immigration in USA

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Immigration to the United States 1

Immigration to the United States

2000 Census Population Ancestry Map

Immigration to the United States has

been a major source of population

growth and cultural change throughout

much of the history of the United

States. The economic, social, and

political aspects of immigration have

caused controversy regarding ethnicity,

economic benefits, jobs for

non-immigrants, settlement patterns,

impact on upward social mobility,

crime, and voting behavior. As of

2006, the United States accepts more

legal immigrants as permanent

residents than all other countries in the

world combined.[1]

Since the

liberalization of immigration policy in

1965,[2]

the number of first- generation

immigrants living in the United States has quadrupled,[3]

from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.[4]

1,046,539 persons were naturalized as U.S. citizens in 2008. The leading emigrating countries to the United States

were Mexico, India, and the Philippines, and China.[5]

While an influx of new residents from different cultures presents some challenges, "the United States has always

been energized by its immigrant populations," said President Bill Clinton in 1998. "America has constantly drawn

strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants [...] They have proved to be the most restless, the most

adventurous, the most innovative, the most industrious of people."[6]

Cheap airline travel post-1960 facilitated travel

to the United States, but migration remains difficult, expensive, and dangerous for those who cross the United

StatesMexico border illegally.[7]

Family reunification accounts for approximately two-thirds of legal immigration

to the US every year.[8]

The number of foreign nationals who became legal permanent residents (LPRs) of the U.S.

in 2009 as a result of family reunification (66%) outpaced those who became LPRs on the basis of employment skills

(13%) and humanitarian reasons (17%).[9]

Recent debates on immigration have called for increasing enforcement of existing laws with regard to illegal

immigrants, building a barrier along some or all of the 2000-mile (3200 km) U.S.-Mexico border, or creating a new

guest worker program. Through much of 2006, the country and Congress was immersed in a debate about these

proposals. As of April 2010, few of these proposals had become law, though a partial border fence was approved and

subsequently canceled.[10]

History

American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs: the colonial period, the mid-nineteenth century, the

turn of the twentieth, and post-1965. Each epoch brought distinct national groups, races, and ethnicities to the United

States. During the seventeenth century, approximately 175,000 Englishmen migrated to Colonial America.[11]

Over

half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured

servants.[12]

The mid-nineteenth century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe; the early twentieth-century

mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe; post-1965 mostly from Latin America and Asia.
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Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, 1902

Historians estimate that less than one million immigrantsperhaps as

few as 400,000crossed the Atlantic during the 17th and 18th

centuries.[13]

The 1790 Act limited naturalization to "free white

persons"; it was expanded to include blacks in the 1860s and Asians in

the 1950s.[14]

In the early years of the United States, immigration was

fewer than 8,000 people a year,

[15]

including French refugees from theslave revolt in Haiti. After 1820, immigration gradually increased.

From 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United

States.[16]

The death rate on these transatlantic voyages was high,

during which one in seven travelers died.[17]

In 1875, the nation passed

its first immigration law.[18]

The peak year of European immigration was in 1907, when 1,285,349 persons entered the country.[19]

By 1910, 13.5

million immigrants were living in the United States.[20]

In 1921, the Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act,

followed by the Immigration Act of 1924. The 1924 Act was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern

Europeans, especially Jews, Italians, and Slavs, who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in

the 1890s.[21] Most of the European refugees fleeing the Nazis and World War II were barred from coming to the

United States.[22]

Polish immigrants working on the farm, 1909

Immigration patterns of the 1930s were dominated by the Great

Depression, which hit the U.S. hard and lasted over ten years there. In

the final prosperous year, 1929, there were 279,678 immigrants

recorded,[23]

but in 1933, only 23,068 came to the U.S.[13]

In the early

1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than immigrated

to it.[24]

The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation

program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move

to Mexico, but thousands were deported against their will.

[25]

Altogether about 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated.[26]

In the

post-war era, the Justice Department launched Operation Wetback,

under which 1,075,168 Mexicans were deported in 1954.[27]

The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965, also known as the Hart-Cellar Act, abolished the system

of national-origin quotas. By equalizing immigration policies, the act resulted in new immigration from

non-European nations, which changed the ethnic make-up of the United States.[28]

While European immigrants

accounted for nearly 60% of the total foreign population in 1970, they accounted for only 15% in 2000.[29]

Immigration doubled between 1965 and 1970, and again between 1970 and 1990.[30]

In 1990, George H. W. Bush

signed the Immigration Act of 1990,[31]

which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40%.[32]

Appointed by Bill Clinton,[33] the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal

immigration from about 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000.[34]

Nearly eight million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year

period in the nation's history.[35]

Almost half entered illegally.[36]

Since 1986, Congress has passed seven amnesties

for illegal immigrants.[37]

In 1986, Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million illegal

immigrants in the country.[38]

Hispanic immigrants were among the first victims of the late-2000s recession,[39]

but

since the recession's end in June 2009, immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs.[40]

1.1 million immigrants were

granted legal residence in 2009.[41]
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Contemporary immigration

Until the 1930s, the gender imbalance among legal immigrants was quite sharp, with most legal immigrants being

male. As of the 1990s, however, women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants, shifting away from the

male-dominated immigration of the past.[42]

Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population

of the United States, with people between the ages 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented.[43]

Immigrants are also

more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native-born Americans of the same age.[44]

Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds. This phenomenon

has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States.[45]

Three-quarters of immigrants surveyed

by Public Agenda said they intended to make the U.S. their permanent home, and that if they had to do it over again,

80% of immigrants say they would still come to the US. In the same study, 80% of immigrants say the government

has become tougher on enforcing immigration laws since 9/11, and 30% report that they personally have experienced

discrimination.[46]

Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. have been heavily influenced by the aftermath of the September 11,

2001 attacks. After the attacks, 52% of Americans believed that immigration was a good thing overall for the U.S.,

down from 62% the year before, according to a Gallup poll.[47]

Half of Americans say tighter controls on

immigration would do "a great deal" to enhance U.S. national security, according to a Public Agenda survey.[48]

