Impact Assessment of Projects Under JNNURM scheme/JNNURM__Nishant.pdf · It will try to capture both social as well as economic changes brought in the lives of the beneficiary due

2010

Nishant Kumar

School of Good Governance

6/7/2010

Impact Assessment of Projects Under JNNURM

Project Report – Impact Assessment of projects under JNNURM

2 School of Good Governance Summer Internship-2010

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROJECTS

UNDER JNNURM in Bhopal

.....................................................................................................

Ministry of Urban Administration and development Department

, Government of Madhya Pradesh

......................................................................................................

Prepared By-

Nishant Kumar

PGD (RM) ,2009-11

Xavier Institute of Management,

Bhubneswar

Under The Guidance of-

Mr. U.K Sadhav, Additional Director UADD, Govt.

of Madhya Pradesh.





1. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ............................................................................................. 7

2. Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ 8

3. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 9

4. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 10

5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................... 10

A.6. Basic Services to the Urban Poor ( BSUP) ...................................................................... 12

A.6.1 Objective of BSUP .................................................................................................... 12

A.6.2 Study Methodology ................................................................................................. 13

A.6.3 Basic features of the Slums before the Programme- ................................................ 14

A.6.3 a. Physical Status .................................................................................................. 14

A.6.3.a.1 Nature of Housing-....................................................................................... 14

A.6.3.a.2 Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 14

A.6.3.a.3 Roads- .......................................................................................................... 14

A.6.3.a.4 Water- ......................................................................................................... 14

A.6.3.a.5 Sanitation .................................................................................................... 14

A.6.3.a.6 Garbage ....................................................................................................... 15

A.6.3.a.7 Electricity ..................................................................................................... 15

A.6.3.a.8 Rainy Season ................................................................................................ 15

A.6.3.b Social Aspects- .................................................................................................. 15

A.6.3.b.1 Security of tenure ........................................................................................ 15

A.6.3.b.2 Women and Slum ........................................................................................ 15

A.6.3.b.3 Child and Slum ............................................................................................. 16

A.6.3.b.4 Health and Hygiene- .................................................................................... 16

A.6.4 Changed Scenario with the implementation of the Programme .............................. 16

A.6.5 Characteristics of the Respondents ......................................................................... 17



A.7. Findings ........................................................................................................................ 19

7.1 Knowledge about programme .................................................................................... 19

A.7.2 Type of House .......................................................................................................... 19

A.7.3 Sanitation Facility .................................................................................................... 20

A.7.4 Water Supply- ......................................................................................................... 20

A.7.5 Electricity Supply .................................................................................................... 21

A.7.6 Peer’s View .............................................................................................................. 22

A.7.7 Whether Expectations are met ................................................................................ 22

A.7.8 Reasons for not meeting the expectations .............................................................. 23

A.8. Perception Study of the Beneficiaries about the Programme. ...................................... 24

A.8.1 Things Beneficiaries liked about the programme ..................................................... 24

A.8.2 Benefits Residents derived from the scheme ........................................................... 25

A.8.3 Factors beneficiary consider Imp for the success of Scheme ................................... 26

A.9. Challenges Faced .......................................................................................................... 27

A.10. Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 28

A.10.1 Threat in imposing the recommendations- ............................................................. 29

A.11.WHAT COMMON PEOPLE THINK OF THE PROGRAMME .............................................. 31

B. WATER SUPPLY IN GAS AFFECTED AREA .......................................................................... 33

B.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 33

B.1.New Arif Nagar .......................................................................................................... 34

B.2Annu Nagar ................................................................................................................. 36

B.3Blue Moon Colony ...................................................................................................... 37

B.4Sundar Nagar .............................................................................................................. 38

B.5Prem Nagar .................................................................................................................. 39



B.6 Shiv Shakti Nagar ...................................................................................................... 41

B.7 Garib Nagar ................................................................................................................ 42

B.8 Nawab Colony............................................................................................................ 44

B.9 Shri Ram Nagar .......................................................................................................... 45

B.10. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 46

B.11. Recommendations- ..................................................................................................... 47

C. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) ...................................................................................... 49

C.1 Benefits of BRTS ....................................................................................................... 49

C.2 Present Status of BRTS .............................................................................................. 50

C.3 Reasons for delay ........................................................................................................ 50

C.4 Issues ............................................................................................................................. 50

C.4.a Operational ........................................................................................................... 50

C.4.bInfrastructural ........................................................................................................ 51

C.5Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 51

Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission and the Way Ahead ........................................... 52

Annexure ............................................................................................................................. 55

Questionnaire for BSUP programme. ................................................................................ 55

References ........................................................................................................................... 62



1. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

To

Mr. U.K Sadhav

Additional Director

Urban Administration and development Department , Madhya Pradesh

From

Nishant Kumar

XIM, Bhubaneswar

Subject: Submission of Project Report

Sir,

I herewith take immense pleasure to submit the Project Report on the “Impact Assessment of

projects under JNNURM” as a part of my Summer Internship done under your kind guidance

for the period of two months from, 14th

April to 11th

of June.

I had one of my best learning experiences by working with the department and I am

confident that this experience would certainly help us in my future professional career. I

would also like to take this opportunity to thank you for the support provided by you and all

the staff members of Urban Administration and Municipal Corporation to complete my

project.

With kind regards,

Yours sincerely,

Nishant Kumar

XIM, Bhubaneswar



2. Acknowledgement

I am grateful to the School of Good Governance, Madhya Pradesh to provide me with an

opportunity of summer internship at the Urban Administration and Development Department

of the Madhya Pradesh. I also take this opportunity to thank Mr. H.P Dikshit, Director

General of School of Good Governance for his kind and benevolent support. I also thank

Umesh Chandra, Director Knowledge Management and Mr. Akhilesh Aggarwal, Director

Governance SGPA for their support in every possible way. I also thank Mr.Hyder, Director

policy Analysis SGPA and Mr. Amit, Project Co-ordinator Policy Analysis for finding out

time whenever I needed it. I also thank Gaurav Khare, Project Officer Knowledge

Management SGPA and Gaurav Aggarwal, Project Officer Policy Analysis SGPA.

My special thanks to Mr. U.K Sadhav, Additional Director Urban Administration and

Development Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh, who is my nodal officer. It was

an honour to work under his esteem guidance. In his able hands I never felt lost while doing

the project. His timely response has made possible my report in a period of 2 months.

I am thankful to every official who listened to my queries and answered them. In this regard

I would thank Mr. Ashok Khare, Mr.Anubhav Shrivastav, Mr Gopesh Shrivastav, Mr. Garg

and Mr. Pankaj .

Sambhavna Trust which is doing the needful in the gas affected area has helped me a lot in

doing the particular project on the Water Supply in Gas affected area. I am thankful to them

to let me use their research materials in this report. I am grateful to work with Ms. Ranchna

Dhigra, & Satyu. I also thank Hajra bi and Bano Bee to take me around the gas affected area.

The passionate work by them has really helped in the area and people to come out of the

trauma of the Gas tragedy.

This report is a combined effort of many patient listeners who eventually became my

respondents. I thank them for tolerating my long questionnaires and patiently answering

them.



3. Executive Summary

The research objective of my project is “Impact Assessment of project under JNNURM “.

