Impact of Technological Devices on Information and ...cisjournal.org/journalofcomputing/archive/vol3no3/vol3no3_4.pdf · Impact of Technological Devices on Information and Communication

VOL. 3, NO. 3, March 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences

©2009-2012 CIS Journal. All rights reserved.

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Impact of Technological Devices on Information and Communication Technology Acceptance for Construction Site Management in Nigeria

1Nuruddeen Usman, 2 Ilias Said

School of Housing Building and Planning, University Sains Malaysia

1 [email protected] , 2 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The success of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption depends on the impact of the technological devices. Many construction companies have been using ICT devices without assessing whether it makes any effect to its activities or not. The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of technological devices on ICT acceptance for construction site management in Nigeria. A survey using questionnaires was employed in order to achieve the study objectives. The respondents were contractor’s construction companies (categories A, B, C, and D). The study findings show that technological devices have impact on the acceptance of ICT for construction site management. As such, it is recommended that contractors should evaluate the character of each technological device before its adoption.

Keywords: Technological Devices, Construction site management, Information and communication technology.

1. INTRODUCTION

Information and communication technology is nothing without technological devices. Technological devices have risen in popularity due to the fact that it provides connectivity almost at any location and it also changes people’s life. It is also used for communication between computers and other devices, like modem is a used normally for internet communication. According to [18] advances in technology facilitate communication and the sharing of information among team members; it may also impact team effectiveness. Abdel-Wahab et al.[1] reveals that, barriers of time and distance have been overcome by the use of technology. It reduces many expenses in the government organization, industries, health organization, enterprise, home users, educational institutions, and cultural organisations. Technological devices granted a unique global coordinating and controlling of businesses. For instance internet is becoming an important tool in health care both for administrative purpose and for patients [15]. Farag et al. [6] states that, technology play vital role in sustaining the growth of businesses.

In addition, Construction companies use technological devices in order to overcome problems and to achieve improvement in the construction process [8]. It also provides better communication between team members in construction projects [19]. These depict the benefit and value of the technology, and the technological devices in curtailing risk and wasting of valuable time in order to achieve a specific target. While, according to [23], technology usage conferred a competitive advantage. Whereby, the companies that used technological devices

may save time of completing projects. Mui et al. [12] surveyed technological device in Malaysia construction industry and found that they considered it as an important tool. Likewise, Jones and Pitt [10] asserted that technological devices provide an easy, quick and inexpensive way to administer questionnaire.

2. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES 2.1 Internet

Internet is a global public network of computer networks that pass information from one to another using common computer protocols. Protocols are standards that specify the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission [14]. Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the internet for a fee (either pay per use, monthly or annual). Local area network (LAN) is a communications network that serves computer users within a confined geographical area, for instance within a building.

2.2 Intranets

This is a network based on TCP/IP protocols belonging to an organization, usually a corporation, accessible only by the organization’s members, employees, or others within authorization. An intranet’s web sites look and act just like any other web sites, but the firewall surrounding of an intranet fends off unauthorized access. Like the internet itself, intranets are used to share information. Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of the internet because they are much less expensive to build and manage than private networks based on proprietary protocols [28]. According to Bradley [4] intranet is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks within an organization, an intranet uses network technologies as a tool to facilitate




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communication between people or workgroups to improve the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base of an organization’s employees. It utilizes standard network hardware and software technologies like; Ethernet, Wifi, TCP/IP, web browsers and web servers. An organizations intranet typically includes internet access but is firewalled so that its computers cannot be reached directly from the outside. According to Patrick, et al [13] intranet normally has e-mail functionality and electronic templates for disseminating corporate documents, providing departmental or divisional information, as well as enabling searches through an in-house directory of information for knowledge sharing. In the construction industry the in-house system has an extended electronic document management system (EDMS) for handling the distribution, storage, and retrieval of drawings and documents. Another recent development in the in-house use of ICT is enterprise resource planning (ERP), which is packaged suite of software with which an organization manages its various functional activities (such as material procurement, human resources, finance, plant hiring, etc) through a linked information processing solution [25].