More than 80 cities in the United States,[49]

including Washington D.C., New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San

Francisco, San Diego, San Jose, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, Detroit, Jersey City,

Minneapolis, Miami, Denver, Baltimore, Seattle, Portland, Oregon and Portland, Maine, have sanctuary policies,

which vary locally.[50]

Demography

The United States admitted more legal immigrants from 1991 to 2000, between ten to eleven million, than in any

previous decade. In the most recent decade, the ten million legal immigrants that settled in the U.S. represent an

annual growth of only about 0.3% as the U.S. population grew from 249 million to 281 million. By comparison, the

highest previous decade was the 1900s, when 8.8 million people arrived, increasing the total U.S. population by one

percent every year. Specifically, "nearly 15% of Americans were foreign-born in 1910, while in 1999, only about

10% were foreign-born."[51]

Little Italy in New York, ca.1900

By 1970 immigrants accounted for 4.7 percent of the US population

and rising to 6.2 percent in 1980, with an estimated 12.5 percent to this

date.[52]

As of 2010, a quarter of the residents of the United States

under 18 are immigrants or are immigrants' children.[53]

Eight percent

of all babies born in the U.S. in 2008 belonged to illegal immigrant

parents, according to a recent analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data bythe Pew Hispanic Center.

[54]

Legal immigration to the U.S. increased from 250,000 in the 1930s, to

2.5 million in the 1950s, to 4.5 million in the 1970s, and to 7.3 million

in the 1980s, before resting at about 10 million in the 1990s.[55]

Since

2000, legal immigrants to the United States number approximately 1,000,000 per year, of whom about 600,000 are

Change of Status who already are in the U.S. Legal immigrants to the United States now are at their highest level

ever, at just over 37,000,000 legal immigrants. Illegal immigration may be as high as 1,500,000 per year with a net

of at least 700,000 illegal immigrants arriving every year.[56]

[57]

Immigration led to a 57.4% increase in foreign born

population from 1990 to 2000.[58]

While immigration has increased drastically over the last century, the foreign born share of the population was still

higher in 1900 (about 20%) than it is today (about 10%). A number of factors may be attributed to the decrease in the
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representation of foreign born residents in the United States. Most significant has been the change in the composition

of immigrants; prior to 1890, 82% of immigrants came from North and Western Europe. From 1891 to 1920, that

number dropped to 25%, with a rise in immigrants from East, Central, and South Europe, summing up to 64%.

Animosity towards these different and foreign immigrants rose in the United States, resulting in much legislation to

limit immigration.

Crowd at the Philippine Independence Day

Parade in New York City

Contemporary immigrants settle predominantly in seven states,California, New York, Florida, Texas, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and

Illinois, comprising about 44% of the U.S. population as a whole. The

combined total immigrant population of these seven states is 70% of

the total foreign-born population as of 2000. If current birth rate and

immigration rates were to remain unchanged for another 70 to 80

years, the U.S. population would double to nearly 600 million.[59]

The

Census Bureau's estimates actually go as high as predicting that there

will be one billion Americans in 2100, compared to one million people

in 1700 and 5.2 million in 1800.[60]

[61]

The top twelve emigrant countries in 2006 were Mexico (173,753),

People's Republic of China (87,345), Philippines (74,607), India (61,369), Cuba (45,614), Colombia (43,151),

Dominican Republic (38,069), El Salvador (31,783), Vietnam (30,695), Jamaica (24,976), South Korea (24,386),

Guatemala (24,146). Other countries comprise an additional 606,370.[62]

In fiscal year 2006, 202 refugees from Iraq

were allowed to resettle in the United States.[63]

[64]

In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, there were an estimated 500,000 Hispanics.[65]

The Census

Bureau projects that by 2050, one-quarter of the population will be of Hispanic descent.[66]

This demographic shift is

largely fueled by immigration from Latin America.[67]

[68]

Origin

Rate of immigration to the United States relative to sending countries' population size,

2001-2005

Top Ten Foreign Countries - Foreign

Born Population Among U.S.

Immigrants
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Country per year 2000 2004 2010 2010, %

Mexico 175,900 7,841,000 8,544,600 9,600,000 23.7%

China 50,900 1,391,000 1,594,600 1,900,000 4.7%

Philippines 47,800 1,222,000 1,413,200 1,700,000 4.2%

India 59,300 1,007,000 1,244,200 1,610,000 4.0%

Vietnam 33,700 863,000 997,800 1,200,000 3.0%

Cuba 14,800 952,000 1,011,200 1,100,000 2.7%

El Salvador 33,500 765,000 899,000 1,100,000 2.7%

Dominican Republic 24,900 692,000 791,600 941,000 2.3%

Canada 24,200 678,000 774,800 920,000 2.3%

Korea 17,900 701,000 772,600 880,000 2.2%

Total Pop. Top 10 498,900 16,112,000 18,747,600 21,741,000 53.7%

Total Foreign Born 940,000 31,100,000 34,860,000 40,500,000 100%

Immigration by state

Percentage change in Foreign Born Population 1990 to 2000

North Carolina 273.7% South Carolina 132.1% Mississippi 95.8% Wisconsin 59.4% Vermont 32.5%

Georgia 233.4% Minnesota 130.4% Washington 90.7% New Jersey 52.7% Connecticut 32.4%

Nevada 202.0% Idaho 121.7% Texas 90.2% Alaska 49.8% New Hampshire 31.5%

Arkansas 196.3% Kansas 114.4% New Mexico 85.8% Michigan 47.3% Ohio 30.7%

Utah 170.8% Iowa 110.3% Virginia 82.9% Wyoming 46.5% Hawaii 30.4%

Tennessee 169.0% Oregon 108.0% Missouri 80.8% Pennsylvania 37.6% North Dakota 29.0%

Nebraska 164.7% Alabama 101.6% South Dakota 74.6% California 37.2% Rhode Island 25.4%

Colorado 159.7% Delaware 101.6% Maryland 65.3% New York 35.6% West Virginia 23.4%

