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8/2/2019 Impact of Innovation on Healthcare Industry
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Impact of Engineering
Innovation on the Health careIndustry
Submitted to,Professor. ErikSanderBy ,Nakul Ganji
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History of
Healthcare Sumerians constructed the earliest known
healthcare complexes around hot springs
during 4000 B.C(approximately)
Ancient Greeks were the first to lay a
foundation for comprehensive tourismmedical network. In honor of their god ofmedicine Asclepius". They constructedAsclepia temples which become some of theworlds first healthcare centers
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Temple and cult of
Asclepius
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In India, the history of medical tourism wasalso slowly unfolding with the popularity of
yoga and Ayurveda medicine. As early as5000 years ago, constant streams ofmedical travelers and spiritual studentsflocked to India to seek the benefits of thesealternative-healing methods.
When Rome became a global power, severalhot-water baths and springs called Thermaecame into existence and gained popularityamong the elite. These baths were not onlyhealthcare facilities, but becamecommercial and social networking centers
for the rich and the elite.
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History of Medicine-
The Middle Ages With the downfall of the Roman
Civilization, Asia continued to be theprime medical tourism destinationfor healthcare travelers. Templesgave way to hospitals that provide
clinical services to travelers seekinghealthcare. These institutions arechronicled in medical tourism
history.
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The Invention of
Hospital Many early Islamic cultures
established health care systems thatalso catered for foreigners. In 1248AD, the Mansuri Hospital was built inCairo and became the largest and
most advanced hospital in the worldof that time. With the capacity toaccommodate 8,000 people, this
hospital became a healthcare
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s ory o me c ne-The Renaissance
Period The Renaissance Period of the 14th
to 17th century, not only highlightedthe rebirth of art and culture inEurope and England, but was also aperiod where medical tourism
flourished. A village known as Ville d'Eaux or
Town of Waters, became famous
throughout Europe in 1326 when
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s ory o e c ne Post Renaissance
Period The discovery of the New Worldbrought new destinations forEuropean medical travelers. During
the 1600s, English and Dutchcolonists started building log cabinsnear mineral springs rich with
medicinal properties. During thistime, it was noted that the NativeAmericans in the New World wereadept in the healing arts.Knowledge in herbal medicine was
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s ory o me c neduring the 20th and
21st Century America and Europe became thecenter of the healthcare world
In 1933, the American Board ofMedical Specialties (ABMS) wasestablished which establishededucational and professional
policies, which became theblueprint of standards around theworld.
In 1958, the European Union of
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During the 20th century there was atremendous advancement in the healthcare
industry. In 1900, an American man could expect to
live on average until he was 45 years old. By1940, that life-expectancy number had
jumped to 62 years, while for women theaverage number increased from 51 years to66 years.
That unprecedented advance in public health
was largely the result of the spread of
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Some ImportantMedical Innovations1.Ambulance 10 .Hepatitis
Vaccine
2.Antiseptics 11 .Insulin
Process3.Band Aids 12 .MRI
4.Blood bank 13 .Oral
Contraceptives5.Cloning 14
.Pasteurization
6.Contact lenses 15 .Polio
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1504 - Leonardo da Vinci produces wax castof human ventricles
1681 - Thomas Willis coins the termNeurology
1791 - Luigi Galvani publishes work onelectrical stimulation of frog nerves
1832 - Massachusetts establishes a "State
Lunatic Hospital" for the mentally ill 1948 - The World Health Organization is
found
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ra n umor- mpac oengineering innovation
in curing it
Important inventions for curing the Brain Tumor
Invention of EEG in 1924 made it possible tothink about diagnosing tumors
MRI-magnetic resonance imaging plays a
very important role in detecting tumors Cranial CT scans
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w o surv ve ra ntumor
Acting
Sandy Duncan, Martin Kemp, Mark Allan Ruffalo
Music
James Murphy, A.J crose
The great singer BOB MARLEY could survivefor more than 8 months
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Engineering
Tom Hanks
John Travolta
Billy Bob Thorton
Kevin James
David Beckham
Jude law
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Healthcare profession dealing with eyes isknown as optometry
Ancient Chinese were the first to invent
eyeglasses over 1000years ago Benito Daza published the third book on
optometry in 1623
In 1914 Ohio state university started the
first ever educational program on optometry
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From this base, it was possible to designtechnology for spectacles with varying
power.
Later, it was possible to invent technology forlenses and Lasik treatment.
