Impact of Robotics and Their Application

8/19/2019 Impact of Robotics and Their Application

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CONTENTS

Abstract............................................................................................0

Introduction.......................................................................................1

History of robots................................................................................2

Applications of robots........................................................................

!"dical # H"alt$car" Industry.............................................................%

Industrial&!anufacturin' Robots.........................................................(

!ilitary )Artill"ry* +oadin' and Sur,"illanc"-.......................................

S"r,ic" industry................................................................................./

Articial int"lli'"nc"..........................................................................

+iitations and futur" 3or4................................................................5

Conclusion.........................................................................................5

Biblio'rap$y......................................................................................5

6i'ur"s..............................................................................................5

R"f"r"nc"s.......................................................................................10

INTRO78CTION

In popular culture, particularly in science fction, a uture world is envisioned in whichrobots are ubiquitous. They are imagined to work in actories, simpliy comple surgeries,

combat in con!icts and have even been depicted undertaking mundane tasks such ascleaning. "ince the early years o cinema, several flms demonstrated their ascination

with robots. They symbolise so many o our neuroses , our queasiness about technology

and the unknown, our wonder at what it means to be human, our ear that, ultimately,

we might #ust be replaceable. $robably the most beloved robot characters in motion

picture history are %&'$( and )*&+* fgure -, who made their debut appearance in the

frst "tar ars flm in -011 2-3. +roids as they were called, is a shortened version o the

word android that was trademarked and populari4ed by 5eorge 6ucas in the "tar ars

flms. (ver time it has become a general nickname or robots. In the *778 blockbuster,

9A66&:; 2'3, shows a garbage collecting robot whose sole purpose is to clean theabandoned waste&covered :arth ar in the uture. The flm then reveals the current state

o humans, who have turned humorously large and etremely la4y as they rely on robots

to carry out every single task including movement, eating and even changing the

television channel. owever, what I fnd interesting

is how the concept o robotics and automation has become so comprehensible, that even

an audience o ? years olds can appreciate the in!uence they have in society.


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Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, ecept where such orders

would con!ict with a higher order law.

Law Three: A robot must protect its own eistence as long as such protection does not

con!ict with a higher order law.

Law Zero: A robot may not in#ure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a humanbeing to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law 2?3.

A::+ICATIONS O6 ROBOTS

A robot is a Kprogrammablesel&controlled device consisting

o electronic, electrical ormechanical units this means

that it makes use o its own

power supply, sensors, control

systems, manipulators and

sotware in order to carry out a

task / set o instructions. They

should be intelligent, and be able

to move through a set o pre&programmed motions 283. Howadays a

robot classifcation is a daunting task,

by virtue o the intense activity

displayed in the areas o robotics

research, robot design, innovation and applications. Lor eample, a look at the Table o

%ontents o the $roceedings o the *77B I::: International %onerence on )obotics and

Automation 2-73 will reveal a vast spectrum o robots currently working on the shop !oor,

in the operating room, in rehabilitation centres, and even at home. In attempting a%lassifcation o robots, the most comprehensive criterion would be by unction. ho thus

have a tentative, but by no means comprehensive classifcation shown in the ollowing

listM

N onda;s humanoid

robots developed or research anddevelopment reason. The earliest robot, calledthe :7 -08?, on the ar let while the newestrobot, called Asimo current model, on theright.

6i'ur" %&


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!E7ICA+ #

HEA+THCARE

IN78STR9


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Training Assist and the Independent alk Assist robots fgure -7. The robot assists a

person who has lost the use o one leg through paralysis due, or instance, to a stroke orpolio. The robot is attached to the leg to help the user walk more securely and naturally.

They also monitor metrics, such as #oint angles, allowing physicians to more easily track

a patientQs progress.

IN78STRIA+&!AN86ACT8RIN; ROBOTS


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which give robots more potential power than humans 2-?3. Carious multi&national

companies have pledged machine advances in the near utureM )olls&)oyce say that robo&ships will be in our seas, Ama4on proclaim that orders will be delivered by electric drones

and Hissan suggest a driverless car will be achieved by *7*7 2'3.

!I+ITAR9 )ARTI++ER9 * +OA7IN; AN7 S8R


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or orce itsel, but it doesn;t necessarily mean that they play a positive role in society.

