Imperialism and Progressives

Imperialism and Progressives

Imperialism, Spanish American War, Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, Square Deal, Big Stick

Diplomacy, And William Taft

IMPERIALISM

Policy by stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating a weaker nation economically, politically, culturally, and militarily.

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests


U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914



Expanding of U.S. Interests

George Washington warned in his 1796 Farewell Address to stay out of other nations’ issues and for the most part the United States did just that such as the Monroe Doctrine proved

However, American began to expand interests in the 1850’s and on

Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open trade with us

United States signed treaty with Hawaii that allowed them to sell sugar if they agree not to become part of any other nation (we’ll steal them later)

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-

1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-

1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

Why Expand Influence?

Promoting Economic Growth: Americans alone could not consume all that was being produced so the U.S. needed other markets

Established Banana Republics- name given to Central American countries because of the amount of influence American businessmen (especially fruit growers) had on their government

Protecting American Security: Pushed by Alfred Mahan’s book entitled “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” and others the U.S. built up one of the most powerful nations

Now powerful navy can help U.S. expand influence

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

Why Expand Influence?

Preserving American Spirit: Many, including Henry Cabot Lodge and Teddy Roosevelt, felt the closing of the American west would sap our pioneer energy and they wanted to go after other areas to get that loving feeling back

Public Opinion: Eventually, the American citizens became satisfied with markets and were okay with our expansion…but this expansion will soon become bloody

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity

Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic

of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Japan's first treaty with a Western nation. It marked the end of Japan's period of seclusion (1639 1854).�

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19071907

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19071907A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

1908 1908 Root-Takahira Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement..

Root-Takahira Agreement: Root-Takahira Agreement: 19081908

Root-Takahira Agreement: Root-Takahira Agreement: 19081908A pledge to maintain the status quo in the A pledge to maintain the status quo in the

Far East.Far East.

Recognition of China’s independence and Recognition of China’s independence and territorial integrity, and support for territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open-Door Policy.continuation of the Open-Door Policy.

An agreement to mutual consultation in the An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises.event of future Far Eastern crises.

Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry CabotSenator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)

Non-European powers,Non-European powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from owningexcluded from owningterritory in the Westernterritory in the WesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Spanish-American War

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures,You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme Letter

Spanish Minister wrote a letter bad mouthing President McKinley

Letter was stolen from Havana, Cuba post office and leaked to the yellow journalists

McKinley is: “weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party."

President McKinley is now FIRED UP

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley Navy in the McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and American Imperialist and American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a chocolate backbone of a chocolate éclair!éclair!

Resigns his position to fight Resigns his position to fight in Cuba (Rough Riders)in Cuba (Rough Riders)

ROUGH RIDERS

Roosevelt gained fame by organizing the volunteer cavalry group- Rough Riders

They helped to charge up San Juan Hill

U.S.S. Maine

Ship was sent from Key West to Cuba to protect American interests while Cuba was in insurrection

Ship exploded and the yellow press and United States immediately blamed Spain for sinking the ship

Turns out, the gun powder on the ship was ignited which caused the explosion

Helped lead the United States to war with Spain 266 Men Killed “Remember the Maine and to Hell With Spain!!”

was rallying cry

SPANISH – AMERICAN WAR- America’s Shortest War Cuban revolutionaries were fighting the

Spanish for independence A leaked letter, the explosion of the USS

Maine (which the U.S. blamed Spain- which wasn’t), and yellow journalism led President McKinley to declare war on Spain

William Hearst was most

famous yellow journalist

KNOWN AS THE SPLENDID

LITTLE WAR by John Hay

John Hay- “Splendid Little War”

Personal secretary for Abraham Lincoln Served as Secretary of State under William

McKinley and Teddy Roosevelt Was born in Salem, Indiana

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.Great administrator.

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

TREATY OF PARIS

Ended the Spanish- American War United States gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and

bought the Philippines Gave up Cuba- but PLATT AMENDMENT gave us a

permanent base there What is our military base in Cuba called? Guantánamo Bay- A.K.A- “GITMO” This is where the suspects in the war on terror are

being held and the base that Barrack Obama hopes to close soon because of the torture that is suspected of going on there

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Philippines

United States entered into a three year struggle with the Philippines, despite their help in the Spanish-American War.