Arizona 135.9% Oklahoma 101.2% Florida 60.6% Massachusetts 34.7% Montana 19.0%

Kentucky 135.3% Indiana 97.9% Illinois 60.6% Louisiana 32.6% Maine 1.1%

Source: U.S. Census 1990 and 2000

Effects of immigration

Demographics

The Census Bureau estimates the US population will grow from 281 million in 2000 to 397 million in 2050 with

immigration, but only to 328 million with no immigration.[69]

A new report from the Pew Research Center projects

that by 2050, non-Hispanic whites will account for 47% of the population, down from the 2005 figure of 67%.[70]

Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[71]

It also foresees the Hispanic population rising from

14% in 2005 to 29% by 2050.[72]

The Asian population is expected to more than triple by 2050. Overall, the

population of the United States is due to rise from 296 million in 2005 to 438 million in 2050, with 82% of the

increase from immigrants.[73]

In 35 of the country's 50 largest cities, non-Hispanic whites were at the last census or are predicted to be in the

minority.[74]

In California, non-Hispanic whites slipped from 80% of the state's population in 1970 to 42.3% in
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2008.[75]

[76]

Economic

Immigrants march for more rights in Northern

California's largest city, San Jose in 2006.

In a late 1980s study, economists overwhelmingly viewed

immigration, including illegal immigration, as a positive for the

economy.[77] According to James Smith, a senior economist at SantaMonica-based RAND Corporation and lead author of the United States

National Research Council's study "The New Americans: Economic,

Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration", immigrants

contribute as much as $10 billion to the U.S. economy each year.[78]

The NRC report found that although immigrants, especially those from

Latin America, caused a net loss in terms of taxes paid versus social

services received, overall immigration was a net economic gain due to

an increase in pay for higher-skilled workers, lower prices for goods

and services produced by immigrant labor, and more efficiency and lower wages for some owners of capital. The

report also notes that although immigrant workers compete with domestic workers for low-skilled jobs, some

immigrants specialize in activities that otherwise would not exist in an area, and thus can be beneficial for all

domestic residents.[79]

About twenty-one million immigrants, or about fifteen percent of the labor force, hold jobs in

the United States; however, the number of unemployed is only seven million, meaning that immigrant workers are

not taking jobs from domestic workers, but rather are doing jobs that would not have existed had the immigrant

workers not been in the United States.[80]

U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Business Owners: Hispanic-Owned Firms:

2002 indicated that the number of Hispanic-owned businesses in the United States grew to nearly 1.6 million in

2002. Those businesses generated about $222 billion in revenue.[81]

The report notes that the burden of poor

immigrants is not born equally among states, and is most heavy in California.[82]

Another claim supporting

expanding immigration levels is that immigrants mostly do jobs Americans do not want. A 2006 Pew Hispanic

Center report added evidence to support this claim, when they found that increasing immigration levels have not hurt

employment prospects for American workers.[83]

In 2009, a study by the Cato Institute, a free market think tank, found that legalization of low-skilled illegal resident

workers in the US would result in a net increase in US GDP of $180 billion over ten years.[84]

Jason Riley notes that

because of progressive income taxation, in which the top 1% of earners pay 37% of federal income taxes (even

though they actually pay a lower tax percentage based on their income), 60% of Americans collect more in

government services than they pay in, which also reflects on immigrants.[85]

In any event, the typical immigrant and

his children will pay a net $80,000 more in their lifetime than they collect in government services according to the

NAS.[86]

The Kauffman Foundations index of entrepreneurial activity is nearly 40% higher for immigrants than for

natives.[87]

Immigrants were involved in the founding of many prominent American high-tech companies, such as

Google, Yahoo, Sun Microsystems, and eBay.[88]
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The number of garment factories in Manhattan's

Chinatown has fallen from 400 in 2000 to about

150 in 2005. Most of the garment industry has

moved to China.[89]

On the poor end of the spectrum, the "New Americans" report found

that low-wage immigration does not, on aggregate, lower the wages of

most domestic workers. The report also addresses the question of if

immigration affects black Americans differently from the population in

general: "While some have suspected that blacks suffer

disproportionately from the inflow of low-skilled immigrants, none ofthe available evidence suggests that they have been particularly

hard-hit on a national level. Some have lost their jobs, especially in

places where immigrants are concentrated. But the majority of blacks

live elsewhere, and their economic fortunes are tied to other

factors."[90]

The analysis shows that 31% of adult immigrants have not completed

high school. A third lack health insurance.[35]

Robert Samuelson points out that poor immigrants strain public

services such as local schools and health care. He points out that "from 2000 to 2006, 41 percent of the increase in

people without health insurance occurred among Hispanics."[91]

According to the immigration reduction advocacy

group Center for Immigration Studies, 25.8% of Mexican immigrants live in poverty, which is more than double the

rate for natives in 1999.[92]

In another report, The Heritage Foundation notes that from 1990 to 2006, the number of

poor Hispanics increased by 3.2 million, from 6 million to 9.2 million.[93]

Hispanic immigrants in the United States were hit hard by the subprime mortgage crisis. There was a

disproportionate level of foreclosures in some immigrant neighborhoods.[94]

The banking industry provided home

loans to undocumented immigrants, viewing it as an untapped resource for growing their own revenue stream.[95]

In

October 2008, KFYI reported that according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, five

million illegal immigrants held fraudulent home mortgages.[96]

The story was later pulled from their website and

replaced with a correction.[97]

The Phoenix Business Journal cited a HUD spokesman saying that there was no basis

to news reports that more than five million bad mortgages were held by illegal immigrants, and that the agency hadno data showing the number of illegal immigrants holding foreclosed or bad mortgages.

[98]Since USCIS is 99%

funded by immigration application fees,many USCIS jobs have been created by immigration to US, such as

immirgation interview officials,finger print processor, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_Business_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KFYIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subprime_mortgage_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heritage_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Immigration_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinatown%2C_Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinatown%2C_Manhattan


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Social

The largest mass lynching in American

history involved the lynching of eleven

Italians in New Orleans in 1891.

