Why did these countries want

colonies?(there are 6 reasons)

1) National SecurityIn order to remain a strong country, Imperialists believed:

1) needed to have a strong industrial economy

2) needed to have a steady supply of rawmaterials for the industrial economy

3) Needed to have a strong military to protect the economic interests

2) Strategic Advantage

Imperialist countries did not want other countries to get ahead of them

Whatever happens we have got The Maxim gun, and they have not.

Hilaire Belloc

3) Nationalism

People felt proud when their country ruled a larger empire

Thomas Jones Barker, The Secret of England’s Greatness (1863)

4) Social Darwinism

Based on racism:

- Europeans believed they were better than the people they colonized/ruled

- They believed this made if OK for them to rule other people

Sir Robert Clive’s Familywith Their Indian Maid

Painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1765

“survival of the fittest”

writing 2 years before Darwin’s Origin of Species, Spencer began the ethical argument later called Social Darwinism

not only was it often the case that might triumphed, it was “according to nature,” thus right

Europeans were “fitter,” their military successes proved it

therefore it was right and just for them to rule over “backward” colonial subjects

Herbert Spencer

5) Missionary Impulse

- People from European countries wanted to spread their religion to people in other parts of the world

- They also wanted to bring modern inventions and technology to these people to make their lives better

jingoism and overseas adventures

popular interest in faraway places was stoked by the press

another source was missionary activity in an age when Sunday attendance was much higher than today

when “exotic savages” killed “civilized emissaries” there was tremendous popular pressure on government to avenge them

Gordon’s death, 1885

6) Industrial Economies

- Europeans wanted to get the raw materials from colonies

- They also wanted to take advantage of cheap labor from the natives in the colonies

-sell your finished manufactured products to those colonial people

To summarize

To Summarize

What happened to the people dominated by the European powers?

1) traditional economies were replaced with European manufactured goods

2) slavery was ended (slaves sold to other countries) but economic/social still existed

So what did it end up looking like?

- As imperial powers spread to other lands, they brought many of their scientific and liberal ideas with them. Some people embraced these ideas and used them to their advantage

So what did it end up looking like?In Africa

elite men and women educated in Western-styled schools became leaders in African anti-colonial and nationalist mov’ts of the twentieth century

(educate them, they start thinking for themselves, backfires on the mother country)

So what did it end up looking like?

Othersembraced liberal ideas in some areas like military and industry while rejecting democracy

So what did it end up looking like?

Sometimes, disagreements over how to react to this Western hegemony (good word, heh?) led to rifts within their communities. Some Muslim leaders were torn apart on how to deal with Western intrusion, causing debates within Islam that can still be felt today

More Visuals

The Scramble for Africa

The essential point in dealing with Africans is to establish a

respect for the European. Upon this---the prestige of the white

man---depends his influence, often his very existence, in Africa.

If he shows by his surroundings, by his assumption of

superiority, that he is far above the native, he will be respected,

and his influence will be proportionate to the superiority he

assumes and bears out by his higher accomplishments and

mode of life.

Lugard, The Rise of Our East African Empire, 1893. vol. II, p.74

Africa, the Dark Continent

DR. LIVINGSTONEI presume!

STANLEY

Livingstone and Stanley discover the head of the Nile River- great adventurers of the day

Still!

The Scramble for Africa1870-1914

RhodesColossus

Punch

Cecil Rhodes was British businessman who made a fortune in African mining operations.

Cecil Rhodes

He was an ardent believer in imperialism and colonialism.

He is a great example of the way people thought about taking over other countries.

Cecil Rhodes

He founded the country of Rhodesia (today Zambia and Zimbawa)

This is where the Rhodes scholarship originates

Zulu!

Between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.