“Gun Boat Diplomacy”- Demonstrate our military might in the hopes that nations would give in to our demands

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against the Campaigned against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

John Hay Open Door Policy

Secretary of State John Hay wrote a letter to European nations urging them to adopt an Open Door Policy in regards to China

The Open Door Policy would allow the United States equal access to the consumers of China

25th President William McKinley Assassinated

President is shot and dies a week later

Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th and the youngest president

We Gotta Do Something

Many Americans felt a need for change Wanted a cleaner and more fair political system and

government Due to the industrial boom and urban expansion,

Progressives desired to get back the control of the government from the special interest groups, monopolies, and expand protection for women, labors, and even blacks.

Came from mostly the middle class of both the Republican and Democratic parties

Progressive Era

1890-1920 Progressivism was not a united movement Progressive’s goals fell into four areas: social, moral,

economic, and political Progressives wanted to gain back control of the

government from special interests, monopolies, and political machines

They wanted government to become more involved to help consumers, women, laborers, and even blacks

Four Basic Beliefs

Government should be accountable to the citizens

Government needed to curb the power and influence of wealthy interests

Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens

Governments needed to be more efficient and less corrupt

Muckrakers

Turn of the century expose writers that exposed social and political injustices

Muckrakers are people who stir manure, and that is why Teddy Roosevelt gave them this name

They wielded power on the government Upton Sinclair- The Jungle was a story about that

meatpacking industry that caused Teddy Roosevelt to push for more control over the meat industry

The Jungle

Roosevelt’s SQUARE DEAL

Roosevelt was known as the “trust buster” because he used the Sherman Anti- Trust Act

SQUARE DEAL- was Roosevelt’s domestic policy that was meant to help all citizens not just the big businesses.

The Square Deal was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

BOXER REBELLION

China was being carved up by European nations so the United States forced the OPEN DOOR POLICY so they would trade with us and Western Europe

Revolutionaries, known as Boxers, led a movement against the imperialists that became known as the BOXER MOVEMENT

BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

“Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you’ll go far”

Symbolizes Roosevelt’s imperialistic desires

PANAMA CANAL

France started the canal but gave up because of the incidents of disease

Roosevelt helped Panama gain their independence and they gave us the land to build the canal.

FACTS: * Took 10 years to build

* A ship from San Fran. To N.Y.C.

saves 7,872 miles on a trip

* Handed over to Panama’s

government in 1999

* U.S. later had to pay for canal since they

aided Panama’s fight against Columbia

PANAMA CANAL

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

Addition to the MONROE DOCTRINE that said the United States would collect the debt of the Latin American countries and give it to European countries as they were not allowed to interfere.

RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR

War fought for imperialistic control of Korea by Japan over Russia

Roosevelt helped to negotiate a peace treaty that earned him a Nobel Prize for Peace (Only President to get Award While In Office) – but left both sides angered.

THE GREAT WHITE FLEET

Fleet of ships sent around the world to demonstrate the military prowess of the United States

We can bring a military presence any where in the world.

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Conservation

TR was considered our “Conservation President”

Roosevelt set more parkland aside than his predecessors combined, including the Grand Canyon

His refusal to shoot a defenseless bear went on to be why “Teddy” Bears are named what they are

TR Facts 1. The Teddy Bear is named after Teddy Roosevelt. While hunting in

Mississippi during his presidency, a few of the men in Roosevelt's party treed a small black bear and summoned Roosevelt so that he could take the shot. Roosevelt decided that killing the young, trapped bear was not sporting, and spared it. A New York toymaker heard the story, and asked Roosevelt's permission before styling a child's stuffed toy bear as the "Teddy Bear". Roosevelt gave his permission, noting that he did not expect many sales.

2. Maxwell House coffee once asked the President what he thought of their product. He responded: "I'ts good to the last drop". Sound familiar?

3. Once while preparing to give a speech in the Milwaukee during a campaign, a crazed man attempted to assassinate Roosevelt, and shot him with a pistol at nearly point blank range. Roosevelt declared "it will take more than that to kill a bull moose!" and finished the lengthy speech before visiting a hospital.

