IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND WIND DIRECTIONS ON AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS IN SEOUL, KOREA

City and Regional Planning / The Ohio State University

IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND WIND DIRECTIONS

ON AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS

IN SEOUL, KOREA

Youngkook Kim *Jean-Michel Guldmann *

Hui-Mun Ra**

* Ph.D. Candidate and Professor in Department of City and Regional Planning, OSU** Assistant Professor in Dept. of Public Administration, Sungkyul University, Anyang, S. Korea

10. 6. 2008

2 / 16

Introduction

Impacts of Traffic Volumes and Wind Directions on Air Pollution Concentrations in Seoul, Korea

YOUNGKOOK KIM / JEAN-MICHEL GULDMANN / HUI-MUN RA

Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion

WindDirectionImpacts

I. Introduction

1 Transportation is known to be responsible for a substantial share of urban air pollution such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur dioxide (SO2),

a) Sources: EPA (2000), Korea Ministry of Environment (2005)b) Includes on-road and off-road engines and vehicles.c) Includes on-road vehicles only.

Share of emission from transportation

CO NO2 VOC PM10 SO2

USb) 79 % 53 % 43 % 19 % 7 %

South Koreac) 79.4 % 42.2 % 16.7 % 43.4 % 1.3 %

Seoulc) 90.0 % 61.1 % 31.1 % 73.8 % 11.0 %

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Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


Estimate hourly VKT around air quality monitoring stations (AQM)

Hourly VKTs are weighted by wind direction frequencies

The relationships between AQM pollution concentrations, WD-

weighted and un-weighted VKTs are investigated

PurposesPurposes

It is reasonable to expect that, as vehicle-kilometers-traveled (VKT)

increase, ambient air pollution concentrations also increase.

1

4 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


II. Research Method & Data

2

Location of AQMs, Circular Buffers, and Assigned Traffic Flows

5 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


II. Research Method & Data

Research framework

2

6 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


2

Wind direction data

7 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


2

Wind direction impacts on VKT

8 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


3

1) Hourly NO2 concentrations and Traffic Counts

III. Traffic flows vs. Pollution concentration

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

010203040506070809101112131415161718192021222324

Hour

Tra

ffic

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

Po

lluti

on

(p

pb

)

Traffic NO2_Roadside NO2_Background

9 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


3

Positive impacts on NO2 concentration


223 ONOONO

Negative impacts on NO2 concentration

ONONO2 hv

10 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


3

2) Hourly CO concentrations and Traffic Counts


0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

010203040506070809101112131415161718192021222324

Hour

Tra

ffic

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Po

llu

tio

n (

pp

m)

Traffic CO_Roadside CO_Background

11 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


3

3) Hourly SO2 concentrations and Traffic Counts


0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour

Tra

ffic

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

Po

llu

tio

n (

pp

b)

Traffic SO2_Roadside SO2_Background

12 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


3

4) Hourly PM10 concentrations and Traffic Counts


0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

0102 0304 0506 07 0809 1011 1213 1415 1617 18 1920 2122 2324

Hour

Tra

ffic

60

65

70

75

80

85

Po

llu

tio

n (

ug

/m3)

Traffic PM10_Roadside PM10_Background

13 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


3

5) Hourly O3 concentrations and Traffic Counts


0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

010203040506070809101112131415161718192021222324

Hour

Tra

ffic

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Po

llu

tio

n (

pp

b)

Traffic O3_Roadside O3_Background

14 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


IV. Wind Direction Impacts

4

Parameter St. Error t Value Pr > | t | R2 Parameter St. Error t Value Pr > | t | R2