1879

Africa was partitioned in 1884 by German Chancellor Otto von Bismark

Different types of rule by the European countries: indirect (British style)- they ruled through existing local officials and rulers. Kept local traditions but British made all the decisionsdirect (French style) French governor for each colony. Top officials were French

Rebellions and Independence

Ethopia- ruler Menelik II 1884-1913- he modernized the country

Rebellions and Independence

rebellions in Sudan

led by Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi- eventually British took over the country

The tribe Asante fought British in W. Africa and lost

superior weapons of Europeans

Zulu Land and Its Neighbors

Anglo-Zulu War (January-August,1879)

complex relations between two subject peoples, the Zulus and the Boers (white Africans) led Britain to invade Zululand

Lord Chelmsford unwisely divided his force (5,000 Europeans and 8,200 Africans) and the Zulu chief Cetshwayo (40,000) annihilated his central column at Isandlwana

22 January, 1,600 Europeans and 2,500 Africans were overrun and massacred by 20,000 Zulus

Only 50 European enlisted men and five officers escaped, in addition to several hundred Africans who fled the battlefield before the camp was surrounded

honor was restored to British arms by the incredible defense of Roarke’s Drift that afternoon, night, and the next day

shaken, Chelmsford withdrew from Zululand, reinvaded with reinforcements, and conquered Cetshwayo

Boer wars

The Boer Wars were two wars fought between Britain and the two independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic).

The Boer War lasted three years and was very bloody. The British fought directly against the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The bloodshed that was seen during the war was alarming. Two of the factors that contributed to this were: First, many of the British soldiers were physically unprepared for the environment and poorly trained for the tactical conditions they faced. As a result, British losses were high as a result of both disease and combat. Second, the policies of "scorched earth" and civilian internment (concentration camps) ravaged the civilian populations in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

During the late nineteenth century, Africa was colonized and controlled by :

1) England and Russia

2) many European countries

3) France

4) Muslim traders

Which of the following was not a reason that European countries sought control of African land?

1) desire for natural resources and markets

2) desire to convert natives to Christianity

3)to gain power over other European countries

4) to learn about new cultures

Which of the following was not a reason for European expansion during the Age of Imperialism

1) zeal to spread Christianity

2) desire for slaves

3) need for markets and raw materials

4) drive to increase national prestige

The Scramble/Race for Africa

The competition between European powers to carve up and control Africa changed the international landscape considerably.

Think about: how is that reflected today? What happens in our current news that can be a result of those original imperialist actions?

The Scramble/Race for Africa

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885: revolutionized international cooperation.

The powers of Europe negotiated boundaries through the continent of Africa with complete disregard for any cultural, linguistic, or political boundaries that already existed.

the result: sometimes you got countries made up of political or cultural enemies

The Scramble/Race for AfricaSome areas benefits from this imperialistic take over

Some areas did not benefit from this imperialistic take over

* no more slave trade

* Western style education

*new communication/transportation/sanitation systems

*spread of Christianity

The Scramble/Race for AfricaSome areas did not benefit from this imperialistic take over

Not everything was pretty

* disrupt traditional industries

* disrupt traditional cultures

* disrupt or cause war between traditional enemies now often forced to live in the same area

This destructiveness was especially brutal in Belgian controlled Congo

The Horror of the Belgian

Congo

The Belgian Congo

The Belgian Congo

The Belgian Congo

The Belgian Congo

A wealthy colony for BelgiumLots of rubber, copper, and palm oil for export

The Belgian CongoThe Belgian congo became an independent nation in 1960. After a series of political protests and rebellion a dictator/leader emerged

Mobutu Sese SekoHe renames the Democratic Republic of Congo to Zaire

ruled 1965-1997

When We Were KingsThe world famous boxing match between Muhammed Ali and George Foreman held in Zaire in 1974

When We Were KingsThe world famous boxing match between Muhammed Ali and George Foreman held in Zaire in 1974

INDIA

The Terms To Know

Colony- territory ruled directly by an imperialist power

Protectorate- a country whose foreign policy is controlled by an outside gov’t. It is a territory that has its own gov’t but it is guided by a foreign power.

