAX/VMS systems toinclude Unix environments. [41]

1984: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 4, which supported read-consistency .1985: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 5, which supported the clientserver model

a sign of networks becoming more widely available in the mid-1980s.1986: Oracle version 5.1 started supporting distributed queries.1988: Oracle RDBMS version 6 came out with support for PL/SQL embedded within Oracle

Forms v3 (version 6 could not store PL/SQL in the database proper), row-level locking andhotbackups .[42]

1989: Oracle Corporation entered the application products market and developedits ERP product, (later to become part of the Oracle E-Business Suite ), based on the Oraclerelational database.

1990: the release of Oracle Applications release 8 [41]

1992: Oracle version 7 appeared with support for referential integrity , storedprocedures and triggers .

1997: Oracle Corporation released version 8, which supported object-oriented developmentand multimedia applications.

1999: The release of Oracle8 i aimed to provide a database inter-operating better withthe Internet (the i in the name stands for "Internet"). The Oracle8 i database incorporated anative Java virtual machine (Oracle JVM , also known as "Aurora". [43]).

Documents

Implementaion of Voters Id Database