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Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation Associate Professor Simone Strasser AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre Australian National Liver Transplant Unit Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney Sydney, AUSTRALIA

Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

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Page 1: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation

Associate Professor Simone StrasserAW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre

Australian National Liver Transplant UnitRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney

Sydney,  AUSTRALIA

Page 2: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Disclosures

Dr Strasser has received honoraria for advisory boards or speaking from:  

• Bayer Healthcare• Sirtex• Gilead• BMS• MSD• AbbVie• Norgine• Astellas• Novartis• Eisai• Ipsen• Pfizer

Page 3: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

• Trends in the burden of obesity, NAFLD and NASH‐HCC

• NASH and NASH‐HCC  as an indication for transplantation

• Impact of population obesity on liver donor pool

• Impact of obesity in patients requiring transplantation  

Outline

Page 4: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Science. 3 JULY 2015

Page 5: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

WHO BMI classifications of overweight and obesity reflect risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases 

WHO BMI classifications of overweight and obesity 

Asian populations have different associations between BMI, percentage of body fat, and health risks than do European populations. 

Appropriate body‐mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004; 363: 157–63 

Overweight BMI ≥23  (vs ≥25)Obese BMI ≥25  (vs ≥ 30)

Page 6: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Wang et al. Lancet 2011; 378: 815–25 

Rates of overweight and obesity are increasing!

Australia

In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3∙4 million deaths, 4% of years of life lost, and 4% of disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) worldwide 

The impacts of obesity on global health outcomes are worsening

Major costs associated with diabetes, CVD and osteoarthritis

Korea

USAEngland 

Page 7: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

According to 2007 statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), New Zealand has the second-highest prevalence of overweight adults in the English-speaking world.

Page 8: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Indicator: Overweight or obese: BMI of 25.0 or greater (or IOTF equivalent for 15‐17 years)

https://minhealthnz.shinyapps.io/nz‐health‐survey‐2017‐18‐annual‐data‐explorer/_w_0811ceee/_w_a219969c/_w_8ee879eb/#!/explore‐indicators

Obesity rate increased from 27% in 2006/7 to 32% in 2017/8 47% of Maori adults, 17% Maori children  ; 65% of Pacific adults, 30% Maori children 

Page 9: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Jensen, Thomas. Journal of Hepatology 68, 1063‐75 (2018)Younossi et al. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 15, 11–20 (2018)

Strong association between obesity, NAFLD and sugar consumption

Global prevalence of NAFLD is estimated at 24%

Highest rates are reportedfrom South America (31%) and the Middle East (32%), followed by Asia (27%), the USA (24%) and Europe (23%)

Being overweight in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased risk of NAFLD later in life

Page 10: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Complications of obesity

InflammatoryAsthmaThyroid diseasePsoriasisPancreatitis

PsychologicalDepressionAnxietyPanic disordersEating disorders

DegenerativeAtherosclerosisPulmonary HT

NeoplasticOesophagealBreastColonEndometrialLiverPancreatic

MetabolicDiabetesHyperlipidaemiaHypertensionGallstonesNon‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

AnatomicOsteoarthritisGORDOSA

The Bacchino, Valerio Cioli, Boboli Gardens, Florence, ItalyClin Liver Dis 18 (2014) 1–18

Pts with NAFLD 

related to obesity at risk of all these health issues

Page 11: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Global burden and natural history of NAFLD

Asrani et al. J Hepatol 2019:70;151–171

NOTE: Liver disease the 3rd leading cause of death in patients with NAFLD (13%) of deaths

Page 12: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Independent predictors of liver failure and liver cancer in NAFLD is related to co‐factors

HR 95% CI P Value

Age 1.02 1.00‐1.04 0.04

Alcohol Consumption 1.002 1.001‐1.002 <0.001

Diabetes 2.75 1.56‐4.84 <0.001

Insulin Resistance (HOMA‐IR)

1.01 1.01‐1.02 <0.001

Total‐LDL Cholesterol ratio

2.64 1.67‐4.16 <0.001

Waist circumference‐BMIratio

3.70 1.74‐7.89 0.001

Multivariate Backward Stepwise Elimination Cox Regression Analysis

Aberg et al. Interaction between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in predicting severe liver disease in the general population. Hepatology 2018;67:2141‐2149