The area of study was Bhopal. There are altogether 9 UIG projects and 12 BSUP projects are

running in Bhopal. In the Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), the poor slum dwellers are

provided with pucca quarters. The study mainly concentrated on the changes brought about

in their lives due to the changed living conditions. Whether the expected changes are in line

with the peoples’ expectations, what is the amount of their participations and what

advantages they have gained and difficulties they are facing in the changed scenario. The

report also includes the factors that the beneficiaries liked/disliked about the programme,

factors essential for the success of the programme, benefits that they derive from the new

built houses. The methodology for the impact assessment of the BSUP projects mainly

included one to one interaction with the beneficiaries and observations.

Urban infrastructure and Governance (UIG) projects which included projects like

distribution of water in the gas affected area and bus rapid transition system (BRTS) have

been included in the project. Due to paucity of time all the projects under UIG have not been

covered. The basic methodology was one to one interaction with the government officials in

case the project is not completed like in the case of BTRS but wherever the projects are

completed like distribution of water at the gas affected areas direct questioning with the

beneficiaries was the main methodology.

In the process of collecting data and assessing them, I have talked with many officials and

gained an insight in the working of the government .Government as such is not a single

entity but a combination of many arms. What we perceive as an outsider to the workings of

the government is completely different once one gets a chance to view its functioning as one

of its part. This project for me was an eye opener in a sense that Government functions and

its workings depend upon many factors but, it has a positive co-relation with its people. If

citizens of the region are pro-active, the government will respond accordingly.



4. Introduction

Jawaharlal Nehru Urban renewal mission (JNNURM) is a novel idea to increase the

infrastructure of the important Indian cities. The reality must be accepted that though the

India is primarily an agriculture based economy, yet the major chunk of the Indian G.D.P is

contributed by the Indian cities. But the reality of Indian cities is another aspect which

brought the programme of JNNURM. Most of our cities lack basic infrastructure to sustain a

growing economy like India. They are crunched with poor facilities and grappling with

issues of migration, transportation and slums. Bhopal which is one of the 63 cities under the

JNNURM has responded to the crisis by taking this opportunity and responding with an

emphasis to reduce the woes of its citizens.

5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

“To assess the impact of projects under JNNURM”

The basic idea is to seek the changes that have been brought by the projects under JNNURM,

to see whether the results are on expected line. It also intends to map the changes as

perceived by the beneficiaries. It will try to capture both social as well as economic changes

brought in the lives of the beneficiary due to the project.



Filling the questionnaire at the Madrasi Colony

Survey was done in Madrasi, colony, Kalpana Nagar and Shyam Nagar.



A.6. Basic Services to the Urban Poor ( BSUP)

Before the programme was materialised the city has a large chunk of slum dwellers in the

city. Some of them are living in the area for close to 20-25 years. The early programme of

patta distribution under the patta Act 1984 and 1988 has not brought the desired result. Of

the 78,101 families reviewed only 26% have the permanent pattas, 17% have temporary

pattas and 57% have not been given pattas. The patta Act was passed to give a sense a

security among the slum dwellers. But the large chunks of slum dwellers seem to be out of

the purview of the patta system. Though it could be debatable whether patta Act was

essentially responsible for the aggravating of the migration problems but its failure has over

the years changed the view of government from mere giving security to the holistic

resettlement of the slum dwellers.

Some of the pattas in Bhopal has been distributed on controversial land which is owned by

the Railways and BHEL. The idea of the slum free cities has prompted the government to

include the slum dwellers in the ambit of JNNURM and to provide them a holistic and better

way of living.

A.6.1 Objective of BSUP –

The basic objective of Basic Services for Urban Poor Programme is the holistic slum

Development with a healthy and enabling urban environment by providing adequate shelter

and basic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers that do not possess adequate shelter

and reside in dilapidated conditions as identified by ULB.



A.6.2 Study Methodology

The survey of the BSUP includes altogether 120 respondents in the three areas of

interventions, via, Madrasi Colony, Shyam Nagar and Kalpana Nagar. There are 60

respondents from Madrasi colony, 40 from Shyam Nagar and 20 from Kalpana Nagar. In

Shyam Nagar some of the blocks are established for over three years.

Madrasi Colony and Kalpana Nagar are newly established colonies. So the effect of the

programme has still not been grasped by the people.

The questionnaire has tried to measure the change brought about at both the social and

physical front. It has also measured the impact of the various factors in following areas-

a) Factors responsible for the liking of the programme

b) Benefits drawn from the programme

c) Success of the programme.

Users were randomly selected and interviewed in their local language. Prior available

facilities determine their present satisfaction level. Since users were randomly selected, it

might not represent the lowest income group people who are the biggest beneficiaries. They

might have been excluded in the process.

Apart from the survey, a thorough secondary literature review has been carried out to find

out the desired result from the programme.

Likert Scale had been used in the questionnaire to map the findings of the respondents. In

the scale 1-repersent most disagree/ most disliked and similarly in decreasing order till

3.The unit 4 has been kept neutral while 5 represents agreed/liked unit and 7 most

agreed/most liked units in the increasing order sense.



A.6.3 Basic features of the Slums before the Programme-

A.6.3 a. Physical Status

A.6.3.a.1 Nature of Housing-

The slums had a mixture of housing ranging from pucca , semi pucca kucha mud houses and

small shacks made of wood , bamboo slats and plastic sheet. The area generally included

around 300-400 sq feet. The quality of housing stock depended upon factors like the age of

the settlement, level of tenure security and sources of income.

A.6.3.a.2 Infrastructure

Though the basic infrastructure has always remained a crying need in these areas, yet the

basic facilities seemed to be able to reach in most of these regions.

A.6.3.a.3 Roads-

Most of the slums are covered by asphalt roads on the periphery and concrete or stone paved

internally. Some of these regions are also covered by kucha roads. So accessibility as such

was not an issue. The main problem faced by Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) during

the implementation of the programme was to break these asphalt or concrete roads to

facilitate them with sewerage, water facility, drainage and lighting and make them good

again afterwards. This resulted in huge cost to the implementing agencies.

A.6.3.a.4 Water-

The pipeline was laid down by the BMC and water as such was not an issue. In some areas

people complained of low pressure and inadequate hours of supply but accessibility was

never an issue. There were community taps from where people had to carry the water to their

homes.

A.6.3.a.5 Sanitation

Sanitation is a marked problem in a slum. Most slums I had visited had three kinds of

facilities-

a) Sulabh

b) Private latrine with sceptic tank and



c) Open defecations

People with private latrines were few in numbers and the problem of sanitation used to

become acute during rainy seasons when the discharge water used to enter into other

homes which resulted in unnecessary scene of fight and nuances in the community.

A.6.3.a.6 Garbage

There was no proper system of waste disposal. Generally an open space used to become the

centre of garbage which was collected by BMC frequently. Nallahs and other drainage

systems too became their source which remained prime reasons for their choking.

A.6.3.a.7 Electricity

The electricity was fixed by the authorities and no matter how much points of connection

one is using, they had to pay a fixed amount which was usually Rs.200. In many

cases people were not paying even that amount and had the facility of electricity for

free of cost.

A.6.3.a.8 Rainy Season –

The houses in the slum provided little security during rainy seasons. In case of storm, the

roof of the house used to blow away. Even after the storm, it was nightmare to collect

their pieces. People used to wake up during whole night of rainy season since water

used to pour from the roof.

