IMPACT OF FISH MARKETING ON LIVELIHOOD OF FISHERMEN AND OTHER MARKET INTERMEDIARIES: A CASE OF KEENJHAR LAKE IN SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN

IMPACT OF FISH MARKETING ON LIVELIHOOD OF FISHERMEN AND OTHER MARKET INTERMEDIARIES: A CASE OF KEENJHAR LAKE IN SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN

BY

USAMA HUMAYUN KHAN Reg. No. 2K12-AE-313

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSFACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM2015


BY

USAMA HUMAYUN KHAN Reg. No. 2K12-AE-313

A THESIS SUBMITTED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS,FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES TO SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM IN CONNECTION WITH THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) HONOURS IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC2015

Dedication

This humble effort is dedicated toMy respected Father and Motherwho did their best to uplift me upto the Heights of an ideal lifeand to My loving Family Memberswhose affections inspired me to love mankind

USAMA HUMAYUN KHAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTERPARTICULARSPAGE

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEEi

RESEARCH CERTIFICATEii

THESIS RELEASE FORMiii

HALF TITLE PAGEiv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv

LIST OF TABLESvi

ABSTRACTvii

IINTRODUCTION01

IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE08

IIIMATERIALS AND METHODS22

IVRESULTS 24

VDISCUSSION33

VISUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS37

LITERATURE CITED41

QUESTIONNAIRE46

SYNOPSIS49


BY

USAMA HUMAYUN KHAN

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

1. SUPERVISORDr. Tehmina Mangan Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of Agricultural Social SciencesSindh Agriculture University Tandojam.

2. CO-SUPERVISOR-IMr. Mumtaz Ali JoyoAssistant Professor Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of Agricultural Social SciencesSindh Agriculture University Tandojam.

3. CO-SUPERVISOR-IIMr. Riaz Ali BuriroAssistant Professor Department of Statistics Faculty of Agricultural Social SciencesSindh Agriculture University Tandojam.

DATE OF THESIS DEFENCE _________________________2015

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSFACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIAL SCIENCESSINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM

RESEARCH CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the present research work embodied in this thesis entitled IMPACT OF FISH MARKETING ON LIVELIHOOD OF FISHERMEN AND OTHER MARKET INTERMEDIARIES: A CASE OF KEENJHAR LAKE IN SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN has been carried out by Mr. USAMA HUMAYUN KHAN, in connection with the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) Honours in Agricultural Economics under my supervision and guidance, and that the work is original.

Dated______________________2015 ( Dr. Tehmina Mangan )Assistant Professor andResearch Supervisor

SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM

THESIS RELEASE FORM

I, USAMA HUMAYUN KHAN, hereby authorize Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam to supply copies of my thesis to libraries or individual upon request.

____________________(Signature)

_____________________(Date)


BY

khan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author finds no words to express his great sense of gratitude to Almighty Allah who gave him that potential and strength to accomplish this work.

Author wishes to pay his sincere thanks to Dr. Tehmina Mangan, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Social Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam for his valuable guidance, constructive criticism, encouragement and proficient supervision in the study as well as in compilation of the thesis manuscript.

The author can never forget the help, valuable guidance, cooperation, constrictive criticism and supervision received from Miss Tehmina Mangan, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Mr. Riaz Ali Buriro, Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam and their help in writing up of this manuscript.

USAMA HUMAYUN KHAN

List of tables

TABLEPARTICULARSPAGE

1Distribution of sample respondents by age group (2014)25

2Marital status of sample respondents (2014)25

3Average household family size of fishermen respondents at Keenjhar lake area district Thatta during 201426

4Education level of respondents at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 201426

5Average household earning members of fishermen respondents at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 201427

6Male and female involvement in fishing at Keenjar lake area district Thatta during 201427

7Fish catching experience of fishermen respondents at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 201428

8Source of credit28

9Types of fish and percentage of fishermen involved in fishing and average amount jof fish caught in peak and remaining seasons at Keenjhar lake in year 201429

10Average per day marketing costs incurred by the selected Middlemen and wholesalers in Thatta district during 201430

11Average fish caught by fishermen at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 201431

12Average per day revenue earned by selected fishermen at Keenjar lake area Thatta district during 201431

13Net profit earned by market intermediaries (middlemen and wholesalers) in Thatta district during 201432

14Difference in average net income earned by fishermen and market intermediaries (middlemen and wholesalers) Thatta district during 201432

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS For Master of Science (Agriculture) HonorsUSAMA HUMAYUN KHAN Major Agricultural Economics

TITLE:IMPACT OF FISH MARKETING ON LIVELIHOOD OF FISHERMEN AND OTHER MARKET INTERMEDIARIES: A CASE OF KEENJHAR LAKE IN SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN.

The study study will highlight marketing margins earned by fishermen and other intermediaries involved in the marketing of fish produced by Keenjhar Lake in Sindh province Pakistan. This study was conducted by survey method, for this purpose a pretested questionnaire covering all aspects related to the impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other marketing intermediaries and their economic and social status was developed on a random sample of 60 respondents. The data thus collected were coded and entered into computer for analysis. This data for analysis was accomplished by employing STATA software (i.e., 11.0 version of statistical package for social sciences).

The present results shows majority of respondents are married (90 percent) while 10 percent of respondents are unmarried. Family size varies from minimum 2 to maximum 20 family members per household. Average family size of respondents is 6.05. Majority of fishermen i.e. 53 percent were educated up to primary level and 14 percent were educated up to middle level, while 33 percent were illiterate. Only males are involved in fishing while female are not involved in fishing. All fishermen respondents get credit from local middle man. Majority 100 percent fishermen were catching Rao fish in both peak and remaining season and the average amount of Rao caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Rao caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. Narain fish was also caught by all fishermen 100 percent in peak season and 57 percent fishermen of sample respondents were catching Narain in remaining season. The average amount of Narain caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Narain caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. About 93 percent were catching Gulfam fish in peak season, 60 percent catching Gulfam in remaining season and the average amount of Gulfam caught in peak season was 6.4 kilogram and Gulfam caught in remaining season was 2.4 kilogram. And about 60 percent were catching Singhara fish in peak season, 50 percent catching Singhara in remaining season and the average amount of Singhara caught in peak season was 4.8 kilogram and Singhara caught in remaining season was 1.8 kilogram. The results that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day fish caught by fishermen per household is 9.3 kilogram, further indicate that household consumption of fish is 2 kilogram and net fish sold by fishermen is 7.3 kilogram. The results regarding the average per day total revenue by fishermen. The results revealed that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day net revenue of Rs 2039.6. The results in Table 12 further indicate that rate per kilogram in the study area between Rs 162 to Rs 333 per day. The results related to the average monthly expenditure of market. The results calculated that market intermediaries in the study area realized an average monthly net profit is Rs 122713. The results in Table 13 further indicate that the net profits in the study are ranged between Rs 23490 to 424500 per month, and income is Rs. 122713. The results shows in average difference net income earned by fishermen and market intermediaries (middlemen and wholesalers). The results represented that market intermediaries earning more monthly income i.e. Rs 122713. While fishermen are earning Rs 61188 as monthly income. The results also show the difference of Rs 178045 monthly income earned by the respondents.