Sphere of Influence- region where an imperialist power possesses exclusive trading rights but does not govern it

India

You will need a separate piece of paper - for an India anagram

• East India Trading Company ruled 1600 esp 1757--1857

British founded universities in major Indian cities (1857)

Indian Rebellion (1857-1859)

Queen Victoria of Great Britain takes the title of Empress of India (1876)

• Indian National Congress formed (1885)

Partition of Bengal (1905)

Gandhi begins his campaign of satyagraha (1907)

• Bal Gangdhar Tilak addresses the Indian National Congress and calls for Home Rule (1908)

• 1947 Partitioning of India- End of British rule

India

the Honourable East India Company (HEIC)1600-1858

largest, wealthiestcompany in the world

had the largest private army in the world

the Honourable East India Company (HEIC)1600-1858

chartered as a joint-stock company by Queen Elizabeth

fought and schemed against France, Portugal and the Dutch East Indies Company during the next 250 years

General Robert Clive & the Battle of Plassey, 1757 (secured HEIC control over central India)

the sepoy system - using Indians as local militia commanders. Often educated in English schools.

dual government, indirect rule, and famines

respect for Hinduism

Growth of the British East India Company (1765-1857)

February, 1857, the 19th Bengal Native Infantry gets a new weapon

“the demon of communalism”

Hindu vs Muslim

beef tallow or hog grease?

the sepoy system

Enfield Rifle, Model 1853

Pandey’s defiance

8 April, Pandey hanged

India’s First War for IndependenceSepoy Rebellion 1857

India’s First War for IndependenceSepoy Rebellion 1857

Sepoy Mutiny or India’s First War for Independence?

80% of the British forces which put down the rebellion were Indian

many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British

many rebel sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight against the British

the revolt was largely limited to north and central India

the revolt was fractured along religious, ethnic and regional lines

THE RESULT OF THE SEPOY MUTINY

An Act for the Better Government of India (1858)

decided to liquidate the British East India Company

“The Company’s territories in India shall vest in Her Majesty….India will be governed in the name of the Queen.”

the Crown was empowered to appoint the Governor General for India

the act also provided for the creation of the Indian Civil Service

The Raj“brightest jewel in the

imperial crown”

THE RESULT OF THE SEPOY MUTINY

Queen Victoria of England takes over rule of India 1876

Proclaimed the Empress of India

Queen Victoria in India

British Colonial Life In India

The Rise of Indian Nationalism

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885

Founded because of food shortages

the goal of the mov’t was “swaraj” which means independence

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885

the founder: Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856-1920)

The Indian National Congress split when the Muslim League wanted more of their own ideas to be honored.1905 Bengal was partitioned off to honor Muslim religion and culture

The End of the “Raj”1947

The Indian National Congress

another important leader: Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)

Responses to Imperialism

First - a phone survey to check your knowledge...

Ottoman Empire in Age of Imperialism

End Of The Ottoman Empire

End Of The Ottoman EmpireChallenges to the Ottoman Empire:Challenges to the Ottoman Empire:

ImperialismImperialism

European imperialism began to play a strong role in the break up of the European imperialism began to play a strong role in the break up of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

ReformsReforms

Ottoman rulers began acting more Western than Middle EasternOttoman rulers began acting more Western than Middle Eastern

NationalismNationalism

Ottoman-ruled regions began nationalist movementsOttoman-ruled regions began nationalist movements

Challenges to The Ottoman Empire

First, Turkey

End Of The Ottoman Empire

The Young TurksThe Young Turks (ca 1909) (ca 1909)Arab nationalist group that wanted to end western influence Arab nationalist group that wanted to end western influence

in the empirein the empireTook over the empire and ruled harshlyTook over the empire and ruled harshly

The Ottoman empire was officially dissolved after WWI The Ottoman empire was officially dissolved after WWI (1919), when its ally, Germany, was defeated. Country (1919), when its ally, Germany, was defeated. Country of Turkey is born.of Turkey is born.

the beginnings of the nation Turkey

End Of The Ottoman Empire

Later it become the nation

of .....