2.3 Extranet

This refers to an intranet that is partially accessible to authorized outsiders. An extranet provides various levels of accessibility to outsiders. You can access an extranet only if you have a valid username and password, and your identity determines which parts of the extranet you can view. Extranets are becoming a very popular means for business partners to exchange information [28]. In addition, Chuck [5] state that an extranet is a private network that uses internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business’s information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An extranet can be viewed as part of a company’s intranet that is extended to users outside the company. An extranet requires security and privacy. These would include firewall server management, the issuance and use of digital certificates or similar means of user authentication, encryption of messages, and the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) that tunnel through the public network. Companies can use an extranet to:

- Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).

- Share product catalogues exclusively with wholesalers or those in the trade.

- Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts.

- Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies.

- Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies.

- Share news of common interest exclusively with partner companies.

Advantage of extranet is that it uses the internet technologies to interconnect the customers, suppliers, consultants, contractors and subcontractors, and business

partners. Whereby, it is becoming more common practices nowadays using online ordering, electronic order tracking and inventory management. Some of the advantages are; increase productivity, improve business relationships, reduced error margins, flexibility, on-demand and real time information, and shorter decision making time. Due to the diverse locations of the public housing project sites, communication traffic with the headquarters is managed via Metro Ethernet.

2.4 Surveillance Camera

Surveillance camera is available for office and home need. Such as Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a simple way of producing large text, images and maps for people with some useful vision. Printed material and objects can be placed under a camera and the magnified image is displayed on a screen. It is mostly used to view object at a distance. There are several different types of system to choose from, but it varies widely in the features offered. In other word, surveillance camera is a system of video cameras, viewing and recording equipment originally used for security systems, but increasingly used for viewing at remote or inaccessible areas. There are covert surveillance cameras, wireless security cameras, wired surveillance cameras, night vision security cameras, and home surveillance cameras.

2.5 Mobile Technology

Mobile technology means the technology can travel with the user, but it is not necessarily in real-time; users can download software, e-mail messages, and web pages onto their personal digital assistant (PDA), laptop, or other mobile device for portable reading or reference.

2.6 Wireless Technology

Wireless technology gives users a live (internet) connection via satellite or radio transmitters. International Data Corporation forecasts that by 2010 nearly two-thirds of handheld devices will include integrated wireless networking. Like file transfer protocol (FTP) is used to transfer computer files over a network, integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over telephone wires. In other words the term wireless network is generally used to describe a collection of devices (computers, telephones, PDAs etc) that are connected using radio signals. Wireless networks tend to operate over short distances, although using specialist equipment can extend this.

2.7 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies use active and passive tags in the form of chips or smart labels that can store unique identifiers and relay this information to electronic readers. Tag- is a microchip that holds data using electronic product code (EPC) and antenna that transmits data to a reader. Reader- uses radio waves to read the tag and sends the EPC to computers in the supply chain.




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2.8 Global Positioning System (GPS)

Global positioning system (GPS) is a device that determines current latitude, longitude, speed, and direction movement. Automobiles have GPSs linked to maps that display in a screen on the dashboard driving directions and exact location of the vehicle. Some cell phone providers equip their phones with GPS chips that enable users to be located to within a geographical location about the size of a tennis court.

2.9 Web Camera (webcam)

Webcam is a video camera that is used to send periodic images or continuous frames to a web site for display. Webcam software typically captures the images as JPEG (joint photographic experts group) or MPEG (moving pictures experts group) files and transfers them to the internet.

2.10 Electronic mail (Email)

Email is one of the successful computer applications, which has contributed to the growth of distributed organisations, by allowing people at different geographical areas to communicate [29]. Email is a highly effective way of communication but sometimes time consuming and can compromise the security of an organisation because sensitive information can be distributed intentionally or accidently. Likewise, some emails may carry viruses.