A.6.3.b Social Aspects-

A.6.3.b.1 Security of tenure- Though the patta system had benefitted them since they were

now able to avail the facility of the ration cards and voter identity cards on the same,

yet the sense of security was never permanent. Once the lease would over, their

habitations had depended upon the benevolence of the then government and other

political and social compulsions.

A.6.3.b.2 Women and Slum- The fairer sex had been worst sufferer of the slum. In the

absence of proper basic facilities like water, sanitation they had to work their way out

to run the house. Expected mother had turbulence in such a condition of living. Due to



unhygienic living especially during the rainy season, they had to take extra burden of

an ill member in the family. They were not able to focus on the development of their

children in a proper way. The instances of eve teasing were also prominent.

A.6.3.b.3 Child and Slum- Since most of the homes in slum were semi pucca or kuchha

houses, parents had little control over their children. Women had the volume of the job

done and in the previous condition of the slum; she had little time left to take care of

her child. Fight among children which carried over to their parents was common

instances. In many cases, I felt their helplessness in monitoring the activities of

children since they had to remain outside the home for their various activities.

A.6.3.b.4 Health and Hygiene- Open defecations, choking nallahs and heap of garbage

here and there could not be a very healthy spot. Though people used to keep their

internal surrounding clean but they had little control over their outer surrounding.

A.6.4 Changed Scenario with the implementation of the Programme

The programme since its implementation has tried to fulfil its basic objectives of its genesis,

i.e. holistic development of slum. In many ways, it has succeeded in creating basic

infrastructure for the well being of the slum dwellers. With basic infrastructure in place, it

has great impact on the social aspects of the beneficiaries.

The eligible beneficiaries have got a pucca house with a minimum of 400 sq feet housing

space. The facilities of sanitation, water are now available in the house. Roads have been

paved mostly in concrete or asphalt. Electricity is now available to everyone but with

metered bill which will help agencies to recover genuine amount from the beneficiaries for

the proper maintenance of the infrastructure. Sewerage system has been developed and now

nallahs are not open which has helped in creation of a hygienic condition for the area. None

of the beneficiary had forgotten the mention the relief from the chaos during the rainy

season. They now neither have the fear of the roof being blown away nor the rain water

being entered into their home.



Similarly on the social front, women are the biggest beneficiaries from the programme. Not

only they can draw facilities sitting at their home, but it has helped them to take better and

proper care of their children. Health and hygienic condition of the surrounding has improved

a lot. Children too have a better surrounding to live. The bar is now raised for them. The

facilities being made available now will facilitate in their proper upbringing.

A sense of security now prevails among the residents. They accept the fact willingly that in

their lifetime, they could not had been able to build a home for themselves. The programme

by many has been considered a pass for prosperous and better standard of living.

A.6.5 Characteristics of the Respondents

Of the total 120 respondents, 74% are male and 26% are female. Similarly 51% of the

respondents had primary education, 38% are illiterate and 10% have studied till secondary

level.

38%

51%

10% 1%

Literacy

Illetrate Primary Secondary Graduation

26%

74%

SEX

female male



The average family size of the respondents were 5.29. Maximum number of the

households has 5 family members in their home. 33 households have 5 members in their

home. 26 households have 6 members and 22 households have 4 members.

32% of the respondents have private job while 29% are daily wage earner. Only 12% have

any kind of governmental job.

3

11

22

33

26

17

7

1

No of family members

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Avg family size

Avg family size

29%

32%

27%

12%

Occupation

Daily wage earner Pvt job Housewife Government



A.7. Findings

7.1 Knowledge about programme

Half the respondents had some idea about the programme. Mostly male members have a fair

idea, but the women folk lacked in the knowledge of the programme.. The entries in the

questionnaire has been done positive even if they do not know the name of the programme ,

but have a general idea of the programme.

A.7.2 Type of House

Before the programme was launched, 37.5%

had kucha house, 32.5 had semi puca and the

rest 30% had pucca houses. The programme

has provided every one of them with a puca

home.

Know about prog

Know

Donot know

37.5 32.5 30

100

Kucha Semi pucca Pucca

Type of house

Type of house then Type of house now



A.7.3 Sanitation Facility

The study revealed that before the start of the programme 42.5% of the respondents used

open latrine while 47% had private pit

with sceptic or dry pit. 11% of the

respondents had to rely on community

toilet. Since the houses built now have in

built latrine – bathroom facility, 100% of

the respondents are now able to avail its

facility.

Though a large chunk of respondents had shown their dissatisfaction over the join latrine –

bathroom facility made available to them (which is being shown below in the reasons for the

programme not meeting their expectation)

A.7.4 Water Supply-

The condition of water supply in the area of study was decent. Community pipes were laid

which serves the need of water for households. For every 10-12 households, there was

provision of one community tap. Some people have facility for water in their home for which

they used to pay private tax. But a

large chunk of respondents

depended upon the community

tap provided by the Municipality.

Service fee was taken by BMC

for the water supply.

With the present BSUP

programme, the respondents have

been provided with tap water supply at their home. Water supply is at regular interval (water

is supplied at colonies alternate days.). In Shyam Nagar residents have got private tank

placed at the top of the building. But respondents claim that the water pressure is never high

that water could enter in the tanks. So they have cut the pipes and now fill water with the

Supply of water before Supply of water

after

25100

740

1

Water Supply

At home Community tap Tubewell

42.50

47100

11 0

Sanitation facility before Sanitation facility now

Sanitation Facility

Open Private Community Toilet



help of buckets. It was major source of harass for women. It was difficult to gauge the reason

but they blamed municipality for the problem but luckily nobody has lodged a complaint

with municipality, nor called a private plumber. Still women folk have benefitted a lot from

the supply of water at home, since now they do not have to stand in a queue nor carry a load

of water to home which saves a lot of time for them. As far as payment goes, in none of the

colony water tax has been collected till yet, but a separate tax is in the process of being

imposed on the residents. The respondents too showed no objection for this. It will help in

making the system sustainable and help in recovering the operational cost for the BMC.

A.7.5 Electricity Supply

Though the concerned agency had tried to

put the meter in the previous slum set up, but

it had not succeeded. The popular system has

been to fix the charge which usually would

be around Rs. 200. But it was a general case

of wastage of electricity there was no

disincentive for unnecessary usage. But with the metered electricity bill, a propionate billing

system is in place and people now debar themselves from unnecessary usage. In the previous

setup, many respondents never used to pay the electricity bill. But now no such freebies are

available.

Fixed Meter

Nopay

Electricity supply

then 85 12 3

Electricity supply Now 100

050

100

Electricity supply before

Electricity supply Now

No pay

Meter

Fixed



A.7.6 Peer’s View

48% of the respondents feel that the

house has not affected the view of

their peers nor it has not raised their

status in society while 52%

consider that it has raised their

status among the peers.

A.7.7 Whether Expectations are met

On considering the overall

expectation from the house,

almost 46% showed that the

house has met their

expectations. They considered

it as a life time opportunity

which they are bestowed with.

While 54% of the respondents felt that the programme left much to desire and facilities could

had been improved for better acceptance by the residents. They main reasons for their

disapproval were low participation level, improper quality of services, construction of house

and in some cases high rate of EMI.