Benjamin Franklin opposed German immigration, stating that they would

not assimilate into the culture.[99]

Irish immigration was opposed in the

1850s by the nativist Know Nothing movement, originating in New York in

1843. It was engendered by popular fears that the country was being

overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants. In 1891, a lynch mob stormed a

local jail and hanged several Italians following the acquittal of several

Sicilian immigrants alleged to be involved in the murder of New Orleans

police chief David Hennessy. The Congress passed the Emergency Quota

Act in 1921, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924. The Immigration

Act of 1924 was aimed at limiting immigration overall, and making sure

that the nationalities of new arrivals matched the overall national profile.

After the September 11 attacks, many Americans entertained doubts and

suspicions about people apparently of Middle-Eastern origins. PBS in 2010

fired a prominent black commentator, Juan Williams, when he talkedpublicly about his fears on seeing people dressed like Muslims on

airplanes.[100]

Racist thinking among and between minority groups does occur;[101]

[102]

examples of this are conflicts between blacks and Korean immigrants, notably in the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, and

between African Americans and non-white Latino immigrants.[103]

[104]

There has been a long running racial tension

between African American and Mexican prison gangs, as well as significant riots in California prisons where they

have targeted each other, for ethnic reasons.[105]

[106]

There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against

African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by people of Mexican origin, and vice

versa.[107]

[108]

There has also been an increase in violence between non-Hispanic Anglo Americans and Latino

immigrants, and between African immigrants and African Americans.[109]

Political

Immigrants differ on their political views; however, the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger

position among immigrants overall.[110]

[111]

Research shows that religious affiliation can also significantly impact

both their social values and voting patterns of immigrants, as well as the broader American population. Hispanic

evangelicals, for example, are more strongly conservative than non-Hispanic evangelicals.[112]

This trend is often

similar for Hispanics or others strongly identifying with the Catholic Church, a religion that strongly opposes

abortion and gay marriage.

Health

The issue of the health of immigrants and the associated cost to the public has been largely discussed. The

non-emergency use of emergency rooms ostensibly indicates an incapacity to pay, yet some studies allege

disproportionately lower access to unpaid health care by immigrants.[113]

For this and other reasons, there have been

various disputes about how much immigration is costing the United States public health system.[114]

University of

Maryland economist and Cato Institute scholar Julian Lincoln Simon concluded in 1995 that while immigrants

probably pay more into the health system than they take out, this is not the case for elderly immigrants and refugees,

who are more dependent on public services for survival.[115]

Immigration from areas of high incidences of disease is thought to have fueled the resurgence of tuberculosis (TB),

chagas, and hepatitis in areas of low incidence.[116] According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),

TB cases among foreign-born individuals remain disproportionately high, at nearly nine times the rate of U.S.-born
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chagashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepatitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepatitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chagashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Lincoln_Simonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_gangshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_Los_Angeles_Riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PBShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hennessyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Know_Nothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nativism_%28politics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1891_New_Orleans_Italian_lynching.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynching_in_the_United_States


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persons.[117]

[118]

To reduce the risk of diseases in low-incidence areas, the main countermeasure has been the

screening of immigrants on arrival.[119]

HIV/AIDS entered the United States in around 1969, likely through a single

infected immigrant from Haiti.[120]

[121]

Conversely, many new HIV infections in Mexico can be traced back to the

United States.[122]

People infected with HIV were banned from entering the United States in 1987 by executive

order, but the 1993 statute supporting the ban was lifted in 2009. The executive branch is expected to

administratively remove HIV from the list of infectious diseases barring immigration, but immigrants generally

would need to show that they would not be a burden on public welfare.[123]

Researchers have also found what is

known as the "healthy immigrant effect", in which immigrants in general tend to be healthier than individuals born in

the U.S.[124]

[125]

Various researchers have criticized the position held by Simon and others that increased U.S. population growth is

sustainable. David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, and Mario Giampietro,

senior researcher at the National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition (INRAN), note in their studyFood, Land,

Population and the U.S. Economy the maximum U.S. population for a sustainable economy at 200 million. To

achieve a sustainable economy, the United States must reduce its population by at least one-third.[126]

[127]

Perceived heavy immigration, especially in the southwest, has led to some fears about population pressures on the

water supply in some areas. California continues to grow by more than a half-million a year and is expected to reach

48 million in 2030.[128]

According to the California Department of Water Resources, if more supplies are not found

by 2020, residents will face a water shortfall nearly as great as the amount consumed today.[129]

Los Angeles is a

coastal desert able to support at most one million people on its own water.[130]

California is considering using

desalination to solve this problem.[131]

Crime

Empirical studies on links between immigration and crime are mixed. Certain studies have suggested that

immigrants are underrepresented in criminal statistics.[132]

An Op-Ed in The New York Times by Harvard University

Professor in Sociology Robert J. Sampson says that immigration of Hispanics may in fact be associated with

decreased crime.[133] A 1999 paper by John Hagan and Alberto Palloni estimated that the involvement in crime by

Hispanic immigrants are less than that of other citizens.[134]

Native-born American men between 18-39 are five times more likely to be incarcerated than immigrants in the same

demographic.[135]

In a study released by the non-partisan research group The Public Policy Institute of California,

immigrants were ten times less likely to be incarcerated than native born Americans.[136]

In his 1999 bookCrime

and Immigrant Youth, sociologist Tony Waters writes that immigrants themselves are less likely to be arrested and

incarcerated; he also noted, however, that the children of some immigrant groups are more likely to be arrested and

incarcerated. This is a by-product of the strains that emerge between immigrant parents living in poor, inner city

neighborhoods.[137]

According to Bureau of Justice Statistics, for example, as of 2001, 4% of Hispanic males in their

twenties and thirties were in prison or jail, compared to 1.8% of non-Hispanic white males. Hispanic men are almostfour times as likely to go to prison at some point in their lives than non-Hispanic white males, although less likely

than non-Hispanic African American males.[138]

There was an estimated 30,000 street gangs and more than 800,000

gang members active in the U.S. in 2007, up from 731,500 in 2002. New immigrants are susceptible to gang

influences and activities because of language barriers, employment difficulties, support, protection, and fear.[139]

[140][141]

[142]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangs_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisons_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Justice_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inner_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Department_of_Water_Resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornell_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infectious_diseases%23Mortality_from_infectious_diseases


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Environment

Some commentators have suggested that increased immigration has a negative effect on the environment, especially

as the level of economic development of the United States (and by extension, its energy, water[143]

and other needs

that underpin its prosperity) means that the impact of a larger population is greater than what would be experienced

in other countries.[144]

There is, however, no empirical evidence linking immigration to the degradation of the

environment.