2.11 4D Simulation

4D simulation; is a simulation of a construction process that maps model elements to schedule tasks, adding the fourth dimension of time to a 3D model [3]. 4D simulation is in principle capable to generate visualisations which intuitively illustrate construction processes along the timeline [22]. It provides a powerful visualization and communication tool that gives project teams a better understanding of project milestones and construction plans. It helps teams identify problems well in advance of construction activities [3]. It improves project schedules and brings facilities online sooner. The use of 4D allows construction planners to produce more rigorous schedules [9]. Also, the use of 4D simulations assists in reducing the waste costs associated with construction project [26].

2.12 Video Conference

Video conference is a means of conducting a conference between two or more participants at different sites by using computer networks to transmit audio and video data. It has made a significant achievement in business, education, medicine, and media. In other word, video conference is a live connection between people in separate locations for the purpose of communication, it provides transmission of static images and text between two locations and it also provides transmission of full-motion video images and high-quality audio between multiple locations [21]. It can also be defined as

communication technology that integrates video and audio to connect users anywhere in the world as if they were in the same room, it saves time and money [2].

2.13 Facebook

Facebook can be defined as a social networking website. It is also social utility that connects people with friends and others who work, study and live around them. According to Vander-Veer [24] facebook is the wildly popular, free social networking site that combines the best of blogs, online forums, photo sharing, clever applications, and interaction among friends. Facebook is part of a broader transformation of the internet called web 2.0 which helps people to communicate more efficiently with others, is one of the world’s most trafficked web sites [20].

2.14 Twitter

Twitter is a social networking and micro-blogging service that allows you answer question by sending short text messages 140 characters in length, called “tweets”, to your friends, or “followers.” It has many uses for both personal and business use. It is a great way to keep in touch with your friends and quickly broadcast information about where you are and what you are up to.

2.15 Webcast

Webcast is a web broadcast in which a live event is presented to a large number of web users from a website, it allows for interactive user participation [27]. Webcast use the internet to broadcast live or delayed audio and/or video transmissions.

2.16 Youtube

Youtube is a web-service that allows anybody to post their video files and share them with other people. There are many kind of information that can be found on youtube like tutorials, marketing, video-blogs, news, lectures etc.

2.17 Benefits of the technological devices

(1) Easy to reference (2) Easy to use (3) Fast communication (4) Information resource (5) Global (6) Leverage (7) social networking (8) Online services (9) E-commerce.

Therefore, this study aims at assessing the effect of the technological devices on the adoption of information and communication technology for construction site management in the Nigerian contractor’s construction companies. In order to answer the research question; are technological devices influencing the acceptance of ICT?




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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research method used in this study in order to achieve the set objective and to answer the research question is field study using questionnaire. The study area for this research is three (3) zones out of six (6) geo-political zones of Nigeria including; north-west, south-west, and south-east. In addition, two (2) states were selected from each zone based on the population including; Kano and Kaduna (from the north-west), Lagos and Oyo (from the south-west) and Rivers and Anambra (from the south-east). Likewise, Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo settings are considered in accordance to the Nigerian constitution and their population.

Furthermore, to ensure equal treatment in this study disproportionate stratified random sampling is preferred over proportionate sampling [16], because the research will be carried out at different zones and among different languages, and beliefs, so variability will be suspected within a particular stratum. Also the contractor’s construction industries considered are those that belong to the category A (up to N2million), B (N2million – N25million), C (N25million – N100million) and D (Above N100million), of the Federal Registration Board of Nigeria. Statistical methods were used for the data analysis by employing a computer based software program SPSS 17.0 for windows. The descriptive statistics were explained based on the mean values of results obtained by likert scale qualification, with 1.00 = no effect to 5.00 = very effective. The considered no effect-very effective levels are shown in Table 1.0.

Table 1.0: considered no effect-very effective levels of results

Likert scale Effect level

1.00-1.50 No effect

1.50-2.50 Minor effect

2.50-3.50 Moderate effect

3.50-4.50 Effective

4.50-5.00 Very effective

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The reliability test results presented in Table 2.0 show that Cronbach’s alpha for all of the technological devices is 0.849, which is highly acceptable as reported by Hair et al [7], Sekaran and Bougie [17], and Maiyaki and Mokhtar [11]. These results suggest that those constructs are reliable.