Peer's View

Increased

No Change

Yes46%No

54%

Meet the expectation



A.7.8 Reasons for not meeting the expectations

Various reasons were cited for not meeting the expectations. 22% of the respondents believe

that area provided is small and the rooms should have been bigger. Generally such responses

came when the size of the family is big or there is a joint family. 19% considered that EMI

rate is high. 18% considered that the facilities so provided are not good. There were some

respondents who gave more than one reason for their dissatisfaction from the current

programme.

18%

19%

18%

22%

23%

Reasons for not meeting expectation

Area of home is small EMI is high

Facilities are not good Houses are not properly built

More than one reason



A.8. Perception Study of the Beneficiaries about the Programme.

A seven scale likert scale in the questionnaire was created to know the perception of the of

the beneficiaries about the programme. During the conduct of the study, it was found out that

some critical factors need to be identified which can make or break the programme. Their

likes and dislikes on various factors were thus tried to be recognised. Likert Scale had been

used in the questionnaire to map the findings of the respondents. In the scale 1-repersent

most disagree/ most disliked and similarly in decreasing order till 3.The unit 4 has been kept

neutral while 5 represents agreed/liked unit and 7 most agreed/most liked units in the

increasing order sense.

A.8.1 Things Beneficiaries liked about the programme

The beneficiaries for instance were very critical to the level of participation in the whole

process. They said that it was a minimal at best which has been reflected in the data analysis

where 58% of the respondents were not satisfied to the participation in the decision making.

14.2

99.2

9.2

99.2

84.2

87.5

45.0

63.3

28.3

15.0

2.8

0.8

4.2

20.0

20.0

57.5

0.8

75.8

0.8

15.0

8.3

35.0

16.7

Participation of beneficiary

Government finance of the scheme

Bureaucrat Helpfulness

Timely construction of building

Loan scheme

EMI facility

Construction of house

Facilities made available

Things Beneficiaries liked about the prog.

Disliked Neutral Liked



Similarly a considerable percentage of respondents showed their dislike to the join latrine –

bathroom facility and the general construction of the house. This was most prominent in

Madrasi Colony and Kalpana Nagar. Questions on the tenacity of the houses so constructed

were also raised.35% of the respondents were not happy with the construction of the house.

Bureaucrat helpfulness presented a sad note where 76% were not happy with it (Bureaucrat

helpfulness in the planning, implementing and in general interaction with the beneficiaries

was measured.)

But factors like EMI facility, loan programme was appreciated by the beneficiaries. At some

point the rationality behind the rate of EMI was questioned. In some colonies ( in Madrasi

Colony ,EMI is Rs.936) rate of EMI is near to Rs.1000 and couple with electricity and water

bill , it will cross Rs.1500. In slum many respondents claimed their income to be in range of

Rs.3000-4500 with such low income, a very high percentage of their income is going to the

residential part of their expenditure which might not be feasible in the long run.

A.8.2 Benefits Residents derived from the scheme

Rise in the standard of living

Positive impact of children

Sense of security

Permanent Tenure

Saving of time

66.7

73.3

70.8

53.3

83.3

14.2

25.8

19.2

25.8

12.5

19.2

0.8

10.0

20.8

4.2

Benefits Residents derived from the scheme

Disagree Donnot Know Agree



The homes built are actually affecting the residents in more than way. On the one hand they

are able to save a lot time, which was wasted in collecting the daily needed things like water

but also a palpable sense of security can be felt in them. Instead of patta, now they are being

provided with permanent homes with a verdict of their ownership. This will help in further

investment in their dwelling which was hard to come in their temporary set-up. The time so

saved can productively be used especially by the women. If we look at the data, almost 84%

claimed that they are able to save time because of in house facilities of water and sanitation,

71% verdict on the increased sense of security due to pucca houses and permanent

ownership. Most interestingly almost 74% claimed that the new set up will have positive

impact on the children and will pave a way for a better future for them.

A.8.3 Factors beneficiary consider Imp for the success of Scheme

Since now they are living in the homes, it was felt necessary to map their understanding of

the programme to know their understanding of the critical factors necessary for the success

70.8

62.5

64.2

69.2

98.3

92.5

42.5

23.3

15.8

13.3

27.5

1.7

5.0

11.7

5.8

21.7

22.5

3.3

0.0

2.5

45.8

Bureaucrat Helpfulness

Govt. financial support

Willingness of beneficiary

Participation of beneficiary

Maintenance of infrastructure

Quality of facilities made available

Increased Source of Income

Factors Beneficary consider Imp for the success of Scheme

Not needed Donot Know Needed



of the programme. 43% of the respondents considered that the government should run some

programmes which can result in increased and constant source of income for them. Since the

outflow of income has become constant in form of EMI, water and electricity bill, the inflow

should match the same to sustain the programme.

Government financial support has been considered an important factor in the success of the

programme. Support of bureaucrat and participation of the beneficiary is needed to full fill

the objective of the programme. But their own participation in the run of the programme has

been minimal.

Post habitation maintenance of the common infrastructure is posing a big threat to the

sustainability of the programme. The level of participation and trust among themselves

is minimum at the best which impedes in the creation of any kind of committee to be

formed to take care of the created common infrastructure.

A.9. Challenges Faced

The biggest challenge was to create trust among the respondents so that they can be

free to answer the questions. Typically I rarely used questionnaire in front of them and

most of the conversation was open ended which I felt was best suited to know the real

happenings.

Paucity of time has limited the number of respondents

Since except Shyam Nagar where respondents are living for the past 3 years, the

respondents have settled just a few months back in Madrasi Colony and Kalpana

Nagar, they have difficulty in gauging the social changes that can be brought by the

programme. The mapping of the perception of beneficiaries of such a programme

should be done at least yearly, so that changes if any in the response could be mapped.

Documentation of yearly mapping of the impact assessment will help in capturing of

the changes in the beneficiaries’ assessment of the programme.



A.10. Recommendations

The present system brings forth little participation from the beneficiaries. If we can bring

more participation from day one, we can establish bottom up approach where their voices are

heard and concerns addressed. This will make them an active stake holder instead of a

passive one which is their current status.

Procedure to do so-

The process flow that i have generated after talking with the beneficiaries seeks to do so in

the following steps -

Step1- A committee of 20-25 members of the beneficiaries are formed in which a fair

representation is kept for the women.

Step2- The committee is taken to the already completed site to have a look of the kind of

structure being created.

Step3- Their concerns are taken into consideration and they are removed after providing

adequate facility.

Step4- The committee meets once a week/ fortnight as suitable presided by an official where

their concerns are taken into considerations.

Step5- The lottery system happens before the construction starts so that they get the

ownership of the house and take active participation.

Step6- EMI starts early in the programme so that by the time they settle, a good proportion

of the loan is paid off.

This will also help BMC to generate fund from the beneficiary itself instead of moving to

some other agency like bank.

Step7- In the initial year(s) the maintenance work should be looked after by BMC. At the

same time there should be approach for community participation so that over the year the



baton is passed on to the community itself. The flat culture is very new to them and it thus

become imperative that they are trained in it through community participation.

The reason to emphasize this point is the fact that infrastructure in the colonies created could

be dampened if proper care is not taken. The sustainability of the project depends upon the

beneficiary taking benefit and in turn paying the required amount. Improper handling of the

created infrastructure will be disincentive at large in paying of EMI.