vii

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Fish is an important source of vital nutrients such as proteins, vitamin D, vitamin B12, selenium and iodine. Fish is also a good source of two important omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (FHF, 2010). Fish as a vital source of nutrients usually has low in saturated fats, carbohydrates, cholesterol and provides not only high-value protein but also a wide range of essential micronutrients, including various vitamins, minerals and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (WB, 2013). Fish is also an important source of income earning for poor people living in coastal areas.Fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with about 148 million tonnes of fish in 2010 (with a total value of US$217.5 billion), of which about 128 million tonnes was utilized as food for people, and preliminary data for 2011 indicate increased production of 154 million tonnes, of which 131 million tonnes was destined as food. With sustained growth in fish production and improved distribution channels, world fish food supply has grown dramatically in the last five decades, with an average growth rate of 3.2 percent per year in the period 1961 to 2009 (FAO, 2012). In Pakistan fish production decreased from 615 thousand tonnes in 2000 to 579 thousand tonnes in 2011, thus showing decline of 6 percent Pakistan exports considerable quantities of fish and fish preparations to China and Middle Eastern countries, where it is very popular. Export of fish and fish preparations increased from US$ 194.16 million in 2005 to 06 to US$ 296.8 million in 2010 to 11, thus showing an average increase of 9 percent per annum (Memon, 2011).In Pakistan fisheries sector has 2.03 percent contribution in agriculture registered a growth of 0.98 percent compared to the growth of 0.65 percent last year (GOP, 2013). Fisheries contribute only 0.3 percent to overall GDP and 1.3 percent to agricultural GDP. Pakistan has a coastline of 1050 kilometer and a total area of approximately 0.25 million square kilometer of marine and 0.08 million square kilometer of inland waters consisting of rivers, streams, canals, drains, abandoned canals and farms. During 2005 to 06, the total marine and inland fish production stood at 0.6 million metric tonnes , of which 63 percent was marine production and remaining 37 percent catch came from inland waters. Fifty percent of the total production i.e. 0.3 million metric tonnes was consumed locally, 0.12 million metric tonnes of fish and fish product were exported and 0.18 million metric tonnes of the fish production was used as fish meal. Fisheries sector provides direct employment to about 379,000 fishermen and 400,000 people are employed in ancillary industries. The share of fisheries in total export earnings stood at 0.9 percent (US$160 million) during the year (SBP, 2007). Exports alone are worth nearly $213 million per annum (Akhter, 2010).The marketing chain for fish is more or less similar to those of other agricultural commodities. Products are sold into the market to wholesalers and then onto retailers and end consumers through agent working on commission basis. Farmed fish tend to be marketed either at the farm gate, through middle men or during open auction where ice-packed fish sent to fish markets after harvest were sold. Buyers can be member of the public, retailers, and wholesalers, agents for processing plants or exporters. Fish markets are very common in Sindh, at selected locations and also in other province. All markets are under control of the local administration.Fisheries sector are a source of income for 55 million people. The livelihoods of 12 percent of the world's population depend directly or indirectly on them. Fisheries and aquaculture give an important contribution to food security and nutrition. They are the primary source of protein for 17 percent of the world's population and nearly a quarter in low-income food deficit countries (SOFIA, 2012). In Sindh, fishing is an important source of livelihood as the entire southern end of the province is lined by 350 kilometer of coastline. Marine fisheries a key livelihood source for the people of Sindh. The total number of people engaged in the fisheries sector during 2000 and 2001 was estimated at 360 000. Out of this figure, 135 000 people (37.5 percent) were engaged in marine and 225000 (62.5 percent) in inland fisheries. In terms of marine productivity, Sindh is considered to be the most productive area. This area is marked by a broader continental shelf, extending 110 kilometer from the coast, which is indented by a number of creeks in the Indus Delta. This particular area has been subject to over exploitation of its resources by unchecked and uncontrolled fishing practices (IUCN, 2007). Livelihoods of many coastal communities are based on coastal fisheries resources. These resources face serious degradation due to use of harmful fishing practices such as, destructive nets which catch young fish and damage the quality of catch. Long term negative impacts of these practices would result in a decline in fish productivity and a stress on the ecosystem. Hence, this trend needs to be reversed to make the livelihoods of dependent communities sustainable. Fisheries and allied industrial activities are the most important economic activities along the coast of Sindh and Balochistan supporting livelihood of about 1.0 million fishermen and their families living in rural villages under difficult conditions. More than 0.8 million people rely directly or indirectly on the industry for their livelihood (Akhter, 2010).Sindh Province in general and particularly its coastal regions are famous for fishing. Catching fish as a profession from the coastal regions accounts for 70 percent of the total amount of fish caught in Pakistan (IPEC, 2011). Sindh coast is endowed in hydrological terms as Indus River falls to the Arabian Sea and contributes into large Indus River delta with micro-climate of deltaic region and wide variability of estuaries and mangroves. The Sindh coastal region is located in the South-eastern part of the country between the Indian borders along Sir Creek on the east to Hub River along the Balochistan coast on the west. Approximately 300,000 kilometers square of the Indus watershed, of which 50 percent is located outside Pakistan (India, China & Afghanistan), contribute flows to the Indus River. The Indus Delta (approximately 1600 kilometer square) is the most prominent ecological feature of the Sindh coast covering 85 percent of the coastal belt in Sindh. The Indus Delta covers 0.6 million hector with a coastline of 250 kilometer, bordering the city of Karachi in the northwest. The Indus Delta is comprised of 17 major creeks, numerous minor creeks, extensive areas of mudflats, and 0.129 million ha of mangrove forests. The dense forests are mostly located in the pockets created by the creeks. The source of fresh water is from the Indus River flows through the delta before reaching the Arabian Sea. The Indus Delta shelf is 150 kilometers wide and receives scanty rainfall during the monsoon season. The average wind speed during these months varies from 12 kilometer to 35 kilometer per hour (Majeed, 2012). In Pakistan from total fish production 48 percent fish produced in Sindh province (IUCN, 2007). In Sindh fishermen near coastal areas are forced to rely on catching more marine species which, in Pakistan, have lower value than freshwater species. There is very little added value, if any, in the fish catches in the Indus Delta (preparation and packaging of fish for human consumption). In fact, much of the intrinsic value of the fish catch is lost in poor handling (poor catch techniques, lack of proper storage, and eventual deterioration in quality, as a result, a lot of the catch goes into chicken feed, with a significant loss of protein conversion efficiency) (Majeed, 2012). In Sindh Province percentage of employed persons regarding fisheries sector are 0.43 percent from all areas of Sindh Province from which 0.37 percent males belongs to rural areas and 0.07 male belongs to urban areas which are using fisheries sector as source of income (UNDP Pakistan, 2102). Thatta district is situated from 23-43 to 2526 north latitudes and 6705 to 6845 east longitudes. Its coastal areas are thinly populated with small mainly fishing communities living along the creek system of the coast. The salient ecological feature of the Indus Delta is the mangrove forest that is now endangered. The total area of the district is 17,355 square kilometers. A vast body of fresh water, the Keenjer Lake that is spread over about 132 square kilometers, is also situated in the district of Thatta. This historical lake provides a source of livelihood to the fisher communities in the form of fishing (IPEC, 2011).Keenjhar Lake is a freshwater Lake having an area of about 145 kilometer square. The maximum depth of the Lake is 8 meter. Keenjhar Lake is located in stony desert, composed of alternating layers of limestone and sandstone. Historically it is formed by the union of two Lakes, Sonehri and Keenjhar through the construction of an embankment on their eastern side in 1950s. Originally these Lakes came into being when River Indus changed its course, cutting-off these Lakes. Before the construction of embankment, the Lakes were fed by a dozen hill torrents on the western side. Now it gets most of its water from Indus River through canal. With this background, Keenjhar may be regarded as semi natural Lake. The Lake is fed by the Kalri Baghar canal originating from Kotri Barrage that enters at the northwest corners, and by many small seasonal streams entering on the western and northern shores. The only outlet is through the Jam branch canal at the southeast corner of the Lake. The lake is rich in fish fauna and support the livelihood of about 50,000 people (WWF, 2008). Freshwater fisheries: A total of 55 species were recorded from Keenjhar Lake comprising of 9 Orders (Beloniformes, Channiformes, Clupeiformes, Cypriliformes, Mugiliformes, Osteoglossiformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes and Synbranchiformes) and 14 families. Out of the 55 species recorded from Keenjhar Lake the Order Cypriniformes were most abundant with 25 species (45.4 percent of all species) being represented followed by Siluriformes with 15 species (27.2 percent of all species) and Perciformes with 7 species (12.7 percent of all species. The remaining of the Orders were represented by one or two species. Out of the fourteen families recorded during the survey Cyrpinidae with 25 species (45.4 percent) followed by Bagridae and Chaldidae both with five species (9.1 percent) (WWF, 2008).At keenjhar lake there is mix of four major occupations around the lake, fishing, agriculture, stone mining and mat making. However fishing is continued to be dominant occupation of the programme area. About 44 percent community members are engaged with fishing, followed by 22 percent as agriculture laborers and 8 percent engaged in stone mining. Poverty has remained one of the most serious problems of the area. Decline in fish catch, poor infrastructure, lack of employment opportunities, lack of productive assets, inadequate technical capability and use of inappropriate technology is the main factors responsible for their poverty level. Using the poverty line of Rs. 1000 per capita income (2004 to 5 national poverty line of Rs.878 and adding inflation rate of 7.5 per year) about 62 percent people around Lake are living below poverty line with average per capita income of Rs. 971 (WWF, 2008).Fisheries are an important sub-sector of agriculture. It has great potential and can play a significant role in the national economy by contributing towards food security of the country, reducing pressure on demand for mutton, beef and poultry and earning of foreign exchange. However, like other sub-sectors, fisheries sector also remained largely untapped and comparatively small and almost unchanged over the last ten years (Memon, 2011). Pakistan has a fish and seafood industry worth $1.2 billion (Akhter, 2010).Fisheries sector has domestic consumption potential of 1 million metric tonnes and export of US$ 1 billion annually. If the high potential area of aquaculture is included, fisheries sector can yield even higher export earnings. The Government is taking keen interest in the development of the fisheries sector. Emphasis is being given to strengthen the fisheries infrastructure, enhancement of fish production, increase in export earnings & domestic consumption of fish, diversification of fishing effort, exploitation of untapped resources and above all, improving the socio-economic condition of the fishing communities (SBP, 2007).

