IMPACTS OF URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING ON GLOBAL WARMING 08.05.2010, Air and Waste Management Southern Region 1Candace J. Watson, LEED AP

IMPACTS OF URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING ON GLOBAL WARMING

08.05.2010, Air and Waste Management Southern Region 1Candace J. Watson, LEED AP

08.05.2010, Air and Waste Management Southern Region Candace J. Watson, LEED AP 2

o Background

o Urban Heat Island Effect

o Case Studies

o Problem Statement

o Project Objective

o Project Purpose

o Results

o Future Work

o Conclusion

OVERVIEW


ENERGY

World Marketed Energy Consumption 1980-2006 (Quadrillion Btu)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2006

283 30

8

348

366 39

8

472

Projected World Marketed Energy Consumption 2010-2030 (Quadrillion Btu)

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

508 55

2

596 63

7

678

4

ENERGY

08.05.2010, Air and Waste Management Southern Region Candace J. Watson, LEED AP

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ENERGY

o The United States consumes

372.8% more energy per capita

than the national average.

o Canada consumes 513.0%

more energy per capita than the

national average.

Canada

United States

World Total


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ENERGY

73 BtuProduced 33 Btu

Imported 7 Btu

98 Btu Consumed

Exported

Primary Energy Overview, 2008 (quadrillion Btu)

Energy Production by Source, 2008 (quadrillion Btu)

Energy Consumption by Source, 2008

(quadrillion Btu)

*this project focuses on fossil fuel resource consumption.

*export

*import


ENERGY

Increases in Energy Consumption

Factors that Contribute to Increased Consumption of resources

United States End-Use Sector Shares of Total Energy Consumption, 2008

*It is important to understand what sector is consuming energy in order to focus our efforts providing energy efficient suggestions to these sectors, thus resulting in the biggest impact. By focusing on residential and commercial (consuming a 41% of total energy produced) significant benefits can be realized.

Population growth and urbanization the primary factors that this project will focus on .


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POPULATION GROWTH

2009 2050

Country Rank Population (millions) Rank Population

(millions)

China 1 1,331 2 1,437

India 2 1,717 1 1,748

United States 3 307 3 439

Indonesia 4 243 4 343

Brazil 5 191 8 215

Pakistan 6 181 5 335

Bangladesh 7 162 7 222

Nigeria 8 153 6 285

Russia 9 142 - -

Japan 10 128 - -

Congo, Dominican Republic

- - 9 189

Philippines - - 10 150

o According to the Population

Reference Bureau, 90% of the

world’s population growth was

recorded in under-developed

countries during the 20th

century.

o It is estimated that between

2009 and 2050 under-developed

countries will see increases in

population from 5.6 billion to

8.1 billion.

o Developed countries (U.S. and

Canada) will see population

growth from 1.2 billion to 1.3

billion. 08.05.2010, Air and Waste Management Southern Region Candace J. Watson, LEED AP

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POPULATION GROWTH

2007: 50% LIVED IN URBAN AREAS 2015: 53%

WILL LIVE IN URBAN AREAS

2030: 60% WILL LIVE IN

URBAN AREAS

Projected Population Growth 2007-2030

50% world

53% Under-developed

44% developed

76% Under-developed

53% world

48% developed

60% world

81% Under-developed

56% developed

2007

2015

2030


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POPULATION GROWTH

United States Regional Population (million), 2005

Northeast Midwest South West

o South region accounted for 36.3% of

the total U.S. population.

o South region contains 16 of the 50

U.S> states (32% ).

According to the 2000 U.S Census

Bureau, 79% of the total U.S.

population resided in urban areas.

*U.S. Census Bureau indicated that from 1993 to 2020 the southeastern region will remain and continue to be the most populous region in the U.S. *In the past decade the southeast has experienced a 20% population increase.



what urban cities NEED to be…

what urban cities have BECOME…

urban sprawl: a aggregation or continuous network of urban communities.

DESIGN

Catalysts for Sprawl:

1.Federal Housing Administration and the

Veterans Administration Loan Programs

[supported single-family style

homes and abandoned urban housing

types].

2.41,000 mile interstate highway program

[made automotive commuting convenient

and affordable].


“The cities will be part of the country; I shall drive 30 miles from my office in one direction, under a pine tree; my secretary will live 30 miles away from it too, in the other direction, under another pine tree. We shall both have our own car. We shall use up tires, wear out road surfaces and gears, consume oil and gasoline. All of which will necessitate a great deal of work…enough for all.” - LeCorbusier (Architect)

DESIGN

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URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is when built-up areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas.