A.10.1 Threat in imposing the recommendations-

a) Participation and bottom up approach has remained elusive in our system. The

involvement of the government brings forth a laxity filled attitude from the beneficiary

but the system cannot succeed unless we strive to make them an active participant.

The benefits are so obvious for the parties concerned that, it should be tried at least on

a pilot basis in some projects in future.

b) The patta system which is the basis of providing home to the beneficiaries can cause

trouble since the beneficiaries will try to put forth their perception to get maximum

benefit instead of legal benefit.

c) The formation of committee itself could be risky and if constant objections are raised

by them, the work could be delayed.

The houses should be insured and if possible the premium too should be distributed

between beneficiary and the government. It will help in restoring that their money would

not be wasted in case some natural calamity happens. (Generally insurance is done by

bank to insure their loan, but it was not done yet and perhaps it is in the process)

There should be a single point of contact among the officials who is approachable by

the committee and has the authority to take the action.



ULB takes

the residents

to the

completed

project site

Consult the

beneficiary

Over

proposed

structure

A committee is

formed of

beneficiaries is to

meet once a

month presided by

an official

Bring a

booklet which

contains basic

information of

the

construction

Beneficiary are

ready to move

Take the

concerns of

the

beneficiary

No

Yes

The bneficary is

satisfied with the

proposed structure

Remove the

beneficiries

after

providing

adequate

facility at

proposed site

Start the

EMI at the

construction

time itself.

Construction is

according to given

guidelines

maintenance in

municipality

hand and fix an

amount for the

same

Once the residents

are ready to handle

the maintenance , the

baton is passed to

them

Allot the

home on

lottery basis

Yes

No

PROPOSED

yes

No

No



A.11.WHAT COMMON PEOPLE THINK OF THE PROGRAMME

Since common tax payer people too are stakeholders in the programme since it is after

all their money which is being used to subsidize such programmes. So I did a survey of

such people to know their perception of such programme and in particular the BSUP.

The results were interesting. Out of 90 people, 75 did not confirm the subsidizing of the

programme. The main reasons given by them were-

1) The people will not value the created infrastructure. They will rent the home and

will move themselves to some other place to live.

2) The purpose of the programme is to free the city from the SLUM but the

programme is in proportionately helping slum dwellers which will encourage

others to move and create new slum and within a decade the achievement will

come to a naught.

3) The third issue raised was the reliance on the people that they will not sell the

home. There is provision that one could not sell it . Yet there is no denying the

fact that there are ways to do so within legal ambit.

On the other hand they accept that, it is government moral and legal obligation to

provide slum dwellers with a better living option.

4) It will put an end to the freebies like electricity and water and now they will pay

in proportion of their use.

Though 90% of them recognised that despite the entire shortcoming, it is the

duty of the government to provide them with better living conditions.





B. WATER SUPPLY IN GAS AFFECTED AREA

B.1 Introduction

December 3, 1984 was the worst day in the Indian History of Industrialisation when Bhopal

was struck with the man made calamity. Union carbide Bhopal had the leakage of lethal gas,

Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) which caused the death of more than 10,000 people since then.

More importantly it has polluted the land and water resources. The water of in and around

the carbide factory is certified that it is not suited for drinking purpose. In some areas even

after 26 years of disaster, hazardous material in water is found to be 56 times more than the

accepted range.

Supreme Court on its May7th 2004 verdict issued order to the State Government that

immediate water supply is made to the Gas affected areas. The Supreme Court directive was

based on the submission of the report by SC hazardous Waste Monitoring Committee 2nd

Quarterly Report on hazardous waste dump site in Bhopal.

Henceforth Municipal Corporation, Bhopal has decided to execute the project under

JNNURM project under which 50% of the project is borne by Central Government, 20% of

the project is borne by State Government and the rest by BMC.

Altogether 14 colonies have been identified where the water supply under the given

programme has been supplied. Since November people have been benefitted by the supply of

Kolar water.

The following are the name of the colonies where the programme has been implemented.

New Arif Nagar, Blue Moon Colony, Nawab Colony, Annu Nagar, Sri Ram Nagar,

Preet Nagar, Chandwari, Timber Market, Garib Nagar, Shiv Shakti Nagar, Sundar

Nagar, Prem Nagar, Shiv Nagar, Atal Ayub Nagar.



B.1.New Arif Nagar

In New Arif Nagar, the water supply from the laid down pipe has started since November.

Before that they had the supply from the tanker trucks which put the water in the established

tanks there. Water is available on the alternate day. There is no pressure in the water supply

due to which water does not reach till tanks. People therefore have broken the pipes and fill

the water from there. There is no time table still made which people can follow to get the

water. This results in day long wait on the scheduled day of water supply. Water so supplied

is good but people complained of low pressure which has resulted in non usage of tanks

established there.

No. Of

residents

~ 1500

Total Area 2.44 ha

Location North in the

immediate

vicinity of

plant site

along

railway

tracks

Since kolar line was broken, people had

no option but to use the tube well water

for drinking purposes.



People store around 60-80 litres of water from the supply for around two days. But in case of

irregularity like the recent case of failure of water supply due to breakage in the Kolar pipe

line, people resorted to drink water from the tube well which nullifies the very aim of

supplying the water , i.e., to prevent people from drinking poisoned water. As can be seen

from the picture, people were waiting in queue to get the water since Kolar line was broken

and tanker trucks had not come to fill the gap.

Issues Identified

1) There is low pressure in the pipe due to which people have broken the pipe.

2) The tanks are empty and are not used since water does not reach there.

3) People still use tube wells in case of irregular water supply.

4) There is no scheduled time for the water supply.

People standing in queue to get the water

from the laid down pipe since water is not

available in the tanks due to low pressure.

Overhead water storage tank in Arif Nagar.

It is used to supply parts of New Arif Nagar

with water by a pipe network.



B.2Annu Nagar

Annu Nagar is a colony with illegally built houses beside the railway tracks of Indian

Railway. It is set up as a narrow strip of two to four houses at a length of about 650 m. The

ground on which the houses are built is owned by the Indian Railway.

In Annu Nagar a large portion of the water need is fulfilled by the piped water supply from

the Kolar. Though water reaches the tanks yet there is no time table to provide the water

which cause unnecessary difficulty to the residents. At some point, lack of community

mobilisation is found due to which people do not take the responsibility of cleaning the

tanks. Before the supply of water, tanker trucks were main stay for the water. In case of any

irregularity people resort to boring or tube well facility from nearby colonies.

Annu Nagar is illegally established area along

the railway track.

Public Water pump removed by BMC after the

water was made available through tanks and

later by piped lines



B.3Blue Moon Colony

The houses are generally in a good shape at the Blue Moon Colony and the inhabitants can

be considered to belong to the middle and lower class. Blue Moon is located in the

immediate vicinity to the Solar Evaporation Pond (SEP) of UCIL

The water from Kolar dam is available since November’09. Water condition is pretty good

and people have higher level of satisfaction from the programme. In case of water does not

reach to the residents, people are resort to use water pumps as in other colonies. There are no

bore wells and Kolar water and hand pumps are only two sources of water here. The tanks

are regularly cleaned. Generally the tanks are put on an individual name who takes care of it

with the general public mobilisation. Hand pumps water taste salty and are not suitable for

drinking but people have to resort to it in case water from the piped line does not reach them.