Objectives:The overall objectives of the study were to assess the impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other market intermediaries: To identify the market intermediaries involved in the marketing of lake fish. To estimate marketing margins earned by fishermen and other intermediaries. To suggest policy measures base on the results of the study.

CHAPTER-II

Review of literature

Berachi (2003) analyzed that artisanal sector of the marine fisheries for the period 1987 to 2000 by applying Gordon-Schaefer Surplus Production Model on time series of total catch and standardized effort. Static reference points such as open access equilibrium, maximum economic yield and maximum sustainable yield were established in addition to the more dynamic optimal yield solution. The results showed that the fishery was expanded beyond the economically optimum point where the current level of effort was further beyond that of maximum sustainable yield resulting in suboptimal yield, i.e. it was evident that there was already over-fishing in the inshore waters where majority of artisan fishermen concentrate. The major constraint was assumed to be the inadequate institution and legal framework for fisheries management. Also social and equity considerations were the bottlenecks for the implementation of regulatory measures which would cause further unemployment. Thus, the study called for policy intervention to rescue the stock from the existing high fishing pressure that would lead to depletion.Hussain and Badar (2003) concluded in his research that this article in hand attempts to identify the market intermediaries involved in the marketing of inland fish, their marketing margins and the market channels through which the inland fish reaches to the ultimate consumers. The study is based on the primary data and simple statistical techniques like averages and percentages have been employed to calculate marketing margins. The results of the study indicate that share of market intermediaries in the consumers rupee is substantial and there is need to increase the government shops to reduce the marketing margins and thereby to enhance the producer income.Ngazy (2004) estimated results of the preliminary socio-economic survey conducted in two coastal villages where coastal aquaculture was established as means to supplement the declining fish catch from the wild. Specifically it evaluated the market for fish in villages and hotels looking at the local community fish requirements and their perception. Finally it highlighted the cost benefit analysis of the Zala Park mari-culture project. Questionnaire survey was conducted through formal interviews to a random sample of 74 households; also to 15 hotels. Also, informal individual interviews with stake holders including women who previously used the pond site for other use as well as observations at various economic areas such as fish pond construction, fish landing stations and existing economic activities in the village. Preliminary findings showed higher proportion for males than female household members and suggested more dependence on fishing activities in the sea. Majority of interviewees were optimistic about farming, market for cultivated species existed both in hotels and the households in the sense that villagers requirement for cultivated fish was estimated on average to be 21 kilogram per household per month and hoteliers demanded whole year round seemed to be quite considerable during high tourist seasons. The sites were previously used for buying coconut husks for rope making and salt production respectively and formed part of income generating activities. Financial analysis for fish culture indicated the project was viable at 12 percent discount rate.Hill (2005) concluded in his research that there is a great deal of interest in the role of ecotourism for combating the dual problems of conservation and poverty alleviation in rural areas of developing countries. This study combines quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the role of marine resources in the livelihoods of the local communities in order to better understand the consequences of ecotourism development for marine resource use and conservation. .The results indicate that fishing forms part of a diversified livelihood strategy for the majority of households. Marine resources serve a variety of functions within these livelihood strategies, from an important source of nutrition, sources of cash for subsistence, buffering roles, and balancing intra household inequalities through to providing a social function and opportunities for extra cash. The resource with the most open access, the octopus fishery, is the most pressured and forms an important last resort for the most vulnerable households.Khushk and Lashari (2005) observed wide variation in fish prices and high cost in resource inputs in Thatta district. The fish prices varied due to season and supply and demand. The price in winter was high at Rs. 3737.50 per 40 kilogram following by spring at Rs. 3229.5 and in summer at Rs. 3418.75 per 40 kilogram. Fish farmers receive an average price of Rs. 3453.43 per 40 kilogram. The overall fixed cost came to Rs. 7800 per acre on bulldozer digging, Rs. 5000 on tractor, Rs. 5000 on construction of embankment and Rs. 1500 as labour charges. In variable cost Rs. 3442 was incurred on the purchase of fish seed followed by Rs. 2700 per acre on FYM and fish seed, Rs. 1800 on labour and Rs. 400 on potassium permanganate. The overall fish production was reported at 9.40 mounds per acre. In large size category, farmers receive 9.18 mounds fish production per acre, while medium farms produce 9.61 mounds and small farms 9.41 mounds per acre. The overall average net returns of Rs. 26394. 64 were earned by the selected fish growers. Whereas, in case of first flock the net returns was lower at Rs. 7207.14 per acre due to high fixed costs.Grant (2006) Observed that this study specify, it demonstrates the importance of livelihoods, fisher knowledge, resilience, and institutions in fisheries management and planning; and develops a draft fishery management plan using the management objective driven (MOD) fishery planning process. The case study is the long line fishery for large pelagic species in Gouyave, Grenada. Four analytical approaches are important to this study: (1) sustainable livelihoods framework, with an emphasis on individual, household, and community livelihood strategies; (2) fisher knowledge, with an emphasis on technological and ecological knowledge; (3) a resilience analysis, with an emphasis on adapting to disturbances and changes; and (4) a common property analysis, with an emphasis on sustainable institutions and cross-scale linkages. Qualitative, quantitative, and participatory tools were used for data collection and analysis. The research findings in this dissertation concludes by stating that management strategies and the planning process which considers livelihoods issues, fisher knowledge, resilience building, and the participation of local institutions in cross-scale management is likely to lead to improvements in fisheries management.Lam (2006) investigated an efficient exploitation level of fisheries resources affected by the stocking programme. The Verhulst-Schaefer model (logistic growth) was applied and the classic model modified to also include the case of stocking. The modified surplus production model (MSPM) that considers fish stocking as a major factor influencing population growth was employed to estimate static reference points. Adding economic components to the MSPM, a bio-economic model was established and applied in analyzing the interaction between human harvesting pressures, stocking and biological resources generation. Data on catch/effort and stocking from 1993 to 2005 were used to analyze the fishery. Empirical results revealed that the stocking program was a major factor influencing both population growth and the harvest regime in the reservoir. Fish stocking was positively correlated to change in population growth, and led to a considerable enhancement in fish production. The fisheries resources could not sustain current exploitation levels which led to both biological and economic over-fishing as result of ineffective management. The current centralized top-down management was proven ineffective and inappropriate. Therefore, rational management was required to rescue the fisheries resources from depletion, to maintain the fisheries productivity capacity and to prevent further resource degradation. However, reservoir fisheries were dependent on harvesting and stocking regimes, so a change of management plan should be achieved by simultaneously changing the level of effort and stocking rate.Faruque (2007) explored that the present study explores the impacts of dynamic aquaculture sector on stakeholders at production level and supply chain and test the hypothesis that aquaculture is enhancing rural livelihoods and benefiting the poor. Finally, it can be concluded that the promotion of aquaculture not only increased much needed food availability but also generated critical livelihoods and marketing is not just a mechanism of product flow, but also providing livelihoods welfare to poorest sections of the society. The micro level findings of the study regarding impacts of aquaculture indicate that aquaculture production and marketing have significant impacts on enhancing rural livelihoods in Bangladesh.Gabriel and Akinrotimi (2007) analyzed in their research locally produced fish feed: potentials for aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa. This article, however reviewed critically the potentials of locally manufactured fish feed in enhancing, improving and sustaining aquaculture development in Africa. Various methods of processing employed were discussed and suggestions were made on how aquaculture growth can reach its maximum potential in the production of fish through utilization of locally available fish feed ingredients.Hassan and Ishaq (2007) explored in their study economics of trout fish farming. This study was undertaken in Northern Areas of Pakistan during 2004 to estimate the cost of trout fish farming and its profitability. The results that trout fish farming provides a great opportunity for exploiting the abundant source of cold water in Northern Areas and would be a major income generating activity, if rural people were made aware of the trout fish farming and proper market established in the area.Roos and wahab (2007) concluded in his research that fish is important in the diets and livelihoods of many poor people suffering from vitamin and mineral deficiencies. In this article fish intake in rural Bangladesh and Cambodia and the vitamin A, calcium, iron, and zinc contents and nutrient bioavailability of commonly consumed species are presented. The contribution of these species to nutrient intakes as well as their potential to meet dietary recommendations are presented and discussed. Data from consumption surveys were analyzed to obtain fish intake by species. Commonly consumed species were analyzed for nutrient contents and studies on nutrient bioavailability were conducted. In poor, rural, Bangladeshi households, mean fish intake was 13 to 83 gram raw, whole fish per person per day. Frequency of intake of small fish was high and small fish made up 50 to 80 percent of all fish eaten during the fish production season in rural Bangladesh and Cambodia. Many small fish are eaten whole and therefore are a rich calcium source some are also rich in vitamin A, iron, and zinc. Even small production of the vitamin Arich fish mola in ponds in Bangladesh can meet the annual vitamin A recommendation of 2 million children, and a traditional daily meal with the iron-rich fish trey changwaplieng can meet 45 percent of the daily median iron requirement of Cambodian women. Fish consumption data on the species level, nutrient analyses, awareness of the nutritional value of fish, as well as promotion of the production and accessibility of nutrient-dense species can lead to the use of fish in food-based strategies to combat nutrient deficiencies in poor people in Asia and Africa.Wasim (2007) examined that apart from marine fisheries, inland fisheries (comprising of rivers, lakes, ponds, dams, etc.) are also very important source of animal protein. The consumption of fish is very low in Pakistan. The fisheries sector in Pakistan has not received due attention and as a consequence its contribution in Pakistans economy has been relatively meager. There are substantial waterlogged and saline areas in Sindh, which are no longer suited for crop producing; they can be developed for fish culture. There is a need to examine the growth and instability of inland fish farming in Sindh before an intensive campaign can be launched