Impact of Air Density on the Driving Range of an Electric ......+ emref v ref F ref + ref k d egy SOC F tr ref →Tuning path →Control scheme u b i b i aux i trac EM em + em F t

EMR’19

University of Lille

June 2019

Summer School EMR’19

“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”

University

of Lille

Impact of Air Density on the Driving

Range of an Electric Vehicle

David RAMSEY1,2,3, Alain BOUSCAYROL1,3,4, Loïc BOULON2,3

1L2EP, University of Lille, France2IRH, University of Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada

3eCAMPUS4MEGEVH network, France

University

of Lille

eCAMPUS

EMR’19, University of Lille, June 2019

Air density & range of EVs

Outline

1. Background and objective

2. Simulation of the traction system of an EV

3. Impact of air density on the driving range

4. Conclusion

2

EMR’19

University of Lille

June 2019



University

of Lille

«Background and objective»



Effects of low temperature on electric vehicles

Aux

Main subsystems of an electric vehicle:

1. Energy storage

2. Electric powertrain

3. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

4. Other auxiliaries

(1) (2)

(3)

(4)

4




Aux

Low temperature effects:

• Increased consumption of the HVAC

system.

• Poor battery performance.

• Increased power demand from the

traction system.


1. Energy storage




(1) (2)

(3)

(4)

4




Aux

Low temperature effects:

• Increased consumption of the HVAC

system.

• Poor battery performance.

• Increased power demand from the

traction system.


1. Energy storage




Decrease of

driving range

(1) (2)

(3)

(4)

4




Range (%)

Temperature (°C)0 °C 15 °C 30 °C

Desired temperature range

[Allen 14]

[Brèque 17]

[Mansour 18]

5




Range (%)



Fra, Ger, Eng 62 % of year 35 % of year 3 % of year

Swe, Fin, Rus 85 % of year 15 % of year 0 % of year

[Allen 14]

[Brèque 17]

[Mansour 18]

5




Range (%)



Fra, Ger, Eng 62 % of year 35 % of year 3 % of year

Swe, Fin, Rus 85 % of year 15 % of year 0 % of year

[Allen 14]

[Brèque 17]

[Mansour 18]

Temperature must be

considered

5



Paero=1

2ρ cxS vveh

3

Aerodynamic drag power: [Cengel 15]

[Heisβing 11]

Effects of low temperature on the aerodynamic drag6



Paero=1

2ρ cxS vveh

3

Aerodynamic drag power:

ρ(T)=P

RaTamb

Air density: [Cengel 15]

[Heisβing 11]




Paero=1

2ρ cxS vveh

3

Aerodynamic drag power:

ρ(T)=P

RaTamb

Air density:

Objective : quantify the impact of winter air density on the driving range

of an EV.

[Cengel 15]

[Heisβing 11]


EMR’19

University of Lille

June 2019



University

of Lille

«Simulation of the traction system of

an EV»



Studied vehicle: Nissan Leaf 2018

www.nissan.fr

Parameters Nissan Leaf

Stored energy 40 kWh

Rated voltage 350 V

Auxiliaires power (w/o HVAC) 180 W

Vehicle mass with 1 passenger 1580 kg

Coefficient of rolling resistance 0,0067

Aerodynamic drag coefficient 0,28

Front surface 2,79 m2

Global efficiency 82,5 %

ub

ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

8



Assumptions :

EMR of the electric powertrain

ub

ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

ib

Batt

ub

ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

ib

Batt

ub

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries

ub

ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

ib

Batt

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries

uvsi

iem

Inverter

mvsi

ubu12

u32

i1i2

itrac

Γem

Ωem

- Constant efficiencies. ub

ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

PMSM

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries

uvsi

iem

udq

idq

idq

edq

Inverter

θrot

mvsi

ubu12

u32

i1i2

itrac

Γem

Ωem


ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

PMSM

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries

uvsi

iem

udq

idq

idq

edq

Inverter

θrot

mvsi

ub

u12

u32

i1i2

itrac

Γem

Ωem


ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

PMSM

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries

uvsi

iem

udq

idq

idq

edq

Inverter

θrot

mvsi

ubu12

u32

i1i2

itrac

Γem

Ωem


ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

PMSM

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries

uvsi

iem

udq

idq

idq

edq

Inverter

θrot

mvsi

ubu12

u32

i1i2

itrac

Γem

Ωem

Wem

Γemub

itrac

Γem_ref


ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

→ Machine parameters

are not necessary.