It is very difficult to imagine a life withoutalternative for weak vision
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urren reas oImportance for
Engineers Tissue Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Neural Engineering
Pharmaceutical Engineering
Medical Imaging
Clinical Engineering
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Tissue Engineering
Also Known as regenerative medicine
It applies the principles of engineeringtowards the progress of tissue function
Includes interesting topics like construction
of artificial skin, artificial bone marrow,artificial bone
It utilizes living cells as materials
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One of the most important research topic intissue engineering is the stem cell research
It includes research involving stem cells fromhuman and non-human sources
Believed by many people as a curingtechnology for cancer
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Genetic Engineering
Involves the modification of an organismusing techniques that introduce foreignsubstances into a host.
Was developed in 1986 when tobacco plantswere modified for resistance to herbicides
Has been greatly utilized in various fields ofmedicine
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Has been used to mass-produce insulin,vaccines and many other drugs
Gene therapy has been used to replacedefective human genes with functionalcopies
Used to create animal models of humandiseases ex-genetically modified mice
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Neural Engineering
Engineering Principle concerned with theproperties of neural systems
Contains broad range of Topics Such asComputational neuroscience, experimentalneuroscience, electrical engineering andsignal processing
Huge amount of importance is being given asa result of this field to interface between thehuman brain and computer
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PharmaceuticalEngineering
It is concerned with the improvement ofprocedures followed in converting chemical
and biological materials into valuablepharmaceuticals
This field is fast gaining attention. It wasinitially exposed by University of Michigan,
which developed a program forpharmaceutical engineering
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Medical Imaging A technique to create images of the human
body for medical purposes
Involves radiology, nuclear medicine,radiological sciences, endoscopy and
microscopy The cause of the disease is analyzed from
the observed signal
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Different technologies used:
Radiography
Magnetic resonance Imaging
Fiduciary markers Tomography
Ultrasound
Photo acoustic Imaging
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Clinical Engineering
Involves applying medical technology tooptimize healthcare delivery
Clinical engineering involves a large numberof industrial engineers to help them addressfactors such as operations research, humanfactors , cost analysis
Clinical Engineers form a bridge between theproduct creators and end users.
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a result of EngineeringInnovation SMS Consultation Distance Learning
Handheld Hospital
Remote Diagnostics Gaming for health
onsu a on
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onsu a on
A short message can be used in this methodto ask experts for vital information in real-
time and get an instant reply. The Information is easy to remember and
spread
The increased availability of mobile phones
all over the world connects people like neverbefore, and makes it easy for SMSconsultation
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Distance Learning
Due to a great number engineeringInnovations it is now possible for us to
stream and view high quality video contenton handheld devices
With the help of distance learning we canspread awareness of latest techniques
among remote areas Developing countries would benefit a lot from
this practice as it would help them educatetheir people with least effort
an e osp a s
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an e osp a s
Mobile applications, peripherals arebecoming sophisticated enough to
perform tasks Tasks that are comparable to their hospital
equivalents at prices that are moreaccessible for the emerging economies
Mobile devices can be used to monitorpatients and larger populations, identifyingand preventing pandemics by treatingpeople before disease spreads.
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Remote Diagnostics
Researchers at the University of Florida havedeveloped a prototype of an ingestible pill
capsule containing a microchip and anantenna, which automatically alerts doctorsor family members when it is ingested. Afterit is swallowed, the microchip in the pill
transmits a signal to an external electronicdevice which then alerts a cell phone.
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Remote patient monitoring via the Iphone
The Airstrip series of applications for the IPhoneare a collection of mobile services that allow
physicians to monitor patient statusinformation away from medical centers inreal-time. The technology platform taps intothe hospital systems and provides waveform
data sets such as heart beat, vital signs andimaging data via a secure connection fromhospital to doctor.
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Gaming For Health
In an effort to motivate individuals to make
smarter decisions about their health, services
are being developed that provide incentives
alongside activities such as fitness, diet
and disease management. By introducing
game mechanics into areas of life thatpeople are already engaged in, designers
are helping both influence and reinforce
positive behaviors. This feedback loop
encoura es healthier choices.
am ng or ea
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am ng or ea -receiving real rewards
for fitness
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Biomedical Printing
Building on advances in physical and 3D
printing technologies, artificial constructions
of biomedical materials are becoming a
reality. Developments that allow for rapid
printing of medicines, artificial prosthetics,
and even human tissue, point towards futureaccess to medical support anywhere on
demand
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3D Printer successfullycreating Human vein
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Bioprinter sprayingskin cells onto wounds
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Summary
Since the discovery of healthcare complexesby the Sumerians, the healthcare industry
has undergone a huge transformation Engineers have played a pivotal role in the
progress of healthcare industry. Withoutthere achievements it would have been
difficult to imagine the present scenario ofaffairs