to convince farmers to engage in fish farming. The study analyzed the growth and instability in inland fish production for two different periods of Sindh province period I 1975 to 1988 and period II 1989 to 2002. The study reveals that in period II the inland fish production growth rate of Khairpur, Larkana, Hyderabad, Badin, Thatta and of Sindh province positively and significantly increased while that of Sanghar and Tharparkar districts significantly decreased. The study also confirms that in period I a majority of districts have moderate growth with less instability in inland fish production as compared to period II. The study also reveals that none of the districts showed continuous increase in the relative share in any period.Asmah (2008) examined in his research that this involved an overview of the sector to determine its trends and operations and identifying strengths and constraints, a financial viability assessment of the sector, based on mode and levels of operation of existing farms, an assessment of the market and trade for cultured fish with a focus on Oreochromis niloticus, and finally, a GIS approach to update and reassess the potential for aquaculture development in Ghana. Data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources, the former, via fish farmer, dealers and consumer questionnaire surveys. Results the main strength identified was the growing interest in both commercial and non-commercial fish farming and the main constraints were lack of quality seed, low levels of technical support and of knowledge in fish farming practices among noncommercial farmers. The overall conclusions are that based on natural resource requirements, market potential and financial viability, Ghana has the potential to totally make up the shortfall in domestic fish supply through aquaculture production. Saleh (2008) discovered that this research focuses on examining the possibility of implementing the marketing-oriented fisheries co-management in Lake Victoria (Tanzanian side) for Nile perch fisheries. The findings of this study indicated that the globalization of Nile perch fishery has attracted number of actors to join the fishery and among of them are middlemen, processing plants and fishers themselves. The current first-hand sales system has greater contribution on poverty situation to the majority fishers and made few players benefits over resource, especially investors of the fish processing plants and the fish agents. The deliberate ignoring to identify and incorporate the problems, needs and opportunities that exist in the fishing communities under the co-management arrangement has made the fishers community less motivated in the participation of resource management activities. Fight for better fish prices and issuing of credits to fishers were the most prioritized first-hand sales activities that proposed by fishers community to be undertaken by the BMU organization. Capacity building for the BMU is highly needed in order for the organization to undertake its responsibilities efficiently and effectively. Theories used in this study include the poverty theory, co-management, SLA and middlemen theory.Omom (2009) analyzed in his study that the primary purpose of this research was to understand the HIV/AIDS and artisanal fishery nexus. Using a qualitative approach, perceptions of fishers from two local artisanal fishing communities, Kaswanga and Kolunga on Rusinga Island Lake Victoria, Kenya were collected. The results underscores that emerging issues such as sex-for-fish, sex-for-customer, and tilapia-aphrodisiac phenomenon all contributing to fishing communities susceptibility and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. To alleviate the HIV/AIDS problem in the artisanal fishery sector, this study calls for an holistic approach grounded in prevention, treatment and mitigation strategies that requires full participation of all the artisanal fishery stakeholders, fishing communities, the private sector (middlemen and fish processing factories) and the government.Mboge (2010) examined that this study was conducted in Ashanti Region of Ghana to examine the opportunities and constraints for environmental best practices of fish farming. The study examined resources available at farm levels, farm operations, farming systems, sustainability of fish farming and roles of stakeholders. A systems approach was used as a guide for data collection. A structured questionnaire survey targeted fish farmers. Farmers selection was based on their ability to provide records and information on their fish farming activities. The study showed that the fish farmers have resources and experiences in fish farming but still lack appropriate technologies for the utilization of their resources; for increased production without compromising environmental protection. The potential for fish farming to improve is enormous as the opportunities are vast. Government and non-governmental support will continue to be needed to overcome constraints imposed on the industry.Kariuki (2011) described the main objective of this study was thus to assess the performance of Omena marketing in Kenya. Questionnaires were adopted as the major tools of data collection using one-on-one interviews. To analyze the resultant data, the study utilized gross margin analysis and co-integration modeling. Results indicate that Omena marketing channels are to a large degree effective as it regards to meeting the consumption needs. However, results also indicated that longer marketing channels resulted not only to high costs and thus high retail prices; but also to lower returns to the fishermen. Further, the study identified that there is no integration amongst Omena markets in Kisumu and Nakuru and that a weak degree of integration existed between Kisumu and Nairobi. Information generated by this study is important in guiding policy makers to identify points of interventions as well as in designing effective and efficient Omena marketing channels.Iqbal (2012) observed that the aim of this study was to investigate fungal infections in four species of carps including goldfish, Carassius (C.) auratus L.; silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys (H.) molitrix Richardsons; rahu, Labeo (L.) rohita Hamilton and Ctenopharyngodon (C.) idella Valenciennes. Nine specimens of each species were studied for the presence of fungal infections. Infected fishes showed clinical signs such as fungal growth on skin, fins, eyes, eroded fins and scales, hemorrhages on body surface and abdominal distension. This study showed that most of the fungi isolated from fishes are considered as normal mycoflora, yet many fungi can cause natural infections in ponds and aquarium.Mafimisebi (2012) expressed that this study, after testing and correcting price series for non-stationarity, modelled marketing efficiency in 66 pairs of spatially separated markets. The unit root test was used to reveal the order of econometric integration of the price series. It is concluded that there is low extent of spatial pricing efficiency in Nigerias dry fish market. The study recommended improved market infrastructures, improved information collection, collation and dissemination, and decisive policy reforms aimed at lowering retail price at the identified leader markets, as ways of enhancing spatial pricing efficiency.Sumaila and Cheung (2012) investigated in their study benefits of rebuilding global marine fisheries outweigh costs. Global marine fisheries are currently underperforming, largely due to overfishing. An analysis of global databases finds that resource rent net of subsidies from rebuilt world fisheries could increase from the current negative US$ 13 billion to positive US$ 54 billion per year, resulting in a net gain of US$ 600 to US$ 1,400 billion in present value over fifty years after rebuilding. To realize this gain, governments need to implement a rebuilding programme at a cost of about US$ 203 (US$ 130 to US$ 292) billion in present values. We estimate that it would take just 12 years after rebuilding begins for the benefits to surpass the cost. Even without accounting for the potential boost to recreational fisheries, and ignoring ancillary and non-market values that would likely increase, the potential benefits of rebuilding global fisheries far outweigh the costs.Aho (2013) Abstracted that this research examine the artisanal fishing and livelihoods along the Volta Lake in the Kwahu - North District. Methods of data collection included questionnaires, focused group discussions, and direct observation. Difficulty in acquiring hired labour accounted for the use of child labour. Smoking was the most common mode of processing fish. Poor saving habit was identified among the fishers. Both short and long term measures were put forward for improving the livelihood situation of the fishers. Institutions like VRA, MoF, FD, VBRP and the Government should also play a major role through financial and technical assistance in improving livelihood conditions of the fishers. Finally, the fishery law must be enforced with the full participation of the fishers. This will ensure sustainability of the fishing industry.Chekol (2013) investigated that this study has attempted to examine socio-economic and institutional factors influencing fishery resource utilization of Lake Tana. For the study, both primary and secondary data were used. Results indicated education, training and credit access were significantly influenced fish resource utilization. The finding of the study revealed that, improving educational level, training on fishery resource management and utilization, access to credit, establishment of sustainable market, construction of roads and expansion of sea transportation system would promote fish resource utilization.Jacobi (2013) observed in his research examining the potential of fish farming to improve the livelihoods of farmers in the Lake Victoria. This study uses a structured questionnaire to elucidate the impacts of governmental support on the livelihoods of small-scale aquaculture farmers in the Nyanza and Western provinces, Kenya. Foci are (1) farm characteristics, (2) support mechanisms used, (3) fish farm wealth, (4) livelihood changes and (5) future perspectives of aquaculture. Livelihoods of ESP supported farmers improved in terms of protein consumption through incomes from aquaculture but pond productivities are low. ESP subsidies helped fish farmers in the short term, i.e. through income generation and increased protein accessibility, but it failed to teach farmers how to achieve self-sustainable aquaculture without the help of subsidies. One way of achieving higher pond productivities is the promotion of sustainable and integrated aquaculture-agriculture farming practices. The risk is high that if pond productivities are not increased, aquaculture practices may be discontinued in the future with negative impacts on the farmer`s livelihoods.Hossain (2013) represented that the present study was conducted to assess the socioeconomic status of fish farmers of the Charbata union. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. Result reveals Poor knowledge on fish farming, high price of fish feed, poor marketing facilities and lack of money for fish farming was identified as the major constraints.Nwosu and Onyeneke (2013) analyzed in his research that the study focused on effect of productive inputs of pond fish production on the output of fish in Owerri agricultural zone of Imo State, Nigeria. A total of forty pond fish farmers selected through a random sampling effort were interviewed using questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. It is recommended that policies be directed to the establishment of commercial pelleted and floating fish feed mills, modern fish hatcheries, provision of credit facilities, provision of adequate infrastructural facilities and intensification of extension services. Government should provide good feeder roads so that this produce can be transported easily and cheaply into areas where they are not produced.Tazhibaeva (2013) presented in his study that the information collected in this thesis aims to make an input to narrow the gap of information on the fish market in the Kyrgyz Republic. A market analysis was conducted based on the 4 Ps of marketing, focusing on producer markets, by interviewing fish farmers of two associations and retail markets, by examining supermarkets, bazaars and specialized fish shops in Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic. The data and information generated in this study provides valuable information that can be used to plan fish processing activities and build or enhance marketing strategy, as well as to plan fish processing activities in a manner that manages hygiene and ensures high quality, safe fish products.