Establishment

unknown

Inhabitants

~ 1230

Area

3.67 ha

Location

Northeast of UCIL plant side

and southwest in the immediate

vicinity of the Solar

Evaporation Pond (SEP).



B.4Sundar Nagar

Sunder Nagar is a legally established colony south of the Solar Evaporation Pond (SEP). The

houses are in a good shape, the inhabitants belong to the middle class. It is located north east

of UCIL plant and in the immediate vicinity of Solar evaporation Plant (SEP) with a total

area of 1.62 ha.

Sub tank from where water is supplied

Private water source which people use to

fill deficient need and in case water does

not reach from pipe line



With about 250 inhabitants, Sunder Nagar is very small. Like other colonies before the

supply of the water, they had to depend upon the water tanker trucks and private hand

pumps. There is one government tube well which is still being used by a large section of

people not only from Sunder Nagar but from other colonies too.

With the construction of pipe lines, water is now available from the Kolar. The water reaches

the tankers and people resort to alternate filling of their vessels. This way everybody gets

enough water without any fight for 3 days or more.

The tube well water is salty and people also complain about foul smell from it sometime. But

in case the water does not reach and tankers are not available, people unwillingly have to

drink this water only.

B.5Prem Nagar

Prem Nagar is a well

established legal colony

with good houses. The

houses are mostly brick

houses with more than

two floors. People have a

The Government tube well that is still in

use there.



regular income and can said to belong to the middle class.

A high density of private hand pumps and bore wells can be found in Prem Nagar.

Approximately for half of the sources, a bad smell was reported to come from the water.

Descriptions range from petrolic, salty, chlorine smell to just “bad”. Many sources give

muddy water and people drink that water unfiltered.

Previously water from the tanker trucks is used to fill the tanks. The water for the tanks was

mainly available from Rasla khedi. Since Nov’09 people of Prem Nagar are now able to take

the benefit of the Kolar water. Though water is available, yet it is not sufficient. To fill the

gap people have resorted to alternate day filling of the water. So if one has filled water today,

he/ she will not fill water when next time water will come. Thus on an average only 50% get

water in a single day.

The hand pumps are still installed in Prem Nagar. But water from it is not suitable for

drinking purposes or any other purpose.

Muddy water from the bore wells

which people use in case water does

not reach them

A private tube well which is in use.

People said that in case water does

not reach, they pay to get water from

here.



B.6 Shiv Shakti Nagar

The houses are generally in a good shape in Shiv Shakti Nagar and the inhabitants can be

considered to belong to the middle class. Shivshakti Nagar is located right next to the Solar

Evaporation Pond (SEP) of UCIL. In Shiv Shakti there are still signs of many bore wells and

hand pumps. Most of these bore wells and tube wells are avoided by the residents for bad

taste of water. A large number of bore wells and tube wells have been closed in the recent

past. This could be because of regular supply of water first from Rasla khedi and later from

the Kolar. Now water from Kolar is available to almost 100% of the population.

The residents are satisfied with current supply of water but complained of irregularity which

now causes those more problems since they have closed their private sources of supply. They

Tanks are now a major source of

water supply for the residents.



demanded that in case of irregularity, they should be informed and tanker trucks should

come to supply at least the drinking water. Like other area, in case there is absence of supply

of water to residents people resort to private sources.

B.7 Garib Nagar

Inhabitants Close to

2000

Area 6.79 Ha

Location Northeast

of UCIL

plant and

beside SEP.

Private bore well in use



Garib Nagar is an illegal colony; people do not own the land and have no official permission

to build their houses on the area. The houses are built alongside a road on a length of about

600 meters. The houses are generally in a good shape, but the inhabitants are poor. Most of

them have a low income from daily work (e.g. vegetable sellers, daily wage). Garib Nagar is

located right next to the Solar Evaporation Pond (SEP) of UCIL. It is feared by the residents

that the waste seepage from the nearby SEP has made the water unsuitable for drinking

purposes. Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB) found several toxic chemicals

in the ground water of Garib Nagar. Thus ground water is not at all suitable for drinking

purposes.

Previously water from private sources like boring and tube well was used. But since tanks

are established in 2007, people use water tanker trucks for the drinking purpose. Later pipe

line was laid and now Kolar Water is available to almost all the residents of the colony. The

water supply is regular and sufficient amount of water is available in the colony.

The tank in the Garib Colony. People

clean it every fortnight or a month.

Public mechanic bore well which is in use

since 2005. People still use it even for

drinking purpose



B.8 Nawab Colony

Total Residents Close to

4000

Total Area 9.314 ha

Location North of

UCIL plant

side

Nawab Colony is a legally established colony. The area is divided in four parts. The houses

are generally in a good shape and the majority of the inhabitants can be considered to belong

to the middle class, some inhabitants (mostly tenants) are poor.

Just a few hand pumps and bore well can be found in Nawab Colony. Before the laid pipe

lines, tanker trucks used to come, carrying Rasla Khedi water. People said that the tanker

trucks water was good. Nawab Colony is one of the first colony were Kolar water started

coming. People were satisfied with present level of supply from the Kolar line. Though they

too complained of erratic schedule of water supply. The water tanks situated at the corner of

the Nawab Nagar is used by both Nawab Nagar and Annu Nagar. There are 19 tanks in the

Nawab Nagar. Except one rest 18 are for public use. Though there are some private tube

wells and bore wells too. They are mainly used for purposes other than drinking.



B.9 Shri Ram Nagar

Shri Ram Nagar is an illegally established colony. The houses are located next to the railway

tracks and are mostly built out of wood, plastic layers, cow dung and corrugated metal

sheets. The people are poor and do not have many private sources of private supply.

At many places, points of taps have been created instead of tankers and people directly fill

water into the vessels. This is in fact useful since in many cases improper care of tankers has

resulted in polluted water.Though other kind of problems engulf Shri Ram Nagar water

supply. It is the problem of maintenance of the laid pipes. Since at some places due to poor

maintenance, pipes have corroded which has lead to soil and other ground materials entering

No of

residents

Close to 800

Location North east of

UCIL plant

side alongside

the railway

track.

Area .954ha

Government Hand pump is used when there is little

or no supply. These are also sources for additional

requirement s in the colony.

http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&p=1zNBk.&search=corrugated

http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&p=1zNBk.&search=metal

http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&p=1zNBk.&search=sheet



through the pipe. Every home in the Shri Ram Nagar has now access to the Kolar water

supply.

B.10. Conclusions

Madhya Pradesh Government has made a very good effort to provide water in the area. To

create additional infrastructure and to reach that to people is not an easy task. But combined

effort of the residents and the implementing agency ,i.e, BMC has indeed been able to do

that. People are now in a better position than they were a few years back. They are able to

get clean water in their vicinity. Though efficiency level of the created infra is in question at

some place but in time, it was felt that they were technical issues and will be sorted out . Still

the service can be more effective if we can generate transparent information and disseminate

the same through some common channel. People need not wait unnecessary for the

scheduled water supply nor need they to force themselves to drink ground water which has

been declared unfit. The next step is to make water available in each home. BMC has already

taken initiative in this regard and people too are ready to pay if they can get the facility of

getting at their own home.

Tube well in the pic was

closed by BMC after foul

smell was detected from it.

