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TIME-RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER
LEVELS AND QUALITY
VOLUME-I
GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN PUNJAB
DIRECTORATE OF LAND RECLAMTION PUNJB
IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT
CANAL BANK MOGHALPURA, LAHORE
Ph.042-99250178-99250181
E.mail [email protected] 2009
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises to the real Blessor of the Universe Allah Almighty the most merciful Who is entire source
of all knowledge and wisdom to mankind. I also invoke Allahs blessing and peace for Hazrat
Muhammad (peace be upon him), the messenger of Allah, the real source of knowledge and
guidance for the world forever.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Land Reclamation Officers namely, Rana
M.Iqbal, T&SS., Lahore, Mr.Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, DDLR., Lahore, Ch. M. Saleem ,LCC(W), Mr.
Irshad Ahmad Doger, LCC(E) , Faisalabad, Mr. Nasir Mazhar, HCC., Multan, Ch.Atta -ur-Rehman,
LBDC., Sahiwal, Mr. Abdul ur- Rehman, Bhawalpur, Mr. Khalid Mahmood, UCC., Lahore and all of
their Assistant Land Reclamation Officers, Reclamation Supervisors and Soil Supervisors who worked
with dedication and commitment to the work under over all supervision of the DLR. The services
extended by Mr. Zahid Sarwar, Research Officer (Soil), Mr. Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, Physical Chemist
(look after charge) and all the Junior Research Officers namely, Mr. M. Farooq, Tariq Farooq,
Maqsood A.Sani and Mr. Shahzad Akhtar regarding laboratory analysis work are highly appreciated. I
am also thankful to all the Reclamation Zilladars, Patwaris and Clerks for their sincere efforts and
helping hand in field and office work.
I owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Azhar Javaid, Assistant Land Reclamation Officer (Thur), Lahore for
compiling and editing the data and also for his technical guidance to the Field Workers. The technical
assistance extended by Mr. Shamshad Gohar, Groundwater Consultant in guiding the field teams in
data collection and compilation is also appreciated. The cooperation extended by Dr. Muhammad Arif,
Reclamation Supervisor in facilitating the data compilation is also acknowledged. The services of Mr.
Nadeem Ahmad, Junior Clerk and Mr. Muhammad Tayyab Farooq Junior Clerk of the Directorate in
typing and arranging the data are also appreciated.
Last but not least, I record my indebtedness to Mr. Israr-ul-Haq, Chief SPRU and Dr. M. Aslam,
Director Groundwater who always encouraged the Directorate of Land Reclamation on its way to
progress for potential achievements in groundwater monitoring.
(Moeen-ud-Din Shah)Director Land Reclamation Punjab
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CAPACITY BUILDING OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WING OF IPD
Groundwater Monitoring Report
Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June 2009
Table of Contents
Section Contents Page
Acknowledgements
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Objectives 1
1.2 Groundwater Management Problems 2
1.3 Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD) 2
2 GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK 4
2.1 Monitoring Requirements 4
2.2 Existing Monitoring Network 5
2.2.1 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels 5
2.2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring 6
2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring 6
3 MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BYDLR
8
3.1 Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year 2008 83.2 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR 8
3.3 Existing Data Format 9
4 ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES INGROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY
11
4.1 Preamble 11
4.2 Lahore Zone 11
4.2.1 Water Table Trends 11
4.2.1.1 Sialkot District 12
4.2.1.2 Narowal District 12
4.2.1.3 Gujranwala District 13
4.2.1.4 Sheikhupura District 14
4.2.1.5. Nankana District 14
4.2.1.6 Lahore District 15
4.2.1.7 Kasur Distric 16
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Section Contents Page
4.2.1.8 Okara District 16
4.2.1.9 Pakpatan District 17
4.2.2 Water Quality Trends 18
4.2.2.1 Sialkot District 19
4.2.2.2 Gujranwala District 20
4.2.2.3 Narowal District 20
4.2.2.4 Sheikhupura District 21
4.2.2.5 Nankana District 22
4.2.2.6 Lahore District 22
4.2.2.7 Kasur District 23
4.2.2.8 Okara District 23
4.3 FaisalabadZone 24
4.3.1 Water Table Trends 24
4.3.1.1 Faisalabad District 24
4.3.1.2 Hafizabad District 26
4.3.1.3 Jhang District 26
4.3.1.4 Nankana District 27
4.3.1.5 Toba Tek Singh District 28
4.3.2 Groundwater Quality Trends 28
4.3.2.1 Faisalabad District 30
4.3.2.2 Gujranwala District 31
4.3.2.3 Hafizabad District 31
4.3.2.4 Jhang District 32
4.3.2.5 Nankana District 33
4.3.2.6 Sheikhupura District 34
4.3.2.7 Toba Tek Singh District 34
4.4 Sargodha Zone 35
4.4.1 Water Level Trends 35
4.4.1.1 Gujrat District 36
4.4.1.2 Mandi Bahauddin District 37
4.4.1.3 Sargodha District 37
4.4.1.4 Jhang District 38
4.4.2 Water Quality Trends 38
4.4.2.1 Gujrat District 40
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Section Contents Page
4.4.2.2 Mandi Bahauddin District 40
4.4.2.3 Sargodha District 41
4.4.2.4 Jhang District 41
4.5 Multan Irrigation Zone 42
4.5.1 Water Level Trends 42
4.5.1.1 Jhang District 43
4.5.1.2 Khanewal District 43
4.5.1.3 Lodhran District 44
4.5.1.4 Multan District 45
4.5.1.5 Okara District 45
4.5.1.6 Pakpatan District 46
4.5.1.7 Sahiwal District 47
4.5.1.8 Vehari District 47
4.5.2 Groundwater Quality Trends 48
4.5.2.1 Jhang District 50
4.5.2.2 District Khanewal 51
4.5.2.3 District Lodhran 51
4.5.2.4 District Multan 52
4.5.2.5 District Okara 53
4.5.2.6 District Pakpatan 53
4.5.2.7 District Sahiwal 54
4.5.2.8 District Vehari 55
4.6 Bahawalpur Zone 56
4.6.1 Water Level Trends 56
4.6.1.1 Bahawalnagar District 57
4.6.1.2 Bahawalpur District 57
4.6.1.3 Rahim Yar Khan District 58
4.6.2 Water Quality Trends 58
4.6.2.1 Bahawalnagar District 60
4.6.2.2 Bahawalpur District 60
4.6.2.3 Rahim Yar Khan District 61
4.7 DG Khan Zone 61
4.7.1 Water Level Trends 61
4.7.1.1 DG Khan District 62
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Section Contents Page
4.7.1.2 Rajanpur District 63
4.7.1.3 Muzaffar Garh District 63
4.7.2 Groundwater Quality Trends 64
4.7.2.1 DG Khan District 65
4.7.2.2 Rajnapur District 66
4.7.2.3 Muzaffar Garh District 67
4.8 Thal Doab 67
4.8.1 Aerial Distribution of WL Monitoring Points 67
4.8.1.1 Bhakar District 68
4.8.1.2 Jhang District 68
4.8.1.3 Khushab District 69
4.8.1.4 Layyah District 70
4.8.1.5 Mianwali District 70
4.8.2 Aerial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points 71
4.8.2.1 Bhakar District 72
4.8.2.2 Jhang District 73
4.8.2.3 Khushab District 74
4.8.2.4 Layyah District 74
4.8.2.5 Mianwali District 75
4.9 Synopsis on Groundwater Levels and Quality Trends 76
4.9.1 Water Table Trends 76
4.9.2 Groundwater Quality Trends 76
5. EXISTING SNAGS AND GENERAL GUIDELINES FORIMPROVEMENT
77
5.1 General Considerations 77
5.2 Location of Monitoring Points 77
5.2.1 Water Level Monitoring 77
5.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring 78
5.3 Frequency of Water Sampling and Analysis 795.4 Data Sensibility Checks 81
5.5 Capacity Building 81
5.6 Linkage & Coordination in Monitoring and Management 81
5.7 The Way Forward 81
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List of Tables
TableNo.