CHAPTER-III

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The objective of this study will highlight marketing margins earned by fishermen and other intermediaries involved in the marketing of fish produced by Keenjhar Lake in Sindh province Pakistan research procedures used in this study are defined in this chapter.

Each research study entails different lies of work depending upon its objectives and working plan. Thus a meaning full research work involves an appropriate planning before proceeding further. This study was conducted by survey method, for this purpose a pretested questionnaire covering all aspects related to the impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other marketing intermediaries and their economic and social status was developed on a random sample of 60 respondents.

Analysis of data:The data thus collected were coded and entered into computer for analysis.This data for analysis was accomplished by employing STATA software (i.e., 11.0 version of statistical package for social sciences). Descriptive statistics were uses to calculate interpret and discuss result and formulate the recommendation. The data were summarized and presented in the form of tables and figures. Three types of indicators were used in the tables.

Percentage:A percentage was calculated in simple and cross tables for the purpose of comparisons. The formula used for computing Percentage is:F/N 100WhereF represents the class frequencyN present total respondents

Arithmetic mean:Arithmetic mean or average can also be used for tabulated presentations of data. It is true representation of whole data.A.M or Average =X n/n

COST OF PRODUCTIONMarketing CostsExpenses received from produce preparation that includes transport cost, storage cost, processing cost, capital costs fees, commission and un official payments and prices (Shepherd, 1996). In fish catching marketing costs are the function of catching, hired labour, ice, transport, shop rent and commission.