Education

Forty percent of Ph.D. scientists working in the United States were born abroad, an example of brain drain.[87]

Immigrant children have historically been greatly affected by cultural misunderstanding, language barriers, and

feelings of isolation within the school atmosphere. More recently, however, immigrant children are finding a more

welcoming school atmosphere. This does not undermine the difficulties immigrants face upon entering U.S. schools;

immigrant children maintain their native tongue can leave them feeling disadvantaged within English speaking

schools.

Public opinion

The ambivalent feeling of Americans toward immigrants is shown by a positive attitude toward groups that have

been visible for a century or more, and much more negative attitude toward recent arrivals. For example a 1982

national poll by the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut showed respondents a card listing a number of

groups and asked, "Thinking both of what they have contributed to this country and have gotten from this country,

for each one tell me whether you think, on balance, they've been a good or a bad thing for this country," which

produced the results shown in the table. "By high margins, Americans are telling pollsters it was a very good thing

that Poles, Italians, and Jews emigrated to America. Once again, it's the newcomers who are viewed with suspicion.

This time, it's the Mexicans, the Filipinos, and the people from the Caribbean who make Americans nervous."[145]

[146]

In a 2002 study, which took place soon after the September 11 attacks, 55% of Americans favored decreasing legal

immigration, 27% favored keeping it at the same level, and 15% favored increasing it.[147]

In 2006, the immigration-reduction advocacy think tank the Center for Immigration Studies released a poll that

found that 68% of Americans think U.S. immigration levels are too high, and just 2% said they are too low. They

also found that 70% said they are less likely to vote for candidates that favor increasing legal immigration.[148]

In

2004, 55% of Americans believed legal immigration should remain at the current level or increased and 41% said it

should be decreased.[149]

The less contact a native-born American has with immigrants, the more likely one would

have a negative view of immigrants.[149]

One of the most important factors regarding public opinion about immigration is the level of unemployment;

anti-immigrant sentiment is where unemployment is highest, and vice-versa.[150]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_by_unemployment_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain_drain


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Legal issues

Laws concerning immigration and naturalization

Laws concerning immigration and naturalization include:

the 1990 Immigration Act (IMMACT), which limits the annual number of immigrants to 700,000. It emphasizes

that family reunification is the main immigration criterion, in addition to employment-related immigration.

the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA)

the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)

AEDPA and IIRARA exemplify many categories of criminal activity for which immigrants, including green card

holders, can be deported and have imposed mandatory detention for certain types of cases.

Asylum for refugees

In contrast to economic migrants, who generally do not gain legal admission, refugees, as defined by international

law, can gain legal status through a process of seeking and receiving asylum, either by being designated a refugee

while abroad, or by physically entering the United States and requesting asylum status thereafter. A specifiednumber of legally defined refugees, who either apply for asylum overseas or after arriving in the U.S., are admitted

annually. Refugees compose about one-tenth of the total annual immigration to the United States, though some large

refugee populations are very prominent.

Since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation, and over two million

refugees have arrived in the U.S. since 1980. Of the top ten countries accepting resettled refugees in 2006, the United

States accepted more than twice as much as the next nine countries combined; for example, Japan accepted sixteen

refugees in 1999, while the United States took in 85,010 for resettlement, according to the United Nations High

Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Since 1975, an estimated 1.4 million refugees from Vietnam and other

Southeast Asian countries have been resettled to the United States.[151]

Most Asian countries were unwilling to

accept these refugees.[152]

The U.S. will accept 70,000 refugees in fiscal year 2007, and President Bush stated that his eventual goal is a

program that resettles 90,000 refugees in the United States each year. In 2006, the State Department officially

re-opened the Vietnamese resettlement program. In recent years, the main refugee-sending regions have been

Somalia, Liberia, Sudan, and Ethiopia.[153]

The ceiling for refugee resettlement for fiscal year 2008 was 80,000

refugees.[154]

The United States expected to admit a minimum of 17,000 Iraqi refugees during fiscal year 2009.[155]

In 2009, President Bush set the admissions ceiling at 80,000 refugees.[156]

In FY 2008, the Office of Refugee

Resettlement (ORR) was appropriated over $655 million for the longer-term services provided to refugees after their

arrival in the US.[157]

In 1991-92, Bhutan expelled roughly 100,000 ethnic Nepalis, most of whom have been living in seven refugeecamps in eastern Nepal. The United States has worked towards resettling more than 60,000 of these refugees in the

third country settlement programme.[158]

Miscellaneous documented immigration

In removal proceedings in front of an immigration judge, cancellation of removal is a form of relief that is available

for certain long-time residents of the United States. It allows a person being faced with the threat of removal to

obtain permanent residence if that person has been physically present in the U.S. for at least ten years, has had good

moral character during that period, has not been convicted of certain crimes, and can show that removal would result

in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his or her U.S. citizen or permanent resident spouse, children, or

parent. This form of relief is only available when a person is served with a Notice to Appear to appear in theproceedings in the Immigration Court. Many persons have received their green cards in this way even when removal
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cancellation_of_removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Removal_proceedingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boat_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refugee_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_of_asylumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandatory_detentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Permanent_Resident_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996


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or deportation was imminent.

Members of Congress may submit private bills granting residency to specific named individuals. A special

committee vets the requests, which require extensive documentation. Congress has bestowed the title of "Honorary

Citizen of the United States" to six people. The only two living recipients were Winston Churchill and Agnes

Gonxha Bojaxhiu, while the other instances were posthumous honors. The Central Intelligence Agency has the

statutory authority to admit up to one hundred people a year outside of normal immigration procedures, and toprovide for their settlement and support. The program is called "PL110", named after the legislation that created the

agency, Public Law 110, the Central Intelligence Agency Act.

Immigration in popular culture

1888 cartoon inPuckattacks businessmen for welcoming large numbers of low paid

immigrants, leaving the American workingman unemployed.[159]

The history of immigration to the

United States is the history of the

country itself, and the journey from

beyond the sea is an element found in

American folklore, appearing over and

over again in everything from The

Godfather to Gangs of New York to

"The Song of Myself" to Neil

Diamond's "America" to the animated

featureAn American Tail.[160]

From the 1880s to the 1910s,

vaudeville dominated the popular

image of immigrants, with very

popular caricature portrayals of ethnic

groups. The specific features of these

caricatures became widely accepted as

accurate portrayals.[161]

In The Melting Pot(1908), playwright Israel Zangwill (18641926) explored issues that dominated Progressive Era

debates about immigration policies. Zangwill's theme of the positive benefits of the American melting pot resonated

widely in popular culture and literary and academic circles in the 20th century; his cultural symbolism - in which he

situated immigration issues - likewise informed American cultural imagining of immigrants for decades, as

exemplified by Hollywood films.[162]

[163]

The popular culture's image of ethnic celebrities often includes

stereotypes about immigrant groups. For example, Frank Sinatra's public image as a superstar contained important

elements of theAmerican Dream while simultaneously incorporating stereotypes about Italian Americans that were

based in nativist and Progressive responses to immigration.[164]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_pothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel_Zangwillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_American_Tailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Myselfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangs_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Godfatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Godfatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Immigrants1888.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Law_110http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Gonxha_Bojaxhiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Gonxha_Bojaxhiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honorary_Citizen_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honorary_Citizen_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_bill


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Maggie and Jiggs fromBringing Up Father(January 7, 1940).

The process of assimilation was often a

theme of popular culture. For example,

"lace-curtain Irish" referred to

middle-class Irish Americans desiring

assimilation into mainstream society in

counterpoint to an older, more raffish"shanty Irish". The occasional

malapropisms and left-footed social

blunders of these upward mobiles were

gleefully lampooned in vaudeville,

popular song, and the comic strips of

the day such as "Bringing Up Father",

starring Maggie and Jiggs, which ran

in daily newspapers for 87 years (1913

to 2000).[165]

[166]

In recent years the

popular culture has paid specialattention to Mexican immigration

[167]

Immigration in literature

The Swedish author Vilhelm Moberg wrote a series of four novels describing one Swedish family's migration from

Smland to Minnesota in the late 19th century, a destiny shared by almost one million people. These novels have

been translated into English (The Emigrants, 1951, Unto a Good Land, 1954, The Settlers, 1961, The Last Letter

Home, 1961). The musical Kristina frn Duvemla by ex-ABBA members Bjrn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is

based on this story.[168]

[169]

The Hareliks (1919).

Theatre

The Immigrant is a musical by Steven Alper, Sarah Knapp, and Mark Harelik. The

show is based on the story of Harelik's grandparents, Matleh and Haskell Harelik, who

traveled to Galveston, Texas in 1909.[170]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galveston%2C_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Harelikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Knapphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Alperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Immigrant_%28musical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thehareliks.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABBAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristina_fr%C3%A5n_Duvem%C3%A5lahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Letter_Homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Letter_Homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Settlers_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unto_a_Good_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emigrants_%28Swedish_novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vilhelm_Moberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bringing_Up_Fatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jiggsslum1740.jpg


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Interpretive perspectives

The Statue of Liberty was a common

sight to many immigrants who entered

the United States through Ellis Island

TheAmerican Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination,

any United States immigrant can achieve a better life, usually in terms of

financial prosperity and enhanced personal freedom of choice.[171]

According

to historians, the rapid economic and industrial expansion of the U.S. is not

simply a function of being a resource rich, hard working, and inventive

country, but the belief that anybody could get a share of the country's wealth

if he or she was willing to work hard.[172]

This dream has been a major factor

in attracting immigrants to the United States.[173]

Legal perspectives

University of North Carolina law professor Hiroshi Motomura has identified

three approaches the United States has taken to the legal status of immigrants

in his book Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and

Citizenship in the United States. The first, dominant in the 19th century,

treated immigrants as in transition; in other words, as prospective citizens. As

soon as people declared their intention to become citizens, they received multiple low-cost benefits, including the

eligibility for free homesteads in the Homestead Act of 1869, and in many states, the right to vote. The goal was to

make the country more attractive, so large numbers of farmers and skilled craftsmen would settle new lands. By the

1880s, a second approach took over, treating newcomers as "immigrants by contract". An implicit deal existed where

immigrants who were literate and could earn their own living were permitted in restricted numbers. Once in the

United States, they would have limited legal rights, but were not allowed to vote until they became citizens, and

would not be eligible for the New Deal government benefits available in the 1930s. The third and more recent policy

is "immigration by affiliation", which Motomura argues is the treatment which depends on how deeply-rooted people

have become in the country. An immigrant who applies for citizenship as soon as permitted, has a long history of

working in the United States, and has significant family ties, is more deeply affiliated and can expect better

treatment.[174]

Footnotes

[1] U.S. population hits 300 million (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/17/content_5215770.htm)

[2] "Nancy Foner, George M. Fredrickson, Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and

Ethnicity in the United States (http://books.google.com/books?id=uHmccaV4MuAC&pg=PA120&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false)

(2005) p.120.

[3] " Immigrants in the United States and the Current Economic Crisis (http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=723)",

Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Aaron Terrazas,Migration Policy Institute , April 2009.

[4] "Immigration Worldwide: Policies, Practices, and Trends (http://books.google.com/books?id=aaimTNHDzZYC&pg=PA32&dq&

hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false)". Uma A. Segal, Doreen Elliott, Nazneen S. Mayadas (2010),

[5] "Naturalizations in the United States: 2008" (http://www.dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/natz_fr_2008.pdf). Office of

Immigration StatisticsAnnual Flow Report.

[6] Mary E. Williams,Immigration. 2004. Page 69.

[7] Archibold, Randal C. (2007-02-09). "Illegal Immigrants Slain in an Attack in Arizona" (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/09/us/

09immig. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2008-07-31.

[8] " Family Reunification (http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?id=122)", Ramah McKay, Migration Policy Institute.

[9] " CBO: 748,000 Foreign Nationals Granted U.S. Permanent Residency Status in 2009 Because They Had Immediate Family Legally Living

in America (http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/cbo-748000-foreign-nationals-granted-us)". CNSnews.com. January 11, 2011

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[24] A Great Depression? (http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9806), by Steve H. Hanke, Cato Institute

[25] Thernstrom,Harvard Guide to American Ethnic Groups (1980)

[26] The Great Depression and New Deal (http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1998/4/98. 04.04.x.html), by Joyce Bryant,

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[28] Peter S. Canellos (November 11, 2008). Obama victory took root in Kennedy-inspired Immigration Act(http://www. boston. com:80/

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. Retrieved 2008-11-14

[29] " Trends in International Migration 2002: Continuous Reporting System on Migration (http://books.google.com/

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[30] Frum, David (2000).How We Got Here: The '70s . New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 268269. ISBN 0465041957.

[31] "Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans (http://books.google.com/

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[32] " The Paper curtain: employer sanctions' implementation, impact, and reform (http://books.google.com/books?id=jUJGWwD-9x8C&

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[34] Plummer Alston Jones (2004). " Still struggling for equality: American public library services with minorities (http://books.google.com/

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[36] " Immigration surge called 'highest ever' (http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/dec/12/20051212-110459-2662r/)".

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[37] " Debate Could Turn on a 7-Letter Word (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/29/AR2007052901935.

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[38] " A Reagan Legacy: Amnesty For Illegal Immigrants (http://www. npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128303672&ft=1&

f=1001)". NPR: National Public Radio. July 4, 2010

[39] " Crisis hits Hispanic community hard (http://www.france24.com/en/

20090227-recession-usa-hispanic-unemployment-crisis-jobless-latin-south-american-migrants)". France24. February 27, 2009.

[40] " Immigrants top native born in U.S. job hunt (http://money.cnn.com/2010/10/29/news/economy/jobs_immigrants/)".

CNNMoney.com. October 29, 2010.

[41] U.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 2009 (http://www. dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/lpr_fr_2009.pdf). Office of

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[42] The New Americans (http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5779&page=52), Smith and Edmonston, The Academy Press.

Page 5253.


Page 54.


Page 56.


Page 58 ("Immigrants have always moved to relatively few places, settling where they have family or friends, or where there are people from

their ancestral country or community.").

[46] http://www.publicagenda.org/specials/immigration/immigration.htm

[47] http://www.gallup.com/poll/122057/americans-return-tougher-immigration-stance.aspx

[48] Public Agenda Confidence in U.S. Foreign Policy Index (http://www.publicagenda.org/foreignpolicy/foreignpolicy_strategy.htm)

[49] " Governor candidates oppose sanctuary cities (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/08/04/MN5H1ENBPK.

DTL&type=politics)". San Francisco Chronicle. August 4, 2010.

[50] "Sanctuary Cities, USA" (http://ojjpac.org/sanctuary.asp). Ohio Jobs & Justice PAC. .

[51] Mary E. Williams,Immigration. (San Diego: GreenHaven Press) 2004. Page 82.

[52] " Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants in the United States (http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.

cfm?ID=649)", Aaron Terrazas and Jeanne Batalova,Migration Policy Institute , October 2009.

[53] " Global Migration: A World Ever More on the Move (http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/weekinreview/27deparle.

html?ref=world)". The New York Times. June 25, 2010.[54] " Illegal Immigrants Estimated to Account for 1 in 12 U.S. Births (http://online.wsj.com/article/

SB10001424052748704216804575423641955803732.html?KEYWORDS=MIRIAM+JORDAN)". The Wall Street Journal. August 12,

2010.

[55] Know the flow - economics of immigration (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n7_v47/ai_16823452)

[56] Illegal immigrants in the US: How many are there? (http://www. csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.html)

[57] http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/44.pdf

[58] Characteristics of the Foreign Born in the United States: Results from Census 2000 (http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/

display.cfm?ID=71#2)

[59] US population to 'double by 2100' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/602168.stm), BBC

[60] Balancing Act: Can America Sustain a Population of 500 Million -- Or Even a Billion -- by 2100? (http://www. emagazine.com/view/

?871)

[61] Census Bureau Projects Doubling of Nation's Population by 2100 (http://www.census. gov/Press-Release/www/2000/cb00-05.html)

[62] "United States: Inflow of foreign-born population by country of birth, by year (table available by menu selection)" (http://www.

migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm). Migration Policy Institute. 2007. .