Impact Assessment has been done in the following Areas

New Arif Nagar, Blue Moon, Annu Nagar, Prem Nagar, Sunder Nagar, Garib Nagar, Shri Ram

Nagar,Nawab Colony, Shiv Shakti Nagar



B.11. Recommendations-

The project has been executed very well. The general level of satisfaction from the project is

high yet the problem of last mile remains. Following are some recommendations for the

problems identified.

Problem Recommendations

Low pressure/

Maintenance of pipes

There will always be some issue like this. BMC should be clear

who is responsible to fix it and the public should have access to that

person.

Unscheduled Supply There can be some technical issue which can prevent scheduled

supply. But instead of residents to keep in waiting, a SMS can tell

them on what time water will come. The said infrastructure of

information dissemination can be created at no cost.

Irregular supply Tanker trucks must go to give at least drinking water to at least

those areas where water is highly contaminated. Though water

supply in whole area through tanker trucks in such scenario is more

recommended.





C. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS)

The increasing population in the city will lead to congestion and unnecessary pollution. It

thus becomes imperative that some form of mass rapid transit system ( MRTS) comes in

place which can take care of a large chunk of the daily commuters . Bus rapid transit system

of Bhopal was envisaged with such foresightedness and is now executed under the ongoing

JNNURM programme.

Bus Rapid Transit system uses exclusive roadways to provide special corridors for buses to

transit. This helps in creating fast and reliable service irrespective of traffic congestion or

weather condition. BRTS also uses modern means like GIS to provide real time information

to the commuters.

C.1 Benefits of BRTS

BRTS

Enviromental benefits

Increased Speed

Reduced COngestion

Saving of time

Increased Safety

BRTS will help in taking care of a better portion of the commuters which will take the load

off the main road. Thus private vehicles will have more space to run which will result in

increased speed and thus a lot of saving of time. Since BRTS will have a dedicated lane then

obviously the buses will transit much faster which will make up for a lot of saved time for

commuters. The decrease in the vehicle volume from the road will help in making road

much safer. Better transit system, reduced congestion and coupled with improved speed will

result in decreased level of pollution and other environmental benefits.



C.2 Present Status of BRTS

The date of approval of the project is 10th of November, 2006. 21.75 Km has been approved

under BRTS as of now with a total cost of Rs.237.76 crore. The main implementing agency

of the BRTS in Bhopal is BMC. Though the original target date was Nov ’08 but due to

delay August 2011 has been set as the revised target date.

The work has been awarded in two phases for the construction of the corridor. 22% of the

physical progress has been completed. The orders have been passed to supply the buses on

9th

of November.

C.3 Reasons for delay –

1) Delay in finalization of the Implementing Agency – Funds transferred to BMC in

May’ 2008 by State Govt.

2) Delay in Tendering process – due to enforcement of three consecutive Models Code

of Conduct.

3) Delay in transfer of Road from NHAI

4) Most of the corridor falling in city portion hence lot of Utilities, Temples and other

properties are required to be shifted. - Christian Cemetery ( 18 Graves), 15 large &

Small temples shifted.

5) Railways permission is still awaited for Railway Over Bridge( ROB)

C.4 Issues

C.4.a Operational

1) No Bid received for Operators due to large number of Low Floor and Semi Low Floor

Buses.

2) Standard Buses are more viable due to low capital and O & M cost.

3) It is proposed to partially replace the Low floor and Semi Low Floor buses with

Standard Buses.



4) Resistance from the existing Mini Bus/Tata Magic operators to move into new

assigned routes.

5) Dedicated Bus lanes not possible in core city areas.

C.4.bInfrastructural

1) Permission from National Highway Authority of India delayed by one year.

2) Permission from Railways for construction of ROB is still awaited.

3) Most of the corridor falling in city portion hence lot of utilities. Religious structures

are required to be shifted.

4) Few Heritage structures are creating bottlenecks.

5) Existing heavy traffic on the corridor is making the progress slow.

C.5Conclusion

Bus Rapid Transit System is the need of the

hour to make public transport smoother and

safer. BRTS will be an integration of different

transport system. The whole idea is to create a

system where people prefer public transport.

The use of modern means like GIS ( Geographic

Information System ) will make the system user

friendly . Like any new project, BRTS too will

need innovation to be successfully implemented

but the system success will depend upon the acceptance among the common person.



Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission and the Way Ahead

Basic Objective

The basic objective of starting the JNNURM programme is to enable the cities to become

ready for the grill of the coming decade. It also aims to find solutions of problems of the

region through localized effort. The 73rd

and 74th Amendment Act seeks to transfer the

power to the people itself. The effect of these changes will be long term and hopefully for the

better. JNNURM seeks to build city for the future. It is giving the required shape to the cities

which will become economic hub for the future. Most importantly it seeks to include the

poorest of the poor. It wants them to be a part of the growing city. It is trying to build a city

slum free. Those who have witnessed the characteristics of cities undoubtedly will consider it

as a difficult job. But Basic Services to the Urban Poor is converting cities slum free. It is

bringing services at the door of the slum dwellers, providing them their own dwelling at an

affordable cost. Instead of patta , they are now being provided with their own home and in

house facilities of bathroom and water supply. Most importantly the houses are registered in

their name and thus the whole right of property is transferred to them. This in itself is a big

change in the attitude of the government, which previously considered such people as burden

is now ready to effectively bring them and their next generation in the growth story of India.

JNNURM and ULBs

JNNURM also represents the amalgamation of efforts of the Centre, State and Municipal

Corporation for the betterment of the citizens of India. The role of Centre though limited to

finance and consulting is yet critical. JNNURM seeks additional responsibility on the

shoulder of Municipal Corporation. But this should also be considered once in a while

opportunity for it to make itself more effective, from added power comes more responsibility

to them.

My Experience at Bhopal &Good work of BMC

In my experience of JNNURM projects in Bhopal, the active role by State and BMC has

really put the gear on the development of infrastructure in the city. The critical components



for the development of the city have been brought under JNNURM. The inclusion of water

supply in gas affected area under JNNURM is also commendable. My personal experience

to deal with BSUP projects and water supply in Gas affected area has shown the good work

of BMC. As my report has already stated under both the projects, the satisfaction level of

people has gone up. Considerably so in providing services to the urban poor, Bhopal

Municipal Corporation has indeed done a good job. The buildings are completed in record

time for the benefit of the poor. If the work is continued with same enthusiasm, then there is

no doubt that the JNNURM will bring visible changes in the city of Bhopal.

The intension of Centre for starting the JNNURM programme was to serve more than just a

basic need to the city people. It is trying to create a proactive system, where the solutions are

locally generated. The programme under JNNURM also emphasis that private players are

involved in the development of the projects to bring private expertise in the execution of

projects. PPP model is increasingly expected as the best solution for overcoming

governmental set up. BMC in its capacity has tried to fit into that shoe of autonomy. Be it

choice of programme or the plan to execute it, BMC has done a fair job.

Some Cautions

Their need some caution too. The outflow of fund of the municipal corporations has

increased considerably due to the JNNURM projects. BMC is already over stretched, to keep

their integrity intact, they need to augment their current source of funding and resort to some

innovative methods to finance the current JNNURM projects like debt financing and raising

of bonds to mitigate the risk and keep the interest of raising the fund at minimum.