Net ReturnNet return or profit is the residual amount with the fisherman after incurring all the production costs from the total revenue. This is obtained by subtracting total revenue from the total costs of production.NR=TR TCWhereNR Denotes net returnCHAPTER-IV

RESULTS

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other market intermediaries of Keenjhar Lake in Sindh province.This chapter deals with analysis and tabulation, interpretation, discussion and synthesis of various types of data acquired during the field interviews.4.1 General characteristics of respondents:Well-being of fisherman is believed to be influenced by socioeconomic conditions. In this study we have collected information regarding age, education, fish catching experience and source of credit of respondents was collected. This information is presented in following tables.The data presented in Table1 shows the average age of 72 percent sample respondents in age group 15 to 35 years is 26, which shows that majority of respondents are of young age. The average age of 17 percent sample respondents in age group 36 to 46 years is 45.1, which shows that 17 percent respondents are of middle age. And the average age of 11 percent our sample respondents in age group is 47 to 65 years is 52.7, which shows that 11 percent respondents are of old age.

Age: Age of respondents was recorded and the result data are tabulated belowTable 1. Distribution of sample respondents by age group (2014)S. NoAge groupsAverage years of agePercentage of number of persons in each age group

115 to 352672 %

236 to 4645.117 %

347 to 6552.711 %

Total123.8100 %

The results on Table 2 reveal marital status of fishermen, middlemen and wholesaler. Majority of respondents are married (90 percent) while 10 percent of respondents are unmarried.Table 2. Marital status of sample respondents (2014)ParticularsNo of respondentsPercentage of marital status of respondents

Married5490

Unmarried610

Total60100

The data presented in Table3 shows the family size of fishermen. Family size varies from minimum 2 to maximum 20 family members per household. Average family size of respondents is 6.05.Table 3. Average household family size of fishermen respondents at Keenjhar lake area district Thatta during 2014ParticularsMin household family membersMax household family membersAverage no of family members per household

Household size2206.5

Total2206.5

Education: Education is the process, which brings desire changes in the economic status of an individual. These are number of studies which have shown the changes in economic and social status through education (CIDA, 2004).The data presented in Table 4 shows that majority of fishermen i.e. 53 percent were educated up to primary level and 14 percent were educated up to middle level, while 33 percent were illiterate.Table 4. Education level of respondents at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 2014S.No.Educational levelPercentage (%)

1Illiterate33 %

2Primary53 %

3Intermediate14 %

Total100 %

The results in Table 5 presented that average earning members per household varies from minimum 1 to maximum 6. While an average earning members per household is 1.76.

Table 5. Average household earning members of fishermen respondents at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 2014ParticularsMin no of household earning members of fishermenMin no of household earning members of fishermenAverage no of household earning members of fishermen

Household earning members161.78

Total161.76

The results on male and female involvement in fishing at Keenjar Lake area of district Thatta are presented in Table 6 only males are involved in fishing while female are not involved in fishing.Table 6. Male and female involvement in fishing at Keenjar lake area district Thatta during 2014S No.Male and female involvement in fishingPercentage of males and female involved in fishing

1Male100

2Female0

Total100

Data presented in Table 7 shows that majority i.e. 94 percent of fishermen have fish catching experience more than 6 years. While only 3 percent of fishermen have experience up to 4 years and 3 percent of fishermen were having experience up to 6 years.

Table 7. Fish catching experience of fishermen respondents at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 2014S.No.Fish catching experience (years)Percentage of fishermen having experience

1 43

2 63

3< than 694

Total100

4.2 Source of Credit for fishermen at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 2014Data presented in Table 8 shows that the all fishermen respondents get credit from local middle man.Table 8. Source of creditS.no.Source of credit No.Percentage (%)

1MIDDLE MAN30100%

4.3 Types of Fish caught at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 2014Data presented in Table 9 shows that, 100 percent fishermen were catching Rao fish in both peak and remaining season and the average amount of Rao caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Rao caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. Narain fish was also caught by all fishermen 100 percent in peak season and 57 percent fishermen of sample respondents were catching Narain in remaining season. The average amount of Narain caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Narain caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. About 93 percent were catching Gulfam fish in peak season, 60 percent catching Gulfam in remaining season and the average amount of Gulfam caught in peak season was 6.4 kilogram and Gulfam caught in remaining season was 2.4 kilogram. And about 60 percent were catching Singhara fish in peak season, 50 percent catching Singhara in remaining season and the average amount of Singhara caught in peak season was 4.8 kilogram and Singhara caught in remaining season was 1.8 kilogram.Table 9. Types of fish and percentage of fishermen involved in fishing and average amount jof fish caught in peak and remaining seasons at Keenjhar lake in year 2014

S.noTypes of fishPercentage of fishermen catching fish in peak seasonAvg. amount of fish caught in peak season (Kilogram) Percentage of fishermen catching fish in remaining seasonAvg. amount of fish caught in remainingseason (Kilogram)

1Rao10015.71002.3

2Narain1006.8571.1

3Gulfam936.4602.4

4Singhara604.8501.8

4.4 Marketing CostsIn Fish business expenses incurred by producer are transport costs, storage costs, processing costs, capital costs fees, commission and unofficial payment and prices (Shepherd, 1996). In present study marketing costs are incurred by producer on catching, hired labour, ice, transport, shop rent and commission.The results pertaining to the average per day marketing costs incurred by the middle man and wholesaler at Keenjhar Lake area of district Thatta are presented in Table 10 the results revealed that middle man and wholesaler spent on average per day cost of hired labour, ice cost, transport, shop rent and commission were 350, 225, 2500, 58.5 and 750 percent respectively. Total average per day marketing costs incurred by the middle man and wholesaler is Rs 3884 as marketing cost including hired labour, ice cost, transport, shop rent and commission charges. The results in Table 10 further indicated that the marketing cost in the study area ranged between Rs 2417 to Rs 5350 per day.

Table 10. Average per day marketing costs incurred by the selected Middlemen and wholesalers in Thatta district during 2014.

Cost ComponentsMin marketing cost Max marketing costAverage per day marketing cost in (Rs)

Hired labour200500350

Ice cost200250225

Transport150035002500

Shop rent 1710058.5

Commission5001000750

Grant total241753503884

4.5 Fish CaughtThe results regarding the average per day fish caught by the fishermen at Keenjhar lake area district Thatta are presented in Table 11 the results revealed that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day fish caught by fishermen per household is 9.3 kilogram. The results in Table 11 further indicate that household consumption of fish is 2 kilogram and net fish sold by fishermen is 7.3 kilogram.

