Immune Images

8/2/2019 Immune Images

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Immune System

Immunity the ability to resist

A functional system?


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Innate Immunity

Recognizes and destroys.

Response does not

Barriers

Cells and chemicals


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Recognizes and destroys...

Response has no:

S

M

I

Adaptive Immunity


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Barriers Skin

Awesome

Stratified

Keratinized

Sweat

Sebum.


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Barriers Body Fluids

Wash em away.

Lysozyme


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Barriers Mucosae

Line

All are potential

Mucus

Acid

Lysozyme


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Specific ExampleRespiratory Mucosa Mucociliary escalator

Other respiratory events


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Neutrophils

Small phagocytes.

Kill

Theyre #1


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Macrophages

Large cells derived from

Specialize in

Free vs. Fixed


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Lysosome

Phagosome(phagocyticvesicle)

Acidhydrolaseenzymes

1 Phagocyteadheres to

pathogens or debris.

2 Phagocyte formspseudopods thateventually engulf theparticles forming aphagosome.

3 Lysosome fuseswith the phagocyticvesicle, forming aphagolysosome.

4 Lysosomalenzymes digest theparticles, leaving aresidual body.

5 Exocytosis of thevesicle removesindigestible and

residual material.

Phagocytosis


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Phagocytosis is more likely if the microbe is adorned.

Opsonization


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Natural Killer Cells

Specialized type of lymphocyte.

Attack and kill

How do they know?


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Interferons

Proteins released by

Diffuse to

Function


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Virus

New viruses

DNA

mRNA

Nucleus

Interferon

2

3 4

5

Virusenters cell.

Interferongenes switchon.

Cellproducesinterferonmolecules.

Interferon bindingstimulates cell toturn on genes forantiviral proteins.

Antiviralproteinsblock viralreproduction.

1

Interferons


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Complement System

Plasma proteins.

Made by the

Inactive

Active


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Effects of Activated Complement


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Complement: Chemotaxis & Opsonization


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Complement: Inflammation

Activated ComplementProteins

Bind to

Releases Causes localvaso

Inflammation

Local resistancewill

Local bloodflow will


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Complement: Lysis


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Inflammation

Occurs whenever

Benefits:

Prevents

Disposes...

Sets the stage...

4 classic signs


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What body cells release inflammatory chemicals?


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Capillary permeability to

Redness Access to

damaged areafor cells,

chemicals

Pain

Loss offunction

Inflammatory chemicals cause

Capillary blood flow and fluid loss to

Vessel diameter to

SwellingHeat


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Fever

Systemic

Body T

When is it good?

When is it bad?


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Why does body T rise?


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Adaptive Immune System

Specific

Systemic

Memory

Improvement

L h


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Lymphocytes

2 main classes are

Both formed in the

T L h Ed i


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T Lymphocyte Education

Immunocompetence

Self-Tolerance

Receptors

B L h t Ed ti


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B Lymphocyte Education

Immunocompetence

Self-Tolerance

Receptors

Editing

Cl


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Small groups of identical lymphocytes

Each clone has many copies of

Why is this so important????

Clones

Lymphocytes


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Lymphocytes More than a million different varieties of clones.

Where do newly immunocompetent cells migrate?

A ti P ti C ll


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Antigen-Presenting Cells

Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and B lymphocytes.

Function?

A ti P ti C ll


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Antigen-Presenting Cells


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2 Components of Adaptive Immunity

Antibody-mediated immunity.

Cell-mediated immunity.

A tib d di t d I it


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Antibody-mediated Immunity

Deals with extracellular pathogens.

A.k.a. humoral immunity

B lymphocytes and plasma cells


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Cell-mediated Immunity

Deals with intracellular pathogens.

Killer T cells (Cytotoxic T cells)


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Helper T Cells Control Adaptive Immunity

Where were helper T cells born?

Where did they mature?

What is on their surface?