Finnish population‐based Health 2000 Study (2000‐2001)

Page 13: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

World J Gastroenterol 2017 April 21; 23(15): 2763-2770

p < 0.05

1998‐2012

Page 14: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

• Trends in the burden of obesity, NAFLD and NASH‐HCC

• NASH and NASH‐HCC  as an indication for transplantation

• Impact of population obesity on liver donor pool

• Impact of obesity in patients requiring transplantation  

Outline

Page 15: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

HCV

NAFLD/NASH

HCCIncreasingly due to NASH

Liver Transplantation in Australia and New Zealand

Page 16: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Goldberg D et al. Gastroenterology 2017;152:1090–1099

HCV HCV

NASH

Alcohol

NASHAlcohol

In USA, LT wait‐listing for HCV is declining since DAAs but NASH and ARLD is increasing as indication for LT

Chronic Liver Failure

HCC

Page 17: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

NASH now third most frequent etiology of CLD in patientstransplanted with concomitant HCC by 2017 in ANZ (and rising rapidly)

Calzadilla‐Bertot L et al. Liver Transplantation. 2019:25;25‒34

Page 18: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

• 26,121 /158,347 (16.5%) adult LT candidates had HCC 

• Increased from 6.4% to 23%

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Is the Fastest Growing Cause of HCC in Liver Transplant Candidates in USA 

11.8x increase

Younossi et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Mar;17(4):748‐755

SRTR 2002‐2016

Page 19: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Characteristic 2007(n=6494)

2017(n=8082)

Age  ≥ 65 years 11% 22.4%

BMI30‐35≥35

20.6%12.45

23.5%14.9% 

DiagnosisHCVALDHCCOther/Unknown

24.9%19.4%13.9%26.8%

13.4%25.1%17.6%31.6%

Diabetes 24.4% 28.7%

Combined LK Transplant 7.3% 9.6%

OPTN/SRTR 2017 Annual Data Report: Liver. Am J Transplant. 2019 Feb;19 Suppl 2:184‐283

Trends in Liver Transplantation in USA 2007 to 2017

Mostly NASH

Page 20: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

• Compared with other aetiologies of HCC, NASH patients are:

• Older  (62.9 ± 6.8 years)• Higher BMI (31.9 ± 5.7) • Obesity (60.5%)• Type 2 diabetes (60.3%)• Coronary artery disease (5.6%)• Stroke (1.7%)• Hypertension (47.3%)

Characteristics of waitlisted patients with NASH‐HCC

All p<0.001

Younossi et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Mar;17(4):748‐755

Page 21: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH

• Survival after liver transplant is similar between NASH recipients and non‐NASH recipients

• NASH recipients have increased deaths due to:

• Cardiovascular complications  OR 1.65 (1.01‐2.70)• Sepsis  OR 1.71 (1.17‐2.50)

• NASH recipients have fewer deaths from:

• Graft failure  OR 0.21 (0.05‐0.89)

Wang et al. Outcomes of Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis:A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis. Clin Gastro Hepatol 2014;12:394–402

Page 22: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 May;31(5):1016‐24

Obese + Diabetes

n=617 2003 and 2009

adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] 2.40, 95%CI 1.32‐4.38

Obese‐diabetic patients had longer intensive care and hospital stays, and higher overall mortality

Page 23: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis is the Most Rapidly Growing Indication for Simultaneous Liver Kidney Transplantation in the United States

NASH and CC with BMI ≥ 30PBC/PSC/ALD

Hep C/Hep B/HCC

NASH and CC with BMI ≥ 30

PBC/PSC/ALDHep C/Hep B/HCC

Singal A et al. Transplantation 2016;100: 607–612 

5.6% (n=2162) of 38,533 patients underwent SLK 2002‐2100 (UNOS) 

6.3% 19.2%% of a

ll SLK tran

splants 

% of a

ll liver tran

splants 

Patients requiring SLK for NASH were significantly (p<0001)…

• Female• Older (mean 59 years)• Diabetic (65%)• Higher BMI (mean 33)

Page 24: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Kidney survival is worse after SLK transplant for NASH/obesity than for other indications of SLK

P < 0.0001

79%

70%NASH and CC with BMI ≥ 30

PBC/PSC/ALD

Singal A et al. Transplantation 2016;100: 607–612 

Due to impact of metabolic risk factors, immunosuppression ?