Table 11. Average fish caught by fishermen at Keenjhar lake area Thatta district during 2014

ItemMin fish caught by household per day in kilogram Max fish caught by household per day in kilogramAverage fish caught by household per day

Fish caught (kg)8179.3

House hold consumption (kg)042

Net sold (kg)8137.3

4.6 Total revenueThe results regarding the average per day total revenue by fishermen at Keenjar lake area district Thatta are presented in Table 12. The results revealed that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day net revenue of Rs 2039.6. The results in Table 12 further indicate that rate per kilogram in the study area between Rs 162 to Rs 333 per day.Table 12.Average per day revenue earned by selected fishermen at Keenjar lake area Thatta district during 2014Net RevenueMin fish sold by fishermen in kilogramMax fish sold by fishermen in kilogramAverage fish sold per day

Quantity of fish sold by fishermen8137.3

Rate per (kilogram)162333279.4

Total amount129643292039.6

4.7 Net ReturnThe results related to the average monthly expenditure of market intermediaries at Keenjar lake area of district Thatta are presented in Table 13. The results calculated that market intermediaries in the study area realized an average monthly net profit is Rs 122713. The results in Table 13 further indicate that the net profits in the study are ranged between Rs 23490 to 424500 per month, and income is Rs. 122713.Table 13. Net profit earned by market intermediaries (middlemen and wholesalers) in Thatta district during 2014ParticularsMin expenditure of middlemen and wholesaler per monthMax expenditure of middlemen and wholesaler per monthAverage per day expenditure of middlemen and wholesale

Gross income (a)96000585000239233

Expenditure (b)72510160500116520

Net profit = a-b23490424500122713

The results shows in average difference net income earned by fishermen and market intermediaries (middlemen and wholesalers) in Thatta district are presented in Table 14. The results represented that market intermediaries earning more monthly income i.e. Rs 122713. While fishermen are earning Rs 61188 as monthly income. The results also show the difference of Rs 178045 monthly income earned by the respondents.Table 14. Difference in average net income earned by fishermen and market intermediaries (middlemen and wholesalers) Thatta district during 2014

Average monthly income earned by middlemen and wholesalers (b)Average monthly income earned by fishermen (a)Difference (c) is c=a-b

23923361188178045

Chapter-V

Discussion

Sindh is represented as Pakistans province covering 18 percent of country area. Out of nearly 80 million hectares of Pakistans geographical area, Sindh accounts for almost 1.4 million hectares (Khoso, 1992). Fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with about 148 million tonnes of fish in 2010 (with a total value of US$217.5 billion), of which about 128 million tonnes was utilized as food for people, and preliminary data for 2011 indicate increased production of 154 million tonnes, of which 131 million tonnes was destined as food. With sustained growth in fish production and improved distribution channels, world fish food supply has grown dramatically in the last five decades, with an average growth rate of 3.2 percent per year in the period 1961 to 2009 (FAO, 2012).

On an overall basis average age of 72 percent sample respondents in age group 15 to 35 years is 26, which shows that majority of respondents are of young age. The average age of 17 percent sample respondents in age group 36 to 46 years is 45.1, which shows that 17 percent respondents are of middle age. And the average age of 11 percent our sample respondents in age group is 47 to 65 years is 52.7, which shows that 11 percent respondents are of old age. Family size varies from minimum 2 to maximum 20 family members per household. Average family size of respondents is 6.05. further results shows that majority of fishermen i.e. 53 percent were educated up to primary level and 14 percent were educated up to middle level, while 33 percent were illiterate. While, Jat (2003) reported that the 26% of respondents had the education of primary, 17% had education up to middle, 150.4% were illiterate, where the some numbers had education level up to intermediate and graduation and only 41% had education up to matriculate.

The study further reveals male and female involvement in fishing at Keenjar Lake area of district Thatta were only males are involved in fishing while female are not involved in fishing. Majority i.e. 94 percent of fishermen have fish catching experience more than 6 years. While only 3 percent of fishermen have experience up to 4 years and 3 percent of fishermen were having experience up to 6 years.

Data shows that, 100 percent fishermen were catching Rao fish in both peak and remaining season and the average amount of Rao caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Rao caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. Narain fish was also caught by all fishermen 100 percent in peak season and 57 percent fishermen of sample respondents were catching Narain in remaining season. The average amount of Narain caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Narain caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. About 93 percent were catching Gulfam fish in peak season, 60 percent catching Gulfam in remaining season and the average amount of Gulfam caught in peak season was 6.4 kilogram and Gulfam caught in remaining season was 2.4 kilogram. And about 60 percent were catching Singhara fish in peak season, 50 percent catching Singhara in remaining season and the average amount of Singhara caught in peak season was 4.8 kilogram and Singhara caught in remaining season was 1.8 kilogram.

The results pertaining to the average per day marketing costs incurred by the middle man and wholesaler at Keenjhar Lake area of district Thatta are presented in Table 10 the results revealed that middle man and wholesaler spent on average per day cost of hired labour, ice cost, transport, shop rent and commission were 350, 225, 2500, 58.5 and 750 percent respectively. Total average per day marketing costs incurred by the middle man and wholesaler is Rs 3884 as marketing cost including hired labour, ice cost, transport, shop rent and commission charges. The results in Table 10 further indicated that the marketing cost in the study area ranged between Rs 2417 to Rs 5350 per day. In Fish business expenses incurred by producer are transport costs, storage costs, processing costs, capital costs fees, commission and unofficial payment and prices (Shepherd, 1996). In present study marketing costs are incurred by producer on catching, hired labour, ice, transport, shop rent and commission.

Results revealed that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day fish caught by fishermen per household is 9.3 kilogram. The results in Table 11 further indicate that household consumption of fish is 2 kilogram and net fish sold by fishermen is 7.3 kilogram.

Further results revealed that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day net revenue of Rs 2039.6. The results in Table 12 further indicate that rate per kilogram in the study area between Rs 162 to Rs 333 per day. The results calculated that market intermediaries in the study area realized an average monthly net profit is Rs 122713. The results in Table 13 further indicate that the net profits in the study are ranged between Rs 23490 to 424500 per month, and income is Rs. 122713. The results represented that market intermediaries earning more monthly income i.e. Rs 122713. While fishermen are earning Rs 61188 as monthly income. The results also show the difference of Rs 178045 monthly income earned by the respondents. The rate of return from business was computed by using formula as suggested by the Nguyen and Tran Thi (2003).

Chapter-VIsummary conclusion and suggestiosn

In Pakistan fish production decreased from 615 thousand tonnes in 2000 to 579 thousand tonnes in 2011, thus showing decline of 6 percent Pakistan exports considerable quantities of fish and fish preparations to China and Middle Eastern countries, where it is very popular. Export of fish and fish preparations increased from US$ 194.16 million in 2005 to 06 to US$ 296.8 million in 2010 to 11, thus showing an average increase of 9 percent per annum (Memon, 2011).

Conclusion The major research findings regarding demographic characteristics in connection with impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other market intermediaries: a case of Keenjhar Lake in Sindh province of Pakistan described as under:

On an overall basis the majority of respondents are married (90 percent) while 10 percent of respondents are unmarried Family size varies from minimum 2 to maximum 20 family members per household. Average family size of respondents is 6.05. Majority of fishermen i.e. 53 percent were educated up to primary level and 14 percent were educated up to middle level, while 33 percent were illiterate. Only males are involved in fishing while female are not involved in fishing. All fishermen respondents get credit from local middle man. Majority 100 percent fishermen were catching Rao fish in both peak and remaining season and the average amount of Rao caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Rao caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. Narain fish was also caught by all fishermen 100 percent in peak season and 57 percent fishermen of sample respondents were catching Narain in remaining season. The average amount of Narain caught in peak season was 15.7 kilogram and Narain caught in remaining season was 2.3 kilogram. About 93 percent were catching Gulfam fish in peak season, 60 percent catching Gulfam in remaining season and the average amount of Gulfam caught in peak season was 6.4 kilogram and Gulfam caught in remaining season was 2.4 kilogram. And about 60 percent were catching Singhara fish in peak season, 50 percent catching Singhara in remaining season and the average amount of Singhara caught in peak season was 4.8 kilogram and Singhara caught in remaining season was 1.8 kilogram. The results that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day fish caught by fishermen per household is 9.3 kilogram, further indicate that household consumption of fish is 2 kilogram and net fish sold by fishermen is 7.3 kilogram. The results regarding the average per day total revenue by fishermen. The results revealed that fishermen in the study area realized an average per day net revenue of Rs 2039.6. The results in Table 12 further indicate that rate per kilogram in the study area between Rs 162 to Rs 333 per day. The results related to the average monthly expenditure of market. The results calculated that market intermediaries in the study area realized an average monthly net profit is Rs 122713. The results in Table 13 further indicate that the net profits in the study are ranged between Rs 23490 to 424500 per month, and income is Rs. 122713. The results shows in average difference net income earned by fishermen and market intermediaries (middlemen and wholesalers). The results represented that market intermediaries earning more monthly income i.e. Rs 122713. While fishermen are earning Rs 61188 as monthly income. The results also show the difference of Rs 178045 monthly income earned by the respondents.RecommendationOn the basis of result, it is recommended:1. Partnership with NGOs working in the site districts or specific locations and relevant Government Departments to ensure that basic services essential for ensuring sustainability.2. Systematic analysis of the contractual systems in Chotiari, Keenjhar and Keti Bunder to be undertaken to examine the dynamics of each system, their financial underpinnings, and political dimensions