500 1118.40 95.49 11.71 <.0001 0.14 6460.49 632.05 10.22 <.0001 0.111000 410.09 26.61 15.41 <.0001 0.23 3089.95 183.74 16.82 <.0001 0.261500 235.52 13.13 17.94 <.0001 0.28 1875.06 90.99 20.61 <.0001 0.342000 141.73 7.96 17.81 <.0001 0.28 1157.81 54.17 21.37 <.0001 0.362500 99.32 5.43 18.30 <.0001 0.29 789.11 36.82 21.43 <.0001 0.363000 73.19 3.90 18.78 <.0001 0.30 591.54 26.05 22.70 <.0001 0.393500 55.84 2.91 19.21 <.0001 0.31 457.70 19.64 23.31 <.0001 0.404000 43.58 2.26 19.28 <.0001 0.31 357.29 15.25 23.43 <.0001 0.404500 34.98 1.81 19.34 <.0001 0.31 289.58 12.41 23.34 <.0001 0.405000 28.71 1.51 19.00 <.0001 0.31 235.72 10.48 22.49 <.0001 0.385500 24.18 1.27 19.04 <.0001 0.31 197.96 8.87 22.32 <.0001 0.38500 202.54 14.48 13.98 <.0001 0.19 1243.25 95.44 13.03 <.0001 0.17

1000 59.32 4.24 13.97 <.0001 0.19 451.74 29.33 15.40 <.0001 0.231500 33.53 2.12 15.82 <.0001 0.24 244.65 15.30 15.99 <.0001 0.242000 19.99 1.29 15.52 <.0001 0.23 137.92 9.41 14.66 <.0001 0.212500 13.66 0.89 15.42 <.0001 0.23 94.81 6.38 14.85 <.0001 0.213000 9.82 0.64 15.28 <.0001 0.22 72.18 4.55 15.87 <.0001 0.243500 7.14 0.49 14.67 <.0001 0.21 52.80 3.50 15.07 <.0001 0.224000 5.57 0.38 14.70 <.0001 0.21 41.67 2.72 15.34 <.0001 0.224500 4.44 0.30 14.58 <.0001 0.21 33.78 2.21 15.30 <.0001 0.225000 3.55 0.26 13.91 <.0001 0.19 27.01 1.86 14.54 <.0001 0.215500 2.93 0.22 13.58 <.0001 0.18 22.16 1.58 14.03 <.0001 0.19500 214.0 27.1 7.91 <.0001 0.07 1632.5 173.5 9.41 <.0001 0.10

1000 64.8 7.9 8.19 <.0001 0.08 657.1 53.3 12.34 <.0001 0.161500 34.5 4.0 8.52 <.0001 0.08 350.1 28.0 12.52 <.0001 0.162000 15.9 2.5 6.39 <.0001 0.05 169.5 17.4 9.73 <.0001 0.102500 11.3 1.7 6.64 <.0001 0.05 127.0 11.7 10.84 <.0001 0.133000 7.7 1.2 6.20 <.0001 0.05 95.6 8.4 11.36 <.0001 0.143500 5.9 0.9 6.38 <.0001 0.05 74.8 6.4 11.73 <.0001 0.144000 4.5 0.7 6.20 <.0001 0.05 56.4 5.0 11.29 <.0001 0.144500 3.6 0.6 6.20 <.0001 0.05 44.5 4.1 10.93 <.0001 0.135000 2.9 0.5 5.92 <.0001 0.04 35.2 3.4 10.31 <.0001 0.125500 2.4 0.4 6.02 <.0001 0.04 29.1 2.9 10.06 <.0001 0.11500 482.91 105.07 4.60 <.0001 0.03 5610.07 663.71 8.45 <.0001 0.08

1000 71.82 31.08 2.31 0.02 0.01 988.76 217.16 4.55 <.0001 0.021500 33.21 15.95 2.08 0.04 0.01 418.98 114.79 3.65 0.00 0.022000 8.57 9.67 0.89 0.38 0.00 151.20 69.59 2.17 0.03 0.012500 5.72 6.64 0.86 0.39 0.00 102.47 47.35 2.16 0.03 0.013000 2.07 4.81 0.43 0.67 0.00 61.79 34.26 1.80 0.07 0.003500 3.35 3.61 0.93 0.35 0.00 58.47 26.06 2.24 0.03 0.014000 4.05 2.81 1.44 0.15 0.00 53.69 20.26 2.65 0.01 0.014500 4.01 2.25 1.78 0.08 0.00 47.10 16.45 2.86 0.00 0.015000 3.20 1.87 1.71 0.09 0.00 39.12 13.69 2.86 0.00 0.015500 2.29 1.57 1.46 0.15 0.00 30.55 11.56 2.64 0.01 0.01