4. After Roosevelt retired from politics, he led an expedition in South America to find the source of a river known as "the River of Doubt". Most of the party died, and Roosevelt caught the fever yet survived. The river is now named "Rio Roosevelt."

5. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese war. Although an aggressive president when it came to military matters, he is the only president to have been awarded the honor while President of the United States.

William Taft

Hand picked successor of Teddy Roosevelt Carried on Dollar Diplomacy- use money

as leverage However, his use of this idea caused us to

bring in troops and ultimately failed WHT actually broke about 50% trusts than

his trust-busting predecessor TR- Some of these angered TR

Bull Moose Party

Outraged by Taft’s actions, Roosevelt, proclaiming that he was as “strong as a bull moose,” founded the Progressive Republican Party, or Bull Moose Party, so that he himself could run against Taft on a third-party ticket in the presidential election of 1912

Split between the two men caused the Republican Party to split support and gave the election to Woodrow Wilson

27th President William H. Taft

Was Teddy Roosevelt's hand-picked successor

Roosevelt thought Taft would continue policies

He was not as good of a politician as Teddy and would alienate the Progressives at the time

Dollar Diplomacy- Diplomacy that involved heavy investment by America in foreign economies (especially Latin America)

Roosevelt will later run against Taft as an independent

28th President Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson

New Freedom- Wilson’s progressive platform in which accomplished most of his domestic goals such as a reduced the tariff, passed more anti-trust legislation, and reformed the banking system

He tried a “moralistic” diplomacy approach- trying to give nations that we were involved in more space

New Freedom

Tariffs protected the large industrialists at the expense of small farmers. Wilson signed the Underwood-Simmons Act into law in 1913, which reduced tariff rates. The banking system also pinched small farmers and entrepreneurs. The gold standard still made currency too tight, and loans were too expensive for the average American. Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, which made the nation's currency more flexible.

Unlike Roosevelt, Wilson did not distinguish between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. Any trust by virtue of its large size was bad in Wilson's eyes. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 clarified the Sherman Act by specifically naming certain business tactics illegal. This same act also exempted labor unions from antitrust suits, and declared strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing perfectly legal.

In two years, he successfully attacked each "wall of privilege.”

Mexico

Despite his “moralistic” approach- we did get involved in Mexico

We refused to recognize their leader and threatened to end “dollar diplomacy”

When Mexican officials arrested American soldiers, Wilson sent troops in to Vera Cruz, Mexico

In retaliation for the U.S. incursion at Vera Cruz, yet another rebel, Pancho Villa, took a small band of men and killed sixteen Americans while raiding a small town in New Mexico in 1916

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s


Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.


The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

Pancho Villa

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Other Issues

Triangle Shirtwaste, Tenements, Tammany Hall

Triangle Shirtwaste Fire: Government Regulations

Working conditions continued to be poor- long hours, poor wages, poor sanitation- especially in New York

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: March 25, 1911- Fire breaks out but workers, mainly Jewish women, could not get out because they were locked in the factories

146 women killed As result Progressives like Florence Kelley and Frances

Perkins, along with Tammany Hall leader Al Smith and Robert Wagner helped form the New York State Factory Investigation Commission

Commission led to state and eventually Federal Workplace Safety Laws

Women’s Rights

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Continued to push for women suffrage Women will gain the right to vote in 1920 with the passage of the 19th

Amendment Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the

amendment and first introduced it in 1878; it was forty-one years later, in 1919, when the Congress submitted the amendment to the states for ratification. A year later, it was ratified by the requisite number of states, with Tennessee's ratification being the final vote needed to add the amendment to the Constitution.

The 19th was unsuccessfully challenged in Leser v. Garnett (1922). In that case, the Supreme Court rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally adopted.

Tenement

A low-cost apartment building that often has poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfort and is designed to house as many families as possible

1900- ½ city population

lived in tenements

POLITCAL MACHINE

Unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power and usually headed by a single, powerful boss.

William “Boss” Tweed led the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City.

Would do nice things for immigrants in exchange for votes

Settlement House

Community center organized to provide various services to the urban poor’

Jane Addams’ Hull House- Community Center in Chicago

Opened in 1889 The Jane Addams Hull House Association, a 122-year-old social

service agency that is a direct descendent of Addams’ original settlement house, closed on Friday.

Documents

Imperialism and Progressives