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Immune prophylaxis and Immunotherapy. Immune prophylaxis. I. Introduction. The last known person in the world to have a natural case of smallpox. Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia CDC In 1980, WHO announced that smallpox has been eradicated in the world. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Immune prophylaxis and Immunotherapy
Immune prophylaxis
I. Introduction
•The last known person in the world to have a natural case of smallpox. Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia CDC •In 1980, WHO announced that smallpox has been eradicated in the world.
II. Essential requirements of vaccine
III. Artificial active immunization
Antigen:Vaccine or Toxoid inactivated vaccine (Dead vaccine ) Live-attenuated vaccine Toxoid Recombinant Vaccine:HBsAg
Agents used in active immunization
The agent used for artificial active immunization is called vaccine.
1. inactivated vaccine (Dead vaccine ) Standard strain of a microbe is killed
and severed as an immunogen. For example: cholera vaccine Japanese encephalitis
vaccine rabies vaccine typhoid vaccine
Agents used in active immunization
2. Live-attenuated vaccine It is more effective than dead
vaccine I.E:Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
vaccine;Measles virus vaccine;Polio virus vaccine (oral);Typhoid vaccine (oral live attenuated bacteria)
Live attenuated vs inactivated Vaccines
Live-attenuated Vaccines Inactivated Vaccines
Route imitating natural infection Injectionsubcutaneously
Doses small LargeTimes once Twice or more
Side effects slight severeDuration Long
(3~5years or life long)Short
(months~1 years)Mutation possible impossible
Preservation 4C or lymphilization easy to preserve
Jonas Salk Albert Sabin
Live attenuated vs inactivated Vaccines
3. Toxoid
Exotoxin can be converted into nontoxic but
still immunogenic preparations called toxoid.
Examples:Diphtheria toxoid, Tetanus toxoid
IV. Artificial passive immunization
Abs:Antitoxin,Human Ig(IMIG,IVIG,Specific Ig,McAb)
Cytokines(IL-2, IFN, CSF)
Cells(LAK,TIL).
Active immunization Passive immunization
Administration Ag (vaccines, toxoid) Ab (antitoxin, -
globulin) Production of slowly immediately immunity Duration of long (from several short (2 weeks to immunity months to years) months)
Usage immunoprophylaxis emergency prophylaxis and therapy
Comparison between active and passive immunization
V. Adjuvant
A substance that, when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.
Alum
VI. Planned immunization• A rational program of immunization
against infectious diseases has been committed in children worldwide when many of the most damaging and preventable infections normally appear.
• The program of childhood immunization is called planned immunization.
Planned immunization schedule in China Age Type of vaccine
PrimaryImmunization
Birth BCG vaccine, HBV vaccine (1st)
1 month HBV vaccine (2nd)
2 months Poliovirus vaccine (1st)
3 months Poliovirus vaccine (2nd), DTP (1st)
4 months Poliovirus vaccine (3rd), DTP (2nd)
5 months DTP (3rd)
6 months HBV (3rd), Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
8 months Measles virus vaccine
1 year Japanese encephalitis vaccine (1st and 2nd)
Booster/reimmunization
1.5 years DTP, Measles virus vaccine, Poliovirus vaccine, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
2 years Japanese encephalitis vaccine
3 years Japanese encephalitis vaccine
4 years Poliovirus vaccine
5 years DTP, Measles virus vaccine, BCG vaccine, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
VII. Development of novel vaccines
• Subunit vaccine• These vaccines are in use which
make use of antigens either purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA technology.
• e.g. HBV vaccine (HBsAg)
• Conjugate vaccine
• Synthetic peptide vaccine
• Genetic engineering vaccine
Recombinant antigen vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
DNA vaccine Transgenic plant vaccine
Reverse vaccinology for identification novel vaccine antigen
Preventative Vaccine
Therapeutic Vaccine
VIII. Challenge of vaccines
HIV HCV TB Malaria
Immunotherapy
I. Conception and classificationName Scope or Characteristic
immunoenhancing therapy Infection, Tumor, IDD
immunosuppressive therapy
HVGR, GVHR, AID,Anaphylaxis, Inflammation
active immunotherapy Vaccine,Therapeutic Vaccine of tumor,
passive immunotherapy Ab, LAK cell
specific immunotherapy Peptide,antigen,
Non-specific immunotherapy
BCG, cytokines
II. Molecular Immunotherapy
1. Molecular Vaccine Synthetic peptide vaccine Recombinant vector vaccine DNA vaccine used as treatment of tumor
and infection
II. Molecular Immunotherapy2. Antibody-polyclonal Ab antitoxic serum placental gamma-globulin antibacterial immune serum antiviral immune serum anti-lymphocyte gamma-globulin,
ALG
II. Molecular Immunotherapy
2. Antibody-Monoclonal antibody, mAb
mAb against surface membrane molecules on lymphocytes :CD3 , CD20,
mAb against cytokines:TNF mAb-directed therapy mAb coupled to isotopes, drugs, toxins
Application of Ab in vitro: elimination of cancer cells in bone marrow or T cells to prevention GVHD
Examples of tumor antigens that have been targeted by monoclonal antibodies in therapeutic trials.
II. Molecular Immunotherapy
Chimeric Ab Humanized Ab (CDR-grafted
Ab) Single chain Ab Bispecific Ab
2. Antibody-Genetic engineering Ab
II. Molecular Immunotherapy
Cytokine supplement and addition therapy
IFN, IL-2, CSF Cytokine blockade and
suppression anti-TNF IL-1Ra sIL-1R
3. Cytokines and their antagonists
III. Cellular Immunotherapy
1. Cellular Vaccine Tumor cellular vaccine Gene-modified cancer vaccine APC vaccine
III. Cellular Immunotherapy
2. Adoptive immunotherapy TIL LAK ( CIK)3. Stem cell transplantation Bone marrow Peripheral blood Umbilical blood
VI. Biological response modifier and immunosuppressive agent
1. Biological response modifier(BRM) A variety of agents that stimulate the
immune response non-specifically are called biological response modifier.
Microorganism products: BCG, corynebacterium parvum (CP), polysaccharide
Synthetic molecules:polyI:C CK Hormones:Thymosin, Thymopoietin
• Immunosuppressive agents
1. Chemicals Glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide,
azothioprine, etc.
2. Microorganism products Cyclosporin, FK506, rapamycin
Summary
Classification of immunoprophylaxis and their biological materials
Classification of immunotherapy and their biological materials