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Immigration . American Studies. Before Civil War. “Old Immigrants” from Western Europe Ireland: The Great Potato Famine 1845-1852. After 1865. After the Civil War: “New Immigrants” from Eastern Europe, Italy, Austria, Russia and Scandinavian countries - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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American Studies
Immigration
Before Civil War “Old Immigrants” from Western Europe
Ireland: The Great Potato Famine 1845-1852
After 1865 After the Civil War: “New Immigrants”
from Eastern Europe, Italy, Austria, Russia and Scandinavian countries Settle in cities or explore western frontier
On west coast: From Asian countries More immigrants coming to the US than
ever before Most come through Ellis Island in NYC
http://www.history.com/topics/ellis-island/videos#detained-at-ellis-island
http://www.history.com/topics/ellis-island/videos#hurdles-to-citizenship-on-ellis-island
Reasons for Immigration Push Factors: Reasons to leave their home country
Poverty: Not enough jobs High inflation: Food is expensive Religious and Political discrimination or persecution Europe: Crowded with very little land to purchase
Pull Factors: Reasons to come to the United States Many jobs in new factories Growing economy Religious and Political freedom Lots of land to settle and farm out West
Practice Question What factor contributed to the migration of
large numbers of people from Europe to the US in the late 1800s? A. The US needed people to colonize the
overseas territories it had recently acquired B. European social reform movements wanted
to spread their beliefs to the US C. Economic prosperity in Europe allowed
people to purchase land in the US D. Industrialization in the US attracted laborers
from Europe
European Immigrants: Italians Italians leave due to poverty
Most of income spent on food Divided land among family-not enough to
make a profit off crops Promise of success in US Lack of democracy in Italy
Few had the right to vote
Russians and Jews Jews in Russia were persecuted Come to US for religious freedom
Bring Eastern Orthodox and Jewish religion to US
In late 1800s: NYC had the largest Jewish population in the world
Recruitment Campaigns Representatives go to Europe to promote
idea of immigrating to the US with the American Dream
Give impression that anyone can become rich in a few years Railroad companies selling land in the west Steamships seeking passengers offer cheap tickets (as low as $25)
Practice Question Many people from the region of Southern
and Eastern Europe, such as Italians and Russians, immigrated to the United States between the Civil War and WWI. Identify two factors in their home region and two factors in America that led them to move to the United States? Short Answer (4 bullet points)
Asian Immigrants Most Asian immigrants settle on west
coast Bring Eastern culture: Very different from
Western California Gold Rush in starts in1849
Hope to get rich then go home Work on Central Pacific Railroad:
dangerous and many die building in mountains
Practice Question Religious diversity in the US started to
increase in the late 19th century. One factor that has contributed to this increase has been an increase in: A. Emigration to Africa B. Immigration from Asia C. Immigration from Australia D. Emigration to South America
Immigrant Life in the US More jobs in US cause of Industrialization
Europeans come expecting better pay = not true
Ghettos: A neighborhood where one ethnicity lives Try to preserve culture: language, religious
beliefs, customs, clothes, food, music, dance
Practice Question Many immigrants that came into America
lacked the knowledge of US cultures, especially language. When immigrants arrived they move into ghettos to feel more at home. What are ghettos? A. Rundown neighborhoods plagued with crime. B. Area right outside the cities where the poor or
middle class lived. C. A neighborhood where one ethnicity would live. D. A neighborhood that was established in their
old country.
Americanization Try to learn English and be “American”
Schools only teach in English Change names to fit in or make easier to
spell Only teach American history Teach beliefs of the dominant culture
Reactions to Immigrants Foreign-Born: Immigrant families “Native-Born”: Ancestors came to
America generations ago-born here
Dominant Group determines culture: Rugged Individualism: Responsibility and
work ethic White Superiority over all other races Western Culture (English/Protestant) is the
best for everyone
Debate: Which is best? Total Assimilation: Minority
learns/adopts customs of Dominant culture Americanized completely, get rid of foreign
customs, speak English Melting Pot Theory: All cultures
gradually blend into one superior American culture Take best from each, English as common
language Cultural Pluralism: All cultures
respected/valued individually Practice own customs while fitting into
society; English speaking is not superior
Practice Question During the late 19th century many
immigrants faced discrimination and were forced to adapt the new culture. In American there were three different ideas on how immigrants should inherit the new American culture. The idea that all cultures should blend together but English remains the dominant language is called: A. Assimilation B. Americanization C. Cultural Pluralism D. Melting Pot Theory
Nativist Opposition Nativists: Believes foreigners are a threat
to the dominant culture and should be stopped from entering the country
Reasons for hatred: Economic: Taking jobs and replacing workers Cultural: Protect from foreign influence on
culture and religion Psychological: Desire to feel superior, fear
those who are different Political: Fear immigrants are connected to
radical anarchist movements
Anti-Immigrant Sentiment Asian immigrants were met with more
hostility Thought to be taking too many jobs in west Chinese often work as replacement labor-
increases resentment Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Halt all
future immigration and keep them from becoming US citizens Quota: A set number of immigrants allowed in
(small %)
Exclusion Acts Riots breakout in West over “yellow peril” Gentlemen’s Agreement: Teddy Roosevelt
stops Japanese segregation in school In return Japanese stop new immigrants from
coming to US
Nativist Response Literacy Tests: Disqualified for
immigration if they can’t read/write in any language
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Quota Act of 1924: Limits # of
immigrants coming from all countries Drastically reduces immigrants until WWII
Immigration Today Total estimated unauthorized adult immigrant population in
2011: 9.9 million Total working: 6.4 million Total who are English Proficient: 2.9 million
1.8 million don’t speak English at all
Policy in the US: Difficult to legally become a citizen 90 day visitor pass or Visa, then Green Card (LPR) Takes 6 months to get your application reviewed to become a
legal resident Lack of official documents If you have money or education or join the military, you’re more likely
to be granted citizenship The process to become a full citizen can take 5 months to 2
years
Immigrant Demographic Legal Permanent Residents: 1.1 million in 2012
429,000 from Asia 107,000 from Africa 146,000 from Mexico
Majority settle in California, New York and Florida
Naturalized Citizens: Legal Residents for 5 years or married to a resident for 3 years Dual Citizenship: Only by birthright, otherwise it’s renounced If you are born in US citizen you are automatically a citizen If your parent was born in the US you are a citizen Deferred Action for children brought to US illegally
If they stay in school they can apply to become citizens at 18
Immigration Today What should our immigration policy be? Should it be the same toward all countries or
should we limit some? What should be the requirements to become a
citizen? Free trade agreement with Mexico State Laws: Arizona and border patrol European Union: Open borders and shared
economy Making friends or enemies? Immigrants of Middle Eastern decent