Page 25: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

• Trends in the burden of obesity, NAFLD and NASH‐HCC

• NASH and NASH‐HCC  as an indication for transplantation

• Impact of population obesity on liver donor pool

• Impact of obesity in patients requiring transplantation  

Outline

Page 26: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Impact of the obesity epidemic on deceased liver donors

• Donor age is increasing and donor death more often cerebrovascular disease• Referral of obese donors is increasing• Obese donors are more likely to be declined (34%) than non‐obese donors (22%)• When biopsied, obese donors are more likely to have macrosteatosis (21%) than non‐obese donors (12%)

• Liver allografts with >30% macrosteatosis are associated with higher rates of primary nonfunction, early allograft dysfunction and worse survival

• Transplantation from high‐BMI donors is associated with lower graft survival• The obese patient on the waiting list may have fewer donor options as size matching important 

Bloom et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220:38‐47Steggerda et al. Transplantation 2018 (in press)

Page 27: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

• Trends in the burden of obesity, NAFLD and NASH‐HCC

• NASH and NASH‐HCC  as an indication for transplantation

• Impact of population obesity on liver donor pool

• Impact of obesity in patients requiring transplantation  

Outline

Page 28: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Pre‐LT Peri‐LT Post‐LT

Spengler et al. Transplantation. 101(10):2288‐2296, October 2017.

Page 29: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Pre‐LT Peri‐LT Post‐LT

Spengler et al. Transplantation. 101(10):2288‐2296, October 2017.

Metabolic comorbidities

Cardiovascular comorbidities

Socioeconomic factors

Nutritional status

Bone health

Airway management

and ventilation

Anaestheticdrug

metabolism

Surgical considerations

Technical aspects

Wound management

Graft size

Infections

IS drug PK

Weight gain

De-novo comorbidities

CVD

Malignancy

MetSand

NASH

Page 30: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Liver transplant assessment in NASH/Obesity • Routine transplant assessment• Extensive cardiovascular assessment 

• Stress echocardiography, Coronary angiography, Carotid doppler

• Nutritional assessment and management• Malnutrition, Obesity, sarcopenic obesity

• Diabetes assessment and management• Renal assessment and decision re SLKT• Screening for malignancy• Screening for OSA• Monitoring and management of HCC on waiting list

Dietary Modification

Page 31: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Common metabolic complications after OLTComplication Incidence % Risk factors

Obesity 30‐50% NAFLD, corticosteroids, lifestyle factors

Hypertension 60‐70% CKD, CNIs, corticosteroids, pre‐existing HT

Diabetes Mellitus 30‐40% Corticosteroids, CNIs, mTORi, obesity, HCV, pre‐existing insulin resistance

Hyperlipidaemia 45‐69% CNIs, mTORi, corticosteroids, obesity, cholestatic LD, pre‐existing hyperlipidaemia

Coronary artery disease 9‐25% HT, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, previous CAD, NAFLD, smoking, family history

Chronic kidney disease 8‐25% Pretransplant kidney injury, HT, CNIs (high early exposure), nephrotoxins, diabetes

Recurrent NAFLD  Up to 78% NASH, age, obesity, diet, genetics, diabetes, corticosteroids, CNIs, sarcopenia, ?microbiome

Modified from Singh S, Watt KD. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Aug;87(8):779‐90.

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Page 33: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

Bariatric surgery

• Bariatric surgery contraindicated in patients with decompensated cirrhosis

• Sleeve gastrectomy favoured over bypass procedures in transplant patients. 

• Sleeve gastrectomy may be considered at the time of liver transplant

• Sleeve gastrectomy should be considered after transplantation in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome

Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

Sleeve Gastrectomy

Page 34: Impacts of the Obesity Epidemic on Liver Transplantation 2019/presentations... · 2019. 12. 10. · Outcomes of Liver Transplant in NASH •Survival after liver transplant is similar

• With the global obesity epidemic, obesity‐related liver disease and HCC rapidly becoming the leading indication for liver transplantation around the world

• Obesity and its complications pose significant challenges in liver transplantation

Conclusions

The Global Obesity Epidemic