→ Faster computation.

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

ib

Batt

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries

Wem

Γem

Γem_ref

E. Drive

ubu12

u32

i1i2

itrac

Γem

Ωem

- Static model of ED.


ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries Gearbox

Wwh

Γwh

Γem_ref

E. Drive



ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries Gearbox

Wwh

Γwh

Wheels

vveh

Ftr

Γem_ref

E. Drive

- One equivalent wheel.

- Inertia of shafts neglected.



ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries Gearbox

Wwh

Γwh

Wheels

vveh

Ftr

Bk

Ft

vveh

Fbk_ref

Fbk

vveh

Brakes

Γem_ref

E. Drive





ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :


Fres

vveh

Env

ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

Chassis

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries Gearbox

Wwh

Γwh

Wheels

vveh

Ftr

Bk

Ft

vveh

Fbk_ref

Fbk

vveh

Brakes

Γem_ref

E. Drive





ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :





- Constant efficiencies.

Fres

vveh

Env

ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

Chassis

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries Gearbox

Wwh

Γwh

Wheels

vveh

Ftr

Bk

Ft

vveh

Fbk_ref

Fbk

vveh

Brakes

Γem_ref

E. Drive

→ Tuning path

ub

ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Assumptions :





- Constant efficiencies.

Fres

vveh

Env

ub

Wem

Γem

ib

Batt

Chassis

ub

ub

itrac

iaux

Aux

Auxiliaries Gearbox

Wwh

Γwh

Wheels

vveh

Ftr

Bk

Ft

vveh

Fbk_ref

Fbk

vveh

Brakes

Γem_ref

E. Drive

Γem_refvveh_ref

Ft_ref

Γwh_ref kd

StrategySOC

Ftr_ref

→ Tuning path

→ Control scheme

ub

ib

iaux

itrac

EM

Ωem

Γem Ft

vveh

Aux

[Mayet 14]

9



Validation

Scenario :

- WLTC class 3 speed profile

- Temperature: 25 °C

- No slope

10



Validation

Scenario :

- WLTC class 3 speed profile

- Temperature: 25 °C

- No slope

Results :

- Simulation = 262 km

- Manufacturer = 270 km

- Accuracy = 97 %

10

EMR’19

University of Lille

June 2019



University

of Lille

«Impact of air density on the driving

range»



Impact of air density on the driving range

Scenario :

- 2 speed cycles are studied.

- For each one, different temperatures are considered.

- Effect of low temperature on li-ion batteries is neglected.

12



Impact of air density on the driving range13



- 5 % - 8 %

Impact of air density on the driving range13

EMR’19

University of Lille

June 2019



University

of Lille

«Conclusion»



Conclusion

Summary:

- Objective : quantify the impact of winter air density on the driving range

of an EV.

- Simulation of the powertrain of the Nissan Leaf with Fres = f(T).

- Impact on an urban speed cycle ≈ 5 % (18,5 km).

- Impact of an extra-urban speed cycle ≈ 8 % (20 km).

Future work:

- Validate the simulation with real driving cycles and measures.

- Take into consideration the impact of temperature on li-ion batteries.

- Take into consideration the energy consumption of the HVAC system.

15



Authors

Prof. Alain BOUSCAYROL

University of Lille 1, L2EP, MEGEVH, France

Coordinator of MEGEVH, French network on HEVs

PhD in Electrical Engineering at University of Toulouse (1995)

Research topics: EMR, HIL simulation, tractions systems, EVs and HEVs.

David RAMSEY

University of Lille, L2EP, France

M.Sc in Electrical Engineering at Univ. de Lille (2018)

Research topics: Performance of electric vehicles under extreme weather conditions.

Prof. Loïc BOULON

University of Quebec à Trois-Rivières, IRH, Canada

Research chair on Energy Sources for the vehicles of the future.

PhD in Electrical Engineering at University of Franche–Comté (2009)

Research topics: Fuel cells, electric and hybrid vehicles.

University

of Lille

eCAMPUS University

of Lille

eCAMPUS

eCAMPUS

16

Documents

Impact of Air Density on the Driving Range of an Electric ......+ emref v ref F ref + ref k d egy SOC F tr ref →Tuning path →Control scheme u b i b i aux i trac EM em + em F t