Title Page
2.1 Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD) 5
2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR - IPD)6
2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring 6
3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD) 9
4.1 Water Level Monitoring in Lahore Zone 11
4.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Lahore Zone 18
4.3 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone 25
4.4 Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone 29
4.5 Water Level Monitoring Points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone 36
4.6Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Sargodha Irrigation
Zone 394.7 Water Level Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone 42
4.8 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in Multan IrrigationZone
49
4.9 Water Level Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone 56
4.10 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Bahawalpur IrrigationZone
59
4.11 Water Level Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone 62
4.12 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in DG KhanIrrigation Zone
64
4.13 WL Monitoring in Thal Doab 67
4.14 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Thal Doab 71
List of Figure
FigureNo.
Title Page
2.1Map Showing the Location of Groundwater MonitoringField Units 7
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Groundwater Monitoring in PunjabBy I & PD (DLR)
Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June 2009
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Objectives
Extensive groundwater development has taken place - in the last 4-5
decades the - particularly in the private sector - to meet the growing water
demand for agriculture, domestic needs and industry. The number of
pumping wells in the Province has gradually grown to around one million
of which more than 90% are used for agriculture. This tremendous
groundwater development has greatly helped the farmers in the Province
for increasing the cropping intensity to meet the ever growing demand forfood and fiber. However, this groundwater development mainly, in the
private sector - has resulted in aquifer mining - particularly in the tail
reaches of the canal commands.
Following a few factors warrant a systematic monitoring of groundwaterresources:
The farmers pump groundwater according to their crop waterrequirements - without any consideration to the annual rechargeand or discharge;
Over pumping in many areas is resulting in the continuous declineof water level and deterioration of the groundwater quality bydisturbing the groundwater regime;
During the last a few years IPD has completed a number ofprojects to ensure the uniformity and equity in irrigation suppliesparticularly the water supply in the tail reaches. Whereas this hashelped the farmers in the tail reaches it has also changed theseepage and groundwater recharge pattern;
During the development process of increasing road-network and
other developments, the drainage paths have been obstructed inmany areas of the Province creating drainage problems in lowlying areas located in and along the remnant channels;
Continuous discharge of untreated sewerage and industrialeffluents in creating problems of groundwater quality bycontaminating the groundwater reservoir.
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1.2 Groundwater Management Problems
The above factors have given birth to a number of adverse interactionssuch as:
Abnormal lowering of water table in some of the areas making the
pumping more expensive, thus depriving farmers of usinggroundwater to supplement the canal water supplies;
Saline groundwater intrusion in the areas adjacent to the SGWzones due to excessive pumping in fresh groundwater areas;
Deterioration of groundwater quality in the areas with shallow lensof FGW overlying SGW due to up coning of saline fresh waterinterface;
Pollution of the aquifer in many areas due to the continuousdischarge of the untreated sewerage and industrial waste water
(Lahore, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Kasur areas creating big challenges);and
Water logging and salinity in the areas located along the majorcanals and/or in the topographic depressions.
1.3 Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD)
In the past groundwater monitoring was carried out by SMO (WAPDA)
however, this monitoring was mainly restricted to the SCARP areas to
study the response of water table to pumping from STWs.
Keeping in view the above problems and objectives a groundwater
monitoring cell was established in I&PD under DLR in 2001-02; for
carrying out systematic groundwater monitoring including water levels,
water quality and groundwater use in various parts of the Province.
Presently both surface and groundwater resources are being monitored
by IPD (DLR) to keep a watch on the quantitative and qualitative aspects.
This report is presented in two volumes viz.:
Volume-1 describes the following aspects:
Groundwater monitoring network by DLR;
Status of groundwater monitoring up to October 2008;
Data availability for various areas;
Water level and water quality trends in different areas of the
Province,
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Snags in the monitoring system and efforts made in the past by
DLR (IPD); and
Need for improvements with relevant observations and guidelines.
Volume-2 contains the basic data on:
Groundwater levels in the various parts of the Province; and
Groundwater quality data for the last 2 years as the data for the
previous years had been reported in the annual report for the year
2006.
NB: As the report cannot describe and contain all the field data and
information available with DLR - hence, all such information is placed on
the IPD Web Site for any detailed studies by research scholars and other
public and private agencies.
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2. GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK
2.1 Monitoring Requirements
Historically the groundwater monitoring was initiated by IPD after the
introduction of weir controlled irrigation system in the beginning of the 20th
century to study the impact of seepage from canal irrigation system.
Gradually the water levels rose in certain parts of the Doabs particularly
in the central Punjab threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture.
To combat water logging and salinity around 10,000 SCARP Tubewells
(STWs) were installed in 1960s and 1970s - mainly to lower the water
table in the affected areas. SMO (WAPDA) monitored the groundwater
levels and the performance of the STWs.
Initial success of the STWs in controlling the water table and providing on
demand irrigation water acted as an impetus to the farmers for installation
of their private tubewells (PTWs). G o P also provided incentives for the
installation of PTWs as these helped to increase the cropping intensity
from about 80% to more than 130 % - helping the country to meet the
ever increasing demand for food and fiber. Farmers kept on installing their
tubewells and number of PTWs increased from around 8,000 in 1964 to
around 300,000 in 1990 the present number of PTWs may be around
one million.