Buildings and Paved Surfaces

Replacement of trees and vegetation with hard surfaces

Tall buildings and narrow

streets

*For cities with more than 1 million people, temperature increases could potentially reach 1.8-5.4°F (1-

3°C) warmer than surrounding areas.

*During evening hours, this difference in temperature can potentially reach as high as 22°F (12°C).

*Elevated temperature from urban heat islands, particularly in the summer, can affect a community’s

environment and quality of life.

*While some heat island impacts seem positive, such as lengthening the plant-growing season, most

impacts are negative. 08.05.2010, Air and Waste Management Southern Region Candace J. Watson, LEED AP


Increased energy consumption

Higher temperatures in summer increase energy demand for cooling and add pressure to the electricity grid during peak periods of demand. One study estimates that the heat island effect is responsible for 5 – 10% of peak electricity demand fro cooling buildings in cities.

Elevated emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases

Increasing energy demand generally results in greater emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. Higher air temperatures also promote the formation of ground-level ozone.

Compromised human health and comfort

Warmer days and nights, along with higher air pollution levels, can contribute to general discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps and exhaustion, non-fatal heat stroke, and heat-related mortality.

Impaired water quality

Hot pavement and rooftop surfaces transfer their excess heat to stormwater, which then drains into storm sewers and raises water temperatures as it is released into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Rapid temperature changes can be stressful to aquatic ecosystems.




Ambient air temperature: 78°FSouth-facing surface temperature: 117°F

Paved road surface temperature: 124°F



Ambient air temperature: 75°FSouth-facing surface temperature: 98°F

Paved road surface temperature: 105°F


According to the U.S. EPA there are four common UHI Mitigation strategies:

GREEN ROOFS

INCREASED TREES AND VEGETATION COVERAGE

Trees, vegetation and green roofs can contribute to improving the overall air quality and aesthetics of an urban environment, by removing air pollutants from the atmosphere, sequestering and storing carbon dioxide, improving stormwater control and water quality, and creating habitats

COOL ROOF

COOL PAVEMENTS

Cool roofs and pavements are simply light colored surfaces that have high solar reflectance, which results in less heat being absorbed from the sun. Cool roofs and pavements can help reduce energy consumption, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.


CASE STUDIES

CITY MITIGATION STRATEGY BENEFITS ECONOMICAL

BENEFITS

CHICAGO GREEN ROOF

Saved: 9,270 kW-hours electricity and 740 M Btu of natural

gas

$3,600 annually

TUCSON COOL ROOF 400 M Btu 28,000 sq. ft white coatings $4,000 annually

SACRAMENTO TREES AND VEGETATION

350,000 SHADE TREES - - - - -

CHICAGOGREEN ALLEY

INITIATIVE (POROUS PAVING)

46 ALLIES; 2,000 miles - - - - -

CHICAGOROOF (25% OR HIGHER SOLAR REFLECTANCE)

- - - - - - - - - -

o Research indicates that

paved surfaces can achieve

temperatures as high as

100°F.

o Shaded surfaces can be

20-45°F cooler than peak

temperatures of unshaded

materials.

o Approximately 30-45% of

urban land cover is paved

surfaces.



PROBLEM STATEMENT

o The global community is already struggling to

meet current energy demands.

o Increases in world population will place a larger

burden on the already limited resources used for

energy production.

o Under-developed countries are looking at

developed countries for suggestions on how to

manage predicted population growth.

o An existing imbalance of global energy

consumption could potentially be problematic if

under-developed nations rise up and demand their

fair share.

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PROJECT OBJECTIVE

PRIMARY OBJECTIVEDevelop a best practices guide for holistic sustainable cities, thereby improving energy and resource consumption through design methods and material selection of built infrastructure.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to provide existing cities and new cities with a set of suggestions and recommendations on how to design or improve the design of their city with proven best practices that achieve the goal of reducing energy consumption and creating sustainable environments. Provided recommendations can be applied to an entire city, not for single-building use.

QUESTIONS

1. What are the correlations between LEED certified buildings and their impact on UHI effects, compared to non-LEED certified buildings?

2. Is there a correlation between neighboring buildings material selection, height and orientation (with respect to other buildings) on energy consumption?