Table 2.0: Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on

Standardized Items

N of Items

.849 .911 17

Table 3.0 presents the results of the responses by

category A contractors, in which the technological devices email, extranet, 4D simulation, mobile phone, GPS, RFI, wireless, you tube, intranet, video conferencing, online charting, surveillance camera, and webcast are effective. Also, Facebook, and webcam has moderate effect. The overall mean average shows technological devices are effective, which means it has an impact on acceptance of ICT for enhancing construction site management.

Table 3.0: Category A contractors

S/N ICT DEVICE Mean Avg.

Overall mean avg.

1 Email 4.00 3.80 2 Intranet 3.67 3 Extranet 4.00 4 4D simulation 4.00 5 Video

conference 3.67

6 Online charting 3.67 7 Mobile phone 4.33 8 Facebook 3.00 9 Twitter 2.33 10 Surveillance

camera 3.67

11 WEBCAM 3.33 12 GPS 4.33 13 RFI 4.67 14 Wireless 4.67 15 CCTV 3.67 16 WEBCAST 3.67 17 YouTube 4.00

Table 4.0 presents the results of the responses by category B contractors, in which the technological devices email, intranet, surveillance camera, GPS, and wireless are effective. Also, extranet, 4D simulation, video conferencing, online charting, mobile phone, Facebook, twitter, webcam, RFI, CCTV, and webcast has moderate effect, and you tube has minor effect. The overall mean average shows that category B contractors responds on technological devices has moderate effect. These shows that the impact of the technological devices on the




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acceptance of ICT is neither minor effect and nor effective in enhancing construction site management.

Table 4.0: Category B contractor

S/N ICT DEVICE Mean Avg. Overall mean 1 Email 3.58 3.31 2 Intranet 3.91 3 Extranet 3.33 4 4D simulation 3.33 5 Video conference 3.25 6 Online charting 3.25 7 Mobile phone 3.42 8 Facebook 2.92 9 Twitter 2.67 10 Surveillance camera 3.92 11 WEBCAM 3.08 12 GPS 3.75 13 RFI 3.33 14 Wireless 3.67 15 CCTV 3.42 16 WEBCAST 3.08 17 YouTube 2.42

Table 5.0 presents the results of the responses by category C contractors, in which the technological devices email, extranet, 4D simulation, mobile phone, GPS, RFI, wireless, you tube, intranet, online charting, mobile phone, webcam GPS, RFI, and wireless are effective. Also, video conferencing, Facebook, twitter, surveillance camera CCTV, and webcast has moderate effect. The overall mean average shows that category C contractors responds on technological devices is effective. This means technological devices have impact on ICT acceptance for construction site management.

Table 5.0: Category C contractor


Table 6.0 presents the results of the responses by category D contractors, in which the technological devices email, extranet, 4D simulation, video conferencing, online charting, mobile phone, surveillance camera, webcam, GPS, RFI, wireless, and intranet, are effective. Also, Facebook, twitter, CCTV, webcast, and youtube have moderate effect. The overall mean average shows that category C contractors responds to technological devices is effective. This means technological devices have impact on ICT acceptance for construction site management.

Table 6.0: Category D contractors


Table 7.0 presents the overall mean of each technological device effects on acceptance of ICT. The result shows all the devices are effective except some few ones that has moderate effect such as; facebook, Twitter, CCTV, Webcast and Youtube. This means 12 out of 17 (which is 70.59%) technological devices have impact on ICT acceptance for construction site management. While the remaining 5 out of 17 (which is 29.41%) are neither minor effect and nor effective.

