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Imperialism Q’s and Answers. Check your work!. Definition. Imperialism: --one country takes control of another --empire-building. Economic --Natural Resources --Naval bases --Raw Materials --New markets for industrial products --Overpopulation—more jobs available in colonies. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Imperialism Q’s and Answers
Check your work!
Definition• Imperialism:
--one country takes control of another--empire-building
Motivations
• Economic--Natural Resources--Naval bases--Raw Materials--New markets for industrial products--Overpopulation—more jobs available in
colonies
• Cultural--Source of troops for bigger armies--Spread of western civilization: Social
Darwinism, “White Man’s Burden”--Spread of Christianity--Medical help, education
Scramble for Africa: European Advantages
Technology:• Maxim gun—automatic
machine gun• Steam engine—for travel
into African interior• TelegraphMedical Advances:• Quinine—to control
malaria
Scramble for Africa: Vulnerable to Conquest
• Huge variety of languages and cultures
• Wars between ethnic groups over land, water, and trade rights
Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference
• By 1914, Europeans controlled the entire African continent except for Liberia (protected by the U.S.) and Ethiopia
• Cash crops replaced food crops grown by farmers to feed their families
Scramble for Africa: South Africa
Three groups that clashed over land and resources in South Africa
• Zulus—led by Shaka Zulu• British• Boers (Dutch)—also
called Afrikaaners
Scramble for Africa: Boer War
Outcomes of Boer War• Britain won the war• Union of South Africa
was created, controlled by the British
• Key words: Cecil Rhodes, Shaka Zulu, Cape Colony, apartheid
Imperialism Case Study: Benefits to colonized people
• Reduced local warfare• Improved sanitation• Improved hospitals and schools
--increased life spans--increased literacy rates
• Economic expansion• Constructed railroads, dams,
telephone and telegraph lines
Imperialism Case Study: Negative Consequences
• Colonized people lost control of land and independence
• New diseases (smallpox)• Deaths from war, resistance, famine• Loss of culture• Artificial boundaries without regard to
ethnic rivalries or allegiances led to longlasting political problems
U.S. Economic Imperialism: “Colossus of the North”
• 7. • 8.• 9.
Egypt: Suez Canal
Built by the French and Egyptians 1854-1869. Egypt sold its share to Britain because of over-whelming debt resulting from construction costs.
Imperialism Case Study: Egypt
• Imperialists: French, then British• Methods: Economic Imperialism• Outcomes: Egypt lost control of Suez
Canal
Imperialism Case Study: Algeria
• Algerians waged active military resistance against the French (lasted for 50 years)
• French ultimately controlled much of North and West Africa
Imperialism: Algeria• French Maintained Direct
Control--paternalism—treating indigenous people like parents treat children--assimilation—based on the idea that indigenous people would adopt European culture and become like the Europeans
Imperialism: Liberia• Influenced, but not
controlled, by US• Created as a country
for freed American slaves
• Maintained independence, but has endured decades of crisis/turmoil
Imperialism: Ethiopia
• Successfully resisted European imperialism when King Menelik II --played British, French and Italians against each other--built up arsenal of modern weapons--defeated Italians in Battle of Adowa--modernized Ethiopia
Leopold II
• Belgian King• Personal owner of
Congo• Terrible abuses of
Congolese• Natural Resource:
Rubber• William Sheppard
British Imperialism in India:
How did they gain/maintain control?• Mughal Empire collapses; East India Co. gains control of
India• British establish a railroad network in India to transport
raw materials and manufactured goods; India becomes increasingly valuable to British
• British force emphasis on cash crops; cause famine; villagers no longer self-sufficient
• Sepoy Mutiny occurs and uprisings spread over much of northern India; British gov’t took direct control of India
British Imperialism in India: Outcomes
Effects• Nationalism grew in India, along with calls for
modernization and westernization• Indians form Indian National Congress, which calls for
self-government• British partition Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections;
Indians find it more difficult to gain independence because they were divided
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
• Death of Suleyman—led to corrupt and weak sultans;
• Rise of Nationalism—Ottoman territories began declaring independence (Greece and Serbia)
• Geopolitics—world powers attracted to strategic location of Ottoman Empire;
• Discovery of oil in Persia—Persia sold concessions to western businesses
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
• Policies European nations used to gain control of Muslim lands
-- tried to win favor from Ottomans/ Muslims
-- alliances with enemies of Ottomans/ Muslims
-- war with Ottomans/Muslims
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
• Crimean War—– Causes: Russia wanted access to Black Sea
for warm-weather port– Outcomes: Unclear winner of war; Ottomans
lost territory to Russia; revealed Ottoman weakness and started decline of Ottomans
Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America
Who were the Imperialists?Originally Spain, then the U.S.
How did the US gain/maintain control?Economic Imperialism▪US Businesses established holdings in Cuba
▪ 1898 Spanish-American War: When Cubans fought Spanish for independence, US supported their fight (probably more self-interested than concerned for oppressed Cubans)
Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America• U.S. feared that European powers would try to re-
conquer Latin American countries—issued Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
• The U.S. built the Panama Canal
OUTCOMESU.S. installed military government in Cuba and exerted control over Cuban affairs; Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became U.S. territories
Economic Imperialism:• Used primarily by US, for example in Latin
America:• 1. Paid workers w/ vouchers to be used only at
company stores, forced workers into debt w/ high prices; debt passed to next generation
• 2. Land distributed unequally—only wealthy landowners had property
• 3. Military leaders gained fame/power during struggles for independence and controlled new nations as military dictators (caudillos)
U.S. Economic Imperialism: Foreign Trade
• 4. Latin American exports grew with steamship and railroads and refrigeration
• 5. Foreign countries lent money to Latin American governments for building facilities for export industries; when they couldn’t pay back loans, the foreign countries took over the facilities and industries
• 6. They didn’t invest in infrastructure or fund programs for self-sufficiency.
