ImperialismImperialism1880-19141880-1914

Chapter 26Chapter 26

Old Imperialism 16Old Imperialism 16thth-18-18thth CenturiesCenturies

Old ImperialismOld Imperialism in the in the Old WorldOld World: : Africa and AsiaAfrica and Asia

The Europeans did not usually acquire The Europeans did not usually acquire territory in Africa and Asiaterritory in Africa and Asia

Generally they worked through Generally they worked through existing local authorities with trading existing local authorities with trading posts posts

Old Imperialism in the Old Imperialism in the Old WorldOld World

The Portuguese established a series The Portuguese established a series of trading posts along the west coast of trading posts along the west coast of Africa, India, Indonesiaof Africa, India, Indonesia The Spice TradeThe Spice Trade The slave TradeThe slave Trade

Old Imperialism in the Old Imperialism in the Old WorldOld World

The Netherlands established trading The Netherlands established trading posts in Indonesia and Ceylon (Sri posts in Indonesia and Ceylon (Sri Lanka)Lanka)

Europeans in Asia respected and Europeans in Asia respected and often cooperated with local rulers in often cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, IndonesiaIndia, China, Japan, Indonesia

Trade generally flourished between Trade generally flourished between Europeans and the localsEuropeans and the locals

Old Imperialism in the New Old Imperialism in the New World was DifferentWorld was Different

Spain established a huge empire in Spain established a huge empire in Central and South America and Central and South America and claimed large portions of western claimed large portions of western North AmericaNorth America

Native Americans were exploitedNative Americans were exploited

Old Imperialism in the New Old Imperialism in the New WorldWorld

Portugal established Brazil as a Portugal established Brazil as a sugar colony and imported massive sugar colony and imported massive numbers of slaves from Africanumbers of slaves from Africa

France established a colony in France established a colony in present-day Canada as well as sugar present-day Canada as well as sugar colonies in the Caribbeancolonies in the Caribbean

Old Imperialism in the New Old Imperialism in the New WorldWorld

England colonized the east coast of England colonized the east coast of North America and several islands in North America and several islands in the Caribbean as sugar colonies the Caribbean as sugar colonies

European MigrationEuropean Migration

Between 1815-1932 more than 60 Between 1815-1932 more than 60 million people left Europemillion people left Europe

Migrants went mostly to European-Migrants went mostly to European-inhabited areas: inhabited areas: North and South AmericaNorth and South America AustraliaAustralia New Zealand and SiberiaNew Zealand and Siberia

European MigrationEuropean Migration

Immigrants took part in westward Immigrants took part in westward expansionexpansion

Most were from poor, rural areas Most were from poor, rural areas (but not the poorest)(but not the poorest)

The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism1880’s Africa and Asia1880’s Africa and Asia

In 1800 Europeans controlled about In 1800 Europeans controlled about 7% of the world’s territory.7% of the world’s territory.

By 1914 they controlled 84%By 1914 they controlled 84%

England controlled 25% of the England controlled 25% of the world’s population and 20% of the world’s population and 20% of the world’s territory by 1900world’s territory by 1900

The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism

Europeans used military force in Africa Europeans used military force in Africa and Asia.and Asia.

They took control of local governmentsThey took control of local governments Exploited local economies for raw Exploited local economies for raw

materialsmaterials Imposed Western values to benefit the Imposed Western values to benefit the

“backward” colonies“backward” colonies Britain’s control of Egypt in the 1880’s Britain’s control of Egypt in the 1880’s

became the model for the new imperialismbecame the model for the new imperialism

Major Causes for Major Causes for ImperialismImperialism

Search for new markets and raw Search for new markets and raw materialsmaterials

The Industrial Revolution created a The Industrial Revolution created a surplus of goodssurplus of goods

Capitalists sought new marketsCapitalists sought new markets

Causes for ImperialismCauses for Imperialism

Often, colonists were too poor to Often, colonists were too poor to purchase European-made goods:purchase European-made goods:

Germany’s trade with her colonies Germany’s trade with her colonies represented only 1% of her total represented only 1% of her total international tradeinternational trade

France imported more from her France imported more from her colonies than she soldcolonies than she sold

Causes for ImperialismCauses for Imperialism

The Search for Raw Materials:The Search for Raw Materials:

The Congo Ivory and rubberThe Congo Ivory and rubber South Africa DiamondsSouth Africa Diamonds Niger CocoaNiger Cocoa China and Ceylon TeaChina and Ceylon Tea India cottonIndia cotton Indonesia SpicesIndonesia Spices

Missionary WorkMissionary Work

Mid-19Mid-19thth Century: strong current of Century: strong current of religious revivalism in Western religious revivalism in Western EuropeEurope

Especially among middle classEspecially among middle class

New emphasis on spreading New emphasis on spreading Christianity to Africa and AsiaChristianity to Africa and Asia

