Imperialism and colonization Workbook

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Pre-colonial AfricaPre-colonial AfricaIt is believed by many archeologists that Africa is the birthplace of the It is believed by many archeologists that Africa is the birthplace of the human race. Early African peoples did not usually leave a written human race. Early African peoples did not usually leave a written record. Instead, they passed on their histories through oral traditions record. Instead, they passed on their histories through oral traditions and stories.and stories.

The first civilization to appear in northern Africa was that of the Nubians. The first civilization to appear in northern Africa was that of the Nubians. The Nubians lived in villages along the Nile River just south of Egypt The Nubians lived in villages along the Nile River just south of Egypt around 3000 B.C. The fertile soils and endless fresh water from the Nile around 3000 B.C. The fertile soils and endless fresh water from the Nile made Nubia the perfect location to build a city. The city they built was made Nubia the perfect location to build a city. The city they built was one of the most sophisticated of the time. Nubian kings, noblemen, and one of the most sophisticated of the time. Nubian kings, noblemen, and merchants grew wealthy through trade with Egypt and other peoples. merchants grew wealthy through trade with Egypt and other peoples. Elaborate Nubian tombs have been found, showing that the kings of the Elaborate Nubian tombs have been found, showing that the kings of the time were as wealthy as the Egyptian kings of the same era.time were as wealthy as the Egyptian kings of the same era.

The Kingdom of KushThe Kingdom of KushAfter a thousand years Nubia gradually evolved, becoming larger and more After a thousand years Nubia gradually evolved, becoming larger and more powerful. By 2000 B.C., Nubia was known as the Kingdom of Kush. The people of powerful. By 2000 B.C., Nubia was known as the Kingdom of Kush. The people of this kingdom traded ivory and other treasures from southern Africa with the peoples this kingdom traded ivory and other treasures from southern Africa with the peoples who lived further north.who lived further north.

Axum Axum The Axums controlled a territory along the Red Sea that allowed them to prosper The Axums controlled a territory along the Red Sea that allowed them to prosper from trade. After defeating the Kingdom of Kush, Axum was able to control trade from trade. After defeating the Kingdom of Kush, Axum was able to control trade into and out of much of Africa. Cargo ships from Rome, India, Persia, and Egypt into and out of much of Africa. Cargo ships from Rome, India, Persia, and Egypt brought goods in, and took ivory and other goods out to the rest of the known brought goods in, and took ivory and other goods out to the rest of the known world.world.Around 330 A.D., the king of Axum was converted to Christianity by a pair of Around 330 A.D., the king of Axum was converted to Christianity by a pair of shipwrecked missionaries. This king declared that Christianity was to be the official shipwrecked missionaries. This king declared that Christianity was to be the official religion of the nation.religion of the nation.The Christian nation of Axum thrived until the A.D. 600s when Muslim raiders and The Christian nation of Axum thrived until the A.D. 600s when Muslim raiders and bandits began seizing Axum goods and territory. Unable to adequately fight back, bandits began seizing Axum goods and territory. Unable to adequately fight back, the Kingdom of Axum became smaller and less influential. Gradually, the people the Kingdom of Axum became smaller and less influential. Gradually, the people of of Axum began calling their kingdom Ethiopia.Axum began calling their kingdom Ethiopia.

International trade:International trade:Today, countries need to get their hands on Today, countries need to get their hands on raw materials to manufacture goods.raw materials to manufacture goods.This is done through This is done through international trade.international trade.These manufactured goods are then sold These manufactured goods are then sold worldwide for profit.worldwide for profit.Unfortunately, not all countries benefit from Unfortunately, not all countries benefit from World trade World trade

Poor countries are often exploited (taken Poor countries are often exploited (taken advantage of) by rich countries. advantage of) by rich countries.

Richer countries make lots of profit by Richer countries make lots of profit by exploiting the raw materials from poorer exploiting the raw materials from poorer countries.countries.

Poorer countries are desperate for business and Poorer countries are desperate for business and are not in a strong position to take a stand and are not in a strong position to take a stand and demand for better deals. demand for better deals.

Nationalist movements (18Nationalist movements (18thth century)century)

ColonistsColonists living on living on coloniescolonies that were that were controlled by imperialists eventually became controlled by imperialists eventually became fed up of being occupied and started fighting fed up of being occupied and started fighting for independence. for independence.

The U.S.A., which started off as 13 British The U.S.A., which started off as 13 British colonies, declared independence in 1776 from colonies, declared independence in 1776 from Great Britain and became a nation in 1783. Great Britain and became a nation in 1783.

Why do South Americans speak Why do South Americans speak

Spanish or Portuguese?Spanish or Portuguese?