China Resists Outside InfluenceOpium War
Cause• British established
Opium trade in China, leading to widespread addiction, and refused to end this drug trade
Effect• China suffered humiliating
defeat—forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing
• Britain got Hong Kong • Treaty Ports established
China Resists: Taiping Rebellion
Cause• Dramatic population
growth• Widespread hunger• Increased opium
addiction• Rebellion against Qing
Dynasty
Effect• Taiping army took control
of southeastern China• Captured Nanjing—
declared capital• Feuding among Taiping
rulers• Taiping government falls
in 1864• 20 million died
China Resists: Self-strengthening movement
Cause• Taiping Rebellion and
other resistance caused internal pressure on Qing government
Effect• Tried to update education
system, diplomatic service and military with mixed results
• Foreign nations gained increasing control over China’s economy
• Established spheres of influence
China Resists: Open Door Policy
Cause• As Spheres of Influence
are established, U.S. worries that it will be shut out if European nations establish formal colonies
Effect• China’s “doors” open to
all foreign traders• Policy protected U.S.
trade rights in China and protected China from colonization
• China still under control of foreign powers
China Resists: Boxer Rebellion
Cause• Growing frustration with
Chinese loss of power to European powers
• Qing Dynasty (Dowager Empress) refuses to allow reform
• Peasants resented privileges granted to foreigners
• Resented Chinese Christians
Effect• International force of
19,000 troops marched on Beijing and defeated the Boxers
• Strong sense of nationalism emerged in China
• Dowager empress slowly began reforms
• Five decades of unrest
Modernization in Japan • American motive—to convince Japanese
to open their ports to trade• U.S. benefits—U.S. could use two ports• Meiji modernization—
--a. studied western gov’t and culture; --b. adopted best aspects of western civilization; --c. modernized the military; --d. universal public education; --e. industrialization
Modernization in Japan• Korea—Both Japan and China
wanted trade and military posts in Korea
• Sino-Japanese War—China sent troops to help Korea’s king put down a rebellion, violating its treaty with Japan
• S-J War Consequences—Japan drove Chinese out of Korea, destroyed Chinese navy, gained territory in Manchuria; Japan gained first colonies
Modernization in Japan• Causes of Russo-Japanese War--
Russia refused to stay out of Korea, Japan refused to recognize Russian rights in Manchuria; Japan attacked Russia
• Consequences—Japan forced Russia out of Korea, captured Russia’s Pacific fleet, destroyed Russia’s Baltic fleet
• Ruling Korea—Harsh rulers: shut down Korean newspapers, took over schools, took land, prohibited Koreans business
Imperialism in SE AsiaLands Claimed Impact of Colonization
1. Dutch E. India Co. Major Products• Economies grew based on cash crops
• Roads, harbors, rail systems improved communication and transportation (but mostly benefited European businesses)
• Education, health, sanitation improved
• Tried to subjugate people
• Cultural change—gov’t, industry, agriculture
Indonesia—Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, Bali
Oil, tin, rubber
2. British Immigration Policy
Singapore, Malaysia, Burma
Encouraged Chinese to move to Malaysia (needed labor); Malays became minority in own country
3. French Method of Management
Indochina (today—Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)
Direct colonial management—French filled all important positions in government
4. Americans Method of ManagementPhilippines, Hawaii Direct—forced local leaders from
power; prepared Philippines for independence, annexed Hawaii
• Santa Anna—1821 fought for independence from Spain and in 1829 fought to keep Spain from retaking control;
• Became Mexico’s president four times (1833-1855);
• Lost Texas and California to the U.S. in Mexican-American War (1845-48);
• Exiled—returned to Mexico poor, blind, powerless, forgotten (1874)
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Benito Juarez—poor
Zapotec Indian, gained education, law degree;
• Started liberal reform movement, La Reforma (1840s-50s);
• Became president 1861-72;
• Legacy of peace, progress and reform
Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Porfirio Diaz—noted military
general; • Took control of Mexico in
military coup 1876-1911; • Offered land, power, and
favors to supporters and terrorized opponents;
• Elections became meaningless; rich got richer and the poor got poorer.
• Francisco Madero—ran for president, arrested by Diaz;
• Called for Revolution; • Won election after Diaz stepped
down 1911-1913• Replaced by military leader
Victoriano Huerta, who likely was responsible for Madero’s assassination
Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution
Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution
Emiliano Zapata—led army in southern Mexico; called for reform, “Land and Liberty”
Pancho Villa —led army in
northern Mexico;
“Robin Hood” —stole from rich to give
to poor
Overthrew Huerta to put Venustiano Carranza in
power.
Venustiano Carranza—overthrew Huerta’s government, Turned his army on Villa and Zapata (his former allies); Began revising Mexico’s constitutionCivil War ended with more than 1 million Mexican people dead.
Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution
The White Man’s Burden
http://www.antiimperialist.com/webroot/PEOPLEdocuments/Membership/Pictures/WhiteMansBurden.jpg http://www.historycooperative.org/
journals/jah/88.4/images/kramer_f5.jpg
William Sheppard
William Sheppard