)obots have the potential o being weapons o mass su=ering but the blame should notbe placed on the technology. Lor ultimately it is not the gun that kills but the hand that

pulls the trigger. "ociety needs to realise the impacts o its own actions when invading,

occupying or liberating a oreign nations and these are the same ethics that have eisted

since the dawn o man.

SER


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ARTI6ICIA+ INTE++I;ENCE

Artifcial Intelligence or, more broadly speaking, intelligent machines, are yet to bedemonstrated, but have become the ocus o intensive research. I intelligent machines

are ever easible, they will depend highly on a sophisticated sensory system and the

associated hardware and sotware or the

processing o the inormation supplied by

the sensors. The processed inormation

would then be supplied to the actuatorsin charge o producing the desired robot

motion. %ontrary to programmable

robots, whose operation is limited to

structured environments, intelligent

machines should be capable o reacting

to unpredictable changes in an

unstructured environment. Thus,

intelligent machines should be supplied

with decision&making capabilities aimedat mimicking the natural decision&making process o living

organisms. This is the reason why such systems are termed

intelligent in the frst place. Thus, intelligent machines are epected to perceive their

environment and draw conclusions based on this perception. hat is supposed to make

these systems intelligent is their capability o perceiving, which involves a certain

element o sub#ectivity. $hysicist "tephen >awking says the primitive orms o artifcial

intelligence developed so ar have already proved very useul, but he ears theconsequences o creating something that can match or surpass humans 2*3.

"ince the act that use o robots and computers is increasing in an eponential rate,

there has been a concentration on the classifcation o artifcial intelligence, and a level

o sel&awareness in machines. @ritish cryptanalyst Alan Turing created a test that wouldbe able to defne whether a machine had gained the power to think or itsel called the

Turing test 283. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would #udge natural language

conversations between a human and a machine that is designed to generate human&like

responses. The evaluator would be aware that one o the two partners in conversation is

a machine, and all participants would be separated rom one another. The conversation

would be limited to a tet&only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so thatthe result would not be dependent on the machineQs ability to render words as speech

uman A6

encapsulate many peopleQs earso how AI could pose a threat to

6i'ur" 1& 5oogleQs +riverless

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understandinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understandinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_display_unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understandinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understandinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_display_unit


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>owever, prices are dropping with the number o robots in the world today nearing-,777,777 2*'3 we can be sure that robots have not yet reached their limits. It was notlong ago that 07R o robots were used in car manuacturing yet a time has now beenreached when only B7R are used in the automotive industry, with the rest fnding theiruses in the industries aoresaid. Industrial robots with eatures such as machine visionand high&precision deterity typically cost W-77,777 to W-B7,777. @y *7*B, it is possible

that very advanced robots with a high level o machine intelligence and other capabilitiescould be available or WB7,777 to W1B,777 or less said the International Lederation o)obotics, *7-*2-B3.

The +irective commonly known as the


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6i'ur" 2 & 2(nline3 Available atM httpM//www.robotics.org/#oseph&engelberger/unimate.cm

2Accessed * istory. 2(nline3 Available atM

httpM//cs.stanord.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/pro#ects/-008&

00/robotics/history.html 2Accessed *


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2-73 httpM//ieeeplore.ieee.org/pl/conhome.#sp[punumber\-777?'0

2--3 Angeles, F. and Angeles, F., *77*. Lundamentals o robotic mechanical systems Col.

*. Hew VorkM "pringer&Cerlag.

2-*3 K"urgical :rrors (ccur ealth "ci. +iv., >ealth P "aety :ecutive, @ootle, ES
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome.jsp?punumber=1000639http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/17/google-boston-dynamics-robots-atlas-bigdog-cheetahhttp://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/17/google-boston-dynamics-robots-atlas-bigdog-cheetahhttp://robomow.com/en-GB/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.S.%20P.%20Gaskill.QT.&newsearch=truehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome.jsp?punumber=1000639http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/17/google-boston-dynamics-robots-atlas-bigdog-cheetahhttp://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/17/google-boston-dynamics-robots-atlas-bigdog-cheetahhttp://robomow.com/en-GB/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.S.%20P.%20Gaskill.QT.&newsearch=true

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Impact of Robotics and Their Application