Turkey

The Republic of Turkey

Kemal Ataturk threw out the Greeks

“father of the turks”

Ataturk determined to make Turkey a modern state

The Republic of Turkey

Ataturk’s Reforms

Western style clothingWestern style clothing

Separation of church and stateSeparation of church and state

Secular public schoolsSecular public schools

supported by Nationalists...Opposed by

many Muslims

The Republic of Turkey

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100874408

5:41

Secular v SacredTurkish Identity

Egypt

End Of The Ottoman Empire- Egypt

The empire began breaking into numerous -independent The empire began breaking into numerous -independent states around the 19states around the 19thth century century

Those states were then put under the control of Those states were then put under the control of European countriesEuropean countries

Example: Egypt- Great BritainExample: Egypt- Great Britain

End Of The Ottoman Empire- Egypt

Britain and France fought to Britain and France fought to gain control of Egyptgain control of Egypt

They wanted control of the They wanted control of the Suez CanalSuez Canal

Links the Red Sea with the Links the Red Sea with the Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

End Of The Ottoman Empire- Egypt

Ottoman governor of Egypt (1805-49)

Goal: Modernize Egypt, minimize foreign influence

Reforms:Improved tax collectionReorganized landholdingIntroduced cotton as cash cropImproved irrigationWestern-style army

Results:Increased participation in world tradeConquered Arabia, Syria, Sudan

Muhammed Ali

End Of The Ottoman Empire- Egypt

Ruled 1863-1879

Less competent than his grandfather, Muhammad Ali.

Continued many of his grandfather’s reforms, trying to make Egypt a modern state.Rebuilt Cairo on the model of Paris.Built railroads to provide transportation.Patronized opera and theater.Encouraged newspaper and modern communication.Tried to conquer Ethiopia

Results:Europeans invest money in Egypt.But lavish lifestyle lands him in debt.

ISMAIL PASHA

End Of The Ottoman Empire- Egypt

French engineers Ferdinand de Lesseps built Suez Canal. Canal begun in 1859 and opened in 1869. 100 miles long. It connects the Med. Sea to the Red Sea.

Egypt and France each owned shares. Egypt’s ruler Ismail hoped money from the canal would get him out of debt.

Instead he sank deeper into debt; Britain bought his shares in 1875.

Who does it benefit most?

Suez Canal

Nationalism Increases

Growing nationalist feeling against foreigners

• France and Britain controlled economy

In 1879, Britain forces Ismail’s removal

• 1882: Nationalist revolt attacks Europeans in Cairo

Britain responds by sending an army

• Egypt made a protectorate of Great Britain

White Man’s Burden

An Examination of Ruyard Kipling’s

poetry

White Man’s BurdenAn Examination of Ruyard Kipling’s poetry

Written to the other white men- the Americans - asks them to take up the White Man’s Burden and carry on the ways of imperialism when they took over the Philippines

Ruyard Kipling’s White Man’s Burden

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was a British author and poet best known for his short stories, children's books, and a number of poems and essays that reflected the values of empire. Kipling won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1906; among his most famous works are The Jungle Book, Kim, and Just-So Stories.

In 1899, Rudyard Kipling penned a poem that urged the United States to join Great Britain in its imperial pursuits, and to take up the "white man's burden" by helping to civilize supposedly primitive societies through imperial conquest.

Ruyard Kipling’s White Man’s BurdenTake up the White Man’s burdensend forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ needs

This poem captures the late British Victorian era’s sense of noblisse oblige, Social Darwinism, and racism as seen in British imperialism

He rewrote this poem to convince America to join other imperialist powers in la Mission Civilisatrice

He wrote the Jungle Book

White Man’s BurdenAn Examination of Ruyard Kipling’s poetry

www.sascurriculum pathways.com

student user: Rock7seem

launch 598

with a partner try to translate as many lines as possible- what did Ruyard Kipling mean?

U.S. enters the imperialism

game...they did enter a little late

U.S. Imperialism

U.S. Imperialism - 1890s the US has emerged from the civil war- late to industrial revolution but exploding with factories, industrial growth, cheap labor (massive immigration to the US in the late 1880s)- like other European powers, looking for markets to sell their goods to- like other European powers, looking for prestige and to secure place in the global trade

U.S. Imperialism We enter into the Spanish American

War of 1898

U.S. Imperialism

Spain owns Cuba and the

Philippines

No European country owns Hawaii (except for those pesky Hawaiians) and American pineapple producers (like Mr. Dole- Dole as in bananas....) have lots of money invested there. We take over Hawaii.(it makes a nice refueling point across the Pacific)

U.S. Imperialism

-Cuba is a Spanish colony- the locals, under poet Jose Marti, cry for independence and freedom- that sounds good to the US - after all we fought a revolution for the same thing- also, 90% of the sugar output from Cuba comes from Americans who own plantations there- the US calls for Cuba’s freedom

U.S. Imperialism

Remember the Maine!