Sustenance of the infrastructure is equally important. The agencies involved in the processes

of implementation of JNNURM needs to understand the significance of the problem of the

last mile. If the process for O&M is not created, then the whole effort will be wasted. So, it

is necessary that the process of O&M is in built in the system. My understanding for the

importance of this component was made during the BSUP programme when lack of the

maintenance has severely damaged some part of the infrastructure. The implementing agency



has left the maintenance part to the beneficiaries. But the whole system is new to beneficiary

and it will take time before they can handle the same.

There is also a need of capacity building within the agencies. With the local governance idea

permeating within the system, it is necessary that the required skill set up is added to the

existing ones. With increasingly complex projects being handled by municipal corporations

like BMC, it is needed that they too look for augmenting their own capacity to handle the

added responsibility.

JNNURM is just a beginning....

Yet JNNURM should be seen as a step for an effective and proactive city. JNNURM at most

can give the initial push to fly but to continue flying; one needs the supply of fuel on its own.

JNNURM has though initiated the process of city development which needs to be continued.

It should be an inbuilt process where solutions for the problems are generated locally as well

as implemented and executed at the same level. JNNURM will be considered successful only

if it will be able to create any such system in the city. A city like Bhopal is dynamic and

therefore it is necessary that its development too should evolve with time.



Annexure

Questionnaire for BSUP programme.

1)What is your name ? ..........................................................

2) How many members are there in your family ? ...............................................................

Male Female Children

Age Nam

e

Educatio

n level

Professio

n

Ag

e

Nam

e

Educatio

n Level

Professio

n

Ag

e

Nam

e

Educatio

n Level

Professio

n

3) a) Do You know under which scheme your home is built?

Know about JNNURM Know about BSUP

3) b) Know about JNNURM but does know the details ................................................................

c) Whether know about any other Government scheme .......................................................

4) Amount of contribution by various parties -

Contribution by government

(Facilities availed)

Contribution by self (in

amount and kind)

Contribution by ULB

Rs. Other Rs. Other Rs. Other

5) a) Have you taken loan for the dwelling- Yes .................. No........................

5) b) What is the amount of your EMI - .................................

5) c) For how many years- ............................................

d) Is the amount of EMI – High......................... Moderate........................................



e) What was the initial amount of EMI told to you before construction-...................................

6) Where were you settled during the time of construction of building -..........................................

7) What kind of constraints you faced there-

I. .................................................

II. ...................................................

III. ....................................................

8) a) What was the declared time for the completion of the dwelling-

b) When did you actually get it-

c) Were you consulted while the construction – Yes............... No..............

d) Are your concerns addressed- Yes..................... No...........................

9) Toilet Facility

a) Where did you use to go for defecation before implementation of the scheme-

I. Open –

II. Private Toilet

III. Community Toilet

b) Which facility you are availing now-

I. Private

II. Community-

III. Other-

10) Supply of water

a) What was the source of the water supply before the implementation of the programme-

I. Tap water at home

II. Community tap

III. Tube well

IV. Others-

b) What distance did you travel to get the water?

100m 200 m 300m > 300m



c) What is the present source of your water supply-

I. Tap water

II. Tube well

III. Others-

IV. Duration of supply -

Morning (---- 1200hrs) Afternoon ( 1200-1700hrs) Evening ( 1700 hrs onwards)

11) Sewerage Facility

Are you able to avail the facility of sewerage system-

12) Electricity Supply

Duration of supply -

Morning (---- 1200hrs) Afternoon ( 1200-1700hrs) Evening ( 1700 hrs onwards)

13) a) Is their any scheme designed for the maintenance of the created infrastructure ?

Yes............................ No.................................

b) If yes then what is the mechanism ...................................................................

c) Will you pay if their is monthly maintenance cost? yes ...................... No................

d) What amount are you willing to pay for maintenance? .........................................

14) Occurrence of Disease/s

a) Has anyone in your family fallen ill in the last one year ? Yes No

b) Who had fallen ill ? 1.................................... 2.............................................

If yes then

c) What was the disease? a) Typhoid ........... b) Diarrhoea .................... c) malaria .................. d)

others .......................

d) What diseases occurred before the implementation of the scheme?

1........................................... 2...............................................

3............................................. 4...............................................

e) Has the frequency increased/ decreased in the last one year ? Yes........................ No............



15) Medical Facility

a) Where did you use to go for availing medical facility before the implementation of scheme-

b) Where do you go for medical checkups now-

c) What are the facilities available there-

Medicine facility- Yes No

Availability of doctors- Yes No

Timely availability of doctors- Yes No

Paramedical Facility- Yes No

d) Is the hospital facility caters to your demand Yes No

e) Has there been any delivery in your family –

If yes then-

f) Where did it take place –

g) What are the facilities available post child birth-

18) Education Facility-

a) Is your child going school? Yes........................ No

b) Where is your child availing primary education –

c) What are the facilities available-?

d) Will you carry the education of child forward? Yes.................... No........................

e) What impact do you see on the child of your new house and campus?

1) .................................... 2) ............................................

3) ............................... 4) .............................................

19) Social Benefits-

a) What are the peer’s view of your new house ?

1........................................... 2..............................................

b) Has it increased your status in the society ? Yes...................... No..................

20) Capacity Building



a) Has there been capacity building programme- Yes No

b) In what fields have they been commenced-

I. .................................

II. ..................................

III. ..............................

c) Has it increased your livelihood options- Yes No

d) What is the increase in the salary due to the programme? ......................................

21) Has the participation within the community increased after the construction of the dwelling?

Yes................................. No......................................

22) Expectations

e) Has the programme met your expectations Yes No

f) If no then Why?

1. .........................................

2. ..........................................

3. ..........................................

23) What are the things you liked most about the scheme-

a) Their Participation in decision making-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

b) Government help in financing the house

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

c) Bureaucrats’ helpfulness

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

d) Timely completion of the dwelling

1 2 3 4 5 6 7



e) The loan scheme-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f) Construction of the house

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

g) Facilities available

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

h) Dignified living

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

i)EMI facility

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

15) What are the benefits you derive from the dwelling-?

a) Rise in the standard of living

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

b) +ve Impact on the children-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

c) Intruder’s free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

d) Decrease in crime rate

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

e) Decrease in alcoholism



1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f) No wet floor during rainy season

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

16) What factors you consider important for the success of the scheme-

a) Bureaucrat helpfulness

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

b) Government financial support

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

c) Social support of the government-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

d) Rate of EMI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

e) Willingness of the beneficiary

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f) Participation of the beneficiary

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

g) Participation of women folk

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

h) Maintenance of the infrastructure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

i) Facilities made available-



1 2 3 4 5 6 7

j) Increased source of income-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

17) What are the sources of your income?

1................................... 2...........................................

18) How many are earning members?

1......................................... 2............................................

19) What is the monthly income of the family? .........................................

20) What are the major sources of expenditure?

Item EMI Food Medical Education Transport Others 1 2 3

Amount

21) What is your monthly saving? ............................................................

22) Do you have any other source of finance for emergency apart from savings?

1.................................................. 2.............................................................

3.................................................. 4...............................................................

References-

A) Detailed project Report of the programmes under JNNURM.

B) City Development plan of the Bhopal City



Documents

Impact Assessment of Projects Under JNNURM scheme/JNNURM__Nishant.pdf · It will try to capture both social as well as economic changes brought in the lives of the beneficiary due