This large scale pumping in the private sector has introduced some
groundwater management problems such as continuous decline of water
levels and/or deterioration of groundwater quality. The one major problemwith the large scale pumping in the private sector (about 90% for irrigated
agriculture) is that the farmers pump groundwater in accordance with their
crop water requirements irrespective of the groundwater recharge
during a particular year. This means:
More pumping in dry years (as there is shortage of canal water)
in spite of the fact that there is less groundwater recharge; and
Less pumping in wet years - in spite of the fact that there is more
groundwater recharge.
This fact warrants necessary measures for groundwater management for
the sustainability of this precious resource and agriculture the life line of
the 90 million people. Monitoring is the first step for any management.
Cognizant of the ground conditions IPD implemented a project in
collaboration with the World Bank, titled Punjab Private Sector
Groundwater Development Project (PPSGDP), 1997-2001 involving
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detailed studies on groundwater management and regulation. This lead to
the establishment of Groundwater Monitoring Cell in Directorate of Land
Reclamation in IPD for systematic groundwater monitoring in the
Province. Starting from the modest net work adopted from SMO (WAPDA)
the existing DLR net work has gradually expanded - and is being planned
to extend it to Potwar Plateau to cover the non irrigated areas also which are more prone to disaster during any drought period.
2.2 Existing Monitoring Network
Since 2003, groundwater monitoring is being carried out by theGroundwater Cell (DLR), for the collection of necessary data to determinethe time-rate changes in groundwater levels and quality in response to thevariations in the groundwater recharge-discharge components. The mainobjective of the groundwater monitoring is to develop a sound databasefor the management of groundwater resources for optimal development,usufruct exploitation without any adverse effect on the groundwater
regime and environment. Existing monitoring network for observation oftime rate changes in groundwater levels and quality is as below.
2.2.1 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels
Number of monitoring points for water level measurement in eachirrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditionsis shown in the Table 2.1 given below:
Perusal of the table shows that there are 2,765 WL monitoring points outof which 1,820 points are operable under the existing conditions. Underthe filed conditions some of the points keep dying and where evernecessary have to be replaced and/or even augmented in line with thefield requirements.
Table 2.1 Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD)
Data AvailableIrrigationZone/Area Total Points Year 2008
Lahore 270 169
Faisalabad 430 319
Sargodha 421 156
Multan 563 422
Bahawalpur 397 229
DG Khan 438 310
Thal Doab 246 215
Total 2,765 1,820
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2.2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring
Number of monitoring points for checking groundwater quality in eachirrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditionsis shown in the Table 2.2 given below:
Table 2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR -IPD)
Data AvailableIrrigationZone/Area
Total PointsYear 2008
Lahore 584 389
Faisalabad 630 630
Sargodha 288 165
Multan 858 696
Bahawalpur 657 312
DG Khan 304 304
Thal Doab 398 357
Total 3,719 2,853
Perusal of the table shows that out of 3,719 monitoring points (generallyPTWs) data for the year 2008 is available for 2,853 points as some ofthe points have to be abandoned due to one or the other reason.
2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring
Groundwater monitoring program is being conducted through thefollowing field units as shown in Table 2.3:
Table 2.3: Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring
Sr.No.
Field Unit Area/Canal Command
1 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Lahore UCC, DCC
2 Groundwater Monitoring UnitFaisalabad
LCC (E & W)
3 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Sargodah UJC, LJC
4 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Multan HCC, LBDC, Nilibar, Mailsi
5 Groundwater Monitoring Unit
Bahawalpur
Bahawalnagar,
Bahawalpur, Rahim YarKhan districts
6 Groundwater Monitoring Unit DG Khan Muzaffargarh, Dera Jat
7 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Thal Bhakar, Khushab, Layyah,Mianwali, Jhang
Figure 2.1 shows the location of these field units - in accordance withmonitoring requirements in the irrigation zones.
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Fig 2.1 Groundwater Monitoring Units in Punjab
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3. MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BY DLR
3.1 Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year 2008
As discussed in the previous section - under the present conditions (Year2008) - monitoring net-work by DLR includes:
1,820 monitoring points for the measurement of waterlevels; and
2,853 monitoring points for checking groundwater quality.
Water level and water quality checks are conducted by DLR in June andOctober to assess the groundwater conditions during Pre-monsoonand Post-monsoon seasons to observe the extreme conditions ongroundwater levels and quality.
Data on groundwater levels and water quality are compiled in the formof annual reports and placed at IPD Website
for general information.
Water levels are reported as depth to water table below the groundsurface (in feet for the convenience of understanding by the farmingcommunity)
Water quality parameters reported are:
I. Electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater indicatinggroundwater salinity in terms of dS/m.
II. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR); and
III. Residual sodium carbonate (RSC).
These parameters define the quality of groundwater mainly fromagricultural use point of view. Data on the other parameters tested duringthe detailed chemical analysis (cations and anions) are also available withDLR and may be compiled in due course of time.
3.2 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR
Field data on groundwater levels and quality are compiled and analyzed
for mapping various zones indicating Depth to water table conditions andthe suitability of groundwater for irrigated agriculture.
Following water quality criteria are used by DLR for the assessing thesuitability of water from irrigated agriculture point of view:
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Table 3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD)
Indicator Unit Permissible Level Unfit Level
Electrical Conductivity(EC)
dS/m 1.5 > 1.5
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
(SAR)
- 10 > 10
Residual SodiumCarbonate (RSC)
me/l 2.5 > 2.5
The above water quality indicators are in line with FAO guidelines.
Special Water Quality Tests: However, due to the general pollution ofgroundwater reservoir through agricultural, industrial and sewerageeffluents detailed sampling program has also been developed as a part ofintegrated system improvement program (ISRP) including theparameters required from drinking water point of view particularly 20areas selected at this stage for the collection of surface water samplesand samples from the major drains for keeping an eye on the pollutiondue to the industrial and sewerage effluents. Groundwater monitoringdata has been compiled by DLR in the form of annual reports from June2003 to October 2008.
3.3 Existing Data Format
Through the mutual efforts by the filed and office staff the data format has
been greatly refined as below:
Data points have been re-arranged indicating the canal command,
Irrigation division, district and tehsil. At this stage - emphasis hasbeen laid down on the distribution of monitoring points on District
and Tehsil Basis in each Irrigation Zone as information on these
parameters is available with reasonable accuracy;
By the next monitoring cycle identification of the main canal,
distributary and minor (and points lying in un-commanded areas)
will also be incorporated by the field staff from the basic data
sheets thus making the data useful for groundwater management
also;
Initially during the basic monitoring year where the tubewells werenot available, the hand pumps were sampled to have some
concept of water quality at shallow depth. The hand pumps are no
more in scene. Water quality monitoring points may be
differentiated indicating type and depth of the water point from the
initial years data. This will help to determine the distribution of
groundwater quality and time rate changes both in aerial and
vertical extent.