With Wind Direction Impacts

PM10

Buffer Radius(meters)

Without Wind Direction Impacts

CO

NO2

SO2

15 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


IV. Wind Direction Impacts

4

Parameter St. Error t Value Pr > | t | R2 Parameter St. Error t Value Pr > | t | R2

00-01 -13.64 5.16 -2.64 0.01 0.18 -64.62 21.57 -3.00 0.01 0.2201-02 -17.33 7.41 -2.34 0.03 0.15 -82.41 30.58 -2.69 0.01 0.1902-03 -22.75 9.86 -2.31 0.03 0.14 -110.21 44.00 -2.50 0.02 0.1603-04 -25.07 12.74 -1.97 0.06 0.11 -139.79 66.23 -2.11 0.04 0.1204-05 -22.29 13.20 -1.69 0.10 0.08 -115.28 63.20 -1.82 0.08 0.0905-06 -16.92 9.50 -1.78 0.08 0.09 -84.44 45.12 -1.87 0.07 0.1006-07 -7.94 3.97 -2.00 0.05 0.11 -41.32 19.45 -2.12 0.04 0.1207-08 -3.98 2.22 -1.80 0.08 0.09 -28.39 13.57 -2.09 0.04 0.1208-09 -4.46 2.13 -2.09 0.04 0.12 -27.43 11.50 -2.39 0.02 0.1509-10 -9.08 2.69 -3.38 0.00 0.26 -55.34 15.65 -3.54 0.00 0.2810-11 -14.19 3.53 -4.02 0.00 0.34 -103.24 24.89 -4.15 0.00 0.3511-12 -19.55 4.68 -4.18 0.00 0.35 -133.73 32.11 -4.16 0.00 0.3512-13 -25.19 6.52 -3.86 0.00 0.32 -180.35 48.35 -3.73 0.00 0.3013-14 -27.79 7.31 -3.80 0.00 0.31 -196.59 53.83 -3.65 0.00 0.2914-15 -30.03 7.67 -3.91 0.00 0.32 -219.53 58.96 -3.72 0.00 0.3015-16 -31.41 7.78 -4.04 0.00 0.34 -213.13 54.26 -3.93 0.00 0.3316-17 -30.75 7.08 -4.34 0.00 0.37 -210.80 50.46 -4.18 0.00 0.3517-18 -26.83 5.72 -4.69 <.0001 0.41 -191.98 44.92 -4.27 0.00 0.3618-19 -21.10 4.24 -4.98 <.0001 0.44 -145.54 29.46 -4.94 <.0001 0.4319-20 -17.89 3.52 -5.08 <.0001 0.45 -117.24 21.28 -5.51 <.0001 0.4920-21 -15.79 3.25 -4.87 <.0001 0.43 -114.16 19.98 -5.71 <.0001 0.5021-22 -12.92 2.91 -4.44 0.00 0.38 -74.78 14.34 -5.22 <.0001 0.4622-23 -11.85 3.26 -3.64 0.00 0.29 -71.12 16.50 -4.31 0.00 0.3723-24 -11.55 3.61 -3.20 0.00 0.24 -63.71 17.10 -3.73 0.00 0.30

With Wind Direction ImpactsTime

Without Wind Direction Impacts

O3

16 / 16

Introduction



Research Method

Traffic vs.

Pollution

Conclusion


5

V. Conclusion

• Positive relationships with NO2, SO2, CO, and PM10 concentrations

• On the other hand, O3 concentration is negatively correlated with

VKTs

Relations between hourly VKTs and air pollution concentration

• WD-weighted VKTs increase explanatory powers in most cases

• In the case of O3, however, WVKTs during the afternoon 8 hours do

not enhance model predictability, which calls for further research

WD-weighted impacts on pollution concentration

Documents

IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND WIND DIRECTIONS ON AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS IN SEOUL, KOREA