If Spain and Portugal are both found If Spain and Portugal are both found

in Europe, why do South Americans in Europe, why do South Americans

speak their languages and practise speak their languages and practise

their religion?their religion?

South American colonies, such as Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Chile and Peru forced Portugal and Spain to grant them independence in the late 19th century.

The abolition of slaveryThe abolition of slaveryAfricans were forced into slavery on the Africans were forced into slavery on the plantations in America.plantations in America.This violated human rights.This violated human rights.Christian values deemed slavery to be unjust and Christian values deemed slavery to be unjust and cruel.cruel.As a result, European countries were pressured As a result, European countries were pressured to put an end to it.to put an end to it.

By 1850…By 1850…Most plantation colonies had become Most plantation colonies had become nations. nations. EuropeansEuropeans stopped hunting and trading stopped hunting and trading Africans.Africans.In 1848, the government of France ended In 1848, the government of France ended slavery in the French colonies.slavery in the French colonies.

French Laws Regarding SlaveryArticle 1 stated that slavery was abolished in all the

colonies.

Article 8 forbade any Frenchman to possess, to buy

and to sell slaves etc.

Europe began colonizing Africa, Asia and the Europe began colonizing Africa, Asia and the South Sea Islands (1850s).South Sea Islands (1850s).

WHY?WHY?1. 1. Economic motive:Economic motive:

Europe had most of the world’s factories.Europe had most of the world’s factories.Europe, however, needed…Europe, however, needed…

1.1. Raw materials to make thingsRaw materials to make things2.2. More places to sell factory-made goods More places to sell factory-made goods 3.3. To invest money in new companiesTo invest money in new companies

Then…Then…

2. Political and social motives:Controlling other countries gave them prestige.Europe was overpopulated and needed more space (encouraged emigration/exiled).Nearly 50 million Europeans emigrated to the colonies by the mid-19th century.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VD6UYneIeiI

Age of Imperialism Scramble for Africa Vodcast #2

Age of Imperialism Scramble for Africa Vodcast #1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wllY_LJPv6o

Colonialism: Sins of Europe in the Scramble for Africa

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu6-TLC0NRQ&feature=related

How did Europeans colonize Africa?

By 1914, Europe had explored and taken almost complete control of AfricaAfricans were taken over by forceThe main colonizers were: United Kingdom, France, Belgium and Germany

Why explore Africa?Continent had lots of natural resourcesExcellent soil and climate for growing crops

After conquering the coast of Africa, the Europeans began exploring the interior.

Unarmed Africans were no match for the aggressive Europeans.

The Berlin ConferenceThe Berlin ConferenceOther Europeans hoped to have a share in Africa too.Their race to take possession of it was called the “scramble for Africa”.The meeting was organised by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and represented 15 countries. The purpose of this meeting was to settle the differences between European countries competing for African colonies.

In 1914, Africa was almost entirely controlled by European colonial powers, which had raced one another to acquire territory in the so-called “Scramble for Africa.

Agreement included:Agreement included:1. Everyone could use the Congo and Nile

rivers for shipping.

2. Slavery and the slave trade was prohibited.

3. Importing weapons into Africa was illegal.

4. In order to “possess” a region, a colonizing country needed to occupy it.

European imperialism in Africa

Imperialism is a system in which a rich and powerful country controls other countries.

Racial discrimination based on racist mentalityEuropeans felt superior t0 Africans.

They believed Africans were inferior to them.

The idea of superiority was promoted through newspapers and school textbooks.

Economic exploitationThe merchants and entrepreneurs made The merchants and entrepreneurs made their way into Africa and built a their way into Africa and built a transportation infrastructure, including transportation infrastructure, including canals, roads, and railway lines.canals, roads, and railway lines.Mines were built and exploited too.Mines were built and exploited too.Africans worked at low wages and under Africans worked at low wages and under horrible work conditions.horrible work conditions.

Africa was solely used to exploit raw Africa was solely used to exploit raw materials.materials.Raw materials were processed back in Raw materials were processed back in Europe.Europe.Manufacturing jobs left to Europeans. Manufacturing jobs left to Europeans.

Suez CanalSuez CanalThe canal was strategically important to the The canal was strategically important to the British and other European powers. British and other European powers. It was Britain's ocean link with her colonies. It was Britain's ocean link with her colonies.

The Suez Canal provided a vital trading route from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and beyond to Africa and Asia.

Colonies could only trade Colonies could only trade with their mother countries with their mother countries (known as “colonial pact”).(known as “colonial pact”).

Colonies provided raw materials to their mother countries at low cost.

In turn, the mother countries sold colonies manufactured goods at a profit.

Europe used this system to control the world.

The colonies did not benefit from this system.

Resistance to colonization

Some began to criticize Europe's domination over Africa as early as the 1890’s.