Missionary WorkMissionary Work

More successful in sub-Saharan Africa More successful in sub-Saharan Africa than in Asia and Islamic North Africathan in Asia and Islamic North Africa

Dr. David LivingstonDr. David Livingston: first white man : first white man to do humanitarian and religious work to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africain south and central Africa

H.M. StanleyH.M. Stanley found Livingston found Livingston (thought dead) and his newspaper (thought dead) and his newspaper reports spurred interest in Africa reports spurred interest in Africa (King of Belgium and the Congo)(King of Belgium and the Congo)

European Conflicts over European Conflicts over ColoniesColonies

New military and naval bases to New military and naval bases to protect one country’s interests from protect one country’s interests from another European countryanother European country

Tensions between Haves (Britain) Tensions between Haves (Britain) and Have-nots (Germany, Italy)and Have-nots (Germany, Italy)

The Ideology of The Ideology of ImperialismImperialism

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism: Herbert Spenser : Herbert Spenser rationalized the conquest of weak rationalized the conquest of weak countries by stronger “more countries by stronger “more civilized” onescivilized” ones

Justified military conquest: survival Justified military conquest: survival of the fittestof the fittest

Ideology of ImperialismIdeology of Imperialism

White Man’s BurdenWhite Man’s Burden racist and racist and patronizing view that preached patronizing view that preached “superior” Westerners had an obligation “superior” Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the worldpeoples in other parts of the world

To Protect and ImproveTo Protect and Improve To Uplift and ChristianizeTo Uplift and Christianize From a poem by Rudyard KiplingFrom a poem by Rudyard Kipling

The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism

Germany and Russia used Germany and Russia used imperialistic drives to divert the imperialistic drives to divert the public’s attention from the class public’s attention from the class struggle at home and to create a struggle at home and to create a false sense of national unityfalse sense of national unity

The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for Africa

1880 Europeans controlled 10% of 1880 Europeans controlled 10% of AfricaAfrica

1914 controlled all but Liberia and 1914 controlled all but Liberia and EthiopiaEthiopia

Colonial AfricaColonial Africa

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

Began late 1870’s with Belgium’s Began late 1870’s with Belgium’s King Leopold II in the CongoKing Leopold II in the Congo

Early 1880’s Britain’s conquest of Early 1880’s Britain’s conquest of Egypt be-came the modelEgypt be-came the model

1884-1885 1884-1885 The Berlin ConferenceThe Berlin Conference established the “rules” for established the “rules” for Europeans carving up AfricaEuropeans carving up Africa

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo

1879 King Leopold II hired H.M. 1879 King Leopold II hired H.M. Stanley (British-American journalist Stanley (British-American journalist who located Livingston) to make who located Livingston) to make treaties with African chiefs giving treaties with African chiefs giving control of the Congo to Leopold control of the Congo to Leopold

Was his personal playgroundWas his personal playground Recognized as such in 1884 by the Recognized as such in 1884 by the

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference

The Belgian CongoThe Belgian Congo

Quest for rubber and ivoryQuest for rubber and ivory Natives treated savagely: atrocitiesNatives treated savagely: atrocities Twain, Arthur Conan Doyle spoke Twain, Arthur Conan Doyle spoke

outout The Belgian Parliament horrified and The Belgian Parliament horrified and

took the colony away from the king took the colony away from the king 1908 and it became a Belgian colony1908 and it became a Belgian colony

Egypt: The ModelEgypt: The Model

By 1849 Egypt was a strong independent By 1849 Egypt was a strong independent statestate

Led by Turkish general Muhammad AliLed by Turkish general Muhammad Ali 1875 Brits bought a portion of shares of the 1875 Brits bought a portion of shares of the

Suez Canal and began to manage itSuez Canal and began to manage it 1883 The Brits declared Egypt a 1883 The Brits declared Egypt a

protectorateprotectorate Technically, Egypt still part of Ottoman Technically, Egypt still part of Ottoman

Empire but the Brits controlled the countryEmpire but the Brits controlled the country Egypt not freed until 1956Egypt not freed until 1956

The Berlin Conference: The Berlin Conference: 1884-851884-85

Sponsored by Bismarck and Jules Sponsored by Bismarck and Jules FerryFerry

To prevent European conflict To prevent European conflict Germany teamed up with France here Germany teamed up with France here

to play France and Britain against to play France and Britain against each othereach other

Coincided with Germany’s rise as an Coincided with Germany’s rise as an imperial powerimperial power

Resulted in “The Scramble for Africa”Resulted in “The Scramble for Africa”

The Berlin Conference: The Berlin Conference: The RulesThe Rules

No Imperial power could claim a No Imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territoryeffectively controlled that territory

Slavery and the Slave trade in Africa Slavery and the Slave trade in Africa was terminated (right)was terminated (right)