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Imperialism. Imperialism Topics. Africa India China Japan. “ Imperialism is a Glorious Pursuit ”. Definition. Imperialism is a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Imperialism
Imperialism Topics
Africa India China Japan
“Imperialism is a Glorious Pursuit”
Definition Imperialism is a policy in which a
strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially
Involves the takeover of a country or territory and its people (Risk in real life)
Motives—Why? Economic Political Religious Exploratory Ideological (Racism)
Key Themes Between 1850-1914, industrialized countries
exploit overseas colonies for resources and markets.
Western imperialists, with superior arms and technology, establish colonies in Asia and Africa; colonial rule, however, provokes native resistance and spurs feelings of nationalism.
Countries in East Asia respond to Western imperialism in different ways; China initially resists foreign influence while Japan ends its isolation and begins to modernize like its Western counterparts.
Suez Canal Opened in 1869, it is
a manmade waterway connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
Built by the French Why might it be
important to European imperialism in Africa?
It was a strategic location as the shortest link
between Europe and Asia!
Imperialists Divide Africa
Africa Before Imperialism
Many ethnic groups but few Europeans rule in Africa
African armies and traders kept Europeans out (equal technology, many people)
Rivers were impassable, making it difficult to get inland
Competition Europeans learn
about Africa from explorers (Muslims)
Greed, nationalism, racism, and philanthropy (missionaries) motivate European colonialism
Competition A growing need for new
markets and raw materials to improve their economies
Superior arms (Maxim gun), the steam engine, medicines, and African rivalries help Europeans dominate Africa
Social Darwinism
The application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies
Created by Herbert Spencer
Justification for imperialist expansion
Social Darwinism
Societies with more wealth, power and technology were superior to those without
Europeans had a right and a duty (“burden”) to spread their values to others
Territorial Scramble
The Berlin Conference (1884-5) divides Africa among European nations
The division fails to take into account African ethnic and linguistic groupings
Focus only on wants of European Nations
Berlin Conference Simulation
Read directions and identify the goals of your countries
Negotiate and discuss how best to divide the African continent
Submit map and answers to reflection questions upon completion of exercise
Time: ~ 45 minutes
Reflection QuestionsWhat similarities and differences
do you see between your map and the map of 1914 Africa?
How did this exercise help you and your group to understand the process of imperialism in Africa?
African Imperialism—A Review…
How did the force of nationalism influence the process of imperialism in the late nineteenth century?
What advantages did the Europeans have that enabled them to conquer the people of Africa?
Explain the concept of Social Darwinism. What imperial motive did it pertain to?
What was the Berlin Conference, and what long-term impact did it have on the African people?
Imperial Control Two basic methods of colonial
management: indirect and direct Indirect control used by Britain
and U.S. (in Pacific) Direct control used by French
and other European powers Paternalism and assimilation
(“association”)
Colonial Management
Indirect Control Direct ControlLeadership
Self-Rule
Goal
Governmental Style
Examples
Colonial Management
Indirect Control Direct ControlLeadership Local government officials
were used Foreign officials brought in to rule
Self-Rule Limited self-rule No self-rule
Goal Goal—to develop future leaders
Goal—assimilation
Governmental Style
Government institutions are based on European styles
but may have local rules
Government institutions are based
only on European styles
Examples Examples: British colonies such as
Nigeria, India, Burma U.S. colonies on Pacific
Islands
Examples: French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam German colonies such
as Tanganyika Portuguese colonies
such as Angola
African Resistance
Africans resist colonial rule, despite lack of adequate organization and weapons
Ethiopia successfully resists European dominance
Impact of Colonial Rule
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Impact of Colonial Rule
Positive Effects Negative Effects Reduced local warfare, raids between rival tribes
Africans lost control of their land and their independence
Improved sanitation, construction of schools and
hospitals led to increased life spans and improved literacy
rates
Many died as a result of disease (smallpox), famine,
and resistance
Economic expansion, construction of railroads,
dams, telephone / telegraph lines
Breakdown of traditional African culture (loss of
identity), division of African continent
White Man’s Burden“Take up the White Man’s
burden—Send forth the best ye
breed—Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait, in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child.”
Which imperialist motive(s) do/does this poem excerpt reflect? How does
it justify imperialism as a
noble and necessary enterprise?
British Imperialism in India
British Control The East India
Company seizes control of most of India (incredibly successful)
Britain considers India its primary colony, serving as its main supplier of raw materials
“Jewel in the Crown”
Raw materials 300 million people large potential market
for British-made goods Restrictions set up that prevented Indian
economy from operating on its own; India produced raw materials for British manufacturing, purchased British finished goods
No competition between Indian and British goods
Indians Rebel Indians object to
the racist attitudes of the British rulers
The Sepoy Mutiny turns into widespread rebellion
The British government takes direct control of India
Indian Nationalism
Indians begin to demand a greater role in government, resenting a system that made them second-class citizens in their own country
Nationalists form the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
Such groups were formed because they recognized the need to reform in order to resist European imperialism
Imperialism in China and Japan
Chinese Resistance
China has little interest in trading with Western nations
British import large amounts of tea from China and smuggle opium into the country
Opium War / Treaty of Nanjing
Internal Problems Increase
Poverty and political corruption create problems for China in the mid-1800s
Taiping Rebellion Should China modernize or
remain committed to traditional values?
Outside Influence
Western nations and Japan gain spheres of influence in China
U.S. promotes Open Door policy to assure trading rights for all nations and to protect China from colonization
Chinese Nationalism
Boxer Rebellion Attack on
foreigners After rebellion is
crushed by foreign troops, Chinese government realizes change is necessary
Opium War and Boxer Rebellion
What do they have in common?
Resentment of foreigners contributed to both conflicts!
European Imperialism of China—A Review…
Explain the significance of the
following…Opium WarTreaty of NanjingExtraterritorial rightsTaiping RebellionSphere of influenceOpen Door PolicyBoxer Rebellion
Japan Previously a very
isolated society; no contact with industrialized world
1854—opens to trade, grants foreigners permission to trade at treaty ports, extends extraterritorial rights to such individuals
Beginning of Meiji Era
Meiji Era Period of
modernization and change (Last samurai)
Adopt Western values in government, military structure, education, industrialization, etc.
In what ways does the emperor appear more western in the picture?
Japanese Imperialism
Defeats China in Sino-Japanese War
Defeats Russia in Russo-Japanese War, claiming Manchuria and Korea
What advantages did Japan have?
A Comparison/Contrast—China versus Japan
Objective: Create a list of similarities and differences that breaks down how each country responded to the
pressures of imperialism. Do so with a partner and submit
when complete.