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Time rate changes in water levels and groundwater quality have been
determined by using the data of the monitoring points with consistent data
for all the irrigation zones as per details given in the succeeding section.
Monitoring Parameters and Numbering System: For the development
of a systematic database the identification of the monitoring points andthe parameters have to be fixed. Keeping in view the large number ofpoints spread over the province the numbering system includes:
Serial Number; DLR Number (fixed for each point); GIS Number; Main Canal; Distributary and Minor; District; Tehsil; Village; Owner; Type of point
As the monitoring system will grow the above systematic numbering
system will help to studying time rate changes in water levels and quality
both on micro and macro basis. Further details are discussed in the
succeeding sections.
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4. ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATERLEVELS AND QUALITY
4.1 Preamble
Punjab Plain, covering about 51 Million acres of land, forms a part of Indus Plain
- underlain by a large and contiguous groundwater reservoir. The major sourceof groundwater recharge are the rainfall, seepage from the large irrigationsystem, rivers and some return flow from the groundwater pumped and used forirrigation. The major sources of groundwater discharge are the pumping througharound one million public and private tubewells, evepo-transpiration andseepage into drains and rives during the dry season. Groundwater quality isgenerally fresh along and near the rivers and deteriorates as we move awayfrom the rivers towards the central parts of the Doabs. This warrants asystematic groundwater monitoring as any uncontrolled pumping in the freshgroundwater areas can induce the flow of saline groundwater into freshgroundwater aquifers. The main objective of the groundwater monitoring by DLR(IPD) is to keep a watch on the time rate changes in groundwater levels and its
quality so as appropriate management measures can be taken well in time toavoid mining of the aquifer and/or deterioration of the groundwater quality.Distribution of groundwater level monitoring points and the time rate changes inthe last six (6) years in the districts and tehsils - falling under various irrigationzones - are discussed below with necessary comments and observation.
All the relevant details on groundwater levels and water quality have been givenin Volume -2 of the annual report.
4.2 Lahore Zone
4.2.1 Water Table Trends
Aerial Distribution ofMonitoring Points:Lahore Zone coversthe command areas ofUCC, BRBD, Depalpurand Pakpatan canals.Distribution of thewater level monitoringpoints and availabilityof WL data for the year
2008 - in variousdistricts - falling underthe command of thesecanals is as below:
Number of water levelmonitoring points ineach district under Lahore Zone, along with the number of points withconsistent WL data for the years 2003 2008 is shown in Table 4.1.
Jun-08 Oct-08
Sialkot 18 12 13
Narowal 28 17 17
Gujranwala 45 33 32
Hafizabad 1 1 1
Nankana 15 12 12
Sheikhupura 43 20 19
Lahore 28 26 26
Kasur 55 24 23
Okara 32 22 22
Pakpatan 5 4 4
Total 270 171 169
Table 4.1: WL Monitoring in Lahore Zone
District Total PointsWL Data
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During the course of field data collection some of the points have to beabandoned due to one or the other reason and in certain cases additionalpoints are established. Historic data for the points not operative underthe existing conditions is available and can be used for site specificstudies in future. Based on the data of selected /representative monitoringpoints general trend of water level in each district is discussed as below.
Relevant detail on the location of selected / representative monitoringpoints is given in Vol. II.
District-wise Water Table Trends in Lahore Irrigation Zone:General trends of groundwater table in various districts lying in LahoreIrrigation Zone are given below:
4.2.1.1 Sialkot District
There are 18 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only three points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows
the WL trends are as below:
(Water Table Trends Feet below GLS)
Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend during theperiod 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October 2006. Present trend is still showing
a gentle rise.
4.2.1.2 Narowal District
There are 28 monitoring points in Narowal District and continuous data forthe period 2003-08 is available for only seven points. Some of the pointshave continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysisshows the WL trends are as below:
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Narowal District (Water Table Trends Feet below GLS)
Depth to water table ranges from around 10 feet to more than 30 feet
below the ground level. Water levels had some what rising trend duringthe period 2003 to 2006. Present trend is still showing a mixed trend withgentle rise in shallow water level areas and decline in the areas withrelatively deep water table as the major source of groundwater rechargeis both from irrigation system and the rainfall.
4.2.1.3 Gujranwala District
There are 45 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the pointshave continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysisshows the WL trends are as below:
Gujranwala District (Water Table Trends Feet)
Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend duringthe period 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October 2006. Present trend isstill showing a gentle rise.
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4.2.1.4 Sheikhupura District
There are 43 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 12 points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis showsthe WL trends are as below:
Sheikhupura District (Water Table Trends Feet)
Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feetbelow the ground level. Water level trend during the period 2003 to 2008has been more or less stable with seasonal changes in wet and dryperiod. Present trend is still showing a mixed trend.
4.2.1.5. Nankana District
There are 15 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only six (6) points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis showsthe WL trends are as below:
Nankana District(Water Table Trends Feet)
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Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feetbelow the ground level. Water level trend indicated by the larger numberof points - is some what decline up to one foot per year in a few cases.
4.2.1.6 Lahore District
There are 28 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the pointshave continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysisshows the WL trends are as below:
Lahore Cantonment Tehsil: Depth to water table is generally deepwith declining trend. Piezometer installed in DLR Office shows that thedepth to water table is around 110 feet below GLS as shown in figurebelow.
Lahore City Tehsil: As per data available the water levels aregenerally shallow within 20 feet as shown in figure below.
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Comments: These points need detailed cross checks from location pointof view as these are all located along Butcher Kahna Distributary andmight have been installed from drainage point of view and may have to bereplaced .
4.2.1.7 Kasur District
There are 55 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 14 points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis of theselective/representative point shows the WL trends are as below:
Groundwater Level Trends - Kasur District
Available data shows that the water table in Kasur District ranges from 5
feet to more than 20 feet below the GLS. Monitoring points most likelyinstalled near the canals show flat to somewhat rising trend. Mean watertable stage also shows a slightly rising trend.
4.2.1.8 Okara District
There are 32 monitoring points in the district however continuous data forthe period 2003-08 is not available and the data for some of the pointsestablished in 2005 has been used to study the WL trends. Data reviewand analysis of the selective/representative points shows the WL trendsare as below:
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Groundwater Level Trends - Okara
Water table depth in Okara District (available data) ranges from 25 feet toaround 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years 2005 08) is more or less flat.
4.2.1.9 Pakpatan District
There are 5 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 2 points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis of theselective/representative points shows the WL trends are as below:
GWL Trends in Pakpatan District (feet)
Water table depth in Pakpatan District (available data) ranges from 20feet to around 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years2005 08) is more or less flat with a slight decline.
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General Comments: Initial review and analysis of water table data forLahore Zone indicates that the water tables have not shown any conspicuousdecline. The northern districts show some what rise and the southern districtsindicate a slightly declining trend. This needs further refinements which may bedone after the field run of June 2009.
4.2.2 Water Quality Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: In Lahore Irrigation zonehere are 584 waterquality monitoringpoints and for theyear 2008 continuousdata are available for389 points as shownin the Table 4.2.Some of the points
had to be abandonedand/or replaced withthe passage of time.At this stage - it hasbeen preferred to usethe data for thepoints withcontinuous record toascertain the meanwater quality trendson district-wise basis as discussed below.
Groundwater Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the indicators usedby FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is notconsidered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the
quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Daska Tehsil inSailkot:
Jun-08 Oct-08
Sialkot 61 48 52
Narowal 48 39 45
Gujranwala 92 54 72
Hafizabad
Nankana 33 23 25
Sheikhupura 63 38 44
Lahore 79 36 42
Kasur 109 42 60
Okara 91 39 43
Pakpatan 8 3 6
Total 584 322 389
District Total PointsData available
Table 4.2: Water Quality Monitoring - Lahore Zone
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GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR LZ-89 Daska (Sailkot)
District-wise Water Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Based onthe initial review and analysis of field data district wise trends in
groundwater quality are discussed as below:
4.2.2.1 Sialkot District
There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 37 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends
are as below:
Groundwater Quality Trend in Sialkot District (EC dS/m)
Caution: At this stage to start the ball rolling only EC Value isbeing used to indicate WQ Trends other parameters (SAR & RSC)will be included in the subsequent reports.
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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerablechange in the last 6 years.
4.2.2.2 Gujranwala District
There are 92 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 35 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trendsare as below:
Groundwater Quality Trend in Gujranwala District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerablechange in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies.
4.2.2.3 Narowal District
There are 48 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 29 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trendsare as below:
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Groundwater Quality Trend in Narowal District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable
change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies.
4.2.2.4 Sheikhupura District
There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod, 2003-08 is available for only 21 points. Data review and analysisof the selective/representative points shows the groundwater qualitytrends are as below:
Groundwater Quality Trend in Sheikhupura District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement insome cases this needs further detailed studies.
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4.2.2.5 Nankana District
There are 33 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trendsare as below:
Groundwater Quality Trend in Nankana District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years.
4.2.2.6 Lahore District
There are 55 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trendsare as below:
Groundwater Quality Trend in Lahore District (EC dS/m)
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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points - withabnormal changes - need cross checks.
4.2.2.7 Kasur District
There are 109 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 16 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trendsare as below:
Groundwater Quality Trend in Kasur District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is marginal to saline and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points e.g. DLRNumber LZ 314 need cross checks for abnormal changes.
4.2.2.8 Okara District
There are 91 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trendsare as below:
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Groundwater Quality Trend in Okara District (EC dS/m)
General Comments: This is the initial review and analysis of the data
further improvements will be done after the field run in June 2009 and exclusionof some bugs from the filed data by abandoning the points not representing thefield conditions.
4.3 FaisalabadZone
4.3.1 Water Table Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad andJhang districts. There are 430 water level monitoring points however the
data for the year 2008 are available for 319 points as some of thepiezometers were abandoned and/or had to be replaced in course of timesince 2003. Monitoring points and Data availability for districts and tehsilsfalling under the zone is shown in Table 4.3 as below.
4.3.1.1 Faisalabad District
There are 135 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 112 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
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Water Table Trends in Faisalabad District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Jun-08 Oct-08Chak Jhamra 19 13 15Faisalabad 27 18 18Jaranwala 52 39 37Samundri 27 19 19Tandianwala 10 5 5Hafizabad 49 36 35P. Bhattion 19 12 12Chiniot 23 19 19Jhang 14 14 13Shorkot 44 35 34Nankana 11 9 9Safdarabad 41 29 28
Sheikhupura 18 Sheikhupura 18 14 14Gojra 17 15 15Kamalia 40 35 34T.T. Sing 19 14 12
430 430 326 319
Faisalabad
Total
Points
WL DataDistrict Total
Points
Hafizabad 68
Tehsil
Table 4.3: Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone
135
Jhang 81
Nankana 52
T.T. Sing 76
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Depth to groundwater level ranges from less than 20 feet to morethan 50 feet; and
Water levels have shown mixed trends generally lowering andrise in some cases (Samundari Tehsil). The mean water tablestage shows a slightly lowering trend due to extensivegroundwater pumping by PTWs
4.3.1.2 Hafizabad District
There are 68 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 40 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Hafizabad District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater level range from less than 10 feet to more than 25feet below and ground surface; and
Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising anddecline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a moreor less flat trend.
4.3.1.3 Jhang District
There are 81 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 60 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
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Water Table Trends in Jhang District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater level range from less than 20 feet to more than 40feet below and ground surface; and
Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising anddecline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a moreor less flat trend.
4.3.1.4. Nankana District
There are 52 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for
the year 2008 are available for 36 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Nankana District (Feet below GLS)
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Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels range from about 10 feet to more than 35 feetbelow the ground surface; and
Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along thecanals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table.The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend witha little rise after 2005.
4.3.1.5 Toba Tek Singh District
There are 76 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 51 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Toba Tek Singh District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels range from about 20 feet to more than 40 feetbelow the ground surface; and
Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along thecanals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table.The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend with
a little rise after 2005.
4.3.2 Groundwater Quality Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad andJhang districts. There are 630 water level monitoring points andironically continuous the data up to the year 2008 are also available for
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630 points. Data availability for districts and tehsils falling under the zoneis as below.
Table 4.4: Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone
WQ DataDistrict
TotalPoints
TehsilTotal
Points Jun-
07
Oct-
07
Jun-
08
231 Chak Jhamra 20 20 20 20
Faisalabad 68 68 68 68
Jaranwala 70 70 70 70
Samundari 38 38 38 38
Faisalabad
Tandianwala 35 35 35 35
Gujranwala 8 Wazirabad 8 8 8 8
80 Hafizabad 42 42 42 42Hafizabad
P.Bhattian 38 38 38 38
106 Chiniot 52 52 52 52
Jhang 41 41 41 41Jhang
Shorkot 13 13 13 13
64 Nankana 24 24 24 24Nankana
Safdarabad 40 40 40 40
Sheikhupura 19 Sheikhupura 19 19 19 19
122 Gojra 29 29 29 29
Kamalia 42 42 42 42T.T. Sing
T.T. Sing 51 51 51 51
630 630 630 630 630
District-wise distribution of monitoring points and the water quality trendsare discussed below - GIS Numbers with canal identification have beenused for this analysis.
Groundwater Quality Trends in Faisalabad Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines byFAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not
considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling thequality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring pointGIS 587 in Tehsil and District TT Singh:
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GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point GIS - 587 in Tehsil & District TTSingh
4.3.2.1 Faisalabad District
There are 231 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 231 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:
Water Quality Trends in Faisalabad District (EC = dS/m))
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater is fresh to brackish in the area depending upon thelocation of individual tubewells. EC Values range from 0.50 dS/m to6.2 dS/m; and
General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes;
However, the immaculate data on the number of points andavailable data indicates some bugs which may be identified and
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removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filedformations.
4.3.2.2. Gujranwala District
There are 8 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of
which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 8 points (?).Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:
Water Quality Trends in Gujranwala District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from0.50 dS/m to 1.5 dS/m;
General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is
more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; and
However, the immaculate data on the number of points andavailable data indicates some bugs which may be identified andremoved gradually as the confidence builds up in the filedformations.
4.3.2.3 Hafizabad District
There are 80 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 80 points.
Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:
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Water Quality Trends in Hafizabad District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that:
Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from0.50 dS/m to 2.4 dS/m;
General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; however, theimmaculate data on the number of points and available dataindicates some bugs which may be identified and removedgradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations.
4.3.2.4 Jhang District
There are 106 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 106 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:
Water Quality Trends in Jhang District (EC dS/m)
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Perusal of the above figure indicates that:
Groundwater is generally fresh along the rivers/canals andbrackish in other parts. EC Values range from 0.30 dS/m to 4.9dS/m;
General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculatedata on the number of points and available data indicates somebugs which may be identified and removed gradually as theconfidence builds up in the filed formations.
4.3.2.5 Nankana District
There are 64 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 64 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the
water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:
Water Quality Trends in Nankana District (EC = dS/m))
Perusal of the above figure indicates that:
Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal and brackish in someparts. EC Values range from 0.70 dS/m to 3.5 dS/m;
General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculatedata on the number of points and available data indicates somebugs which may be identified and removed gradually as theconfidence builds up in the filed formations.
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4.3.2.6. Sheikhupura District
There are 19 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 19 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:
Water Quality Trends in Sheikhupura District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that:
Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal. EC Values range from0.80 dS/m to 2.7 dS/m;
General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is
more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculatedata on the number of points and available data indicates somebugs which may be identified and removed gradually as theconfidence builds up in the filed formations.
4.3.2.7 Toba Tek Singh District
There are 122 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 122 points).Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the
water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:
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Water Quality Trends in Toba Tek Singh District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that:
Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal along the main canalsand brackish in larger parts of the district. EC Values range from0.40 dS/m to 5.7 dS/m;
General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculatedata on the number of points and available data indicates somebugs which may be identified and removed gradually as theconfidence builds up in the filed formations.
4.4 Sargodha Zone
4.4.1 Water Level Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Sargodha Zoneencompasses areas commanded by UJC and LJC canal systems inGujrat, MB Din, Sargodha and Jhang districts. Relevant details of theaerial distribution of the monitoring points and current data availability isas shown in Table 4.5 given below:
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Table 4.5: Water Level Monitoring Points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone
WL DataDistrict
TotalPoints
TehsilTotal
Points Jun-08 Oct-08
Gujrat 13 4 4Gujrat 26
Kharian 13 4 4
Chiniot 18 11 10Jhang 50
Jhang 32 14
Malakwal 32 25 25
MB Din 23 12 12MB Din 95
Phalia 40 26 26
Bhalwal 73 56 54
Kot Momin 25 17 14
Sahiwal 21 8 7
Sargodha 82 55 50
Shahpur 30 19 19
Sargodha 250
19 9 8
Total 421 421 177 156
The above table shows that under the existing conditions 156 points areoperative.
4.4.1.1 Gujrat District
There are 26 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 8 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):
Water Table Trends in Gujrat District (Feet/GLS)
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Perusal of the above figure shows that the water table is generally shallowand has shown some what rising trend.
4.4.1.2 Mandi Bahauddin District
There are 95 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data
for 48 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):
Water Table Trends - Mandi Bahauddin District (DTW feet)
Perusal of the data shows that the water table has shown somewhatrising trend = about 2feet to 4 feet in last six years.
4.4.1.3 Sargodha District
There are 250 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 122 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):
Water Table Trends - Sarghoda District (DTW feet)
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Water levels in Sargodha also show a general rising trend in the watertable particularly in the areas of Gujrat, MB Din and in the upperreaches of LJC in Sargodha. Downstream areas in Silanwali Tehsil showsomewhat stable trend.
4.4.1.4 Jhang District
There are 50 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 13 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):
Water Table Trends - Jhang District (DTW feet)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that:
Groundwater levels range from 10 feet to more than 25 feet belowGLS; and
Water table has shown more or less stable trends during 2003-08.
4.4.2 Water Quality Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Aerial distribution of themonitoring points and availability of data is shown in the Table 4.6 givenbelow:
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Perusal
of the above table shows that out of 288 points in Sargodha IrrigationZone data on water quality checks is available for 165 points for theyear 2008.
Groundwater Quality Trends in Sargodha Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines byFAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is notconsidered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling thequality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring pointGIS 215 in Tehsil Sahiwal District Sargodha:
GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point GIS - 215, Tehsil Sahiwal,District Sargodha
Table 4.6: Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Sargodha Irrigation Zone
Available DataDistrict Total Points Tehsil Total Points
Jun-08 Oct-08
Gujrat 12 8 12Gujrat 17
Kharian 5 5 4
Chiniot 21 17 13Jhang 51
Jhang 30 21 25
Malakwal 18 8 6
MB Din 24 23 24MB Din 61
Phalia 19 19 19
Bhalwal 34 25 23
Kot Momin 25 15 23
Sahiwal 18 14 16
Sargodha 40 20 19
Shahpur 20 17 16
Sargodha 159
Silanwali 22 11 15
Total 288 288 155 165
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District-wise Water Quality Trends: Based on the analysis of datawith continuous record time rate changes and the trends in water qualityfor each district is discussed below:
4.4.2.1 Gujrat District
There are 17 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 12 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(GIS numbers have been used for identification):
Water Quality Trends - Gujrat District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh and the trend is more or less constant.
4.4.2.2 Mandi Bahauddin District
There are 61 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 48 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(GIS numbers have been used for identification):
Water Quality Trends MB Din District (EC dS/m)
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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh to marginal and the trend is more or less constant.
4.4.2.3 Sargodha District
There are 159 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data
for 68 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(GIS numbers have been used for identification):
Water Quality Trends Sargodha District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh to saline and the trend is more or less constant.
4.4.2.4 Jhang District
There are 51 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 68 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(GIS numbers have been used for identification):
Water Quality Trends Jhang District (EC dS/m)
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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh to saline and the trend is more or less constant.
4.5 Multan Irrigation Zone
4.5.1 Water Level Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Multan Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Haveli Canal, LBDC and MailsiCanal in Jhang, Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Okara, Vehari and Pakpatandistricts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring pointsand current data availability is indicated in the Table 4.7 given below:
Table 4.7: Water Level Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone
WL DataDistrict
TotalPoints
TehsilTotal
Points Jun-08 Oct-08
Jhang 45 Shorkot 45 39 36
Kasur 6 Pattoki 6 4 5
Jahania 17 16 16
Kabirwala 53 46 45
Khanewal 18 15 14
Khanewal 117
Mianchannu 29 25 23
Dunia Pur 7 3 3
Kehroor Pacca 21 16 15Lodhran 62
Lodhran 34 29 28
Jalalpur
Pirwala
12 10 10
Multan 86 53 53Multan 145
Shujabad 47 28 28
Depalpur 5 3 4
Okara 14 10 8Okara 42
Renala Khurd 23 22 23
Arifwala 11 10 10Pakpatan 28
Pakpatan 17 15 14
Chichawatni 40 38 36Sahiwal
82
Sahiwal 42 30 29
T.T.S 1 Kamalia 1 1 1
Burewala 9 6 7
Malsi 20 10 9
Vehari 35
Vehari 6 4 5
Total 563 563 433 422
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Perusal of the above table shows, that there are 563 water levelmonitoring points in Multan Irrigation Zone. Under the present conditionsWL data for 422 monitoring points is available. During the year 2003 therewere only 112 monitoring points, of which some had to be abandoned andwhereas a large number of monitoring points had to be established to fillin the data gaps. This process of augmentation of monitoring points is still
in progress.
District wise Water Table Trends: Based on the review andanalysis of the data for the monitoring points with continuous record forsix years or at least for the last four years water table behavior in thedistricts under Multan Irrigation Zones in discussed below.
4.5.1.1 Jhang District
There are 45 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 34 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the
district are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Jhang District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels are generally shallow - from less than 10 feetto about 20 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown mixed trends both some lowering and rise. The
mean water table stage shows a slightly rising trend due - perhaps- to the effect of the link canals.
4.5.1.2 Khanewal District
There are 117 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 81 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
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Water Table Trends in Khanewal District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels are generally deep - from 20 feet to more than60 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past - @ about onefoot per year. Mean water table stage in the district also showssome what decline.
4.5.1.3 Lodhran District
There are 62 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 38 points. Based on the analysis of
selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Lodhran District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
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Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 feet tomore than 60 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past - @ about onefoot per year. Mean water table stage in the district also showssome what decline.
.
4.5.1.4 Multan District
There are 145 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 67 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Multan District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 feet tomore than 70 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past - @ about onefoot per year. Mean water table stage in the district also showssome what decline.
4.5.1.5. Okara District
There are 42 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 24 points. Based on the analysis of
selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
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Water Table Trends in Okara District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels are ranging from shallow to deep - from about10-15 below GLS feet to about 30 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with some rise insome areas. Mean water table stage in the district shows bothsome what decline and a little rise.
4.5.1.6 Pakpatan District
There are 28 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for
the year 2008 are available for 24 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Pakpatan District (Feet below GLS)
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Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 40 below GLSfeet to about 70 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with - since 2005.Mean water table stage in the district shows some what decline.
4.5.1.7 Sahiwal District
There are 82 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 38 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
Water Table Trends in Sahiwal District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 below GLSfeet to about 55 to 60 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with particularlysince 2005 .Mean water table stage in the district shows somewhat decline.
4.5.1.8 Vehari District
There are 35 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 17 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:
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Water Table Trends in Vehari District (Feet below GLS)
Perusal of above figure indicates that the:
Groundwater levels are generally deep - from more 30 below GLSfeet to about 60 feet below the land surface; and
Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with particularlysince 2005 .Mean water table stage in the district shows somewhat decline.
In general, the groundwater levels in Multan Zone are relatively deep from groundwater pumping point of view and are showing declining trend.The aquifer underlying the area seems to be under stress.
4.5.2 Groundwater Quality Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Multan Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Haveli Canal, LBDC and MailsiCanal in Jhang, Multan, Khanewal, Toba Tek Singh, Sahiwal, Okara,Vehari and Pakpatan districts. Groundwater quality monitoring data for theyears 2003 to June 2008 are available at this stage. In the course of timea large number of points had to be discarded (e.g. due to closure ofprivate tubewells) and new points had to be established. Presently totalwater quality monitoring points are 858 - spread over in the abovedistricts.
Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring points andcurrent data availability is indicated in the Table 4.8 given below:
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Perusal of the above table indicates that out of total 858 monitoring points generally private tubewells - the data for the year 2008 is available for696 water points. Based on the analysis of the data for monitoring withcontinuous data availability (Year 2003-08) distribution of groundwaterquality and its time rate changes in various districts are discussed below.
Groundwater Quality Trends in Multan Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines byFAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is notconsidered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.
Table 4.8: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone
GW Quality DataDistrict
TotalPoints
Tehsil Total PointsJun-07 Oct-07 Jun-08
Jhang 48 Shorkot 48 48 48 36
Kasur 4 Pattoki 4 4 4 3
Jahania 16 16 16 15
Kabirwala 98 98 98 75
Khanewal 31 31 31 28Khanewal 175
Mianchannu 30 30 30 30
Dunia Pur 36 24 24 24
KehroorPacca
23 19 19 19Lodhran 132
Lodhran 73 47 47 47
JalalpurPirwala
15 15 15 10
Multan 128 128 128 87
Multan 182
Shujabad 39 39 39 32
Depalpur 1 1 1 1
Okara 39 39 39 39Okara 58
Renala Khurd 18 18 18 18
Arifwala 31 28 28 28Pakpatan 64
Pakpatan 33 27 27 27
Chichawatni 34 33 34 34Sahiwal 82
Sahiwal 48 48 48 48
T.T.S 6 Kamalia 6 6 6 4
Burewala 24 21 21 21
Mailsi 53 46 46 46Vehari 107
Vehari 30 24 24 24
Total 858 858 790 791 696
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Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling thequality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring pointDLR HCC-300 in Tehsil Shujaabad, District Multan:
GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - HCC 300, Tehsil Shuajabad,District Multan
District wise Groundwater Quality Trends: Based on the data of themonitoring points with continuous record the behavior water qualityduring the last 6 years is discussed in the succeeding sections.
4.5.2.1 Jhang District
There are 48 groundwater quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out ofwhich the continuous data for 2003 08 are available for 35 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water qualitytrend is shown in the figure given below:
Jhang District (EC dS/m)
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Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from 1.1 to 7.5 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and
Selective/representative points do not show any conspicuous
deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less flattrend.
4.5.2.2. District Khanewal
There are 175 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 148 points for 2003 08. Based onthe analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:
Khanewal District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from 0.33 to 10.5 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and
Selective/representative points (in general) do not show anyconspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more orless flat trend.
4.5.2.3 District Lodhran
There are 132 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 57 points for 2003 08. Based onthe analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:
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Lodhran District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from around 1.2 to more than 12 dS/m) from salinity point ofview; and
Selective/representative points (in general) do not show anyconspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more orless flat trend.
4.5.2.4 District Multan
There are 182 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 129 points for 2003 08. Based on
the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:
Multan District (EC dS/m
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Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from around 0.40 to 11.0 dS/m) from salinity point of view;and
Selective/representative points (in general) do not show any
conspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more orless flat trend.
4.5.2.5. District Okara
There are 58 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 57 points for 2003 08. Based onthe analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:
Okara District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from around 0.40 to 7.0 dS/m) from salinity point of view;and
Selective/representative points (in general) show a slightlyincreasing trend in the salinity. Mean value of EC also shows amore or less increasing trend during the 2005 2006 but againthe over all salinity trends reduced.
4.5.2.6 District Pakpatan
There are 58 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 57 points for 2003 08. Based onthe analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:
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Pakpatan District (EC dS/m
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal(EC value from around 0.40 dS/m to 2.9 dS/m) from salinity pointof view; and
Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in thesalinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or lessstable/decreasing trend.
4.5.2.7 District Sahiwal
There are 82 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 78 points for 2003 08. Based onthe analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:
Sahiwal District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
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Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal tosaline(EC value from around 0.30 dS/m to 7.0 dS/m) from salinitypoint of view; and
Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in thesalinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or lessstable/decreasing trend; and
Some data bugs need checking and cleaning (Monitoring PointDLR-675).
4.5.2.8 District Vehari
There are 107 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 77 points for 2003 08. Based onthe analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:
Vehari District Water Quality Trends (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal tosaline (EC value from around 0.50 dS/m to 7.5 dS/m) from salinitypoint of view; and
Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in thesalinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or lessstable/decreasing trend;
General Comments: Multan Irrigation Zone covers a large area and many
districts and tehsils.
Data handling by the field formation has greatly improved and is appreciated with advice for further refinements.
Data shows that the PTWs installed - generally near the major canals haveFGW where as in other parts of the Bari and Rechna Doabs the groundwaterquality is marginal to poor. Systematic monitoring and data processing willgreatly help in management of groundwater and its sustainability.
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4.6 Bahawalpur Zone
4.6.1 Water Level Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Bahawalpur Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Fordwah, Hakra Branch Canal,
Desert Branch Canal and Sadiqia Canal in Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpurand RY Khan Districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of themonitoring points and current data availability is as shown in Table 4.9given below:
Table 4.9: Water Level Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone
WL DataDistrict
TotalPoints
TehsilTotal
PointsJun-08 Oct-08
Bahawalnagar 55 42 42
Chishtian 14 12 12
Fort Abbas 17 15 27
Haroonabad 7 5 5
Bahawalnagar 144
Minchinabad 51 36 35
Ahmadpur 24 22 22
Bahawalpur 12 10 10
Hasilpur 10 8 8
Khairpur 6 4 4
Bahawalpur 72
Yazman 20 19 18
Khanpur 59 46 46
Liaquetpur 61 48 47
RY Khan 35 22 23RY Khan
181
Sadiqabad 26 13 14
Total 397 397 219 229
District wise Water Table Trends: Perusal of the above table
indicates that there are 397 monitoring points of which data for the year2008 are available for 229 points. Based on the data of the monitoringpoints with continuous record the behavior water table during the last 6years is discussed in the succeeding sections.
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4.6.1.1 Bahawalnagar District
There are 144 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 83 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):
Bahawalnagar District Water Table Trends (feet)
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels haveshown an almost flat trend - with slight rise in some areas.
4.6.1.2 Bahawalpur District
There are 72 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor only 9 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):
Bahawalpur District Water Table Trends (feet)
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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels haveshown rising trends some points need cross checks (?). Mean watertable has shown more or less a flat trend
4.6.1.3 Rahim Yar Khan District
There are 181 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor only 104 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):
Rahim Yar Khan District Water Table Trends (feet)
.
Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels haveshown rising trends some points need cross checks (?).
4.6.2 Water Quality Trends
Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Bahawalpur Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Fordwah, Hakra Branch Canal,Desert Branch Canal and Sadiqia Canal in Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpurand RY Khan Districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of themonitoring points and current data availability is as below:
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Table 4.10: Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Bahawalpur IrrigationZone
WL DataDistrict
TotalPoints
TehsilTotal
Points Jun-08 Oct-08
Bahawalnagar 48 37 37
Chishtian 40 32 32Fort Abbas 56 41 41
Haroonabad 44 25 25
Bahawalnagar 222
Minchinabad 34 29 29
Ahmadpur 49 28 28
Bahawalpur 26 17 17
Hasilpur 35 29 29
Khairpur 14 11 11
Bahawalpur 168
Yazman 44 23 23
Khanpur 64 40 40
Liaquetpur 52 38 38
RY Khan 72 44 44
RY Khan 267
Sadiqabad 79 50 50
Total 657 657 312 312
Perusal of the above table shows that out of total 657 groundwater qualitymonitoring points the continuous data for 312 points is available. Basedon the analysis of the data with continuous records and consideringselective/representative points the water quality trends in the districtsunder BWP Irrigation Zone are discussed below.
GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - 280, Tehsil Minchinabad,District Bahawalnagar
District wise Groundwater Quality Trends: Based on the data of themonitoring points with continuous record the behavior water qualityduring the last 6 years is discussed in the succeeding sections.
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4.6.2.1 Bahawalnagar District
There are 222 water points in the district however; consistent data areavailable only for 113 points. Based on the selective/representative pointsthe water quality trends are shown in the graph given below:
Bahawalnagar District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackishfrom salinity point of view; and
Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005.
4.6.2.2 Bahawalpur District
There are 168 water points in the district however; consistent data areavailable only for 58 points. Based on the selective/representative pointsthe water quality trends are shown in the graph given below:
Bahawalpur District (EC dS/m)
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Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackishfrom salinity point of view; and
Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005.
4.6.2.3 Rahim Yar Khan District
There are 267 water points in the district however; consistent data areavailable only for 102 points. Based on the selective/representative pointsthe water quality trends are shown in the graph given below
Rahim Yar Khan District (EC dS/m)
Perusal of the above figure shows that:
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackishfrom salinity point of view; and
Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005. Ingeneral the