3. Is it counterintuitive to apply UHI mitigation strategies to one city block, one building, or one zone, while the rest of the city is still performing at less than sustainable standards?



PROJECT PURPOSE

1. Conduct a city-scale analysis in the City of Birmingham, Alabama to determine the extent of the Urban Heat Island effect.

2. Take surface temperature readings on:

1. Roof2. Paved Surfaces3. Building Facades (North, South,

East and West)4. Green space

3. Determine the correlation between urban design/planning and recorded “hot pockets” within the city.

Birmingham, Alabama

Interstate 20/59 to Valley Road

Interstate 65 to Highway 31








FUTURE WORK

Take data to determine anomalies in the data.

Conduct a detailed site analysis on a city block to identify interrelationships between buildings and their surroundings.

Compare results to city blocks that are performing reasonably well.

Perform heat transfer calculations on individual buildings to provide a baseline for UHI impact and compare those results to energy use and consumption.

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CONCLUSION

ANTICIPATED RESULTS:

Increasing energy efficiency through

improvement of holistic urban

design methods.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Under-developed countries are expected to

experience a population growth of 44.6% over

the next 40 years. Limited resource availability

and poor design methods will make managing

this increase in population difficult.



Contact Information:

Candace J. WatsonEmail: [email protected]

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REFERENCE SAMPLING

1. Brockerhoff, Martin P. Population Bulletin: An Urbanizing World. PRB. 2000. 2. CDC, 2009 – Center for Disease Control, “Extreme Heat: A Prevention Guide to Promote Your Personal Health and

Safety.” CDC, 31 July 2009. Web. 22 April 2010.3. Urban Design, 2009 – Center for Design Excellence, “Urban Design.” CDE. Web. 24 March 2010. 4. Duany, Andres, E. Plater-Zyberk, and J. Speck. 2000. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the

American Dream. New York, New York. North Point Press. 5. EIA, 2009 – Energy Information Administration, “Annual Energy Review 2006.” EIA, 19 December 2008. Web. 05

April 2010. 6. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies. Washington D.C. 7. EPA, 2009b – Environmental Protection Agency, “Basic Information.” EPA, 9 February 2009. Web. 10 April 2010. 8. EPA, 2009c - Environmental Protection Agency, “Heat Island Impacts.” EPA, 9 February 2009. Web. 10 April 2010. 9. EPA, 2009d - Environmental Protection Agency, “Trees and Vegetation.” EPA, 9 February 2009. Web. 10 April 2010.10. EPA, 2009e - Environmental Protection Agency, “Cool Pavements.” EPA, 9 February 2009. Web. 10 April 2010.11. EPA, 2009f - Environmental Protection Agency, “Cool Roofs.” EPA, 16 September 2009. Web. 10 April 2010.12. James, W. 2002. Green Roads: Research into Permeable Pavers. Stormwater 3(2):48-40. 13. Levinson, R., H. Akbari, S. Konopacki, and S. Bretz. 2002. Inclusion of Cool Roofs in Nonresidential Title 24

Prescriptive Requirements (64 pp, 492K). Paper LBNL-50451. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.14. Lukez, Paul. 2007. Suburban Transformations. New York, New York. Princeton Architecture Press. 15. McPherson, E.G., J. R. Simpson, P. J. Peper, S. E. Maco, and Q. Xiao. 2005. Municipal forest benefits and costs in five

US cities (6 pp, 267K). Journal of Forestry 103(8):411–416.16. Navidi William. 2008. Statistics for Engineers and Scientist. 2nd Edition. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc. 17. Pitt, Brad. “Design: e2.” Kontentreal. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 2006. DVD. 18. PRB, 2009 – Population Reference Bureau, “World Population Highlights: Key Findings from PRB’s 2009 World

Population Data Sheet.” PRB, August 2009. Web. March 25, 2010. 19. True Random Number Service. What’s the Fuss about True Randomness. October, 1998. Web. January 7, 2010. 20. Wood, John H., G. R. Long, and D.F. Morehouse. 2004. Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios: The Future is Neither

as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert. Energy Information Administration with Department of Energy. 21. United States Department of Energy. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy State Activities and Partnerships. U.S.

DOE 8 April 2010. Web. April 18, 2010. 22. Zhang, Chunlong. 2007. Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley

& Sons, Inc.


Documents

IMPACTS OF URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING ON GLOBAL WARMING 08.05.2010, Air and Waste Management Southern Region 1Candace J. Watson, LEED AP