-USS Maine- an American ship in harbor of Cuba- mysteriously sinks (later it is determined it was a coal explosion in the ship’s hold)- US blames Spanish terrorists in Cuba and uses as excuse to declare war on Spanish colonies (Cuba, Philippines)

U.S. Imperialism

-We declare war on Spain but the first battle occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines (we happened to be in the neighborhood at the time)- We take the main city of Manilla within hours, no injuries. We’ve freed the Filipinos-except not: it is a good refueling place for trade with the east (China, Japan)- We end up fighting the Filipinos ourselves and occupying the islands until 1946.- They aren’t completely independent until 1946 (after they served their use for us in WWII)

U.S. Imperialism Philippine Insurrection

U.S. Imperialism By 1900 the “splendid little war” of the Spanish-American War of 1898 is over.Americans own:* Cuba (it is a protectorate)* Puerto Rico (protectorate)* Guam (colony?)* Philippines (it is a colony)* Hawaii (it is a protectorate)* Panama Canal land (makes a handy shortcut from the US east coast to the Pacific - no need to go around South America anymore)* Samoa (colony)

Japan

JapanTokugawa Shogunate 1600-

1858

Power in the hands of the Shogun (military ruler)

Absolute monarchy Closed country policy Era of peace and stability Strains showing by 1853

JapanChallenge: The Black Ships

Matthew Perry’s fleet arrives 1853

US threatens violence if Japan does not open to trade

They had seen what happened to China

JapanTreaty of Kanagawa 1854

First in series of unequal treaties

Result: Japan opened to trade, Western influence

Extraterritoriality- foreigners are exempt from local laws

Tokugawa shogunate “lost face”- discontent grows

Japan

Meji Reforms 1868-1912

JapanMeji Restoration

Japan’s civil war Revolution overthrew

Tokugawa family Emperor Meiji

(enlightened ruler) takes direct power

Moves capitol to Tokyo

Series of reforms

Japan

Japan

China

China

ChinaGoal: Britain wants to negotiate favorable balance of trade with China

Chinese Exports: porcelain, silk, tea. Chinese imports; Silver

All trade had to be conducted through city of Canton

Britain wants China to allow importation of British manufactured goods

Qianlong Emperor refuses “we already posses all things”

China

Grown by British East India Co. in India, smuggled illegally into China

Highly addictive drug made from poppy sap; related to morphine

Chinese imports1730: 15 tons1773: 75 tons1820: 900 tons

Chinese paid for opium in silver which British then used to buy tea

Result:Increasing addictionMore silver flowing out of China than in

Opium

China

England’s advanced technology allowed the British fleet to make relatively quick work of the Chinese warships

Opium Wars 1839-1842

China

First in a series of unequal treaties between China and Europe

• Ended the Opium War with British victory

China pays Britain lots of silver (indemnity)

• Five ports open to European trade

Britain gets island of Hong Kong (until 1999)

• Extraterritoriality is a blow to Chinese sovereignty

Treaty of Nanjing 1842

ChinaTaiping Rebellion 1850-1864

ChinaSpheres of Influence

ChinaReforms Efforts

Confucian scholars saw Western ideas as threat to Chinese social stability, authority

• Official gov’t policy swings back and forth between reform and tradition

• Increased foreign presence provokes nationalist uprising: Boxer Rebellion

ChinaBoxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign uprising

Failed -Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan, US, Italy, Austria unite to crush uprising, protect their spheres of influence, invade Beijing in 1900

Result: Qing forced to send Chinese abroad to study Western ways

Open Door Notes

US demands that China open its trade to America (since the other countries were

already there)

US Secretary of State John Hay created this policy

ChinaWhat Happens

Next?

China

educated in the US (lived in Hawaii for a while) lived in London creates Chinese Revolutionaries Alliance based on: Nationalism: throw out foreigners, unite Chinese ethnic groups Democracy: representative government Livelihood: economic self sufficiency

Sun Yixian

1911 Nationalists overthrow Qing dynasty, establish Chinepublic w/ Sun Yixian as president