Journalists and politicians began to criticize and challenge Europe's presence in Africa.

Resistance and protests in the colonies were unsuccessful and the African continent was colonized.

What were the 3 effects of European imperialism

1. Economic effects Colonization led to economic inequality (the

economies in Europe were better off).

Industrialized countries (wealthy countries that had factories) were located in Europe.

Non-industrialized countries (poor countries without factories) were only allowed to extract (remove) raw materials.

By the 1950's, Africa won their freedom from the Europeans, but were left without any manufacturing infrastructure (factories, roads etc.), no industry and no capital (money in government banks).

2. Cultural effects

Africans adopted many aspects of European cultures, at the expense of their own:Many Africans converted to ChristianityAfricans attended European-built schools and learned their conqueror's language, history, and way of life

3. Human and political effects Africans who resisted colonization were killed. Others died because of harsh work conditions and cruel punishments.Europeans even passed discriminatory laws.Blacks were not allowed to live in white neighbourhoods in the Congo.

Europeans re-arranged existing African territories and kingdoms.

By doing this, they forced different ethnic and religious groups to co-exist in the same regions.

This led to ongoing conflicts and wars once the Europeans left.

Effects of European Imperialism on international relations

Europeans still fought over the division of Africa in spite of the agreement made at the Berlin conference in 1885

Two (2) significant conflicts: In 1898, the United Kingdom

and France fought over Sudan…for control over the Nile…it was ceded to the U.K.

From 1905-6 and 1911, France and Germany disputed over Morocco.In 1913, the arms race between the United Kingdom, France, and Germany began to intensify!World War One in 1914!

These 3 countries These 3 countries were highly were highly industrialized and industrialized and had the means to had the means to make large make large quantities of quantities of weapons.weapons.Germany is an Germany is an example of a high example of a high industrialized industrialized country in the early country in the early 2020thth century. century.

The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century.

White King, Red Rubber, Black Deathhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_ZH2_pjqLQ

King Leopold II of King Leopold II of BelgiumBelgium

He is famous as one of the He is famous as one of the most brutal colonial ruler of most brutal colonial ruler of the 19th century for his the 19th century for his policies in central Africa. policies in central Africa. He was the founder and He was the founder and owner of the Congo Free owner of the Congo Free State and used slave labor State and used slave labor and torture on the Africans and torture on the Africans to extract raw materials to extract raw materials (rubber, ivory, minerals, etc.) (rubber, ivory, minerals, etc.) to build his personal fortune. to build his personal fortune. In 1908, criticism of his rule In 1908, criticism of his rule forced his withdrawal as forced his withdrawal as ruler.ruler.

Henry Morton Stanley Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904)(1841-1904)

He was a British explorer He was a British explorer who went to Africa for the who went to Africa for the first time as a journalist in first time as a journalist in search of another explorer, search of another explorer, David Livingstone.David Livingstone.1885, he founded the 1885, he founded the Congo Free State with King Congo Free State with King Leopold ll.Leopold ll.Africans named him “stone-Africans named him “stone-breaker” because of his breaker” because of his brutality towards them.brutality towards them.

Henry Stanley is in charge of his African men: "If you drop that, I will shoot!". He must have been really proud of himself as the drawing is from Stanley's own book "How I found Livingstone".

King Leopold II of King Leopold II of Belgium Belgium

TIMELINETIMELINE 1870s:1870s: Begins his colonial project Begins his colonial project

in central Africain central Africa

1885: 1885: Formally acquires Congo Formally acquires Congo territory as his own private territory as his own private property, naming it Congo Free property, naming it Congo Free StateState

1885-1908:1885-1908: Leopold and his Leopold and his army terrorize inhabitants in army terrorize inhabitants in pursuit of resources (RUBBER). pursuit of resources (RUBBER). An estimated 10 million An estimated 10 million Congolese, half the population, Congolese, half the population, diedie

1908: 1908: Belgian parliament takes over Congo Free Belgian parliament takes over Congo Free State from Leopold, renaming it Belgian CongoState from Leopold, renaming it Belgian Congo1959:1959: Major nationalist riots in the capital threaten Major nationalist riots in the capital threaten Belgium's control over Belgian Congo territoryBelgium's control over Belgian Congo territoryMay 1960: May 1960: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party wins parliamentary elections. Patrice party wins parliamentary elections. Patrice Lumumba becomes prime minister. Joseph Kasavubu Lumumba becomes prime minister. Joseph Kasavubu is elected President.is elected President.June 30, 1960: June 30, 1960: Belgian Congo gains independence, Belgian Congo gains independence, becoming Republic of Congobecoming Republic of CongoPatrice Lumumba became the first prime

minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, and was killed in 1961.