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Cytoplasm of APC

Lysosome

Phagosome

Plasma membrane of APCExtracellularantigen

Antigenic peptide

APCs and MHC II Proteins

A ti ti H l T C ll


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Viral antigen

Dendriticcell

Class lI MHCproteindisplayingprocessedviral antigen

CD4 protein

Immunocom-petent CD4T cell

Activatedhelper

T cells

Helper Tmemory cell

T cell receptor(TCR)

Cloneformation

Activating Helper T Cells

B C ll P i R


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B Cell Primary Response

Primary response

Activated B cells

Plasma cells

(effector B cells)Secretedantibodymolecules

Memory B cell

primed torespond to sameantigen

Antigen

B C ll P i R


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MHC II proteinof B cell displaying

processed antigen

T cell receptor (TCR)

Activated helperT cell



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Antibodies

Specific immune proteins.

Synthesized and released by...

Immunoglobulins, gamma globulins, or Igs.

Antibodies


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4 amino acid chains that form a Y-shaped structure.

2 variable regions and 1 constant region .

Antibodies

Stemregion

Antigen-bindingsite

Antibodies


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Each variable region contains an antigen-binding site.

Antibodies from the same plasma cell will have thesame antigen-binding sites.

Antibodies

Stemregion

Antigen-bindingsite

Antibodies


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Constant region binds to immune chemicals/cells.

Determines how antigens will be destroyed.

Determines the 5 different antibody classes.

Antibodies

Stemregion

Antigen-bindingsite


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Antibody Action

4 main ways in which antibodies deal with antigens:

1. P

2. L

3. A

4. N

P i i i


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Antibodies bind soluble antigens into clumps.

How does this help macrophages?

Precipitation

Lysis


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Lysis Antibodies bound to a bacterium activate complement.

Activated complement proteins form an MAC which

A l ti ti


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Agglutination

Antibodies bind cell surfaceantigens into clumps.

the likelihood of

Neutralization


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Neutralization

Antibodies bind to and mask toxins and

dangerous portions of bacteria and viruses.



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Lag period of 3-6 days after exposure.

Whats happening?


B Cell Secondary Response


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Clone of cellsidentical toancestral cells

Subsequentchallenge bysame antigen

results in morerapid response

Secondary response

(can be years later)

MemoryB cells

Plasmacells

Secreted

antibodymolecules



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Lag time that is...

Plasma cells that last...

Antibody levels that are

B C ll I it


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B Cell Immunity

Classified in 2 separate ways.

1. Natural or Artificial.

2. Active or Passive.

Total of 4 types of immunity:

a.

b.

c.

d.


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The black particles are Staphylococcus aureus.

Production of memory cells due to infection with them creates what type ofimmunity?


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Exchange of antibodies at this structure would result in what type of immunity?


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Injection of antibodies as ameans of treating a bite by thisspider would result in what typeof immunity?


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This is the rubella virus.

Suppose a weakened version of it was injected and memory cells were produced

in response, what type of immunity would that be?


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Cell Mediated Immunity


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Cell-Mediated Immunity

What is the big limitation of antibodies?

Cell-mediated immunity will deal with intracellularpathogens (as well as cancerous cells).

Killer T cells

Activating Killer T Lymphocytes


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Class II MHCprotein

Class IMHC protein

APC (dendritic cell)

IL-2

CD8 T cell

Helper T cell

Activating Killer T Lymphocytes

Body Cells and MHC I Proteins


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Cytoplasm of any tissue cell

Self-protein or foreign(viral or cancer) protein

Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane of a tissue cell

Endoplasmic

reticulum (ER)

Body Cells and MHC I Proteins

Killer T Cell Killing


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Perforin

TC cellmembrane

Targetcellmembrane

Perforinpore

Granzymes

Granule

Killer T Cell Killing


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Maturation

CD4cell

T cellreceptor

T cellreceptor

CD4

Helper T cells(or regulatory T cells)

Cytotoxic T cells

APC(dendritic cell)

APC(dendritic cell)

Activation Activation

Memorycells

CD8cell

CD8

Lymphoid

tissues andorgans

Blood plasma

Thymus

Class I MHCprotein

Class II MHCprotein

Effectorcells

Adaptive defenses Cellular immunity

Immaturelymphocyte

Red bone marrow

T Lymphocyte Memory


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How would the response of a memoryHelper T cell or a memory Killer T celldiffer from the primary response?

T Lymphocyte Memory

Regulatory T Cells


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Regulatory T Cells

Release cytokines that

What could happen if they werent around?

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