[63] US Faced with a Mammoth Iraq Refugee Crisis (http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0208-03.htm)

[64] United States Unwelcoming to Iraqi Refugees (http://www. chander.com/2007/01/united_states_u.html)

[65] Latinos and the Changing Face of America - Population Reference Bureau (http://www. prb.org/Articles/2004/

LatinosandtheChangingFaceofAmerica.aspx)

[66] More than 100 million Latinos in the U.S. by 2050 (http://www.coxwashington.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/

immigration/entries/2007/09/07/more_than_100_million_latinos.html)

[67] US - Census figures show dramatic growth in Asian, Hispanic populations (http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/2000/US/08/30/minority.

population/)

[68] Population Growth And Immigration, U.S. Has Highest Population Growth Rate Of All Developed Nations - CBS News (http://www.

cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/12/politics/main1615051.shtml)

[69] Mary E. Williams,Immigration. (San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004). Page 83.[70] Pew Research Center: Immigration to Play Lead Role In Future U.S. Growth (http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/

united-states-population-projections)

[71] U.S. Hispanic population to triple by 2050 (http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-02-11-population-study_N.htm),

USATODAY.com

[72] Study Sees Non-Hispanic Whites Shrinking to Minority Status in U.S. - February 12, 2008 (http://www. nysun. com/new-york/

study-sees-non-hispanic-whites-shrinking/71104/), The New York Sun

[73] Whites to become minority in U.S. by 2050 (http://www. reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN1110177520080212), Reuters

[74] Asthana, Anushka (2006-08-21). "Changing Face of Western Cities" (http://www. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/

08/20/AR2006082000629.html). Washington Post. . Retrieved 2007-06-25.

[75] Whites Now A Minority In California, Census: Non-Hispanic Whites Now 47% Of State's Population (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/

2001/03/30/national/main282687.shtml), CBS News

[76] "California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau:" (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html). US Census Bureau. .

Retrieved December 26, 2009.
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[77] Survey results reported in Simon, Julian L. (1989) The Economic Consequences of Immigration Boston: Basil Blackwell are discussed

widely and available as of September 12, 2007 at a Cato group policy paper by Simon here (http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/

pr-imopi.html). They find that 81 percent of the economists surveyed felt that 20th century immigration had very favorable effects, and 74

percent felt that illegal immigration had positive effects, with 76 percent feeling that recent immigration has "about the same effect" as

immigrants from past years.

[78] The Immigration Debate / Effect on Economy (http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/05/21/MNGFQIVN991.DTL&

type=printable)

[79] James p. Smith, Chair. The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (1997) Commission on

Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE), National Academy of Sciences. page 5

[80] Lowenstein, Roger. "The Immigration Equation." The New York Times 9 July

2006.

[81] U.S. Census Press Releases (http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/

007173. html)

[82] Smith (1997) 7,8

[83] Perez, Miguel (2006) "Hire education: Immigrants aren't taking jobs from Americans" Chicago Sun-Times Aug. 22, 2006, available here

(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060822/ai_n16689233)

[84] "CATO Institute Finds $180 Billion Benefit to Legalizing Illegal Immigrants" (http://washingtonindependent.com/55152/

cato-institute-finds-180-billion-benefit-to-legalizing-illegal-immigrants). .

[85] Riley, Jason.Let Them In: The Case for Open Borders. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-592-40349-3.

[86] Immigration (http://www.

cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb108/hb108-63.

pdf)[87] Council of Economic Advisers | The White House (http://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/cea_immigration_062007.pdf)

[88] Immigration: Google Makes Its Case (http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/jun2007/db20070606_792054.htm)

[89] " Manhattan's Chinatown Pressured to Sell Out (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/20/

AR2005052001463. html)". The Washington Post. May 21, 2005.

[90] Smith (1997) page 6

[91] Samuelson, Robert (2007) "Importing poverty" Washington Post, September 5, 2007 (Accessible as of September 12, 2007 here (http://

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/04/AR2007090401623.html))

[92] Center for Immigration Studies (http://www.cis.org/articles/2001/mexico/poverty.html)

[93] Importing Poverty: Immigration and Poverty in the United States: A Book of Charts (http://www.heritage.org/Research/Immigration/

SR9.cfm)

[94] Immigrants hit hard by slowdown, subprime crisis (http://www. reuters.com/article/domesticNews/

idUSN3019759720080130?feedType=RSS&feedName=domesticNews&pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true)

[95] Banks help illegal immigrants own their own home (http://money.cnn.com/2005/08/08/news/economy/illegal_immigrants/),

CNN/Money, August 8, 2005

[96] HUD: Five Million Fraudulent Mortgages Held by Illegals (http://74.125. 113.104/search?q=cache:N_j55O69X2MJ:kfyi.com/pages/

local_news.html?feed=118695&article=4364653+HUD:+Five+Million+Fraudulent+Mortgages+Held+by+Illegals&hl=en&ct=clnk&

cd=1&gl=us)

[97] KFYI - "The Valley's Talk Station" (http://kfyi.com/pages/money-matters.html?feed=268721&article=4381201)

[98] Sunnucks, Mike (October 9, 2008). "HUD cries foul over illegal immigrant mortgage data" (http://www. bizjournals.com/phoenix/

stories/2008/10/06/daily54.html?ana=from_rss). .

[99] Digital History (http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=233)

[100] PBS Newshour, "Juan Williams Firing: What Speech Is OK as Journalism Evolves?" Oct. 22, 2010 online (http://www.pbs. org/

newshour/bb/media/july-dec10/williams_10-22.html)

[101] The black-Latino blame game (http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-op-hutchinson25nov25,0,1144425.

story?coll=la-news-comment-opinions)[102] Gang rivalry grows into race war (http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-firestone18oct18,0,6500817.story?coll=la-home-local)

[103] Race relations | Where black and brown collide | Economist.com (http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.

cfm?story_id=9587776)

[104] Riot Breaks Out At Calif. High School, Melee Involving 500 People Erupts At Southern California School (http://www.cbsnews.com/

stories/2006/10/14/national/main2089618.shtml)

[105] JURIST - Paper Chase: Race riot put down at California state prison (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/12/

race-riot-put-down-at-california-state.php)

[106] Racial segregation continues in California prisons (http://newsmine.org/archive/security/incarceration/

racial-segregation-continues-in-california-prisons.txt)

[107] A bloody conflict between Hispanic and black American gangs is spreading across Los Angeles (http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/

story/0,,2036580,00.html)

[108] The Hutchinson Report: Thanks to Latino Gangs, Theres a Zone in L.A. Where Blacks Risk Death if They Enter (http://www.

blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/stateof/hutchinson105)

[109] African immigrants face bias from blacks (http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06044/654613.stm)
http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06044/654613.stmhttp://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/stateof/hutchinson105http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/baw

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immigration in USA