3. Exploration of alternate systems/institutions of credit for short term off season needs for both men and women, and substantive requirements like equipment, tools, etc .including subsidized provision of essential equipment

4. Market chain survey of the existing major crafts or income generating activities of women in the sites and exploration of new economic enterprises. Appropriate strategies for taking this forward should be a part of the implementation design.

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QuestionerTITLE: Impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other market intermediaries: a case of Keenjhar lake in Sindh province of Pakistan

[1]. Questioner #____Name of fisherman__________________ Date of interview___________Place of interview_______________ Distance from lake___________Place of residence of fisherman______________ village______________ district[2]. Personal DetailAge ______________ Married /Unmarred ______________ Male/ Female ______________ Mobile no of respondent__________________Family sizeNo of educated persons

No of educated malesNo of educated female

Years of schoolingYears of schooling



No. of earning members in familyTotal expenditure (monthly/yearly)

Are female of your family involved in earning from fishInvolvement in fish catching 1=Part time,2=Full-time

How female are involveTotal expenditure (monthly/yearly)Primary source of income 1=Fish catching, 2=Business,3=Employment

How much money females are earning from fish businessSecondary source of income 1= Fish catching, 2= Business,3=Employment

a. How long have you been fishing? (1) Less than 1 year (2)1-2 years (3) 3-4 years (4)5-6 years (5) over 6 yearsb. How many days in a week do you harvest Fish? (1)1- 2 days (2) 3-4 days (3) 5-6 Days (4) every day.c. Is demand for fish is increasing or decreasing?d. Is quantity for fish is increasing or decreasing?e. How the market is stretchered (producer-middleman-wholesalers-retailers)?[3].Professional income of HouseholdDetail of professions and income of householdS No.Income earning personsProfessionMonthly/Six month/yearly

[4]. Fishing DetailsS noSpecies of fishPeak seasonkg/dOther season kg/dCatching modeAverage size of fishSoldConsumed at home in kg/d

To whomQuantity Per kgPrice per kg

1

2

3

4

5

Boat used for FishingS. NoRent/ownedIf rented cost of ( Per/Month)No. of boatsIf LaborCost of hiring labor

Household laborHired labor

a. Do you share the hired boat with others? (l)Yes (2) Nob. If yes, how do you share the costs? (1) By weight/ volume of harvest (2) Equallyc. At what price do you sell your Fish presently? Rupees______________ per Kilogramd. How do you determine the selling price for Fish? (1) In advance (2) At the market Place (3) other (specify) ____________________________________e. Do you have access to credit? (1) Yes (2) Nof. If yes, where do you acquire credit? (1) Family and friends (2) Informal saving and Credit groups (3) Microfinance institutions (4) Commercial Banks (5) others (specify) _______________________________g. What are the problems of fish marketing (specify)? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________Section B: Questionnaire for wholesalers and Middlemen1. What volume of fish is sold per day?2. What are the sales prices?3. Who are the customers?4. How is the fish transported and who pays for it?5. From where does the fish comes?6. Who are the suppliers (middleman or producers)? 7. How are payment settled8. Is there any difficulty to find enough quality of fish?9. How much is paid rent for stall/shop?10. Are any people employed in your business?11. Is demand of fish increasing/ decreasing?12. How the market is stretchered (producer-middleman-wholesalers-retailers)?13. How many fish whole sellers are there?14. How many retailers are there with you?15. Daily expenses of wholesalers /middleman per day/month?16. Total house hold income per day/ month?

SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS OF THE PROPOSED THESIS RESEARCH WORK TO BE DONE IN CONNECTION WITH PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) HONOURS IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOIMCS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM BY Impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other market intermediaries: a case of Keenjhar Lake in Sindh province of Pakistan, REG. NO. 2K12-AE-313.

title:Impact of fish marketing on livelihood of fishermen and other market intermediaries: a case of Keenjhar Lake in Sindh province of Pakistan

Introduction Fish is an excellent source of easily digestible protein with a high nutritional value for human diet. Fish contains about 19 percent protein, low cholesterol, and many useful dietary supplements (Saudi Fisheries Company, 2007).In Pakistan the fishery sector grew by 1.8 percent as against last years growth of 1.9 percent. Fishery plays an important role in Pakistans economy and is considered to be a source of livelihood for coastal inhabitants. Apart from marine fisheries, inland fisheries (based in rivers, lakes, ponds, dams) are also a very important activity throughout the country (Govt. of Pakistan, 2012).Fisheries share in GDP is 0.3 percent. Although the contribution is very small it adds substantially to the national income via export earnings. A total of 84,498 million tons of fish and fish preparation were exported during the July to March, 2011 to 2012. Pakistans major buyers are China, Thailand, Malaysia, Middle East, Sri Lanka and Japan. Pakistan earned US $222.8 million from these exports. The government is taking a number of steps to improve the fisheries sector. A number of initiatives have been taken by the federal and provincial fisheries departments which also include strengthening of extension services, introduction of new fishing methodologies, development of value added products, enhancement of per capita consumption of fish, and the upgrading of socio-economic conditions of the fishermens community (Government of Pakistan, 2012).Fish farming or aquaculture is similar to farming and animal husbandry than to fishing, as it involves the rearing and management of living aquatic resources in a restricted environment. Rather than fishing or hunting, which entails the harvesting of fish or animals from an open or common access resource, aquaculture involves tenure and ownership. Tenure of production facilities, and property rights to the produce, are as important to the success of aquaculture as land tenure is to agriculture (FAO, 2007). Aquaculture can make a significant contribution to bridging the widening gap between demand for and supply of fish in the face of declining captures fish production and growing population.The marketing chain for fish is more or less similar to those of other agricultural commodities. Products are sold into the market to wholesalers and then onto retailers and end consumers through agent working on commission basis. Farmed fish tend to be marketed either at the farm gate, through middle men or during open auction where ice-packed fish sent to fish markets after harvest were sold. Buyers can be member of the public, retailers, and wholesalers, agents for processing plants or exporters. Fish markets are very common in Sindh, at selected locations and also in other province. All markets are under control of the local administration.Local consumers generally prefer freshwater fish over marine fish because of their familiarities with the river and inland farmed fish as well as the fresh condition of the product. This difference is reflected in both wholesale and retail prices where freshwater fish sell at a higher price than marine fish. This study will highlight marketing margins earned by fishermen and other intermediaries involved in the marketing of fish produced by Keenjhar lake.Objectives

The specific objectives of the study are: To identify the market intermediaries involved in the marketing of lake fish. To estimate marketing margins

Documents

IMPACT OF FISH MARKETING ON LIVELIHOOD OF FISHERMEN AND OTHER MARKET INTERMEDIARIES: A CASE OF KEENJHAR LAKE IN SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN