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AppendicesAppendix 1 – Map of Kenya showing district boundaries andlocation of study site districts
167©HSRC 2004
TURKANA
W. POKOT
TRANS-NZOIA
BARINGO
BUNGOMATESO
BUSIA
VIHIGASIAYA
BONDOKISUMU
SUBA
GUCHA
NYANDO
RACHUONYO
MIGORI
UASIN GISHU
NANDI
BURET
BOMET
NAKURU
KOIBATEKEIYO
KERICHO
NAROK
TRANSMARA
KURIAKIAMBU
NAIROBI
KAJIADO
THIKA
MURANGA
LAIKIPIA
C. MERU
S. MERU
NYERI EMBU
MBEERE
MACHAKOS
N. MERU
THARAKA
MWINGI
KITUI
MAKUENI
GARISSA
TANA RIVER
IJARA
MALINDI
KILIFI
KWALE
TAITA TEVETA
MARSABIT
SAMBURUISIOLO
MOYALE
MANDERA
WAJIR
NYANDARUA
MARAGWA
NYAMIRAHOMA BAY
KAKAMEGABUTERE
MALAVA
LAKEVICTORIA
MARAKWET
MOMBASA
KISIL
MT. ELGON
KIRINYAGA
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
Appendix 2 – Key informants at national level and at districtgovernment level
Carol Agengo, Federation of Women Lawyers Michael Aronson, Njonjo CommissionAwadh Bamusa, Ministry of Lands and SettlementEric Bosire, Forest Action Network (FAN)Ezekiel Idwasi, Njonjo CommissionBoniface Kilonzo, Muungano wa Wanavijiji (Association of Slumdwellers)Odendo Lumumba, Kenya Land Alliance (KLA)Joshua N’gelu, National AIDS Control Council (NACC)Peter Kamau, District Development Officer, Embu DistrictJohn Karu, Ministry of Lands and SettlementJames Maweni, District Commissioner, Thika DistrictLeonora Obara, Women fighting AIDS in Kenya Solomon Ouko, District Commissioner, Embu DistrictChristine Sadia, United National Development Fund for Women Edward Too, District Officer 1, Bondo District
168©HSRC 2004
Appendices
Appendix 3 – Recommendations
The following are the recommendations that were presented to the report-backworkshops on 24 and 25 April, 2003, and which were also part of the Final Report. (The sequence and grouping have been changed.)
Legislative measures
1. Legislation should be enacted which protects the rights of occupancy of beneficialoccupiers, to be defined in such a way as to include those residing on informalsubdivisions within rural homesteads, and in particular wives and children living intheir marital homesteads, but excluding renters and sharecroppers.
2. Legislation should be enacted which ensures that wives have automatic inheritancerights over land left by their husbands. Consideration should also be given tolegislation which requires newly issued titles to be joint titles naming both spouses,or, more ambitiously, converts existing titles to joint titles or even family title.
3. The rights of lessees and lessors should be protected and their costs and risksreduced by developing standard forms for rental transactions under the authority ofnew land legislation. Such agreements could be registered with the local DistrictOfficer or Land Control Board for recording purposes.
4. In conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture, examine the possibility of amendingthe Coffee Act such that it no longer impedes farmers from changing land use out ofcoffee.
Land administration
5. There should be a review of fees and administrative procedures according to whichland is transferred, a policy instituted so that fees are fixed and posted publicly, andan examination of means to lower survey costs. In addition, land information shouldbe made more readily available, in part by closing the geographical gap between thepublic and their records.
6. Land Control Boards should be retained but improved, following a review todetermine how they should better be structured and made accountable. The criteriaaccording to which Land Control Boards decide on applications should be reviewedto ensure they are appropriate, and applied nationally.
7. Formal land dispute resolution institutions need an overhaul to make them moreaccessible and rapid in their handling of cases. This should include consideration ofintroducing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Emphasis on disputeresolution at local level should be retained, with measures put in place to promotemore transparency and accountability.
8. Procedures and guidelines should be established to improve the accountability ofguardians of under-age orphans who also serve as land administrators. Theseprocedures could involve local leaders and/or decentralised offices of the PublicTrustee, who would both approve a person’s status as guardian/administrator, andmonitor that person’s performance in those roles. Grandparents caring for their
169©HSRC 2004
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
orphaned grandchildren on the grandparents’ own land should be excluded fromthese procedures.
Consciousness raising
9. A public information campaign should be designed and launched which focuses onland policies and land rights, so as to remove harmful misconceptions and topromote awareness among people as to their land rights and avenues of recourse.
10. Dispute resolution practices at local level need to be supported through a publicinformation campaign which conveys basic information about the importance ofprotecting the land rights of vulnerable individuals and households, including AIDS-affected households and widows in particular. This implies the necessity of directcontact with elders, sub-chiefs, Chiefs, and District Officers. In addition, land disputeresolution practices should be subject to continuous monitoring to ensurecompliance with gender fairness and other principles.
11. The ACU can co-ordinate a training and communications policy around HIV/AIDSand land rights, possibly in partnership with strengthened/revitalised CACCs. ThePublic Relations unit of the Ministry of Lands and Settlement should develop aproactive national communications strategy that can be rolled out into the districts.Civil society can also participate in a general process of consciousness-raising andpublic awareness around land.
170©HSRC 2004
Appendices
Appendix 4 – Detailed tables based on in-depth interviews
Guide and key:
The tables that follow summarise the in-depth interviews. There are six tables in all, twofor each site. For each site, the first table focuses on land use and tenure issues, and thesecond table focuses on HIV/AIDS-related information, to some extent in relation to land.Both tables have a certain amount of descriptive detail about the respondent and her/hishousehold. Unlike the first table, the second table for each site only includes informationabout respondents from households known or suspected of being affected by HIV/AIDS.
Heavy horizontal lines separate respondents from different households, though in someinstances they may still be related. Light horizontal lines separate respondents of the samehousehold; where more than one member of a household is listed, some information iscommon to the household, and some is particular to the individual household members.
Specific points:• ‘HH’ = household.• ‘H/AIDS’ = HIV/AIDS.• ‘ALCOHOL/ABUSE’ = whether a member of the household abuses alcohol and/or
other abuse in household.• ‘WELFARE [SURVEY]; INCOME SOURCES’ = Welfare status (‘WORSE-OFF,’
‘AVERAGE,’ or ‘BETTER-OFF’) as reported for household in the household survey,followed by main sources of income reported in household survey.
• ‘HOME’ = where respondent lives – marital land, natal land, maternal land (whererespondent is living with mother but not on respondent’s natal land).
• Education – Since 1985 Kenya has had the ‘8-4-4 system,’ comprising eight years ofprimary school (Standards 1 through 8), four years of secondary school (Grades 1through 4) and four years for a university degree; between 1965 and 1984, a ‘7-6-4system’ obtained.
• ‘?’ = indicates uncertainty as to the accuracy of the information or that theinterpretation is somewhat speculative.
• Square brackets [...] indicate land where the respondent’s rights are not realisable. • ‘TB’ = tuberculosis.
171©HSRC 2004
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
172©HSRC 2004
Ap
pen
dix
4.1
: E
mb
u (
Kin
thit
he)
– l
and
all
oca
tio
n,
use
an
d t
enu
re i
ssu
es
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
J, w
om
an
mot
her
of
C
C, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of J
+ 7
sons
&
step
-sons
of
J
+ d
augh
ter
of
C
AK
, w
om
an
mot
her
of
P
P, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of
AK
+ A
K’s 3
sons
+ 2
oth
er
dau
ghte
rs
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
Yes
Yes
AG
E
53 24 50 18
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 5
Std 4
None
Std 4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
(2nd
mar
riag
e)
Singl
e
Separ
ated
,
then
wid
ow
Singl
e
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
(cam
e
hom
e
to hel
p
moth
-
er).
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
. J
left
school
bec
ause
teac
her
har
assi
ng.
Husb
ands
abusi
ve.
2nd h
usb
alco
holic
,
refo
rmed
.
Yes
. AK
des
crib
es
a his
tory
of
abusi
ve
men
; le
ft
husb
and
as ‘quar
rel-
som
e’.
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re: ca
sh
& f
ood c
rops.
NO
RECO
RD
Agr
icultu
re, an
d
casu
al lab
our;
Coffee
‘is
n’t
much
’. P d
oes
bee
r bre
win
g –
brings
money
but is
ris
ky a
s
illeg
al. D
escr
ibes
bribin
g
auth
oritie
s.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
8 ac
res
(197
0); 15
acre
s in
ASA
L
area
.
[Co-w
ife
has
anoth
er 5
acr
es,
allo
cate
d to h
us-
ban
d b
y his
cla
n.]
J has
no p
lans
to
sell
as lan
d is
‘not en
ough
’ &
dau
ghte
rs ‘not
gettin
g m
arried
thes
e day
s’.
2½
acre
(origi
nal
ly 5
);
1 ac
re a
t
Gac
avar
i.
AK
lea
ses
out
land a
s re
quired
– ‘c
an’t
sell
land’.
Husb
and s
old
2,
then
½ac
re to
finan
ce s
ub-
div
isio
n &
build
ing.
TITL
E D
EE
D
J’s d
ecea
sed
husb
and –
J h
ad
no m
oney
to
report h
is d
eath
so u
nab
le to
arra
nge
tra
nsf
er
of
title
.
AK
’s d
ecea
sed
husb
and –
AK
has
copy
of
his
title
dee
d b
ut
can’t
affo
rd to
pay
for
tran
sfer
.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
J &
C liv
e on 8
acre
s, w
ith 7
son
s
of
J &
C’s d
augh
-
ter. C
o-w
ives
&
sons
shar
e use
of
this
lan
d. Adult
child
ren ‘sh
ow
n’
what
to u
se. J
&
C h
ave
2 ac
res
under
coffee
.
[Co-w
ife
has
sub-
div
ided
5 a
cres
in 2
.]
AK
ret
urn
ed to
land a
fter
husb
and’s d
eath
.
(Had
sep
arat
ed
as h
usb
and
abusi
ve.) A
K
wan
ts to
subdiv
ide
to h
er
child
ren to
pre
vent fu
ture
dis
cord
after
she
die
s. L
and a
t
Gac
avar
i is
good
but to
o ‘fa
r’ to
culti
vate
.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Tensi
ons
wiv
es/
sons
re lac
k of
sub-d
ivis
ion.
(Husb
and w
as
del
ayin
g su
b-
div
isio
n till
all
school fe
es f
or
all his
child
ren
pai
d.)
Som
e te
nsi
ons
bet
wee
n c
o-w
ives
re c
offee
har
vest
,
but not se
rious.
Husb
and/h
is
fath
er &
bro
ther
re o
rigi
nal
sub-
div
isio
n o
f fa
mily
land. AK
fea
rs
futu
re c
onflic
t
among
child
ren if
land n
ot
subdiv
ided
bef
ore
she
die
s.
➔
Appendices
173©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
M, w
om
an
+ 2
sons
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ g
rand-
dau
ghte
r
E, w
om
an
mot
her
of
V
V, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of E
+ E
’s d
augh
ter
+ 2
/3 g
rand-
dau
ghte
rs
(V’s c
hild
ren
left w
ith
husb
and)
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
Yes
No
AG
E
59 80 50s
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 1
None
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
Separ
ated
‘bec
ause
of
all th
e
pro
ble
ms
laid
on
me.
’
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
. So
ns
are
abusi
ve
when
dru
nk.
Yes
. So
ns
drink,
get
abusi
ve.
E f
eels
explo
ited
– st
ill
cooks
for
sons
though
old
&
they
not
support-
ive.
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
Agr
icultu
re: fo
od
crops.
Coffee
unpro
fit-
able
– ‘th
at o
ne
is a
dea
d s
tone.
’
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re;
casu
al lab
our.
One
acre
under
coffee
but cr
op
is n
egle
cted
.
Use
d to g
et ‘a
lot of
money
from
coffee
sale
s’ &
use
d
money
for
school fe
es.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
2 ac
res.
M h
as n
o
pla
ns
to s
ell –
says
peo
ple
only
sell
for
‘gre
ed’ &
bee
r.
M lea
ses
in s
om
e
land in A
SAL
as 2
acre
s not en
ough
for
food. 1
son
bough
t ow
n p
lot.
Oth
er s
ons
leas
e
in lan
d.
8 ac
res
among
fam
ily; 11
acr
es
ASA
L le
ss
portio
ns
sons
sold
. (O
rigi
nal
ly
14 a
cres
but E
sold
3 a
cres
.)
Sons
are
leas
ing
out la
nd. 1
son
sold
portio
n in
ASA
L fo
r co
llege
,
but w
aste
d
money
. 1
son
sold
pie
ce
with
out E’s
conse
nt.
TITL
E D
EE
D
M’s d
ecea
sed
husb
and.
? E’s d
ecea
sed
husb
and.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Land n
ot tran
s-
ferr
ed f
rom
husb
and, nor
subdiv
ided
to
child
ren.
Husb
and s
aid
land too s
mal
l to
subdiv
ide,
so
child
ren m
ust
find o
wn a
gric
ul-
tura
l la
nd. So
ns
have
bui
lt ho
uses
.
E s
ubdiv
ided
land to c
hild
ren
but ap
pea
rs n
o
title
dee
ds
issu
ed.
E d
id n
ot al
loca
te
her
self a
portio
n
as e
xpec
ted to
stay
with
a s
on;
she
now
reg
rets
this
. So
ns
hav
e
sold
pie
ces.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Tensi
ons
among
M &
sons
re lac
k
of
subdiv
isio
n. M
fear
s th
at
dau
ghte
rs w
ill
also
lose
acc
ess
if
she
subdiv
ides
to
sons.
His
torica
l co
nflic
t
bet
wee
n h
usb
and
& h
is b
roth
er;
husb
and w
as
pois
oned
as
resu
lt. S
ons
not
supportiv
e of
E.
V f
eels
inse
cure
in h
er a
cces
s to
land, w
hic
h is
a
sourc
e of
tensi
on.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
174©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
H, w
om
an
mot
her
of
N
N, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of H
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
+ 4
gran
dch
ildre
n
D, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ c
hild
R, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ 4
child
ren
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
Yes
No
No
AG
E
56 19 26 53
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Std 4
Form
4 Std 6
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Separ
ated
Singl
e
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Nat
al
Mat
er-
nal
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
. H
’s
husb
and
viole
nt &
in-law
s
bro
ugh
t
her
bac
k
to p
ar-
ents
. N
’s
step
-
moth
er
caned
her
.
No
No –
good
mar
riag
e.
(Mot
her-
in-law
was
bad
ly
trea
ted
by
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
Agr
icultu
re; N
gets
som
e
inco
me
from
hai
r st
ylin
g.
H g
ot su
pport
from
nei
ghbours
when
dau
ghte
r
sick
. N
has
2
smal
l ch
ildre
n &
no c
hild
support
from
thei
r fa
ther
.
NO
RECO
RD
.
Sala
ry –
husb
and
a te
acher
&
sends
money
.
Agr
icultu
re
difficu
lt as
D h
as
a si
ckly
child
.
AVERAG
E
Sala
ry f
rom
husb
and in
Nai
robi;
agricu
lture
–
R a
succ
essf
ul
& e
nte
rprisi
ng
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
1 ac
re –
gift from
H’s f
ather
, in
his
com
pound. [(H
’s
husb
and
has
2
acre
s bu
t no
com
-
mun
icat
ion
with
his
child
ren.
)]
H h
as n
o p
lans
to s
ell —
lan
d
insu
ffic
ient fo
r
nee
ds.
Lea
ses
in
if m
oney
. N
has
no lan
d o
f ow
n.
1 ac
re, su
b-
div
ided
by
moth
er-in-law
in
husb
and’s n
atal
com
pound.
2 ac
res,
sub-
div
ided
fro
m
husb
and’s f
ather
.
R’s h
usb
and
origi
nal
ly g
ot 4
acre
s but su
b-
div
ided
to 2
mar
ried
sons.
TITL
E D
EE
D
H ([O
rigi
nal
ly H
’s
fath
er’s lan
d –
he
got 6
acre
s of
clan
lan
d. H
’s
moth
er h
as 3
acre
s in
the
fam
ily c
om
pound
& b
roth
er h
as the
oth
er 2
acr
es.)]
Husb
and
R’s h
usb
and (
2
acre
s), R (
land
she
bough
t).
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Land g
iven
to H
by
her
fat
her
in
his
com
pound. N
livin
g w
ith m
othe
r.
Coffee
in c
om
-
pound b
elongs
to
H’s m
oth
er.
H’s a
dult
sons
are
‘sca
tter
ed’ &
hav
e not built
on
her
lan
d.
Land in
husb
and’s
moth
er’s
com
pound,
wher
e D
liv
es.
Supportiv
e
moth
er-in-law
.
Land in
husb
and’s f
ather
’s
com
pound f
rom
husb
and’s m
oth
er
afte
r his
fat
her
die
d, w
hic
h s
ince
subdiv
ided
with
R’s 2
sons.
R v
ery
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
H h
ad d
isput
e
with
her
hus
band
re H
’s lan
d, w
hich
he
wan
ted to s
ell.
H’s s
ons
built
on
thei
r fa
ther
’s lan
d
– he
bro
ke b
uild
-
ings
& g
ave
Chie
f
money
to d
rop
case
aga
inst
him
.
No d
ispute
s in
nat
al c
om
pound.
Histo
rica
lly
betw
een
D’s
separ
ated
mot
her
& fat
her
re fat
her’s
clan
lan
d –
D’s
mot
her
faile
d to
get al
loca
tion.
None
reported
–
R is
close
to h
er
moth
er-in-law
.
➔
Appendices
175©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
JR, w
om
an
+ ?
sons
+ ?
dau
ghte
rs
+ ?
gra
nd-
child
ren
AA, w
om
an
+ 3
sons
Fam
ily
com
pound
AA’s m
oth
er
AA’s 3
bro
ther
s
AA’s s
iste
r +
her
child
ren +
oth
er s
iste
rs.
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
Yes
No.
(AA h
ad
cance
r
whic
h
required
exte
nsi
ve &
expen
sive
hosp
ital
care
.)
AG
E
50s?
36
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Uni-
ver-
sity
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Separ
ated
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
R’s
brot
her-
in-law
.)
Not dis
-
cuss
ed.
Yes
, re
a-
son f
or
leav
ing
husb
and.
Now
‘m
y
pock
et is
empty
but I
hav
e
pea
ce.’
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
farm
er. Sh
e does
not use
fer
tilis
er
but m
anure
–
‘bet
ter
than
anyt
hin
g el
se’.
NO
RECO
RD
(but JR
say
s sh
e
has
sim
ilar
pro
ble
ms
as
nei
ghbours
.)
Agr
icultu
re,
smal
l busi
nes
s.
Note
s dec
line
in
crop y
ield
s si
nce
firs
t m
arried
.
BETTER-O
FF
Sala
ry -
AA is
teac
her
.
Als
o a
gric
ultu
re,
incl
udin
g co
ffee
and f
ood c
rops.
Fam
ily lan
d that
is d
ista
nt is
not
culti
vate
d a
s ‘to
o
far’.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
Als
o½
acre
,
bough
t by
R
rece
ntly
fro
m
agricu
ltura
l
pro
ceed
s.
No d
etai
ls.
Fam
ily: 3+
3+25
acre
s; A
A b
ough
t
½ac
re f
or
Ksh
s
70, 00
0 (f
rom
man
who s
ellin
g
for
drink)
([AA’s h
usb
and
has
lan
d b
ut sh
e
is u
nsu
re if
thei
r
child
ren w
ill g
et
TITL
E D
EE
D
JR –
did
so a
fter
husb
and d
ied,
taki
ng
sons
to
offic
e w
ith h
er a
s
witn
esse
s.
AA’s m
oth
er
hold
s th
e tit
le f
or
the
fam
ily lan
d.
AA h
old
s th
e tit
le
for
the
land s
he
bough
t.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
criti
cal of
land
sale
s w
hic
h s
ays
are
com
mon –
‘and s
uppose
I
sell,
wher
e w
ill
my
child
ren liv
e?’
JR took
tran
sfer
when
husb
and
die
d; w
ill
subdiv
ide
to
child
ren w
hen
all
school fe
es p
aid.
Has
show
n
mar
ried
child
ren
wher
e to
culti
vate
& b
uild
.
AA’s m
oth
er w
ill
subdiv
ide
to h
er
sons
& n
eedy
dau
ghte
rs. As
AA
has
bough
t la
nd,
unlik
ely
she
will
get co
mpound
land a
s se
en a
s
pro
vided
for
–
may
get
dis
tant
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
JR s
ays
she
has
not hea
rd o
f la
nd
dis
pute
s.
No f
amily
dis
pute
s.
Has
hea
rd s
tories
of
dis
pute
s
during
allo
catio
n
among
clan
s, a
s
wel
l as
sto
ries
of
uneq
ual
allo
catio
ns
then
.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
176©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
K, w
om
an
mot
her
of
L
L, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of K
+ 2
sons
+ 2
gra
nd-
child
ren
CC, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
U
U, w
om
an
wif
e of
CC
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
Yes
No
AG
E
49 21 54 53
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 6
Std 7
Col-
lege
Nurs
e
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
(197
6)
Singl
e
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
/ow
n
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
– K
’s
husb
and
was
alco
holic
;
K’s s
ons
abusi
ve
to h
er.
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
Agr
icultu
re; le
ase
of
land.
AVERAG
E
(sel
f-as
sess
men
t)
Sala
ries
;
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
any.
])
1 bro
ther
(tea
cher
) has
purc
has
ed lan
d
to b
uild
.
AA’s f
ather
sold
pie
ces
fam
ily
land f
or
child
ren’s s
chool
fees
. AA’s m
oth
er
sold
6 a
cres
for
AA’s h
osp
ital bill
(can
cer)
.
6 ac
res
– fa
mily
com
pou
nd. [(K
’s
husb
and
also
had
15 +
18
acre
s
whi
ch s
old
whe
n
L sm
all –
she
says
for
alco
hol.
K g
ot
inju
nctio
n ag
ains
t
furthe
r sa
les.)] 1
pie
ce lea
sed
out
for
inco
me.
3 ac
res,
bough
t
from
man
who
nee
ded
rep
ay
sist
er’s d
ow
ry; CC
TITL
E D
EE
D
K’s d
ecea
sed
husb
and.
CC; CC’s f
ather
;
U; ?
CC a
nd
U join
tly.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
pie
ce. H
er
siblin
gs h
ave
bee
n s
how
n lan
d
on f
amily
com
pound. O
ther
peo
ple
are
allo
wed
to g
raze
stock
on f
amily
land w
hic
h n
ot
culti
vate
d,
with
out le
ase.
K a
lloca
ted
land
to 3
son
s af
ter
husb
and
died
but
seem
s no
t fo
rmal
.
K w
ants
to
regi
ster
a s
hare
for
self
as
inse
cure
. Rig
hts
in
land
of ch
ildre
n
of K
’s d
ecea
sed
son
reco
gnised
.
Not ye
t su
b-
div
ided
to
child
ren –
‘m
ake
ow
n w
ay too’.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
His
torica
lly, K
to
Land C
ontrol
Boar
d to s
top
husb
and s
ellin
g
land w
hen
sic
k
(197
0s). N
ow
tensi
ons
bet
wee
n
K &
K’s s
ons.
Siblin
gs o
f CC
dis
putin
g
allo
catio
n o
f
fath
er’s lan
d –
do ➔
Appendices
177©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
+ 3
sons
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
AM
, w
om
an
mot
her
of
F
F, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of
AM
+ 3
sons
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ F
’s s
on
+ 2
gra
nd-
child
ren
S, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
E
EE, w
om
an
wif
e of
S
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
No
? Yes
AG
E
52 22 56 45
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 7
Std 7
Std 5
Std 1
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Singl
e
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Ow
n
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
–
AM
’s
husb
and
die
d f
rom
pois
oned
alco
hol.
Yes
– S
drinks
.
EE n
ote
s,
resi
gned
,
that
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
agricu
lture
.
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re;
casu
al lab
our.
When
AM
’s h
us-
ban
d a
live,
he
was
em
plo
yed &
the
fam
ily w
ere
bet
ter-
off than
curr
ently
.
WO
RSE
-OFF
Agr
icultu
re
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
has
shar
e in
fath
er’s
com
pound;
1 ac
re, gi
ft f
rom
U’s f
ather
to U
;
3 ac
res
bough
t
by
CC &
U.
3 ac
res
– out of
origi
nal
6 a
cres
allo
cate
d to A
M’s
husb
and b
y
husb
and’s
gran
dfa
ther
.
9 ac
res
(origi
nal
ly
13 a
cres
) –
allo
cate
d. This
incl
udes
a
swam
py
portio
n
TITL
E D
EE
D
Gra
ndfa
ther
of
AM
’s d
ecea
sed
husb
and. Tra
nsf
er
to h
usb
and w
as
not done
bef
ore
gran
dfa
ther
die
d.
S
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Will
subdiv
ide
to
dau
ghte
rs if
nee
d. C w
ants
clai
m s
har
e in
fath
er’s lan
d f
or
sist
er (
singl
e w
ith
4 ch
ildre
n).
AM
’s h
usba
nd
was
allo
cate
d 6
acre
s by
his
gran
dfat
her
who
raised
him
. Afte
r
AM
’s h
usba
nd
won
cou
rt c
ase
with
cla
n ov
er thi
s
land
, he
allo
cate
d
1 ac
re to
his
mot
her
(sep
arat
ed
from
his fat
her)
, 2
to h
is b
roth
er &
kept 3.
The
se
wer
e no
t
form
alised
.
S al
loca
ted 1
3
acre
s by
his
fath
er. S
sold
2
acre
s an
d
sold
/sub-d
ivid
ed
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
not w
ant th
eir
sist
ers
to g
et. (C
C
dis
appro
ves
of
thei
r at
titude.
)
AM
’s h
usb
and’s
clan
smen
dis
-
pute
d a
lloca
tion
of
land to h
im b
y
his
gra
ndfa
ther
.
Mat
ter
wen
t to
court, w
hic
h
rule
d in h
us-
ban
d’s f
avour.
Lengt
hy
pro
cess
.
No r
efer
ence
to
dis
pute
s w
ithin
fam
ily.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
178©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
+ 4
sons
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
JJ, w
om
an
+ 2
gra
nd-
child
ren
Y, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ 3
child
ren
Z, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ 1
son
+ ?
dau
ghte
rs
+ 1
gra
nd-
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
No
Yes
?
No
AG
E
70 30 59
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Std 8
Std 3
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
‘wiv
es a
re
alw
ays
bea
ten.’
Not dis
-
cuss
ed.
No
Not dis
-
cuss
ed.
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
Agr
icultu
re;
casu
al lab
our.
BETTER-O
FF
Sala
ry (
husb
and)
but pay
is
erra
tic;
agricu
lture
.
NO
REPO
RT
Agr
icultu
re.
(Sel
ling
food n
ot
succ
essf
ul.)
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
whic
h c
annot be
culti
vate
d.
1 ac
re o
ut of
7
whic
h J
J su
b-
div
ided
info
rmal
ly.
¼ac
re;
¾ac
re
whic
h Y
bough
t
from
her
gra
nd-
moth
er.
Leas
ing
in 1
acr
e.
8 ac
res
([Z’s h
usb
and
bough
t &
sold
3
acre
s 19
71 to
finan
ce b
uild
ing
TITL
E D
EE
D
Son
Y’s f
ather
-in-law
;
? Y
Z’s h
usb
and
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
2, tra
nsfe
r no
t
form
alised
. S’
s
fath
er h
ad a
noth
er
70 a
cres
at
Gac
avar
i; he
sol
d
10 &
sub
-div
ided
60 to
S’s
mot
her
&
brot
hers
.
JJ’s h
usb
and’s
fath
er a
lloca
ted
7 ac
res
to J
J’s
old
est so
n a
fter
JJ’s h
usb
and
die
d. So
n k
ept
5 &
allo
cate
d
1 to
JJ, &
1 to h
is
bro
ther
.
Y h
as b
een
show
n a
sm
all
pie
ce o
n in-law
s’
land to c
ulti
vate
.
Z w
as s
how
n
land b
y in
-law
s
when
first
mar
ried
. W
ill
show
unm
arried
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
JJ u
nhap
py
re h
er
allo
catio
n a
s sh
e
says
it is
too
smal
l, but sh
e
acce
pts
it as
she
feel
s sh
e has
no
optio
n.
No d
ispute
s. Y
is
hap
pily
mar
ried
.
No d
ispute
s.
Rep
orts
‘lots
’ at
time
of
dem
ar-
catio
n, in
cludin
g
bet
wee
n Z
’s &
➔
Appendices
179©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
child
AB, w
om
an
+ m
oth
er
+ 3
sib
lings
.
Fath
er d
ied
2001
.
BB, m
an
husb
an
d o
f C
C
CC, w
om
an
wif
e of
BB
+ 3
sons
+ 3
dau
ghte
rs
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
? Yes
No
AG
E
24 55 50s
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Uni-
ver-
sity
Tea-
cher
Col-
lege
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Singl
e
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Nat
al
Ow
n
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re;
coffee
poor.
(Fat
her
was
in
polic
e —
loss
of
his
inco
me
felt.
)
AVERAG
E
(Sel
f-as
sess
men
t)
Agr
icultu
re; BB
is a
ret
ired
teac
her
.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
house
.)
3 ac
res
– bough
t
by
AB’s f
ather
from
his
fat
her
’s
clan
. N
ot en
ough
land.
Als
o 1
acr
e at
Kar
uru
mo,
bough
t by
AB’s
fath
er.
3 ac
res,
bough
t
from
ill
rela
tive
who n
eeded
cash
, la
te 1
970s
.
BB h
as inte
rest
in
his
fat
her
’s lan
d
but not en
forc
ing
it. L
easi
ng
in 2
acre
s &
see
s
tren
d to r
entin
g.
TITL
E D
EE
D
AB’s f
ather
BB
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
dau
ghte
rs p
iece
as w
ell if n
eeded
.
AB’s m
oth
er w
ill
subdiv
ide
to s
ons
when
they
are
old
er.
BB lef
t fa
mily
land a
s la
rge
fam
ily &
insu
ffic
ient la
nd.
Bough
t at
Kin
thith
e as
teac
hin
g in
are
a.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
anoth
er c
lan
whic
h Z
’s c
lan
won.
Ove
r AB’s
gran
dfat
her’s
lan
d
– no
t tran
sfer
red
befo
re h
e di
ed.
Also
disp
utes
amon
g fa
ther
’s
sibl
ings
ove
r la
nd.
Sons
of (m
ur-
dere
d) n
eigh
bour
unab
le a
gree
on
subd
ivisio
n or
sale
of la
nd.
No p
erso
nal
stories
.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
180©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
J, w
om
an
mot
her
of
C
C, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of J
AK
, w
om
an
mot
her
of
P
P, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of
AK
M, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
AVERAG
E
NO
RECO
RD
WO
RSE
-OFF
AG
E
53 24 50 18 59
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 5
Std 4
None
Std 4
Std 1
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Singl
e
Sepa-
rate
d,
then
wid
ow
Singl
e
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
8 ac
res;
15 a
cres
,
not
form
ally
sub-
div
ided
.
2½ac
re;
1 ac
re.
Leas
ing
out as
nee
ded
.
2 ac
res.
Leas
ing
in.
DE
ATH
S
J’s h
usb
and in
2000
;
J’s d
augh
ter-
in-law
;
J’s s
iste
r;
J’s s
iste
r’s
husb
and;
? J’s
ste
p-s
on
(dia
bet
es).
? AK
’s
husb
and in
2000
(sto
mac
h,
bac
k ac
he
&
mal
aria
).
? M
’s h
usb
and;
? M
’s s
on;
? M
’s
dau
ghte
r-in
-
law
;
? M
’s s
on’s 2
child
ren.
HE
ALT
H
J not w
ell &
thin
king
about H
IV tes
t
so c
an tre
at
her
self
appro
priat
ely.
? J’s
younge
st
child
is
sick
ly.
AK
not w
ell –
flu, co
ugh
,
pneu
monia
.
P’s y
ounge
st
sist
er s
ickl
y.
M n
ot w
ell.
CA
RE
J ca
red f
or
sist
er, not
know
ing
her
HIV
sta
tus.
Sist
er lef
t 2
child
ren w
ith
her
hus-
ban
d’s f
amily
.
ORPH
AN
S
M c
ared
for
fam
ily m
em-
ber
s bef
ore
they
die
d. So
n
retu
rned
hom
e
from
Nai
robi
when
ill.
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
J’s n
urs
ing
care
mea
nt ag
ricu
lture
dec
lined
. D
ispute
s
ove
r la
nd a
llo-
catio
n a
fter
dea
th
J’s h
usb
and. J’s
poor
hea
lth s
ince
husb
and d
ied h
as
mea
nt ag
ricu
ltura
l
dec
line.
AK
’s h
usb
and
neg
lect
ed c
offee
bef
ore
die
d.
Agr
icultu
ral
pro
duct
ivity
has
dec
lined
so les
s
food. 2n
d f
ield
fallo
w/l
ease
d o
ut.
Cow
s so
ld w
hen
husb
and ill.
Cow
& b
ike
sold
when
son ill.
Dea
th o
f
husb
and led
to
loss
agr
icultu
ral
hel
p. Lo
ans
for
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
No
.J
says
they
can’t
sell
as
insu
ffic
ient la
nd.
Land h
as n
ot
bee
n tra
nsf
erre
d
from
husb
and
bec
ause
of
cost
.
Orp
han
s to
aunt;
land k
ept fo
r
them
. 3
AID
S
dea
ths
know
n in
villa
ge, 1
fam
ily.
Yes
.H
usb
and
leas
ed o
ut fiel
d
bef
ore
he
die
d.
AK
lea
ses
out as
required
. P s
ays
she
does
not
know
of
any
H/A
dis
tres
s sa
les.
No
.In
suffic
ient
land f
or
sons
to
sell.
Sons
do lea
se
in s
om
e la
nd to
supple
men
t.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
Yes
No
No
No
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
4.2
: E
mb
u (
Kin
thit
he)
– i
mp
act
of
HIV
/AID
S o
n l
and
use
an
d t
enu
re o
f af
fect
ed h
ou
seh
old
s
Appendices
181©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
H, w
om
an
mot
her
of
N
N, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of H
JR, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
WO
RSE
-OFF
NO
RECO
RD
AG
E
56 19 50s?
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Std 4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Sepa-
rate
d
Singl
e
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Nat
al
Mat
er-
nal
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
1 ac
re.
Leas
ing
in.
No
det
ails
DE
ATH
S
H’s d
augh
ter;
H’s d
augh
ter’s
child
a y
ear
late
r;
? H
’s s
on, 6
month
s af
ter
dau
ghte
r die
d.
AID
S a
‘cat
astrophe
on the
loose
’.
? JR
’s
husb
and,
1996
.
HE
ALT
H
H n
ot w
ell –
ches
t, hea
d,
bac
k, m
alar
ia.
JR h
as f
alle
n
sick
eve
ry 2
/3
month
s, f
or
pas
t 2
or
3
year
s. H
as
bee
n
dia
gnose
d a
s
hav
ing
mal
aria
or
typhoid
.
CA
RE
ORPH
AN
S
H c
ared
for
dau
ghte
r &
then
gran
dch
ild till
they
die
d. H
caring
for
dau
ghte
r’s
surv
ivin
g so
n
(12
year
s old
).
ORPH
AN
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
dau
ghte
r-in
-law
’s
care
. Pre
ssure
on
M to s
ubdiv
ide
to
sons
since
her
husb
and d
ied. M
can’t
work
when
she
is s
ick.
H d
iver
ted s
av-
ings
fro
m b
uild
ing
her
hous
e to
med
i-
cal co
sts. S
he s
old
bea
ns
& m
aize
for
dau
ghte
r’s
trea
tmen
t.
H a
lso g
ot
support f
rom
villa
gers
.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
No
.Ve
ry litt
le
land
. H
lea
ses
in if
mon
ey, to
gro
w
food
. H
has
hea
rd
of h
ouse
hold
s
clos
ing.
N h
as
hear
d of
1 p
erso
n
selli
ng lan
d be
-
caus
e of
AID
S to
pay
for
tre
atm
ent.
Yes
.JR
too
k tran
s-
fer
afte
r hu
sban
d
died
. JR
hea
rd o
f
case
s w
here
peo
ple
use
titl
e
deed
s to
sec
ure
med
ical
tre
atm
ent.
Says
rel
ativ
es d
o
care
for
orp
hans
&
man
age
thei
r la
nd
for
them
.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
Am
bi-
guous
No
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
182©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
K, w
om
an
mot
her
of
L
L, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of K
S, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
EE
EE, w
om
an
wif
e of
S
Y, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
WO
RSE
-OFF
WO
RSE
-OFF
BETTER-O
FF
AG
E
49 21 56 45 30
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 6
Std 7
Std 5
Std 1
Std 8
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Singl
e
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Ow
n
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
6 ac
res
Leas
ing
out.
9 ac
res
¼ac
re;
¾ac
re.
Leas
ing
in.
DE
ATH
S
K’s s
on;
K’s s
on’s w
ife.
None
reported
.
Bro
ther
-in-law
die
d o
f
pneu
monia
–
rum
our
of
AID
S, w
hic
h
HE
ALT
H
2 of
K’s s
ons
sick
for
pas
t 7
year
s.
S has
STD
s &
oth
er s
ymp-
tom
s. E
E is
inte
rest
ed in
HIV
tes
t.
Younge
st
child
ren s
how
sym
pto
ms.
CA
RE
2 ch
ildre
n o
f
son w
ho d
ied
stay
ed w
ith K
until
oth
er
gran
dm
oth
er
took
them
as
she
could
see
that
K w
as
not co
pin
g.
ORPH
AN
S
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
No
land
sol
d bu
t
cow
, bi
cycl
e, r
adio
sold
. Cos
t of
med
ical
car
e
mea
nt L
had
to
drop
out
of sc
hool
as u
nabl
e pay
fees
. N
o m
oney
also
mea
ns K
’s
sons
can
’t ge
t
nece
ssar
y
trea
tmen
t at
tim
es.
K g
ets
som
e he
lp
from
chu
rch
&
villa
gers
.
S note
s th
at s
om
e-
times
‘si
cknes
s’
mea
ns
one
cannot
work
lan
d, as
can
lack
of
money
. EE
confirm
s th
ese
pro
ble
ms.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
Yes
.K
has
no
pla
ns to
sell.
L sa
ys h
er b
roth
er
leas
ed h
is lan
d to
get m
oney
for
med
icin
es b
efor
e
his
deat
h.
Dec
ease
d so
n’s
child
ren’
s la
nd is
reco
gniz
ed. K
fee
ls
inse
cure
as
she
does
not
hav
e he
r
own
subd
ivisio
n.
No
.N
o p
lans
to
sell.
No
.D
oes
not
know
of
anyo
ne
selli
ng
land f
or
AID
S ca
re b
ut
also
say
s ill
nes
s
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
No
Yes
,
afte
r
pro
m-
pt.
Open
re STD
s.
Par
tly
– co
n-
cern
re AID
S.
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
Appendices
183©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
AB, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
AVERAG
E
AG
E
24
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Uni-
ver-
sity
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Singl
e
HO
ME
Nat
al
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
3 ac
res;
1 ac
re.
DE
ATH
S
Y d
oubts
Fath
er d
ied
? 20
01.
HE
ALT
HC
AR
E
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
Loss
of
fath
er’s
inco
me
has
impac
ted o
n
pro
duct
ivity
.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
will
drive
peo
ple
to s
ell st
ock
&
land.
No
.N
o p
lans
to
sell.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
184©HSRC 2004
Ap
pen
dix
4.3
: T
hik
a (G
ach
ugi
) –
lan
d a
llo
cati
on
, u
se a
nd
ten
ure
iss
ues
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
F, w
om
an
mot
her
of
W
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ 1
son
+ 1
dau
ght.-
in-law
+ 3
gra
nd-
child
ren
W, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of F
,
moth
er o
f 1
dau
ghte
r
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
Yes
AG
E
52 30
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 3
Std 7
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Separ
ated
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
AVERAG
E
F has
cow
she
use
s fo
r dai
ry
and s
ells
vege
table
s.
How
ever
, ac
cord
-
ing
to W
, lif
e is
very
har
d. W
only
ret
urne
d to
nata
l ho
me
2
mon
ths
pre
viou
sly
afte
r
livin
g in
Nai
robi
and
else
whe
re
for
seve
ral ye
ars.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
1 ac
re in 1
plo
t,
or
2 ac
res
in 2
plo
ts (
dis
crep
ant
info
rmat
ion).
TITL
E D
EE
D
Uncl
ear: F
say
s
that
hel
d u
nder
join
t tit
le d
eed
toge
ther
with
all
of
the
land o
f
late
husb
and’s
siblin
gs. La
te
husb
and’s e
ldes
t
bro
ther
is
senio
r
mem
ber
of
exte
nded
fam
ily.
Acc
ord
ing
to W
how
ever
lat
e
fath
er h
ad titl
e of
ow
n p
ortio
n.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
2 plo
ts incl
ude
land that
was
show
n to 1
son
who r
ecen
tly
die
d o
f AID
S.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Dis
crep
ant
info
rmat
ion.
Acc
ord
ing
to F
,
bro
ther
-in-law
is
dis
incl
ined
to
subdiv
ide
bec
ause
plo
ts
vary
in f
ertil
ity,
but th
is h
as n
ot
bee
n c
onte
ntio
us,
F has
not fe
lt
thre
aten
ed. But
W r
eports
that
ther
e w
as a
dis
pute
las
ting
from
197
7–19
94,
even
tual
ly
reso
lved
in c
ourt,
with
titl
e dee
ds
awar
ded
to f
ather
and s
iblin
gs.
Uncl
ear
whet
her
dis
pute
was
bet
wee
n F
’s lat
e
husb
and a
nd h
is
siblin
gs, or
bet
wee
n them
colle
ctiv
ely
and
thei
r fa
ther
.
➔
Appendices
185©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
M, w
om
an
mot
her
of
E
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
+ 2
sons
+ 2
gran
dch
ildre
n
E, m
an
son
of
M
+ w
ife
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ 1
nie
ce
G, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ 1
son
+ 2
gra
nd-
child
ren
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
Yes
No
AG
E
? 32 57
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
? Form
3 Std 4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Separ
ated
from
husb
and
16 y
ears
ago.
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
is 2
nd
wife
Nat
al
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
,
M u
sed
to b
e
bea
ten b
y
husb
and
and is
still
har
asse
d
by
him
.
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
M s
tate
s th
at
lack
of
land to
grow
food is
mai
n p
roble
m.
WO
RSE
-OFF
Rel
ies
on c
asual
emplo
ymen
t; has
little
lan
d; house
is n
ot
per
man
ent.
AVERAG
E
Husb
and h
ad a
sala
ry; is
now
retir
ed?
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
0.1
acre
in 1
plo
t.
0.5
acre
in 1
plo
t.
? 0.
5 ac
re in
1 plo
t.
TITL
E D
EE
D
In h
usb
and’s
nam
e or
husb
and’s f
ather
’s
nam
e.
In f
ather
’s n
ame.
? In
nam
e of
husb
and’s lat
e
fath
er.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
The
plo
t is p
art of
M’s h
om
este
ad,
and is
very
inad
equat
e
rela
tive
to h
er
nee
ds. H
usb
and
resi
des
els
ewher
e,
appar
ently
with
1st w
ife.
Use
s la
nd f
or
mai
ze a
nd b
eans;
cannot af
ford
to
pla
nt m
ore
rem
uner
ativ
e
crops.
Som
e la
nd h
as
bee
n a
lloca
ted
(‘sh
ow
n’) to a
dult
son. La
nd u
sed
for
coffee
, fo
od
crops, a
nd k
eep-
ing
of liv
esto
ck,
incl
. dai
ry c
ow
s.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Husb
and f
irst
atte
mpte
d to p
ut
land u
p f
or
auct
ion, th
en
late
r use
d a
s
colla
tera
l fo
r lo
an
that
he
could
not
or
would
not
repay
. M
ave
rted
loss
by
rais
ing
money
to p
ay o
ff
loan
her
self.
Dis
pute
not
men
tioned
, but
bitt
ernes
s
tow
ards
fath
er f
or
not al
loca
ting
and f
orm
ally
subdiv
idin
g m
ore
land.
None.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
186©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
H, w
om
an
+ m
oth
er
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ 2
sons
I, w
om
an
? si
ster
-in
-la
w
of L
L, w
om
an
? si
ster
-in
-la
w
of I
+ 2
gra
ndso
ns
(1 o
f so
ns
is
div
orc
ed a
nd
has
lef
t
child
ren w
/ L)
O, m
an
fath
er o
f P
+ w
ife
+ 3
dau
ghte
rs
+ 2
sons
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
No
No
No
AG
E
39 49 55 67
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Form
6 ? Std 6
None
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
Mai
n (o
nly?
)
sour
ce o
f in
com
e
is far
min
g.
BETTER-O
FF
Adult
sons
are
emplo
yed.
WO
RSE
-OFF
Som
etim
es
cannot af
ford
school fe
es.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
1.5
acre
s in
1 plo
t; plu
s re
nts
in 0
.5 a
cre
plo
t.
5.5
acre
s.
2.5
acre
s in
1 plo
t.
1.5
acre
s in
1 plo
t.
TITL
E D
EE
D
In lat
e fa
ther
-in-
law
’s n
ame?
Cla
ims
that
has
join
t tit
le d
eed
with
moth
er-in-
law
and b
roth
er-
in-law
.
In o
wn n
ame.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Child
ren a
re s
till
young.
Can
not use
all
of
land f
or
lack
of
money
.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None.
Land
disput
e
invo
lvin
g ex
tend
-
ed fam
ily. Cas
e
star
ted
befo
re
husb
and’
s de
ath
and
carr
ied
on
afte
rwar
ds.
Appea
rs to
have
rela
ted
to c
onte
st-
ed a
djud
icat
ion.
After
husb
and’s
dea
th in 1
981,
clan
tried
to tak
e
land b
ack.
She
chal
lenge
d in
court a
nd w
on.
➔
Appendices
187©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
P, m
an
son
of
O
+ w
ife
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
+ 2
sons
D, m
an
+ w
ife
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ 3
gra
nd-
child
ren
N, w
om
an
mot
her
of
J
+ 3
dau
ghte
rs
+ 1
son =
J
J, m
an
son
of
N
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
No
Yes
AG
E
33 66 45 23
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 7
Form
4 None
Std 8
+ voca
-
tional
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
Singl
e
HO
ME
Nat
al
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
Yes
1 so
n is
alco
holic
,
but
does
n’t
burd
en
DD
.
Yes
late
husb
.
& m
o.-in
-
law
both
phys
. &
emotio
n-
ally
abusi
ve
to N
.
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
AVERAG
E
Has
fai
led to g
et
a jo
b.
BETTER-O
FF
D c
omm
erci
ally
-
orie
nted
far
mer
,
pre
viou
sly
had
form
al e
mplo
y-
men
t, ha
s be
en
able
to
pur
chas
e
num
erou
s plo
t of
land
to
give
to
child
ren.
AVERAG
E
Hortic
ultu
re a
nd
coffee
.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
Dis
crep
ant in
for-
mat
ion: in
-dep
th
– 1
acre
; H
H
surv
ey –
0.2
acr
e.
9.7
acre
s in
10
plo
ts; 2
inher
ited
and 8
purc
has
ed,
and m
ost
outs
ide
of
the
villa
ge.
(Thes
e ex
clude
plo
ts h
e ga
ve to
adult
child
ren.)
0.2
acre
in 1
plo
t.
TITL
E D
EE
D
In f
ather
’s n
ame.
All
title
dee
ds
in
ow
n n
ame.
(Ex-
cludes
plo
ts g
iven
to c
hild
ren.)
With
D’s h
elp, D
’s lat
e
sist
er’s 3
child
ren
hav
e jo
int tit
le to
land s
iste
r had
inher
ited.
In lat
e fa
ther
-in-
law
’s n
ame.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Food c
rops.
Dai
ry, poultr
y,
fiel
d c
rops,
etc
.
Has
fel
t nee
d to
shift to
act
iviti
es
that
do n
ot
require
cost
ly
hired
lab
our.
Poin
t of
conte
ntio
n
bet
wee
n N
on
one
han
d, an
d
in-law
s an
d lat
e
husb
and o
n
oth
er.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None.
None.
In-law
s nev
er
will
ing
to a
lloca
te
N s
uffic
ient la
nd,
and lat
e husb
and
seld
om
tried
to
inte
rven
e on h
er
beh
alf. F
ollo
win
g
his
dea
th, in
-law
s
atte
mpte
d to k
ick
N o
ff b
ut fa
iled.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
188©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
,’G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
T, w
om
an
+ 4
dau
ghte
rs
+ 8
gra
nd-
child
ren
R, w
om
an
+ 2
gra
nd-
child
ren
A, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter-
in-
law
of
B
+ h
usb
and
+ 2
sons
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
No
Yes
AG
E
48 50 31
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Std 6
Form
2
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
/
Separ
ated
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
Yes
,
husb
and
is alco
holic
and
abusi
ve.
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
Can
not af
ford
scho
ol fee
s fo
r
all ki
ds; en
gage
d
in b
usin
ess
but
not cl
ear
wha
t.
Hus
band
wor
ked
in N
airo
bi for
man
y ye
ars
prior
to illn
ess.
BETTER-O
FF
Sons
are
emplo
yed; liv
es
in p
erm
anen
t
house
; ke
eps
1
dai
ry c
ow
and
grow
food c
rops.
WO
RSE
-OFF
Can
not af
ford
school fe
es,
alth
ough
husb
and w
ork
s
in N
airo
bi an
d
rem
its s
om
e
earn
ings
.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
0.25
acr
e in
1 plo
t.
0.25
acr
e in
1 plo
t.
1 ac
re in 1
plo
t.
TITL
E D
EE
D
In n
ame
of
late
husb
and.
Hel
d b
y m
oth
er-
in-law
, but lik
ely
is in n
ame
of
late
fath
er-in-law
.
With
gra
ndfa
ther
.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Uncl
ear. S
tate
s
that
she
can n
o
longe
r af
ford
fertili
ser
and
pes
ticid
es in
ord
er to g
row
tom
atoes
.
R’s c
hild
ren a
re
adults
and d
o n
ot
stay
at th
e
hom
este
ad. Sh
e
culti
vate
s her
self.
Use
s la
nd f
or
food c
rops.
Uncl
ear
if u
tilis
es
fully
.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None.
None.
R g
ets
on
wel
l w
ith m
oth
er-
in-law
, an
d h
as
faile
d to s
ub-
div
ide
only
for
lack
of
money
.
None,
exc
ept th
at
failu
re to s
ub-
div
ide
among
A’s
fath
er-in-law
and
his
bro
ther
s
rela
tes
to thei
r
inab
ility
to a
gree
rega
rdin
g
apportio
nm
ent.
➔
Appendices
189©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
B, w
om
an
mot
her
-in
-la
w
of A
; si
ster
-in
-
law
of
Q
+ h
usb
and
+ 3
dau
ghte
rs
+ 1
gra
ndso
n
Q, w
om
an
sist
er-i
n-l
aw
of B
+ f
ather
-in-
law
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ ?
gra
nd-
child
ren
S, w
om
an
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
No
No
AG
E
50 50 48
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Form
2 None
Std 8
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
BETTER-O
FF
Cap
able
far
mer
-
entrep
reneu
r;
sells
pas
sion
fruit
and
tom
atoes
. H
ave
good h
ouse
.
BETTER-O
FF
(acc
ord
ing
to
fath
er-in-law
)
Q c
onduct
s
busi
nes
s in
hid
es
and s
kins.
Husb
and h
ad
bee
n e
mplo
yed
in N
airo
bi until
1996
, die
d in
2001
.
? W
ORSE
-OFF
S cl
aim
s ‘w
ors
e-
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
1 ac
re in 1
plo
t.
? 1
acre
.
0.9
acre
in 1
plo
t.
TITL
E D
EE
D
With
fat
her
-in-
law
.
With
fat
her
-in-
law
.
Titl
e dee
d in S
’s
ow
n n
ame;
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Use
s la
nd
com
mer
cial
ly.
Obse
rved
that
focu
sing
on c
ash
crops
allo
ws
her
to p
urc
has
e m
ore
food than
she
would
hav
e bee
n
able
to p
roduce
her
self.
Uncl
ear.
Som
e la
nd u
sed
for
coffee
and
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None,
exc
ept th
at
failu
re to s
ub-
div
ide
bet
wee
n
B’s h
usb
and a
nd
his
bro
ther
s
rela
tes
to thei
r
inab
ility
to a
gree
rega
rdin
g
apportio
nm
ent.
Q m
entio
ns
dispute
that
las
ted
25 y
ears
and w
as
settl
ed in the
hig
h
court. U
ncl
ear
if
this is
rela
ted to
the
pro
ble
ms
men
tioned
by
B
and A
, an
d w
hat
nat
ure
of dispute
was
, ex
cept Q
sugg
ests
that
in-
law
s trie
d to tak
e
her
and h
er
husb
and’s lan
d
out of ‘je
alousy
.’
Long-
stan
din
g but
obsc
ure
dis
pute
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
190©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
+ 3
sons
+ 2
gra
nd-
child
ren
X, w
om
an
mot
her
-in
-la
w
of Y
+ 4
gra
nd-
child
ren
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
who liv
es
mai
nly
in
Nai
robi
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
AG
E
70
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Nei
ther
(see
righ
t)
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Y Son is
alco
holic
.
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
off’ bec
ause
she
has
difficu
lty
affo
rdin
g fe
es
for
tertia
ry
educa
tion.
AVERAG
E
Bec
ause
X is
‘sam
e as
most
peo
ple
, w
ho a
re
poor.’ M
ain
sourc
e of
inco
me
is
agricu
lture
.
Rec
ently
retren
ched
fro
m
job a
s dom
estic
.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
1 ac
re in 1
plo
t.
TITL
E D
EE
D
sim
ilarly
for
her
co-w
ife.
Unc
lear
. X a
nd
late
hus
band
wer
e di
spla
ced
during
the
Mau
Mau
, an
d w
ere
give
n la
nd b
y
gov’
t th
at h
ad
been
res
erve
d fo
r
cattl
e di
p. Te
nure
stat
us u
ncle
ar,
alth
ough
X s
tate
s
that
titl
e in
nam
e
of h
er s
on,
thou
gh u
ncle
ar
whi
ch –
Y’s h
us-
band
or
late
son
?
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
hortic
ultu
re. Tw
o
mar
ried
sons
live
and w
ork
in
Nai
robi,
but hav
e
house
s on the
hom
este
ad lan
d.
Mai
nly
use
s la
nd
her
self, as
son
and d
augh
ter-
in-
law
not hel
pfu
l.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
that
wen
t to
hig
h
cour
t bu
t ne
ver
reso
lved
. D
isput
e
invo
lved
lat
e
husb
and
and
late
brot
her(
s)-in
-law
.
Whe
n th
ey d
ied
in the
198
0s, th
e
disp
ute
was
effec
-
tivel
y dr
opped
, so
that
wid
ows
man
-
aged
to
carry
on
amic
ably
.
Pro
ble
m w
ith
ow
ner
of
adja
cent pro
per
ty
who b
ough
t la
nd
from
‘co
unse
llor’
to e
rect
churc
h
on p
art of
what
X
consi
der
s her
land. X w
ent to
Thik
a D
istric
t
offic
e to
show
her
‘le
tter
,’ i.e
.
pro
ving
her
ow
ner
ship
.
Pro
ble
m r
emai
ns
unre
solv
ed.
➔
Appendices
191©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
Y, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter-
in-
law
of
X
+ h
usb
and
+ ?
5 c
hild
ren
Z, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
U
+ w
ife
+ 2
sons
U, w
om
an
wif
e of
Z
AA, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ 1
son
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
No
No
AG
E
32 74 72 59
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Form
4 Form
4 Std 5
Std 4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
Husb
and
is alco
holic
.
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
? BETTER-O
FF
Answ
er in H
H
surv
ey s
ugg
ests
doin
g w
ell,
but
in in-d
epth
com
pla
ins
about
lack
of m
oney
due
to h
usb
and’s
lazi
nes
s; h
usb
and
does
cas
ual
work
des
pite
tec
hnic
al
skill
s.
BETTER-O
FF
Mai
n inco
me
is
from
far
min
g
and h
ave
a lo
t
of
land.
AVERAG
E
Mai
n s
ourc
e of
inco
me
is
farm
ing.
Son (
37)
was
inju
red in c
ar
acci
den
t, w
hic
h
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
0.8
acre
in 1
plo
t.
8 ac
res,
2 p
lots
of
4 ac
res
each
.
One
plo
t at
hom
este
ad, an
d
was
inher
ited.
Oth
er p
lot 90
min
ute
s aw
ay,
and w
as p
ur-
chas
ed in 1
980.
2 ac
res
in 1
plo
t.
Husb
and
inher
ited.
TITL
E D
EE
D
? W
ith in-law
s.
Seem
s to
contra-
dic
t w
hat
X
stat
es.
Titl
e dee
ds
in Z
’s
nam
e.
In h
usb
and’s
nam
e. F
orm
ally
subdiv
ided
in
1992
.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Fiel
d c
rops
and
vege
table
s.
Mai
n e
nte
rprise
s
are
coffee
and
lives
tock
.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None.
None.
None.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
192©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
BB, w
om
an
+ 1
son (
24)
CC, w
om
an
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
(ret
arded
)
+ 8
gra
nd-
child
ren
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
Yes
AG
E
42 59
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 7
?
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
Yes
4 so
ns
are
‘dru
nks
,’
don’t
hel
p h
er
‘at al
l.’
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
is w
hy
he
is
livin
g at
hom
e.
BETTER-O
FF
Late
hus
band
had
wel
l-pay
ing
job,
but
spen
t
savi
ngs
on h
ealth
care
prior
to
dyin
g. B
B d
oes
casu
al w
ork
and
sells
milk
fro
m 2
cow
s, a
nd
desc
ribe
s se
lf as
‘fortun
ate.
’
WO
RSE
-OFF
Rel
ies
on c
asua
l
labo
ur, stru
ggle
s
with
sch
ool fe
es
for
gran
dchi
ldre
n;
1 da
ught
er n
eeds
care
. La
te
daug
hter
wor
ked
in N
airo
bi a
nd
sent
mon
ey
hom
e, s
o he
r
deat
h is a
n
econ
omic
blo
w
for
CC.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
1.5
acre
s in
2
plo
ts, one
inher
ited a
nd o
ne
purc
has
ed f
or
KSh
s 60
0, 0
00 in
1999
, but
pay
men
ts w
ere
not co
mple
te b
y
time
husb
and
die
d, an
d a
re s
till
not.
1.7
acre
s,
form
ally
apportio
ned
and
subdiv
ided
lan
d
to C
C a
nd s
ons,
thus
BB h
as titl
e
to h
er o
wn p
lot.
TITL
E D
EE
D
1) 0
.5 a
cre
plo
t
still
in n
ame
of
late
husb
and’s
late
fat
her
;
2) 1
acr
e plo
t
hel
d b
y BB in
term
s of
join
t tit
le
with
lat
e
husb
and, but
effe
ctiv
e st
atus
uncl
ear
ow
ing
to
outs
tandin
g deb
t.
In o
wn n
ame.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Use
s la
nd h
erse
lf
but st
rugg
les
to
affo
rd inputs
.
Fiel
d c
rops.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None.
BB
expre
sses
grat
itude
that
she
gets
alo
ng
wel
l
with
in-law
s.
None.
Appendices
193©HSRC 2004
Ap
pen
dix
4.4
: T
hik
a (G
ach
ugi
) –
imp
act
of
HIV
/AID
S o
n l
and
use
an
d t
enu
re o
f af
fect
ed h
ou
seh
old
s
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
F, w
om
an
mot
her
of
W
W, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter
of F
M, w
om
an
mot
her
of
E
E, m
an
son
of
M
G, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
AVERAG
E
WO
RSE
-OFF
WO
RSE
-OFF
AVERAG
E
AG
E
52 30 ? 32 57
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 3
Std 7
? Form
3 Std 4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Sepa-
rate
d
Sepa-
rate
d
from
husb
and
16 y
ears
ago.
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
1–2
acre
s
0.1
acre
0.5
acre
0.5
acre
DE
ATH
S
Acc
ord
ing
to F
, her
husb
and a
nd
son b
oth
die
d
of AID
S.
Acc
ord
ing
to
W, her
fat
her
die
d o
f dia
-
bet
es, al
l of
her
bro
ther
s
are
still
liv
ing.
Dau
ghte
r,
gran
d-
dau
ghte
r, a
nd
son-in-law
die
d o
f AID
S.
E a
cknow
l-
edge
d d
eath
of
sist
er b
ut
was
ver
y
indirec
t th
at
was
lik
ely
AID
S.
Acc
ord
ing
to
G’s h
usb
and,
HE
ALT
H
F in
dic
ates
that
susp
ects
N is
ailin
g
from
AID
S,
but N
does
not m
entio
n
that
she
is
unw
ell.
Dau
ghte
r,
who s
tays
CA
RE
Had
car
ed f
or
dau
ghte
r an
d
gran
ddau
ghte
r
bef
ore
thei
r
dea
ths.
E’s h
ouse
hold
care
s fo
r su
r-
vivi
ng
dau
gh-
ter
of
late
sist
er, w
ho
appea
rs to b
e
in g
ood
heal
th.
ORPH
AN
S
Much
money
spen
t on
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
F m
entio
ns tha
t
othe
r AID
S-
affe
cted
hou
se-
hold
s in
the
are
a
fail
to u
se the
ir
land
. H
owev
er,
she
stat
es tha
t he
r
pro
blem
is
mor
e
lack
of ca
sh w
ith
whi
ch to
buy
fertili
ser.
None.
Lan
d p
rob-
lem
s ar
e ge
ner
ally
attrib
ute
d to the
estran
ged h
us-
ban
d’s s
elfish
nes
s
and c
allo
usn
ess.
None.
E f
aults
fath
er f
or
not
allo
catin
g him
more
lan
d, but is
unre
late
d to
hea
lth iss
ues
.
None.
Dau
ghte
r’s
situ
atio
n u
ncl
ear.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
No
.
No
.
No
.
No
.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
Yes
No
Yes
Sem
i
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
194©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
L, w
om
an
O, m
an
fath
er o
f P
P, m
an
son
of
O
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
BETTER-O
FF
WO
RSE
-OFF
AVERAG
E
AG
E
55 67 33
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 6
None
Std 7
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Nat
al
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
2.5
acre
s
1.5
acre
s
0.2–
1
acre
DE
ATH
S
son-in-law
die
d o
f AID
S.
Son-in-law
die
d o
f TB.
P s
usp
ects
bro
ther
who
die
d in 1
993
die
d o
f AID
S.
Ther
e ar
e
rum
ours
that
oth
er b
roth
er
who d
ied in
2000
also d
ied
of AID
S, b
ut P
thin
ks this is
not th
e ca
se.
HE
ALT
H
away
fro
m
Gac
hugi
, is
now
‘si
ckly
’;
cause
uncl
ear,
but G
say
s
gener
ical
ly
when
men
die
of
AID
S, ‘th
eir
wiv
es f
ollo
w’.
Dau
ghte
r
retu
rned
hom
e al
so ill;
is n
ow
doin
g
bet
ter. G
rand-
dau
ghte
r al
so
had
TB.
CA
RE
dau
ghte
r’s
hea
lth c
are;
caring
for
dau
ghte
r’s
3
child
ren.
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
Uncl
ear.
O’s w
ife,
P’s
moth
er, m
akes
use
of
land o
f la
te
sons.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
?Yes
.Circu
m-
stan
ces
of
dau
gh-
ter
retu
rnin
g
hom
e not cl
ear.
No
.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
No
No
Yes
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
Appendices
195©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
N, w
om
an
mot
her
of
J
J, m
an
son
of
N
T, w
om
an
A, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
AVERAG
E
WO
RSE
-OFF
WO
RSE
-OFF
AG
E
45 23 48 31
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Std 8
+ voca
-
tional
None
Form
2
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Singl
e
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
/Sep
a-
rate
d
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
0.2
acre
0.25
acr
e
1 ac
re
DE
ATH
S
N’s lat
e hus-
ban
d d
ied o
f
AID
S fo
llow
-
ing
illnes
s of
2–3
yrs. J
is
awar
e of
rum
ours
that
fath
er d
ied o
f
AID
S, b
ut
reje
cts,
and
clai
ms
that
fath
er w
as ill
for
only
3
month
s.
Initi
ally
T s
aid
husb
and d
ied
of
typhoid
,
then
sta
ted
that
he
die
d
of
AID
S. H
e
die
d in 1
997.
HE
ALT
H
N h
as A
IDS.
One
of
her
dau
ghte
rs is
also
ill
but no
sugg
estio
n
that
it is
AID
S-re
late
d.
Hus
band
and
self
are
ill w
ith
AID
S, a
nd A
susp
ects
tha
t
2nd
son
(age
8) a
lso
has
AID
S.
CA
RE
N c
ared
for
ailin
g
husb
and a
nd
incu
rred
som
e
expen
ses
for
trea
tmen
t.
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
Dea
th o
f N
’s
husb
and led
to
atte
mpt by
moth
er-in-law
to
oust
her
and h
er
fam
ily. N
succ
essf
ully
resi
sted
this
with
assi
stan
ce o
f lo
cal
chie
f.
None
dis
cern
ible
.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
Yes
.Rel
atio
nsh
ip
of
HIV
not
obvi
ous,
but
evid
ence
that
stig
ma
resu
lted in
less
com
munity
support than
mig
ht oth
erw
ise
hav
e bee
n
forthco
min
g. (
See
Cas
e St
udy
1 in
Chap
ter
6.)
No
.
No
.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
Yes
No
N/Y
Yes
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
196©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
Q, w
om
an
sist
er-i
n-l
aw
of B
X, w
om
an
mot
her
-in
-la
w
of
Y
BB, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
BETTER-O
FF
AVERAG
E
BETTER-O
FF
AG
E
50 70 42
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
None
Std 7
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nei
ther
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
? 1
acre
1 ac
re
1.5
acre
s
DE
ATH
S
Husb
and d
ied
in 2
001,
but
uncl
ear
if w
as
AID
S-re
late
d.
X’s s
on, Y
’s
bro
ther
-in-
law
, die
d o
f
mal
aria
in
1998
at ag
e of
30. X’s s
on-in-
law
als
o d
ied
rece
ntly
, but
det
ails
ver
y
sket
chy.
Feel
s ce
rtai
n
that
her
husb
and’s
dea
th in 2
001
was
due
to
AID
S, e
ven
though
he
den
ied a
nd
pro
duce
d a
test
res
ult
sugg
estin
g
oth
erw
ise.
HE
ALT
H
BB f
ears
that
she
her
self
may
be
HIV
+
bec
ause
now
show
ing
certai
n
sym
pto
ms;
how
ever
, has
not ye
t bee
n
test
ed.
CA
RE
X c
ares
for
dau
ghte
rs’
child
ren w
hile
dau
ghte
r st
ays
in N
airo
bi.
ORPH
AN
S
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
None
(n/a
)
None.
BB s
till re
lies
on
agricu
lture
to
sust
ain h
erse
lf,
but fe
els
nee
d to
hire
in lab
our
to
assi
st. Cas
h
const
rain
ts a
re
such
that
hired
labour
mai
nly
pai
d in-k
ind.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
No
.
No
.
Yes
.In
abili
ty to
com
ple
te
purc
has
e of
2nd
plo
t m
ay m
ean
that
it is
forf
eite
d.
Would
be
a blo
w,
but sh
e w
ould
not
be
hom
eles
s, n
or
landle
ss, on
acco
unt of
inher
ited lan
d
whic
h s
he
consi
der
s se
cure
.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
n/a
No
Yes
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
Appendices
197©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
CC, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
WO
RSE
-OFF
AG
E
59
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
?
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
1.7
acre
s
DE
ATH
S
Dau
ghte
r die
d
of
AID
S,
leav
ing
CC to
care
for
gran
dch
ildre
n
in a
dditi
on to
those
of
oth
er
(ret
arded
)
dau
ghte
r.
HE
ALT
H
Fear
s th
at
oth
er D
may
also
hav
e
AID
S but not
certai
n.
CA
RE
While
1st
D
was
ill
in
hosp
ital,
took
eldes
t gr
and-
dau
ghte
r out
of
school to
hel
p c
are
for.
ORPH
AN
S
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
None
dis
cern
ible
.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
No
.H
ow
ever
, CC
feel
s sh
unned
by
com
munity
, fe
els
no o
ne
pre
par
ed
to h
elp h
er. But
land r
ights
sec
ure
bec
ause
of
title
dee
d.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
Yes
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
198©HSRC 2004
Ap
pen
dix
4.5
: B
on
do
(Lw
ak A
tem
o)
– la
nd
all
oca
tio
n,
use
an
d t
enu
re i
ssu
es
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
A, w
om
an
+ 3
dau
ghte
rs
+ 2
sons
+ 1
gra
nd-
dau
ghte
r
B, m
an
son
of
A
D, w
om
an
+ 2
sons
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ 1
gra
nd-
dau
ghte
r
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
Yes
AG
E
56 33 43
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Voca
-
tional
de-
gree
Pri-
mar
y
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
(husb
and
die
d in
1997
)
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
BETTER-O
FF
Ran
nutriti
on
centre
in L
wak
;
late
husb
and
was
a tea
cher
.
Agr
icultu
re
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re; la
te
husb
and w
ork
ed
for
railw
ay.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
8.5
acre
s in
3 plo
ts; la
te
husb
and
inher
ited;
thin
king
of
selli
ng
1 plo
t
to h
elp p
ay
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
fees
.
6 ac
res
in 2
plo
ts
(but ac
cord
ing
to
house
hold
surv
ey
is o
nly
2 a
cres
);
late
husb
and
inher
ited.
TITL
E D
EE
D
Join
t tit
le d
eed
with
dec
ease
d
husb
and.
How
ever
, B
unaw
are
–
bel
ieve
s tit
le
dee
d is
in lat
e
fath
er’s n
ame.
Titl
e dee
d in
nam
e of
late
fath
er-in-law
;
nev
er f
orm
ally
subdiv
ided
among
sons.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Not ye
t al
loca
ted
to c
hild
ren.
Mai
nly
food
crops.
Use
d to
som
etim
es g
et
assi
stan
ce w
ith
wee
din
g from
churc
h m
ember
s.
Shar
ecro
p o
ut
land b
ecau
se d
o
not ‘h
ave
a
plo
ugh
’.
Not ye
t al
loca
ted
to c
hild
ren.
Mai
nly
food c
rop
pro
duct
ion, so
me
for
sale
.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Long
stan
ding
conf
lict w
/ re
la-
tives
who
had
few
er s
ons
and
so
wer
e al
loca
ted
less
lan
d from
par
ents
. Acc
ord-
ing
to B
, pro
blem
is tha
t peo
ple
belie
ve ‘w
e
belo
ng to
the
gran
dmot
her’s
side
and
not
gran
dfat
her’s
sid
e
ther
efor
e w
e ha
ve
no r
ight
to
land
.’
Also,
peo
ple
tam
per
with
boun
daries
of 2
out-ly
ing
field
s.
Longs
tandin
g
dis
pute
bet
wee
n
late
husb
and a
nd
bro
ther
s re
div
i-
sion; co
mplic
ated
by
ow
n h
us-
ban
d’s d
eath
and
dea
th o
f 1
bro
ther
-in-law
.
➔
Appendices
199©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
C, w
om
an
step
-mot
her
to
BB
E, m
an
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
No
AG
E
88 ?
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
None
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
?
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
BETTER-O
FF
Agr
icultu
re a
nd
busi
nes
s.
?
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
5 plo
ts, si
ze n
ot
stat
ed; la
te
husb
and
inher
ited.
2.75
acr
es in
3
plo
ts; in
herite
d
from
oth
er b
roth
er
(fat
her
died
whe
n
youn
g).
TITL
E D
EE
D
Titl
e dee
ds
in
ow
n n
ame;
borr
ow
ed m
oney
to h
elp p
ay f
or
tran
sfer
.
Titl
e dee
ds
in
ow
n n
ame.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Consi
der
ing
selli
ng
one
plo
t.
Use
s m
ainly
for
food p
roduct
ion.
(Acc
ord
ing
to
BB, her
efforts
to
sell
land in the
pas
t w
ere
stopped
by
land
control boar
d.)
Not ye
t al
loca
ted
to c
hild
ren. Adult
sons
live
away
from
hom
e.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Thre
aten
ed b
y
rem
ainin
g
bro
ther
-in-law
that
as
wom
an
she
can’t
hold
land. D
wan
ts to
tran
sfer
titl
e in
to
sons’ n
ames
but
blo
cked
.
Tw
o di
sput
es.
One
cas
e w
ith
Kisum
u hi
gh c
ourt
for
over
20
year
s;
natu
re o
f ca
se n
ot
clea
r. O
ther
pro
b-
lem
is
that
son
s
are
tryi
ng to
‘take
land
fro
m m
e’.
She
cons
ulte
d as
st.
chie
f an
d D
O,bu
t
feel
s se
cure
beca
use
she
has
the
title
dee
ds.
None.
➔
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
200©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
F, w
om
an
wif
e of
BB
+ h
usb
and
+ 4
sons
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
+ 1
6 ad
opte
d
orp
han
s
BB, m
an
hu
sba
nd
to
F;
step
son
to
D
G, m
an
+ 3
wiv
es
+ 5
child
ren
H, w
om
an
3rd
wif
e of
G
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
Yes
AG
E
45 52 70 60
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 7
Form
4 None
None
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
(+ 2
nd
wife)
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
,
then
inher
ited
by
bro
ther
-
in-law
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Nat
al
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
AVERAG
E
BB is
teac
her
;
agricu
lture
.
WO
RSE
-OFF
Agr
icultu
re.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
About 1
acre
in 2
plo
ts; in
her
ited
by
BB f
rom
fath
er. In
additi
on, la
nd lef
t
by
BB’s lat
e
bro
ther
s.
3.25
acr
es in 3
plo
ts; 2
inher
ited
from
fat
her
. Third
uncl
ear
–
pro
bab
ly p
lot
that
G inher
ited
from
lat
e
husb
and.
TITL
E D
EE
D
Titl
e de
ed for
one
plo
t in
BB’s
nam
e, a
nd for
othe
r st
ill in
late
fath
er’s n
ame.
Situ
atio
n of
lat
e
brot
hers
’ lan
d
uncl
ear,
pro
babl
y
in lat
e fa
ther
’s
nam
e. B
B h
oldi
ng
info
rmal
ly for
orpha
ned
nephe
ws
until
they
com
e of
age
.
2 plo
ts in Y
’s
ow
n n
ame
(bro
.
use
d to w
ork
for
Lands)
; 3r
d p
lot
uncl
ear/
cont-
este
d.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Child
ren a
re
mai
nly
tee
nag
ers.
Land u
sed f
or
food c
rops.
Old
er s
ons
hav
e
die
d, yo
unge
r
child
ren a
nd
gran
dch
ildre
n n
ot
of
age.
Attitu
de
to w
idow
ed
dau
ghte
rs-in-law
not cl
ear. G
’s
only
child
die
d in
child
hood. St
ays
effe
ctiv
ely
on h
er
ow
n a
nd f
eels
secu
re d
espite
pro
ble
ms/
thre
ats
from
‘st
range
rs’.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Disag
reem
ent
with
C, 2n
d w
ife
of lat
e fa
ther
-in-
law
, w
ho c
laim
s
land
bel
ongs
to
her.
Acc
ordi
ng to
BB, sh
e al
read
y
took
mos
t of
fam
ily’s g
ood
land
during
adj
udi-
catio
n. S
he h
as n
o
child
ren.
Disput
e
is u
nres
olve
d,
stal
emat
e.
One
disput
e w
ith
nephe
w, w
ho h
as
alle
gedl
y ill
egal
ly
chan
ged
Y’s lan
d
into
ow
n na
me
at
land
offic
e. 2
nd
disp
ute
invo
lves
som
eone
else
who
illeg
ally
cha
nged
owne
rshi
p of
oth
er
plo
t at
lan
d of
fice.
Pers
on the
n m
ort-
gage
d la
nd a
nd
faile
d to
pay
. Cas
e
w/
high
cou
rt in
Kisum
u.
➔
Appendices
201©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
I, m
an
+ m
oth
er
+ 2
bro
ther
s
+ 1
sis
ter
J, w
om
an
mot
her
of
I
+ 2
sons
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
K, w
om
an
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
No
AG
E
26 ? 54
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 8
None
Std 7
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Singl
e
Wid
ow
/
Div
orc
ed
(Was
inher
ited
by
bro
-in-
law
, w
ho
she
left.)
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Nat
al
Nat
al
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
Yes
Left 2
nd
husb
and
bec
ause
he
was
abusi
ve.
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
Agr
icultu
re.
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re a
nd
busi
nes
s.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
9 ac
res
in 3
plo
ts;
land
und
er c
ontrol
of I’s m
othe
r. O
ne
plo
t w
as g
iven
by
J’s p
ater
nal gr
and-
fath
er fol
low
ing
deci
sion
to
flee
abus
ive
situ
atio
n
in K
isum
u. J the
n
seem
ingl
y re
gis-
tere
d in
lat
e hu
s-
ban
d’s n
ame.
Oth
erplo
t in
her-
ited
by J fro
m lat
e
step
-mot
her
for
who
m s
he c
ared
during
illn
ess.
3.5
acre
s in
3 plo
ts.
TITL
E D
EE
D
One
plo
t in
lat
e
fath
er’s/h
usb
and’s
nam
e, a
lthough
actu
ally
nat
al
land. St
atus
of
oth
er p
lots
uncl
ear.
K tra
nsf
erre
d titl
e
dee
ds
into
ow
n
nam
e fo
llow
ing
dea
th o
f husb
and
in 1
993.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Tw
o a
dult
sons
looki
ng
for
work
else
wher
e, d
o
not hav
e fa
mili
es.
J is
pre
par
ed to
subdiv
ide
in
time.
Dau
ghte
r
with
child
has
epile
psy
; not
incl
ined
to g
ive
land.
Sons
live
away
from
hom
e, b
ut
pre
par
ed to
subdiv
ide
if they
retu
rn. D
oes
n’t
agre
e w
/ id
ea o
f
givi
ng
land to
dau
ghte
rs b
ut
will
consi
der
if
nec
essa
ry.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
In-law
s re
gula
rly
plo
ugh
her
lan
d.
Efforts
to s
top
them
hav
e fa
iled.
J has
not go
ne
to
elder
s or
anyo
ne
else
. In
-law
s
won’t
rele
ase
her
regi
stra
tion
num
ber
to h
er.
Nei
ghbour, w
ho
is e
xten
ded
rela
tive,
often
farm
s ove
r th
e
boundar
y in
to
her
lan
d. K
has
trie
d to r
esolv
e
with
per
son’s
fath
er, but th
us
far
no s
ucc
ess.
➔
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
202©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
L, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ 1
son
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
M, w
om
an
wif
e of
X
+ h
usb
and
+ 3
child
ren
+ 5
orp
han
s
X, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
M
N, m
an
+ w
ife
+ 1
son
+ 3
dau
ghte
rs
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
Yes
Yes
AG
E
49 36 45 65
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 5
Form
2 Form
6 Voca
-
tional
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
WO
RSE
-OFF
Agr
icultu
re a
nd
casu
al lab
our.
AVERAG
E
X is
a te
acher
;
agricu
lture
.
AVERAG
E
Had
bee
n
hea
dm
aste
r at
school;
retir
ed
in 1
995.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
1.25
acr
es in 2
plo
ts. H
usb
and
inher
ited.
2 ac
res
in 2
plo
ts.
Smal
ler
reside
ntia
l
plo
t pur
chas
ed;
larg
er p
lot in
heri-
ted
by h
usba
nd.
Stat
us o
f 3r
d plo
t
left
by lat
e br
othe
r
to X
unc
lear
;
appea
rs tha
t la
te
brot
her’s
wife
has
left b
ut s
ome
child
ren
have
stay
ed b
ehin
d.
Acc
ounts
dis
agre
e.
Acc
ord
ing
to H
H
surv
ey (
w/
wife
resp
onden
t), 1.
5
acre
s in
3 p
lots
.
Acc
ord
ing
to in-
dep
th inte
rvie
w,
has
5 p
urc
has
ed
plo
ts a
nd o
ne
inher
ited.
TITL
E D
EE
D
In h
usb
and’s
nam
e.
Larg
er p
lots
in
nam
e of la
te
fath
er-in-law
. X
wan
ts to tra
nsf
er
title
of th
e 1
into
his o
wn n
ame,
but co
mplic
ated
by
fact
that
lat
e
fath
er’s n
ame
was
missp
elle
d o
n the
title
dee
d. Alle
ges
corr
uptio
n a
t la
nd
offic
e.
All
title
s in
ow
n
nam
e.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Food p
roduct
ion.
Food p
roduct
ion.
M s
tate
s th
at lan
d
too s
mal
l to
subdiv
ide
further
;
sons
will
hav
e to
buy
land
else
wher
e.
Not ce
rtai
n h
ow
to a
lloca
te lan
d.
Wan
ts to ‘hel
p’
unm
arried
dau
ghte
r, b
ut
does
n’t
wan
t to
viola
te tra
diti
on.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Dis
pute
but
nat
ure
uncl
ear.
None,
apar
t from
grie
vance
with
land o
ffic
e.
None.
➔
Appendices
203©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
O, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ c
o-w
ife
+ 3
orp
han
s
P, m
an
hu
sba
nd
to
O
Q, w
om
an
da
ugh
ter-
in-
law
of
P
+ 1
dau
ghte
r
(+ c
o-w
ife)
R, m
an
step
-son
of
Q;
? gr
an
dso
n
of P
+ 1
sis
ter
+ 2
bro
ther
s
S, w
om
an
+ 3
sons
Y, m
an
son
of
S
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
Yes
AG
E
~72
72+
46 26 46 20
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Std 2
Form
2 Std 8
Std 6
in Form
4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
er
Wid
ow
(husb
and
die
d in
2000
)
Singl
e
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
NO
RECO
RD
Agr
icultu
re.
NO
RECO
RD
Agr
icultu
re.
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re
(eld
er b
roth
er to
Y e
mplo
yed a
s
polic
eman
).
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
Alto
geth
er 5
acre
s. O
ne
plo
t
for
Q, one
for
co-w
ife,
one
plo
t
shar
ed b
etw
een
R a
nd 2
bro
ther
s.
? 4
plo
t in
4 ac
res.
Apar
t from
res
id.
site
, 3
plo
ts. Tw
o
plo
ts w
ere
inher
i-
ted b
y S’
s la
te
husb
and, an
d o
ne
rece
ntly
acq
uired
was
occ
upie
d
TITL
E D
EE
D
In P
’s n
ame.
After
Y’s f
ather
’s
dea
th in 2
000,
Y
was
appro
ached
by
uncl
es w
ho
clai
m f
ather
’s
land w
as n
ever
regi
ster
ed in h
is
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Food c
rops.
O
often
shar
ecro
ps
out so
me
of
land
bec
ause
of
no
oxe
n. Plo
t sh
are
by
R a
nd
bro
ther
s
subdiv
ided
info
rmal
ly.
Food c
rops,
but
land a
bout w
hic
h
ther
e is
dis
pute
bei
ng
left f
allo
w.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
Non
e m
entio
ned
by O
, bu
t P
desc
ribe
s on
-
goin
g stru
ggle
with
‘son
s’ w
ho
insist o
n ge
tting
land
. (U
ncle
ar if P
mea
ns s
ons
or
gran
dso
ns.
) ‘S
ons’
wen
t to
eld
ers
‘to
sue’
P; P
agre
ed
to inf
orm
ally
subd
ivid
e on
ly. (R
mak
es n
o m
entio
n
of thi
s
conf
lict/te
nsio
n.)
Plus
old
er b
ound
-
ary
disp
ute
with
neig
hbou
r, al
so
sorted
out
with
assistan
ce o
f
elde
rs.
Dis
pute
with
S’s
bro
ther
s-in
-law
(Y’s u
ncl
es)
still
not re
solv
ed.
Seem
s nev
er a
p-
pro
ached
anyo
ne
to h
elp r
esolv
e.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
204©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
T, w
om
an
+ 1
gra
nd-
dau
ghte
r
+ 1
gra
ndso
n
U, w
om
an
+ h
usb
and
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
+ 4
sons
V, w
om
an
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
+ 2
sons
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
No
No
Yes
AG
E
71 45 43
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Std 4
Std 6
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
(husb
and
die
d
1971
)
Wid
ow
,
then
inher
ited
by
bro
ther
-
in-law
Wid
ow
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re.
Use
d to tra
de
fish
.
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re,
pet
ty r
etai
l.
NO
RECO
RD
Agr
icultu
re.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
afte
r dea
th o
f
child
less
bro
ther
-
in-law
and h
is
wife.
1.75
in 2
plo
ts.
Late
husb
and’s
fam
ily’s lan
d, but
adju
dic
atio
n/
regi
stra
tion took
pla
ce a
fter
dea
th
of
husb
and.
3 ac
res
in 3
plo
ts.
All
inher
ited b
y
firs
t husb
and.
3 ac
res
in 2
plo
ts.
Husb
and
inher
ited.
TITL
E D
EE
D
nam
e, n
or
could
they
use
oth
er
late
bro
ther
’s
land.
Con
trad
icto
ry inf
o.
In H
H s
urve
y, T
stat
es tha
t plo
ts in
nam
e of
1st s
on;
in in-
depth
int
er-
view
, sa
ys tha
t
join
t tit
le b
etw
een
self
and
sons
.
In n
ame
of
late
husb
and, i.e
. firs
t
husb
and.
In lat
e husb
and’s
nam
e.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Food c
rops.
Food c
rops.
Food c
rops.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None
men
tioned
.
None.
Nep
hew
sta
rted
farm
ing
portio
n
of
her
lan
d. V
consu
lted
bro
ther
-in-law
,
who took
side
of
nep
hew
. V c
eded
land to h
im.
➔
Appendices
205©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R,
HH
CO
MP.
W, w
om
an
+ 2
dau
ghte
rs
+ 1
son
+ 8
gra
nd-
child
ren =
orp
han
s
Z, w
om
an
mot
her
of
AA
+ 5
sons
(husb
and
work
s in
Nai
robi)
AA, m
an
son
of
Z
H/A
IDS
AFF
EC
TED
?
Yes
No
AG
E
56 39 19
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 8
Std 7
Form
3
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
(husb
and
die
d in
1993
)
Mar
ried
Singl
e
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Nat
al
ALC
OH
OL/
AB
US
E
No
No
WE
LFA
RE
[SU
RV
EY
] IN
CO
ME
SO
UR
CE
S
AVERAG
E
Agr
icultu
re.
AVERAG
E
Z is
a
com
munity
hea
lth w
ork
er’.
Husb
and w
ork
s
in N
airo
bi;
agricu
lture
.
CU
RR
EN
T LA
ND
AN
D A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
6.5
acre
s in
4
plo
ts.
3.5
acre
s in
3
plo
ts; in
her
ited
by
Z’s h
usb
and
from
his
fat
her
.
(Ear
lier
in 2
002
husb
and b
ough
t
anoth
er p
lot fo
r
his
2nd w
ife,
who s
tays
with
him
in N
airo
bi.
Plo
t is
1.5
acr
es,
and c
ost
KSh
s
45,0
00.)
TITL
E D
EE
D
Join
t tit
le f
or
3 of
the
plo
ts. 4t
h p
lot
in n
ame
of
late
husb
and.
Titl
e dee
ds
in
nam
e of
Z’s
husb
and.
LAN
D A
LLO
CAT
ION
& U
SE
Food c
rops
and
som
e bea
ns
for
sale
, e.
g. p
ay
school fe
es.
Food c
rops.
Som
etim
es
shar
ecro
ps
out
portio
n o
f la
nd
and/o
r hires
labour
in,
dep
endin
g on
avai
labili
ty o
f
cash
.
LAN
D D
ISP
UTE
S
None.
None.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
206©HSRC 2004
Ap
pen
dix
4.6
: B
on
do
(Lw
ak A
tem
o)
– im
pac
t o
f H
IV/A
IDS
on
lan
d u
se a
nd
ten
ure
of
affe
cted
ho
use
ho
lds
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
A, w
om
an
mot
her
of
B
B, m
an
son
of
A
D, w
om
an
F, w
om
an
wif
e of
BB
BB, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
F;
step
son
to
C
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
BETTER-O
FF
AVERAG
E
AVERAG
E
AG
E
56 33 43 45 52
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
Voca
-
tional
deg
-
ree
Prim
-
ary
Std 7
Form
4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
(has
2nd
wife)
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Nat
al
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
3 ac
res
3 ac
res
2.5
acre
s
2.5
acre
s
4.5
acre
s
0.9
acre
size
of
oth
er
mai
nly
resi
den
t-
ial plo
t
not
stat
ed.
DE
ATH
S
? A’s h
usb
(B’s f
ather
)
die
s in
200
0.
Acc
ord
ing
to
A o
f ci
rrhosi
s;
acco
rdin
g to
B o
f ‘o
ld a
ge’.
? D
’s h
usb
1997
in
Mom
bas
a –
cause
not
reve
aled
;
? D
’s d
augh
ter
die
s ag
e 22
in
2000
, of
unsp
ec. re
sp.
pro
b.,
leav
ing
1 ch
ild.
? 6
deat
hs in
pas
t 6
year
s,
of w
hich
5
brot
hers
-in-la
w
and
wiv
es; no
t
conf
irm
ed
AID
S bu
t
susp
ecte
d.
HE
ALT
H
? A’s d
augh
ter
ill, go
es to
hosp
ital fo
r
dru
gs, but no
dia
gnosi
s.
A h
as a
sthm
a.
No m
entio
n
of
oth
er
illnes
ses.
Not at
pre
sent.
CA
RE
Not
men
tioned
.
Uncl
ear.
Husb
and d
ied
sudden
ly in
Mom
bas
a.
Dea
th o
f
dau
ghte
r not
expla
ined
.
Uncl
ear.
ORPH
AN
S
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
None.
None
so f
ar.
Usi
ng
land
bel
ongi
ng
to lat
e
bro
ther
s-in
-law
;
hel
pin
g su
pport
orp
han
s.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
No
.A n
ot w
orr
ied
re thre
ats:
‘They
know
I w
ould
not
spar
e th
em if
they
try.
’ Acc
ord
ing
to
B, ‘n
obody
has
com
e out outrig
ht
to d
isen
fran
chis
e
us.
’
Un
clea
r.
Husb
and’s d
eath
,
likel
y due
to
AID
S, m
akes
more
vuln
erab
le
to b
roth
er-in-law
who s
eeks
to
intim
idat
e her
.
No
.D
ispute
with
late
fat
her
-in-law
’s
2nd w
ife
appea
rs
unre
late
d to
dea
ths
or
thei
r
poss
ible
cau
ses.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
No
No
No
Sem
i
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
Appendices
207©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
G, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
H
H, w
om
an
3rd
wif
e of
G
L, w
om
an
M, w
om
an
wif
e of
X
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
WO
RSE
OFF
WO
RSE
OFF
AVERAG
E
AG
E
70 60 49 36
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
None
None
Std 5
Form
2
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Wid
ow
,
then
inher
i-
ted b
y
bro
ther
-
in-law
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
0.25
acre
1 ac
re
2 ac
res
(con-
test
ed)
0.5
acre
0.75
acr
e
0.5
acre
1.5
acre
s
DE
ATH
S
? 2
elder
sons
die
d in las
t
few
yea
rs, no
expla
nat
ion.
Bro
ther
and
sist
er-in-law
die
of
illnes
s;
no indic
atio
n
of
what
;.
sem
i-ac
know
l-
edge
d that
die
d o
f AID
S.
Left b
ehin
d 2
min
ors
, in
cl.
1 so
n a
nd 1
dau
ghte
r.
Son
died
fro
m
com
plic
atio
ns
from
spor
ts
wou
nd;
daug
hter
die
d
in c
hild
birth.
Nei
ther
appea
r
AID
S-re
late
d.
? Bro
ther
-in-
law
and s
iste
r
(-in
-law
?)
HE
ALT
H
G a
nd 1
st
wife
w/
various
hea
lth
pro
ble
ms,
but
pro
b. not
HIV
-rel
ated
.
CA
RE
Not
men
tioned
.
Car
ing
for
5
orp
han
s le
ft
beh
ind.
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
Impac
t on lan
d
use
uncl
ear.
Land o
f la
te
bro
ther
shar
e-
cropped
out.
Uncl
ear
what
is
stat
us
of
late
bro
ther
-in-law
’s
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
?Y
es.D
ispute
s
appea
r unre
late
d
to s
ons’ d
eath
s,
exce
pt poss
ibly
that
abse
nce
of
sons
may
hav
e
embold
ened
nep
hew
.
Circu
mst
ance
s of
dep
artu
re o
f one
of la
te s
on’s w
ife
not cl
ear; h
er s
ons
rem
ain b
ut
dau
ghte
rs lef
t w
ith
her
. Act
ing
as
guar
dia
n for
son
of la
te b
roth
er.
No
.N
ature
of
land d
ispute
uncl
ear. U
nlik
ely
rela
ted to d
eath
s
in h
ouse
hold
.
No
.Id
entit
ies
of
late
sib
lings
not
clea
r, b
ut tw
o
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
Sem
i
n/a
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
208©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
X, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
M
N, m
an
O, w
om
an
wif
e of
P
P, m
an
hu
sba
nd
of
O
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
AVERAG
E
NO
RECO
RD
AG
E
45 65 ~72
?
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Form
6 Voca
-
tional
None
Std 2
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
Mar
ried
HO
ME
Nat
al
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
3 x
0.25
acre
s
1 x
0.75
acre
s.
Tw
o
oth
ers?
Abo
ut
2.5
acre
s?
About 5
acre
s
DE
ATH
S
die
d, ca
use
s
unsp
ecifie
d.
? D
augh
ter
die
d in 1
998
at a
ge o
f 20
of
‘dia
rrhoea
’.
? O
has
los
t 6
adul
t ch
ildre
n
in las
t se
vera
l
year
s. L
ates
t =
son,
dau
ghte
r-
in-la
w, an
d 1
of the
ir c
hild
-
ren
(‘no
dis-
ease
was
foun
d’). S
on o
f
co-w
ife d
ied
at
sam
e tim
e.
HE
ALT
H
? W
ife
ill, but
not re
late
d to
HIV
.
? W
ife
ill, but
not re
late
d to
HIV
.
CA
RE
ORPH
AN
S
O c
ares
for
thre
e orp
han
s
and c
o-w
ife
for
four.
ORPH
AN
S
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
land, th
ough
it
appea
rs that
orp
han
s bei
ng
care
d f
or
by
M
and X
eith
er
resi
de
ther
e or
use
that
lan
d.
Nee
d to h
ire
in
labour
to
com
pen
sate
for
wife’
s ill
nes
s, b
ut
not re
late
d to
HIV
/AID
S.
O c
ulti
vate
s la
nd
left b
y la
te s
on
and d
augh
ter-
in-
law
.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
wer
e not a
couple
. Rat
her
,
follo
win
g th
e
bro
ther
-in-law
’s
dea
th, his
wife
left lea
ving
som
e
or
all ch
ildre
n;
circ
um
stan
ces
of
her
dep
artu
re a
re
uncl
ear.
No
.
No
.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
No
No
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
➔
Appendices
209©HSRC 2004
➔
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
Q, w
om
an
? d
au
ghte
r-
in-l
aw
of
P
R, m
an
step
-son
of
Q;
? gr
an
dso
n
of P
S, w
om
an
mot
her
of
Y
Y, m
an
son
of
S
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
AVERAG
E
AG
E
46 26 46 20
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Form
2 Std 8
Std 6
in Form
4
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
-
er Wid
ow
Singl
e
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Nat
al
Mar
ital
Nat
al
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
About
3.5
acre
s
bet
wee
n
self a
nd
co-w
ife.
About 2
acre
s
shar
ed
with
bro
ther
s
0.5
acre
0.5
acre
1 ac
re
?
DE
ATH
S
? O
ne d
augh
-
ter
dies
; on
e
sist
er, br
othe
r-
in-law
, an
d
nephe
w; al
l
with
cha
ract
er-
istic
AID
S
sym
pto
ms.
? W
ife a
nd
baby
die
d
2002
, pro
babl
y
of A
IDS.
Fath
er a
nd 1
step
-mot
her
died
in
1996
&
1998
res
p.,
pro
b. a
lso
AID
S.
? S’
s hu
sban
d
died
in
2000
with
dia
rrho
ea,
suppos
edly
of
typho
id;
brot
her-in
-law
and
wife
shor
tly
afte
rwar
ds.
HE
ALT
H
? O
ther
dau
ghte
r ill
.
? Younge
r
bro
ther
pro
bab
ly ill
with
AID
S.
CA
RE
? Car
ing
for
younge
r
bro
ther
.
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
Wan
ts to s
ell one
plo
t of
land to
rais
e ca
sh.
Not cl
ear.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Y,
com
pel
led
to lea
ve
som
e la
nd fal
low
.
Wou
ld lik
e to
acqu
ire
mor
e la
nd
if co
uld
affo
rd.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
No
.
No
.
Yes
.U
nre
solv
ed
tensi
on w
ith
bro
ther
s-in
-
law
/uncl
es;
stal
emat
e.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
No
No
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Rights
210©HSRC 2004
‘NA
ME
’,G
EN
DE
R
V, w
om
an
W, w
om
an
WE
LFA
RE
:H
H S
UR
VE
Y
NO
RECO
RD
AVERAG
E
AG
E
43 56
ED
U-
CA
-TI
ON
Std 6
Std 8
MA
RIT
AL
STA
TUS
Wid
ow
Wid
ow
(hus-
ban
d
die
d in
1993
)
HO
ME
Mar
ital
Mar
ital
CU
RR
EN
TLA
ND
3 ac
res
in 2
plo
ts,
not cl
ear
how
div
ided
.
1 ac
re
1.5
acre
s
2 ac
res
2 ac
res
DE
ATH
S
? H
usb
and
die
d in M
arch
2002
, no
dia
gnosi
s.
Bro
ther
-in-law
and w
ife
die
late
199
0s,
char
acte
rist
ic
sym
pto
ms
of
AID
S.
? So
n, 3
8, d
ies
1998
, pos
sibl
y
of s
trok
e. S
on’s
wife
, 35
, di
es
2000
, no
cle
ar
diag
nosis.
Gra
ndso
n, 4
,
dies
200
0. S
on-
in-la
w d
ies
2000
.
HE
ALT
H
? D
augh
ter
ill
rece
ntly
, but
no d
iagn
osi
s.
Noth
ing
at
pre
sent,
exce
pt W
suffer
s from
arth
ritis
and
gran
ddau
ghte
r
has
epile
psy
.
CA
RE
? Te
mpora
rily
care
d f
or
dau
ghte
r (a
ge
15)
of
late
bro
ther
-in-
law
, but sh
e
dec
ided
to
move
to s
tay
with
oth
er
rela
tives
.
W c
ares
for
8
gran
dch
ildre
n
she
consi
der
s
orp
han
s.
LAN
D IM
PAC
T
Not cl
ear.
No im
pac
t
evid
ent.
H/A
IDS
& T
EN
UR
EC
HA
NG
E
Yes
.Fe
elin
g
inse
cure
, in
par
t
due
to e
pisode
with
nep
hew
.
Bef
ore
husb
and’s
dea
th, he
and s
he
wan
ted to s
ell one
plo
t to
hel
p p
ay
for
bro
ther
-in-
law
’s m
emorial
.
But husb
and d
ied
first
. N
ow
V w
ants
to s
till se
ll to
also
pay
for
husb
and’s
mem
orial
and
bec
ause
nee
ds
cash
; blo
cked
by
clan
who w
ill n
ot
allo
w h
er to s
ell.
No
.
OP
EN
RE
AID
S?
Yes
No
HIV
/AID
S IN
HO
US
EH
OLD
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