Table 7.0: Technological device mean

Device Mean Std. Deviation

N

Email 4.11 1.293 258

Intranet 4.18 1.164 258

Extranet 4.04 1.206 258

4D simulation 3.98 1.174 258

Video conference 3.78 1.265 258




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Online charting 3.93 1.270 258 Mobile phone 4.15 1.208 258

Facebook 3.36 1.369 258 Twitter 3.28 1.386 258 Surveillance camera 3.84 1.281 258

WEBCAM 3.72 1.309 258 GPS 4.36 4.644 258 RFI 3.98 1.330 258 Wireless 4.28 1.108 258

CCTV 3.32 1.476 258 WEBCAST 3.41 1.257 258

YouTube 3.05 1.331 258

Table 8.0 presents the grand mean of 3.81 for the technological devices, which show they are effective and inter-item correlation of 0.38 this show a weak relationship. These means generally technological devices affects ICT acceptance for construction site management.

Table 9.0 presents the Anova results for the technological devices, with p-value less than 0.05 indicating a significant difference between the devices. This means the acceptance or rejection of one device will not affect the others.

Table 8.0: Summary Item Statistics

Mean Minimum

Maximum

Range Maximum / Minimum

Variance

N of Items

Item Means 3.810 3.054 4.360 1.306 1.428 .154 17

Inter-Item Correlations

.376 .082 .821 .739 10.030 .021 17

Table 9.0: ANOVA

Sum of Squares

Df Mean Square F Sig

Between Devices 3586.912 257 13.957

Within Devices

Between Items 635.612 16 39.726 18.797 .000

Residual 8690.270 4112 2.113

Total 9325.882 4128 2.259

Total 12912.795 4385 2.945

Grand Mean = 3.81

5. CONCLUSION

This study provides an empirical proof that technological devices have impact on information and communication technology (ICT) acceptance for construction site management. These reveals the need for assessing the effectiveness of the technological devices is vital to both contractors companies and the ICT providers. It also identified that contractors A, C, and D assessed the technological devices as effective, while contractor B assessed it as having a moderate effect. This shows really nature of technological device affects it acceptance, especially on construction site where there is environmental, plant and human interference. Therefore,

there is need to assess the character of a technological device, because it helps in making a right choice, and enhance its acceptance for the construction site management.

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APPENDIX

Background information of the respondents

YEARS OF EXPERIRNCE

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid 1(1-5yrs) 69 23.2 23.5 23.5

2(6-10yrs) 98 33.0 33.3 56.8

3(11-20yrs) 92 31.0 31.3 88.1

4(21-30yrs) 26 8.8 8.8 96.9

5(over30yrs) 9 3.0 3.1 100.0

Total 294 99.0 100.0

Missing System 3 1.0

Total 297 100.0

GEO-POLITICAL ZONE


Cumulative Percent

Valid 1(NW) 47 15.8 16.3 16.3

2(SE) 58 19.5 20.1 36.3

3(SW) 105 35.4 36.3 72.7

4(SS) 31 10.4 10.7 83.4

5(NE) 18 6.1 6.2 89.6

6(NC) 30 10.1 10.4 100.0

Total 289 97.3 100.0


Total 297 100.0




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LEVEL OF EDUCATION


Cumulative Percent

Valid 1(PhD.) 25 8.4 8.4 8.4

2(Msc.) 28 9.4 9.5 17.9

3(Bsc.) 50 16.8 16.9 34.8

4(Dip.) 107 36.0 36.1 70.9

5(Cert.) 85 28.6 28.7 99.7

6(SSL.) 1 .3 .3 100.0

Total 296 99.7 100.0

Missing System 1 .3

Total 297 100.0

SIZE OF PROJECT CAN UNDERTAKE


Cumulative Percent

Valid 1(A) 3 1.0 1.0 1.0

2(B) 12 4.0 4.1 5.1

3(C) 60 20.2 20.4 25.5

4(D) 219 73.7 74.5 100.0

Total 294 99.0 100.0


Total 297 100.0

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Impact of Technological Devices on Information and ...cisjournal.org/journalofcomputing/archive/vol3no3/vol3no3_4.pdf · Impact of Technological Devices on Information and Communication